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This paper investigates the effect of rootstock (Gisela 6, PiKu 1 and SL 64) on the total phenol content, total anthocyanin content, the content of the individual phenols and the antioxidant activity in fruits of two sweet cherry cultivars, 'Kordia' and 'Regina'. The total phenolic content determined by the spectrophotometric method using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent varied from 34.84 to 149.28 to mg GAE/100 g FW depending on the cultivar/rootstock combination. The concentration of total anthocyanins was determined by using the pH-differential method and it ranged from 0.46 to 11.54 mg CGE/100 g FW. Highest level of the total phenolic content and concentration of the total anthocyanins content was detected in the cultivar 'Regina' grafted onto the Gisela 6 rootstock. Neochlorogenic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid and quercetine-3-O-glucoside were detected using HPLC method. Significant variation of detected individual polyphenols in sweet cherry fruits grafted on different rootstocks was observed. The lowest content of individual polyphenols was measured in 'Regina' cultivar grafted on the SL 64. Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay indicated that all investigated fruits possessed similar antioxidant activity. There was a statistically significant correlation observed between the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity (correlation coefficient 0.972, P-value below 0.01), as well as between the anthocyanins and antioxidant activity (correlation coefficient 0.855, P-value below 0.01). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different cooking methods (boiling for 5 min and 8 min, microwave cooking for 3.5 min and 6.5 min, and stir-fry for 5 min and 10 min) on wild chard's antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. It was determined that the total phenolic content [1 552.00 ± 299.82 mg GAE·(100 g)-1, GAE - gallic acid equivalents] increased in 3.5 min in the microwave [2 611.33 ± 311.76 mg GAE·(100 g)-1] and 5 min in stir-frying [2 434.33 ± 197.75 mg GAE·(100 g)-1] compared to the raw chard samples (P < 0.05). Two different antioxidant activity determination methods [2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)] were used in the study. In both methods, it was determined that antioxidant activity decreased in the 10-min application of stir-frying. In contrast, the antioxidant activity increased by applying 3.5 min and 6.5 min in the microwave (P < 0.05). As a result, it was found that the antioxidant activity and total phenol content of wild chard changed when the cooking method and time were changed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate alfalfa meal's chemical and nutritional composition and effectiveness on broiler chicken thigh meat quality. Alfalfa contains significant content of crude protein and fibre, minerals (iron and zinc), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and antioxidant compounds, especially total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total polyphenols content (TPC). To test its effectiveness on chicken tight meat quality, we developed a trial on 60 Cobb 500 broilers, divided into two groups of 30 animals each and fed during growing-finishing phases (11-42 days) a control diet (C) and an experimental diet (A), in which 5% alfalfa meal was added. At the end of the trial, six animals from each group were selected for slaughter and sampling. The analyses on meat samples revealed that alfalfa significantly affected bioactive compounds with antioxidant potential, such as zinc, vitamin E and TPC, compared with the C samples. The utilisation of 5% alfalfa was also very effective on the fatty acids composition of thigh meat samples in the A group by increasing the concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid and significantly decreasing the n-6/n-3 ratio as well as cholesterol content with 10.41% in experimental samples. Therefore, alfalfa can be a potential alternative to synthetic feed additives in producing healthier chicken meat, with increased content of bioactive compounds and essential fatty acids for human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, in animal nutrition, the replacement of synthetic substances with natural ones was expected to improve animal health. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a dietary brown seaweed and plant polyphenol mixture in adult male rabbits on the haematological profile and antioxidant markers. Twentyfour adult male rabbits were divided into three experimental groups receiving a control diet (C) or diets supplemented with 0.3% (T1) and 0.6% (T2) of a feed additive containing brown seaweed (Laminaria spp.) and plant extracts of seaweed origin. The trial lasted for 90 days. A lower potassium concentration was observed at 30 days in the T2 group, compared with the T1 and C groups. An increase in the antioxidant status was observed (P < 0.05) from day 60 of the trial in the rabbits fed diets with an algae-polyphenolic supplement (T1 and T2 groups). Concluding, the diet supplementation of brown seaweed and polyphenol stimulates the antioxidant status of the blood, however, it does not affect the haematological profile [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the preparation and evaluation of phenolic extracts from waste materials - pomace (grape marc), seeds and press oil cake of the white grape variety Irsai Oliver (Vitis vinifera L.) and their addition to apple and grape juices to increase the nutritional properties. The waste samples were extracted using 50 or 80% ethanol (v/v). Some of the samples were extracted for 60 min at boiling temperature under reflux; the remainder were processed for 24 h on a shaker at room temperature. The highest antioxidant capacity (as measured using DPPH (758 ± 28 mM Trolox/kg of extracted matter)) and content of total polyphenols (74 ± 0.7 g gallic acid/kg of extracted matter) were found in the extract of the seeds obtained through extraction using 50% ethanol (v/v) at boiling temperature for 60 minutes. The press oil cake extract obtained by means of 80% ethanol (v/v) at boiling temperature for 60 min was evaluated as the best for enriching the sensory quality of apple and grape juices. The addition of 1 g of freeze-dried press oil cake extract to 1 l of juice increased the antioxidant capacity and total polyphenol content two-fold [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was an attempt to compare the phytoceutic potential of ginger rhizome and ginger leaves of the Suravi variety. For this purpose, both rhizome and leaves were dried and used for the preparation of patties. After that, patties were assessed for colour tonality, texture, total phenolic content and hedonic response such as colour, taste, flavour, texture and overall acceptability. The results depicted that L* and b* values changed significantly during the storage interval; however, b* value was also affected by treatments whilst L* and a* values did not impart any momentous effect. For texture, the highest value was observed for patties with ginger rhizome powder (0.067 ± 0.0032 N) followed by patties with ginger leaf powder (0.060 ± 0.0029 N) and then control patties (0.057 ± 0.0026 N). For total phenolic content (TPC), maximum phenolic contents were observed as 84.80 ± 3.31 mg GAE 100 g-1 in treatment T2 followed by 75.68 ± 2.95 mg GAE 100 g-1 in T1 and 61.70 ± 2.41 mg GAE 100 g-1 in T0. For hedonic response, all the parameters changed significantly during the storage interval; however, flavour, taste and overall acceptability changed momentously with treatments. The findings of the current investigation demonstrated that ginger leaves have a higher antioxidant potential as compared to the ginger rhizome and control patties, and they should be incorporated into food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is essential to develop a simple method to assess food quality quantitatively. Available methods primarily rely on nanotechnology and offer high selectivity and sensitivity. In this study, we aimed to develop a sensitive nanoprobe, and, to this end, a double-stranded DNA-encased HiPco carbon nanotube (dsDNA-HiPco) hybrid was prepared and used to evaluate the antioxidant potential of a Chinese tea against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with a range of irradiation wavelengths. The morphology and dispersion of the hybrids were analysed using atomic force microscopy, which showed that dsDNA wrapped on the SWCNT surface well and homogeneous dispersion of the rod-shaped tubes while the concentration of dsDNA was 1 mg mL-1. The antioxidant effect of Chinese tea was evaluated by using near-infrared absorption and photoluminescence of the hybrid. Experimental results revealed that the tea exerted excellent antioxidant effects when the hybrid was pre-treated with 0.03% wt H2O2. Catechin present in the Chinese tea played a pivotal role in exerting the antioxidant effects. Therefore, a simple detection method proposed herein can be successfully applied in various fields, including biology, medicine, and the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study has been conducted on the antioxidant content and antioxidant activity in raisins from seedless hybrid varieties of vines with coloured grape juice. It has been found that the amounts of trans-resveratrol and quercetin as well as their antioxidant activity in raisins from the seedless coloured hybrid forms almost always mathematically exceed the levels of these indicators in the raisins of the Gamay Freaux, Black Corinth and Sangiovese grape varieties. It has been shown that 54% of the change in antioxidant activity is due to changes in the content of transresveratrol and 42% of quercetin. The applied mathematical models enable the theoretical study of the chemical composition of raisins of different grape varieties through the analytical forms of the proven relationships between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avermectins are used in animals and humans for their broad-spectrum effects against parasites causing cytotoxicity and damage to the cellular DNA. In this study, we examined the toxicological changes of ivermectin (IVM) and doramectin (DME) with or without the co-administration of vitamin E (Vit. E) and selenium (Se). The drugs used were for animal use. Twenty-five adult male rats were divided into five groups. Group 1 (control) was given saline, Group 2 was given IVM (0.2 mg/kg b.w.), Group 3 was given IVM and Vit. E/Se (80/1.6 mg/kg b.w., respectively), Group 4 received DME (0.2 mg/kg b.w.), and Group 5 received DME and Vitamin E/Se. Both IVM and DME were given by subcutaneous injections whereas Vit. E and Se were given orally. All the treatments were given once per week throughout the eight weeks. Although the doses were off-label use, they were given in a long-term course to unveil their toxicity effects in a clear manner and the response of the amelioration. By 24-h after the 8th week, the rats were sacrificed. Their blood was sampled for the haematological and serobiochemical examinations. Histopathological changes and caspase-3 were determined in the hepatic and renal tissues. The histopathological findings showed that Vit. E and Se reduced the cellular changes induced by IVM or DME, indicating that Vit. E and Se protect against both types of avermectins, and that DME was safer than IVM. The cytotoxicity was assessed on a human embryo kidney (HEK) and skin cells by the SRB/IC50 method and AO/EB (acridine orange-ethidium bromide) staining. Both IVM and DME caused apoptosis in the cultured HEK more than in the skin cells (80% vs. 30%, respectively). The cellular apoptosis in response to the IVM was more than that of DME, and the use of Vit. E and Se reduced the cytotoxicity as observed by caspase-3, in vivo, and IC50, in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composition and degradation of anthocyanins in blue and purple grain wheat during bread production were investigated using the HPLC-MS/MS method. The most abundant anthocyanins were delphinidin-3-rutinoside (blue grain wheat), cyanidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside (purple grain wheat). Peonidin-3-glucoside was also the most stable during grain treatment while delphinidin-3-glucoside had the greatest loss. Both blue and purple grain anthocyanins decreased significantly during bread production to 41.81% and 70.10% after baking, respectively, and to 24.21% and 60.00% after short-term storage, respectively. The blue grain wheat anthocyanins were lost mostly during baking, but in the purple grain wheat, the greatest decrease occurred during dough production. Despite the higher degradation, the blue grain wheat still showed higher anthocyanins content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water stress decreases the quality of fruit by generating reactive oxygen species. Grafting is a technique that can improve the efficiency of crop water usage. This work was performed in order to assess the effect of different water stresses on the commercial and nutraceutical quality of a melon fruit. Cantaloupe melon plants, grown under shade houses were grafted onto a creole pumpkin rootstock and grown with different water stresses (20, 30, and 40 kPa). The grafted melon plants under 30-kPa water stress (G30) showed greater fruit firmness and increased catalase activity. The G30 fruits showed an increase in GPX activity of up to 80% over the non-grafted plants. The GSH was higher in fruits subjected to the 40-kPa water tension. The superoxide dismutase showed a 15% greater inhibition in the fruits from the non-grafted plants. At higher water tensions, the DPPH antioxidant activity decreased, while the vitamin C content increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato is an important source of food, and in recent years, new genotypes have emerged on the European market, which particularly differentiate by the colour of tubers. The current study investigated and compared phytochemical properties and antioxidant activity of six potato cultivars: two of those with yellow-fleshed (Carpatin, Brasovean) and four with red and purple-fleshed (Cranberry Red, Mountain Rose, Purple Majesty, and Blue Congo), which were cultivated under the same climatic and soil conditions. The antioxidant activities were evaluated using two antioxidant systems 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). The results show that yellow-fleshed cultivars had higher total soluble substance content; red and purple-fleshed cultivars had a higher content of antioxidant compounds. Cv. Blue Congo it was recorded the highest antioxidant capacity in terms of DPPH and ABTS, of 164.17 µmol ascorbic acid (AsA)/100 g FW (fresh weight) and 114.96 µmol AsA/100 g FW, respectively. The highest total phenolic content was registered at cv. Purple Majesty of 63.54 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g FW. Regarding flavonoids, the highest content was 40.96 mg quercetin equivalents/100 g FW for cv. Blue Congo and anthocyanin at cv. Purple Majesty of 113.19 mg/100 g FW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to compare total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant and reducing activity, as well as vitamin C and E content in beebread and honey. The antioxidant activity of samples was determined by photochemiluminescence (PCL) assay, while reducing potential was measured using FRAP and ORAC assays. Vitamin C was analysed by HPLC--MS-TripleTOF method and vitamin E by HPLC-DAD. Beebread was characterised by the higher level of the total phenolic (~90%), flavonoid (~97%), vitamin C (~99%) and E (~98%) as compared to the honey. The data showed that beebread had also higher values of antioxidant activity and reducing potential by ~99% and ~41-98%, respectively, than honey. Our findings indicate that beebread is valuable source of bioactive substances, with the high beneficial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The response surface method was used to study the ultrasonic extraction of traditional Chinese medicine Desmodium triquetrum (L.) DC. phenolic acid. By measuring the total phenolic content, the liquid/solid ratio, ultrasonic power, temperature, time and ethanol solubility were determined to be the significant influencing factors. The total phenolic content reached the highest value (30.3708 mg g-1) under the conditions of the liquid/solid ratio 30%, ultrasonic power 160 w, temperature 40 °C, time 20 min, and ethanol solubility 60%, compared with the traditional boiling method. The total phenolic content was improved, and it was close to the predicted value (29.6548 mg g-1), which proves that the scheme is feasible. After testing, the phenolic acid extracted under these conditions has a good antioxidation effect. The study suggests that ultrasonic extraction methods have the potential to extract antioxidants from traditional Chinese medicines. Also, the influence parameters affecting the process can be further optimized for industrial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maintaining a strong antioxidant system is essential for preventing drought or waterlogging stresses damage in potato tubers. In the two-year pot experiment, the effect of long-term drought and waterlogging stresses on the content of phenolic acids, ascorbic acid, and antioxidant activity in potato tubers and relative water content of four cultivars was evaluated. Drought stress significantly (P < 0.05) decreased relative water content (RWC) in the leaves of all genotypes. The evaluation of the relationship between phenolic acid content and the level of plant stress expressed as RWC showed a negative correlation between RWC and most phenolic acids, but these correlations were not statistically significant, with the exception of l-tyrosine. A significant positive correlation was found between total and individual phenolic acid content and antioxidant activity (R = 0.657), confirming the main responsibility for the increase of antioxidant activity. The average tuber yield and weight as well as their average number correlated negatively with total phenolic acids. Drought stress decreased l-ascorbic acid content by reduction of biosynthesis, and its content was positively correlated with decreased RWC, tubers yield, weight, and number. The increase of phenolic antioxidants in potato under stress conditions can be a distinctive marker of cultivar resistance against abiotic stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melaleuca bracteata possesses antioxidant, antibacterial, and herbicidal activities. However, the agricultural applications of M. bracteata have not been explored yet. The M. bracteata leaves were distilled, and the petroleum ether extract of the essential oils (PEEO) was analysed by GC-MS, where methyl eugenol was found to be the most abundant (66.68%). The total polyphenol content (TPC), the total flavonoids content (TFC) of the PEEO were 6.617 ± 0.535 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 7.086 ± 0.452 mg rutin equivalents/g, respectively. The IC50 values of the DPPH, ABTS and Fe3+ were 4.180 ± 0.050 mg/ml, 5.400 ± 0.140 mg/ml, and 8.935 ± 0.067 mg/g, respectively. The EC50 value of the PEEO was 33.78 ± 2.35 μg/ml against the Pyricularia oryzae. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values were 0.10 mg/ml and 0.45 mg/ml against Bacillus subtilis. The results indicate that M. bracteata PEEO possesses excellent antioxidant activities and bioactivities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research in southern Italy assessed the effects of biodegradable mulch on fruit yield and quality of two greenhouse tomato cultivars, 'Coronel F1' and 'Kero F1'. Three mulching types (two MaterBi biodegradable black films, MB N2/12 amnd MB N8; black polyethylene film, low-density polyethylene (LDPE)) and not mulched control were compared. 'Coronel F1' showed higher values of fruit yield, total crop biomass and leaf area index (LAI). MB N8 and LDPE films led to the highest fruit yield and growth indexes, whereas not mulched control to the lowest. Fruit dry residue and soluble solids were highest under MB N2/12 and MB N8, titratable acidity was highest under MB N8. Fruits grown under MB N8 and LDPE mulches attained the highest levels of colour components "L" and "b" respectively, and MB N8 the highest fruit firmness. MB N2/12 and MB N8 showed the highest levels of antioxidants and antioxidant activity. Biodegradable polymers improved root growth conditions and fruit quality, showing suitable features for sustainable vegetable production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different sources of manganese (Mn) on the antioxidant status, some biochemical parameters and thickness of intestinal mucus in laying hens. Ninety-six 20-weekold hens of the Lohman Brown strain were randomly divided into four groups; each group was replicated six times with four hens per replicate. Hens in the control group were fed the basal diet (BD) with natural background Mn level of 45.5 mg/kg feed. For the three experimental groups, the BD was supplemented with 120 mg Mn/kg either from Mn-sulphate or Mn-chelate of protein hydrolysate (Mn-Bioplex) or Mn-chelate of glycine hydrate (Mn-Glycinoplex). After eight weeks of dietary treatment, a tendency towards increasing activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the erythrocytes was observed in all experimental groups. The results showed that inorganic Mn source increased the glutathione peroxidase activity in the hens' blood (P < 0.05). The intake of Mn-Bioplex resulted in significantly increased total antioxidant status in the plasma of hens in the group (P < 0.05) compared to the control group. The plasma biological antioxidant potential was increased in the treatment groups supplemented with Mn-sulphate (P < 0.01) and Mn-Bioplex (P < 0.05). The total cholesterol concentration was decreased (P < 0.05) in the group fed the diet supplemented with Mn-Glycinoplex, as compared with the control. Moreover, the mucus layer thickness in the jejunum was reduced in the groups of birds fed with the organic form of Mn (P < 0.001, P < 0.05), as well as with the inorganic form of Mn (P < 0.001). These results indicate that the addition of dietary Mn was effective in improving the biological antioxidant potential, decreasing total plasma cholesterol and reducing the thickness of adherent intestinal mucus gel in the jejunum of laying hens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the experiment was to determine how the addition of dehydrated alfalfa (DA) and ascorbic acid (AA) into the diet of hens influences the performance characteristics and egg quality characterised by physical parameters, yolk carotenoid content, and the oxidative stability of yolks. Two hundred and forty Hisex Brown hens were divided into 6 treatment groups according to the level of DA (0 and 40 g/kg) and concentration of AA (0, 100, and 200 mg/kg) in the diet. Hen-day egg production and egg mass production were reduced by the supplement of DA (P < 0.001) and AA (P = 0.017). The addition of DA itself increased the feed intake per egg (P < 0.001) and the feed conversion ratio (P < 0.001). The heaviest eggs (P < 0.001) were laid by hens fed a diet with 100 mg/kg of AA (67.6 g). The AA supplement improved egg content quality, i.e., Haugh units (P < 0.001), albumen index (P < 0.001), and yolk index (P < 0.001), whereas the addition of DA increased values of yolk colour (P < 0.001) and had a negative effect on shell quality. The interaction of DA and AA was detected in the zeaxanthin concentration in the yolks (P = 0.002). The highest concentration was found in eggs from hens fed a diet with a DA supplement and 100 or 200 mg/kg of AA (17.33 or 17.25 mg/kg dry matter of yolk). In addition, 40 g/kg of DA significantly increased the concentration of other carotenoids, lutein (P < 0.001) and β-carotene (P < 0.001) in the yolks and increased the oxidative stability of fresh eggs (P < 0.001). The results suggest that adding DA in the amount of 40 g/kg to the hen diet provides a good source of carotenoids and, in combination with AA, a better deposition of carotenoids in egg yolks. On the other hand, DA deteriorates performance and shell quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to explore the outcomes of starvation/re-feeding techniques on growth performance, liver antioxidant activities, and histological changes of the gastrointestinal organs of Ganus golden trout. A total of 225 juveniles were divided into 5 treatment groups; the control group (N0) was routinely fed every day while the other groups (N7, N14, N21, and N28) were starved for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, respectively and after the starvation session, each group was re-fed for 28 days. Compensatory growth was statistically recorded in N14. Weight gain rate and feeding ratio were the highest in the N14 group, while specific growth rate and feeding conversion ratio showed significant increases in the fish groups exposed to longer starvation periods. Liver antioxidant activities showed a significant increase and decrease in malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase levels in N21 and N28, respectively, which returned to normal levels after re-feeding. Stomach, intestine, and liver showed histological alterations in all groups and the severity was correlated with the fasting periods. Those changes were restored to a certain degree after feeding was resumed. The compensation by group N14 presents potential for economic usefulness of the fasting/re-feeding strategy in Gansu golden trout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effects of selenium (Se) on the selenoproteins synthesis and antioxidant parameters of bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). The experiment was conducted as a single factor completely randomized design to explore the effect of different levels of Se supplementation (0, 10, 20, 50, and 100 nmol/l) on selenoproteins synthesis and antioxidant parameters of BMECs, and to screen the appropriate dose of Se supplementation ensuring a better antioxidant function. Se supplementation increased cell proliferation, the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity and seleoprotein P (SelP) content, and decreased reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels in a dose-dependent manner. Se supplementation of 50-100 nmol/l had a better effect. Se supplementation also increased thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activity in a dose-dependent manner, and Se supplementation of 20-50 nmol/l had a better promoting effect. The dose-dependent response between Se supplementation and mRNA and protein expression of GPx1 and TrxR1, as well as SelP mRNA expression was also observed in this experiment. The mRNA and protein expression of GPx1 was up-regulated with the addition of 50-100 nmol/l Se, and the mRNA expression of TrxR1 and SelP was up-regulated with the addition of 20-100 nmol/l Se. Results indicated that Se supplementation of 50 nmol/l had a better promoting effect on the selenoproteins synthesis and antioxidant parameters of BMECs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence shows that oxidative stress associated with sperm cryopreservation may lead to a significant decrease of the structural integrity and functional activity of male gametes. Curcumin (CUR) has become a substance of scientific interest for its free radical-quenching abilities, which could enhance the post-thaw quality of male gametes. This study assessed the effects of CUR on the post-thaw vitality and selected oxidative stress markers of bovine spermatozoa. Thirty ejaculates collected from 10 breeding bulls were divided into two aliquots and cryopreserved in the absence (control) or presence of CUR (50 μmol/l). Immediately before use, the control or experimental straws were thawed at 37°C for 20 s. CUR administration led to a significantly higher preservation of spermatozoa motion (P < 0.001) as well as membrane (P < 0.05) and acrosomal (P < 0.01) integrity in comparison with the control. Moreover, spermatozoa exposed to CUR exhibited a significantly higher mitochondrial activity (P < 0.001). Significantly decreased amounts of reactive oxygen species (P < 0.01) and superoxide (P < 0.001) were detected following CUR supplementation. Finally, a significant decrease of oxidative damage to proteins (P < 0.01), lipids (P < 0.001), and DNA (P < 0.05) was recorded in samples to which CUR was administered in comparison to the control. In this study, CUR proved to act as an efficient antioxidant molecule offering protection to male gametes against oxidative damage during cryopreservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessment of seminal oxidative stress indicators is emerging as a valuable prognostic tool in assisted reproductive technology. We investigated levels of oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antioxidant enzyme defence system comprising superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in seminal plasma (SP) of common carp Cyprinus carpio and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss over the course of the spawning season. Oxidation was determined in lipids and proteins by assessing thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) and the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine carbonyl groups, respectively. Levels of SOD were assessed by the autoxidation of pyrogallol. Determination of GR and GPx was based on the rate of NADPH oxidation. We observed clear alterations in lipids and proteins over the course of the spawning season in both species. The highest levels of TBARS and CP were recorded late in the season. SOD was not significantly altered in either species. The activity of GR was higher in carp SP late in spawning compared to other times (P < 0.05), while in rainbow trout, GR significantly increased (24.13 ± 2.8 mU/mg protein) in mid-season. A significantly lower GPx activity (9.18 ± 1.32 mU/mg protein) was found in rainbow trout SP early in the spawning season, but no significant differences in GPx were observed over the course of the season in carp. These results provide further understanding of the role of fish SP antioxidants and present new data on the oxidant and antioxidant balance in SP during the spawning season that may be of value in the development of methods for artificial reproduction of teleost species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactive oxygen species overgeneration as a side effect of semen cryopreservation may lead to lipid peroxidation, protein degradation, DNA fragmentation and cell death, resulting in a decrease of sperm survival and fertilisation ability. Lycopene has been proposed as a potential supplement to semen extenders because of its antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of lycopene on the structural integrity, functional activity and selected oxidative stress parameters of cryopreserved bovine sperm. Thirty bovine ejaculates were split into two aliquots and diluted with a commercial semen extender supplemented with 1.5 mmol/l lycopene or containing no supplement (control), cooled down to 4 °C, frozen and kept in liquid nitrogen. Prior to experiments, frozen straws were thawed at 37 °C for 20 s. Lycopene addition resulted in a higher sperm motility (P < 0.001), progressive motility (P < 0.001) and all secondary motion characteristics (P < 0.001 with respect to the average path velocity, linear velocity, velocity of curvilinear motion, beat cross frequency, path straightness and linearity; P < 0.01 in the case of the amplitude of lateral head displacement). Furthermore, lycopene exhibited protective effects on the sperm membrane (P < 0.05) and acrosomal (P < 0.01) integrity in comparison to control. An assay for metabolic function revealed that lycopene supplementation to the cryopreservation medium resulted in a higher preservation of the sperm mitochondrial activity (P < 0.001). Reactive oxygen species production as well as intracellular superoxide generation were decreased following lycopene addition (P < 0.01 in the case of reactive oxygen species; P < 0.001 with respect to superoxide production). Finally, the presence of lycopene led to a decrease in protein carbonyl production (P < 0.01), lipid peroxidation (P < 0.001) as well as oxidative DNA damage (P < 0.05) when compared to control. In conclusion, lycopene exhibited significant reactive oxygen species-trapping and antioxidant properties which may prevent oxidative damage to frozen-thawed sperm, and, thus, enhance the post-thaw vitality of male reproductive cells in cattle breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to comparatively assess the antidermatophyte and antioxidant activities of enilconazole, Nigella sativa (NS) and enilconazole with NS in the treatment of dermatophytosis in cattle. A total of 24 cattle with clinically established diagnosis of dermatophytosis were used in the study. Trichophyton verrucosum was isolated and identified from all of the specimens stemming from the dermatophytosis-suspected animals. The lesion areas in Groups 1, 2 and 3 were treated as follows: enilconazole (three times at 3-day intervals), NS (once a day for two weeks) and enilconazole with NS, respectively. There were significant increases (P < 0.05) in plasma aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase levels and non-significant increases (P > 0.05) in creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels after treatment in Group 1 when compared with Groups 2 and 3. After treatment, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione levels increased (P < 0.05) and plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels decreased (P < 0.05) in Groups 1, 2 and 3 in comparison with before treatment. However, there were significant decreases (P < 0.05) in plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels and significant increases (P < 0.05) in glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione levels after treatment in Groups 2 and 3 when compared with Group 1. This study indicates that NS might have antidermatophyte and antioxidant effects in the treatment of dermatophytosis in cattle and the antidermatophyte effects of NS plus enilconazole was stronger among all groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capparis spinosa is cultivated for several proprieties and the different parts of the plant (flower buds, fruits, leaf and seeds) have been employed in drugs, foods and cosmetics. This study aimed to explore the antioxidant potential effect and to assess the anthelmintic efficacy of an aqueous extract of Capparis spinosa. In vitro antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts from the fresh leaves and flower buds of C. spinosa was measured by determining free radical-scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS radical cations. In vitro anthelmintic activities against eggs and adult worms of Haemonchus contortus from sheep were investigated in comparison to albendazole. DPPH and ABTS activities of both aqueous extracts increased in a dose dependent manner. The IC50 values of aqueous extracts from fresh leaves, flowers buds and ascorbic acid in the DPPH radical scavenging assay were 101.40; 70.40 and 57.56 µg/ml, respectively. The IC50 values of aqueous extracts fresh leaves, flowers buds and ascorbic acid in the ABTS radical scavenging assay were 110; 87.89 and 58.17 µg/ml, respectively. Both plant extracts showed ovicidal activity at all tested concentrations. The aqueous extract from flower buds (IC50 = 2.76 mg/ml) showed higher inhibitory effects (P < 0.05) than aqueous extract from leaves (IC50 = 8.54 mg/ml) in the egg hatching assay. The aqueous extract from flower buds inhibited more worms than the aqueous extract from leaves at all tested concentrations. After 6 h of exposure, the highest tested concentrations of aqueous extracts from flower buds and leaves induced 100 and 41.66% inhibition of motility, respectively. These results show for the first time that C. spinosa possesses in vitro anthelmintic properties which may be related to its high content of phenolic compounds such as flavonoids and tannins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of copper-based pesticides (at concentrations of copper of 20, 30, 40 and 70 µg/l) on one-year-old common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) during 28 days of exposure. Abnormal behaviour was observed in fish exposed to 70 µg/l from Day 14. Histological alterations were noticed only in liver in the groups exposed to 40 and 70 µg/l. Significant changes (P ? 0.05) in almost all haematological indices were found, especially in the group exposed to the highest concentration of copper (70 µg/l). Biochemical analysis revealed various significant (P ? 0.05) differences among the tested groups. Significant differences in copper tissue concentration (P ? 0.05) among groups were found in liver, gills and kidney. Among antioxidative enzymes, significant changes were revealed mainly in catalase and glutathione-S-transferase activity (P ? 0.05). In gills, metallothionein content increased significantly (P ? 0.05) in the group exposed to the highest copper concentration (70 µg/l) compared with the other tested groups, including the control. A significant (P ? 0.05) change in total glutathione content was recorded in liver and gills, although the reduced/oxidised ratio was not affected. Oxidative damage to lipids increased significantly (P ? 0.05) with increasing copper concentration in liver and kidney. The results demonstrate the deleterious influence of copper on common carp even at low, environmentally relevant concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of curcumin, ellagic acid and methionine on sperm parameters following the freeze-thawing of Merino ram semen. Ejaculates were collected via an artificial vagina from four Merino rams, evaluated microscopically and pooled at 37 °C. The pooled semen samples were diluted in a Tris-based extender and separated into groups containing curcumin (1, 2, 4mM), ellagic acid (1, 2, 4mM), methionine (1, 2, 4mM) and no antioxidant (control). The diluted semen was cooled to 5 °C slowly and equilibrated for 3 h. After the equilibration, the samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen vapour, and plunged into liquid nitrogen (-196 °C) for storage. Frozen straws were thawed at 37 °C for 30 s in a water bath for microscopic sperm evaluation, individually. All antioxidants led to a higher percentage of sperm motility in comparison to the control group. The freezing extender supplemented with methionine (1mM), curcumin (1 and 2mM) and ellagic acid (1 and 2mM) led to higher percentage of sperm plasma membrane integrity when compared to other groups (P < 0.05). Antioxidant supplementation also resulted in a higher percentage of sperm acrosome integrity in comparison to the control. Methionine, curcumin and ellagic acid (1mM: 27.7 ± 2.4, 28.0 ± 2.1 and 26.8 ± 2.0) groups provided higher protection in terms of sperm mitochondrial activity when compared to other groups (P < 0.05). The findings of this study show that varying concentrations of curcumin, methionine and ellagic acid have markedly different effects on the spermatological variables under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a highly contagious virus that is ubiquitous in multicat environments and may induce oxidative stress. This virus commonly causes an asymptomatic infection, which can persist in certain individuals. Sporadically and unpredictably, FCoV infection leads to feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a highly fatal systemic immune-mediated disease. There are no data in the veterinary literature relating to oxidative stress in FCoV. Antioxidant capacity (TAC) can be attributed to single components in the defence systems against free radicals. The measurement of the total oxidant status (TOS) accurately reflects the oxidative status of blood plasma or serum. Nitric oxide (NO) acts as a free radical and contributes to host defences against oxidation. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a reliable and commonly used marker of overall lipid peroxidation levels and the presence of oxidative stress. This study aimed to determine levels of oxidative stress markers, serum TAC, total oxidant capacity (TOC), NO and serum MDA in 24 cats seropositive for FCoVs and 15 cats seronegative for FCoVs. Significantly higher serum TOC, NO and MDA levels were found in seropositive animals (P < 0.001, P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively) than in seronegative animals. In contrast, serum TAC levels were found to be significantly lower in seropositive cats compared with seronegative cats (P < 0.001). The results of the present study suggest that FCoV seropositivity is associated with oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine total antioxidant capacity in dogs with gastric dilatation volvulus syndrome (GDV) and its correlations with high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) and lactate concentrations. Correlation analyses between the measured parameters and disease severity were also performed. Fourteen dogs with GDV and six control dogs were used in this study. Blood was collected at the time of admission and again in the early reperfusion period. To assess antioxidant capacity, total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP) analysis was performed. No significant difference in TRAP values existed between healthy dogs and dogs with GDV at admission. In the reperfusion period, TRAP values decreased in six dogs and increased in eight dogs. Changes in TRAP values strongly correlated with HMGB1 values (r = -0.83, P < 0.01) in the reperfusion period. Strong correlations between disease severity and TRAP values, HMGB1 and lactate levels were also found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated sage (Salvia officinalis L.) genotypes (cultivars: 'Berggarten', 'Icterina', 'Purpurascens', 'Tricolor', local Czech accessions from the Lednice region, South Moravia: 'LDN-1' and 'LDN-2') subjected to chilling (4 °C, 2 weeks, 18 °C ? control) for comparison of antioxidant defence systems. Chilling caused the most significant increase in the peroxidase activity in 'Purpurascens' and 'Tricolor', by 108.5% and 15.7%, respectively, while the catalase was unaffected by the low temperature. The phenolics increased in 'Purpurascens' and 'LDN-1' by 17.2% and 18.1%, respectively, and decreased in 'LDN-2' and 'Tricolor', by 10.6% and 11.7%, respectively, as a result of the chilling. In the sage treated with chilling, the scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals (DPPH•) was higher (by 3%, on average), especially in 'Berggarten', 'Icterina', and 'Purpurascens', than in the control. However, the chilled 'LDN-2' and 'Tricolor' showed lower antioxidant· activity in comparison to the control. The malondialdehyde remained stable or was higher in the control, with the only exception being 'LDN-1', where its content increased by 11.4% in the chilled sage. In most genotypes, the content of the dry weight increased in the chilled plants by 9.4% on average. The responses of 'Icterina' and 'Purpurascens' to the low temperature was the most significant, but resulted from different physiological mechanisms. 'Purpurascens' showed the highest increase in the peroxidase activity due to the chilling, while the highest increase in the antioxidant activity was observed for 'Icterina'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sperm cryopreservation is the best technology for long-term storage of the semen. However, the damage of boar spermatozoa by cryopreservation is more severe than in other animal species and a standardized freezing protocol for efficient cryopreservation has not been established yet. Semen quality and freezability vary greatly between breeds as well as between individual boars and even the season. Boar spermatozoa are sensitive to low temperatures; they sustain damage and a high rate of mortality and freezing/thawing the boar semen may strongly impair the sperm function and decrease the semen quality. The freezability of boar semen can be influenced by a cryopreservation procedure, and also by using various additives to freezing and thawing extenders such as antioxidants. In order to obtain acceptable results after thawing the boar semen, it is necessary to combine an optimal amount of additives (glycerol, egg yolk, sugars, antioxidants), cooling and warming velocities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to evaluate total antioxidant activity (TAA) and total content of carotenoids (TCC), anthocyanins (TAC), phenolics (TPC) and phenolic acids (PAs) in grain of selected pigmented wheat genotypes and traditional control cultivar cultivated under organic and conventional cropping systems in two-year trials. All of the evaluated parameters were significantly affected both by genotype and evaluated environmental factors. While in TPC, PAs and TCC the effect of years prevailed, TAC was affected mainly by genotype. The effect of genotype and year in TAA was comparable. TPC ranged from 581.71 mg/kg (control cv. Annie) to 723.60 mg/kg (cultivar with purple pericarp PS Karkulka), total PAs content from 711.77 mg/kg (cv. PS Karkulka) to 849.47 mg/kg (cv. Skorpion with blue aleurone). TCC varied from 1.56 mg/kg (cv. PS Karkulka) to 5.32 mg/kg (cv. Citrus with yellow endosperm). The highest TAC (63.23 mg/kg) was found in cv. Skorpion, the lowest (12.70 mg/kg) in cv. AF Jumiko with purple pericarp. Anthocyanins were not detected in cvs. Annie and Citrus. TAA varied from 162.68 mg/kg in cv. Annie to 226.71 mg/kg in breeding line KM 53-14 with blue aleurone. Higher TAA and antioxidants contents and lower grain yields were observed in organic cropping system and in drier year 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the scientific literature, there is not reliable information about the vitamin E content of commercially prepared fried foods. Therefore, tocochromanols were determined in 44 samples of french fries and 33 samples of potato chips and similar fried snacks. The total tocochromanol content of the french fries varied in the range of 1.7-96.9 mg/kg, a-tocopherol 0.3-76.1 mg/kg, and vitamin E (expressed in a-tocopherol equivalents) 0.6-76.4 mg/kg. The total content of tocochromanols in the fried snack products varied in the range of 39.9-204.6 mg/kg, a-tocopherol 20.4-133.7 mg kg, and vitamin E 29.8-134.6 mg a-tocopherol equivalent/kg. After a comparison of fat content, and taking into account the reference intake of fat and vitamin E, the french fries were generally a worse source of vitamin E than fat. The fried snack products were usually a better source of vitamin E than fat. In the both types of fried foods, the total content of tocochromanols was most influenced by the total content of fat. The content of a-tocopherol and the vitamin E content were mainly affected by the kind of fat (oil) used for frying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimum extraction conditions of the aqueous enzymatic extract from rice bran (AEERB) were evaluated with respect to γ-oryzanol content and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) activity by using response surface methodology. The results showed that the effect of the extraction temperature on γ-oryzanol content and FRAP activity was the most significant. The optimal conditions were determined as follows: Trypsin, 453 U/g at 56°C and pH 7.9 for 2 h at a liquid/solid ratio of 7 : 1. The corresponding γ-oryzanol content and FRAP activity were 0.1749 mg/g and 0.5043 mmol FeSO4/g, respectively. The antioxidant activities of AEERB were comparable with 2,6-di-tert-buty-4-methylphenol (BHT) or ascorbic acid (AA) at the high concentration. Furthermore, the binding capacities of AEERB to sodium taurocholate and sodium deoxycholate were 24.96 and 13.63 μmol/100 mg, respectively. The results indicated that AEERB is a promising method for developing and applying a value-added RB product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed at observing the effect of the grafting of tomato plants on morphological (vegetative growth), production and nutritive characteristics (quantity and quality of production). For this purpose, the 'Lorely F1' cultivar was used as a scion grafted onto the 'Beaufort' rootstock. Plants were cultivated with a stem and two stems. The observations collected in this study were concerned with the characteristics of plant growth. The studied morphological characteristics were plant height, stem diameter and number of leaves, and the studied production characteristics were the characteristics of fructification and productivity (the average number of fruit per plant, the average weight of the fruit, production per plant). Particular attention was paid to the nutritional characteristics of the fruit, to the fruit quality (total soluble solids, total sugar, acidity, vitamin C, antioxidant activity (by the Trolox method) and the contents of lycopene and beta-carotene). The results showed that grafting positively influenced the growth and production characteristics. Grafting of tomato plants had an appreciable effect on the vegetative growth of the variant 2-grafted tomatoes with a stem. The best option in terms of productivity and production was the variant 3-grafted tomatoes with two stems, which yielded 9.2 kg per plant. Fruit quality was not improved in any of the grafted variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of artichoke extract (AE) in raw beef patties (RBPs) was evaluated during the storage. The RBPs were prepared with the addition of 500 and 1000 ppm AE. Also, Escherichia coli ATCC25922 and Listeria monocytogenes ATCC19118 were inoculated to each RBP to follow the antimicrobial activity. An evaluation of the instrumental colour, pH, total phenolic content (TPC), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, TBARS and microbiological properties was carried out during storage. The evaluation revealed that the a* value decreased significantly, so that the reduction level of the AE500 and AE1000 samples during storage was 35, 57, and 56%, respectively, in the control. AE addition slightly decreased the pH of RBPs, which varied between 5.72 and 5.96. The TPC and DPPH values of samples with added 500 and 1000 ppm AE were 2 to 3-fold and 3 to 7-fold higher than in the control, respectively. Also, the TBARS values were determined as 43 and 54% lower than in the control at the end of storage when 500 and 1000 ppm AE were used. The AE in RBP inhibited the viability of total aerobic psychrophilic bacteria, coliform bacteria and yeast-mould in a concentration-dependent manner. AE prevented the growth of E. coli ATCC25922 and L. monocytogenes ATCC19118 inoculated to the RBPs. In conclusion, 1000 ppm AE was sufficient for antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in RBP. To our knowledge, this is the first study that presents the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of AE used in a food model system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the impact of different liquid fertilisers on selected physiological parameters in order to evaluate the drought tolerance of cherry tomato seedlings. The following physiological parameters were investigated: total phenolic and flavonoid content, total antioxidant capacity and proline content of leaf extracts. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. The ferric-reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP assay) was used to measure the total antioxidant capacity, while proline content was evaluated according to the method of Bates. The contents of proline, total phenolics and flavonoids were significantly higher in the leaves of cherry tomato seedlings exposed to water stress, which suggests that the higher synthesis of these substances by plants represents an important defence mechanism of drought tolerance. The results also indicate that the application of all the used fertilisers in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions can significantly increase the content of phenol compounds and total antioxidant capacity of plants under normal growth conditions, thus improving survival under subsequent stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mango seed kernel extracts (MSKE) from Kaew and Choke-Anan mango cultivars were fractionated using Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Antioxidant activity and the inhibitory effects on tyrosinase, 5-lipoxygenase, hyaluronidase and a-glucosidase of MSKE fractions were evaluated. The key components of polyphenol, found in the most active fraction, were identified using LC-ESI-MS. Three major isolates were obtained from both cultivars of the MSKE with the absorbance being higher for Choke-Anan than Kaew. Fraction 3 of MSKE from both cultivars showed significantly (P = 0.05) higher antioxidant activity and 5-lipoxygenase, hyaluronidase and a-glucosidase inhibitory activity with Choke-Anan more effective than Kaew. Six different polyphenols were found in fraction 3 of both cultivars. These were tri-o-galloylglucoside, tetra-o-galloyl-glucoside, maclurin tri-o-galloyl-glucoside, penta-o-galloyl-glucoside, hexa-o-galloyl-glucoside, and hepta-o-galloyl-glucoside. In the MSKE from Choke-Anan, hexa-o-galloyl-glucoside, and tetra-o-galloyl-glucoside were the two major components, whereas in the MSKE from Kaew tetra-o-galloyl-glucoside was the only major component. The results indicate that MSKE is a suitable by-product that could be utilised for adding value to the mango processing industry and could represent a valuable input into functional foods and pharmaceutical production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted in order to determine the antioxidant activities of certain apple varieties. 'Galaxy Gala', 'Spur Scarlet', 'Fuji', 'Pink Lady' and 'Granny Smith' were characterized in this study. The antioxidant activities among the varieties were determined via three different procedures. Antiradical activity figures of the apple varieties were between 0.592 ('Galaxy Gala') and 0.802 ('Scarlet Spur'). Inhibition levels of chelating activity with Fe+2 varied between 40.20-55.50%; 'Scarlet Spur' and 'Pink Lady' extracts had the highest inhibition with 55.50% and 'Granny Smith' extract had the lowest with the level. Among the extracts showing H2O2 clearance effect, Granny Smith (62.54%) and Scarlet Spur (44.67%) extracts had the highest inhibition levels. In this study conducted on apple varieties, total phenolic matter levels were determined in 'Scarlet Spur', 'Pink Lady', 'Fuji', 'Galaxy Gala' and 'Granny Smith'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phytochemical changes in heat-treated Rosa species fruits and seeds were determined. Fruits and seeds of five advanced genotypes belonging to Rosa dumalis, R. canina, and R. villosa were used. Fruits were harvested at optimal maturity and boiled in distilled water for 30 min, followed by analysis of soluble solid content, dry matter, pH, titratable acidity, total sugar, β-carotene, α-tocopherol, and vitamin C. Total phenolic content and the antioxidant activities of fresh and boiled fruits were also analyzed, and fatty acid levels in fresh and heated seeds were determined. Total sugar, pH, and antioxidant activities were not affected, but β-carotene was affected significantly by heating in all species. The losses in β-carotene, α-tocopherol, and vitamin C were between 78-86, 29-51, and 12-60%, respectively. Heat treatment did not affect significantly the ratios of major fatty acids except for R. dumalis (MR-12 and MR-46). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this review is a wide description of the relationships between growing conditions and bulb yield and quality of onion (Allium cepa L.), focused particularly on long-day cultivars suitable for storage. Marketable yield decreases according to the reduction of crop length caused by the increase of growth temperature. The nutritive requirements of storage onion are highest during the vegetative growth. The application of humic substances and the inoculation of mycorrhizae may enhance bulb growth and quality, mainly under stress conditions. Onion is a slow-growth, shallowrooted crop with non-shading habitus and therefore its productivity is highly dependent on water availability in the soil, proper fertilization and weed control. The shelf-life of onion bulbs is a genetic trait, improvable by efficient crop and post-harvest management, and adequate conditions of bulb storage. The quality of storage onion bulbs is ascribed to several indicators, such as thiosulfonates, pyruvic acid, soluble solids, sugars, and many other biological compounds. This review is also focused on onion quality as affected by the interactions among genotype, environment, farming practices and post-harvest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conditions for microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of total flavonoids (TF) and total phenols (TP), and antioxidant activity from celery (Apium graveolens L.) leaves by response surface methodology (RSM) were optimised. The 3-level, 3-factorial Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to study three main extraction conditions: microwave power (300-500 W), solid-solvent ratio (15-30 ml/g), and ethanol concentration (50-80%). It was found that microwave power of 500 W at 30 ml/g solid-solvent ratio with 75.6% (v/v) ethanol concentration was the most optimum conditions for the extraction of TF and TP from celery leaves with the consequent high antioxidant activity measured by the DPPH inhibition rate. Using the optimum extraction conditions, the extraction yields of TF and TP were 0.62 g RUE/100 g DW, 3.01 g GAE/100 g DW, respectively, and the DPPH inhibition rate was 88%. The results indicated that the nutritional quality of celery (Apium graveolens L.) leaves could be improved significantly by optimising the extraction process of MAE using response surface methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of red wine maturation on the contents of selected parameters of bioactive compounds in wine were determined. Samples of Alibernet, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Torysa wines were studied by spectrophotometric analysis after 3, 7, 11, 19, and 28 months of aging and the selected parameter content was statistically evaluated. Statistically highly significant changes in total polyphenol content, total anthocyanin content, antioxidant activity, and wine colour density were found depending on the aging according to the used statistical analyses. The obtained results can be used for the optimisation of the wine aging process and they allow producers to time the optimal date of wine release onto the market, depending on the desired content parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidant potential and composition of phenolic compounds were studied in pure bee products (beebread - BB, bee pollen - BP) and in their mixtures with honey and vegetable oils [sea buckthorn (SBO), flax seed (FSO), royal jelly (RJ)], and the alga Spirulina (SA). The values of total phenolic content (TPC) found in the raw weight (RW) of material of BP, BB, SA, and RJ were 23.3, 21.2, 15.4, and 10.7 GAE mg/g, respectively. The methanolic extract of pure BP possessed higher ABTS+scavenging capacity (5.37-6.47 TE mg/g RW) than BB (4.86-5.70 TE mg/g RW). The values of oxygen radical absorbance capacities (ORAC) of methanolic extracts of BB and BP were 626.30 and 894.04 TE mg/g RW, respectively. An analysis of flavonoids in the products by the ultra performance liquid chromatography showed that pure BP possesses a broader spectrum of compounds than pure BB. Three forms of glycosides were identified in BP: quercetin 3-O-sophoroside, quercetin dihexoside and isorhamnetin 3-glucoside. Rhamnetin and isorhamnetin as well as their glycosides and kaempferol 3-O-α-l-(2"-E-p-coumaroyl-3"-Z-p-coumaroyl)-rhamnoside were determined in the samples of pollen mixed with honey (BPH). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of germinated mung bean, soybean and black bean sprouts were investigated to find out the effect of germination and the optimum germination time. We found that vitamin C gradually increased from zero. Compared to seeds, water-soluble protein and total flavonoid content showed a trend of sustained growth while vitamin E, total phenolic content increased at first and then decreased, the maximal value of total bioactive compound content was reached on the fifth day. The analysis of relative contribution revealed that total phenolics and total flavonoids made the highest (44.87-90.31%) contribution to total antioxidant activity. In conclusion, the optimum germination time for sprouts was 3-5 days when total bioactive compound content and antioxidant activities both reached their peak values, which provide a sufficient theoretical basis for dietary processing and lay a solid foundation for continued research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroxymatairesinol (HMR) is the main lignan found in spruce knots. This lignan has been used for enrichment of musts and wines. Quality parameters of these products have been studied for several years and for storage times up to one year. Parameters included HMR concentration, antioxidant activities expressed as ferric reducing antioxidant power and 2,2-difenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, total polyphenols, and sensory parameters, i.e. consumer acceptability. The main goal of this work was to study and provide relationships between the above mentioned quality parameters. We analysed cross-correlations of all these parameters and found statistically significant correlations between lignan concentration and consumer acceptability, which can be phrased as a warning against high lignan concentrations. The strongest correlations were found between antioxidant parameters and total polyphenol content that supports the antioxidative behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to take full advantage of Grifola frondosa resources, the protein (GFP) was extracted from G. frondosa fruiting body and digested using six different proteases (papain, neutrase, alcalase, trypsin, pepsin, and Protamex) to produce the antioxidative hydrolysates. The trypsin hydrolysate prepared at 1.5 h possessed the strongest antioxidant potential among different hydrolysates, which was separated into four major fractions by ultrafiltration membranes with different molecular weight cut-off (MWCO), that are GFHT-1 (Mw > 10 kDa), GFHT-2 (Mw = 5-10 kDa), GFHT-3 (Mw = 3-5 kDa), and GFHT-4 (Mw < 3 kDa). In succession, the in vitro antioxidant activities of the four fractions were further evaluated, including the scavenging effect on DPPH, ferrous ion chelating effect, reducing power, and ability to inhibit the autoxidation of linoleic acid. The results demonstrated that all fractions are effective antioxidants and comparably GFHT-4 has the highest antioxidant activity. Then GFHT-4 was separated to two major peptide fractions by gel filtration chromatography, and the two fractions were located at 2385 Da (F-1) and 1138 Da (F-2), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antioxidant properties of commercial beers and their changes during storage were investigated. The relationship between the antioxidant capacity and total polyphenol contents of a range of commercial beers were evaluated. The results show that the antiradical and reducing potential varies depending on the type of beer and the processing steps involved in its production. Higher antiradical potential and polyphenol content in dark beers than in lager, dealcoholised and wheat beers were determined. A strong relationship was found between the total polyphenol content and both antiradical activity and reducing power, as measured by DPPH and FRAP assays. When any decrease in antioxidant activity as a result of storage was observed, it occurred mainly after the initial 4-week storage period. The total polyphenol content dropped more sharply than the antiradical and reducing ability over the same time periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water of the breads was replaced with phenolic aqueous extracts from chicory, cabbage, celery, fennel, olive leaf, or grape marc wastes obtained through microwave-assisted extraction. The highest phenolic concentrations were found in the grape marc and in the bread enriched with it. The highest antioxidant activity values were measured in the crust of bread produced with the grape marc extract and in the crumb of bread with olive leaf extract. Generally, the replacement of water caused significant decreases of the specific volume, the shift of the crumb colour towards redder and yellower tones, and modification of gustatory and tactile attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]