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Abstract: Vladimir Petrovich Demikhov, a Soviet physiologist and surgeon, made meticulous attempts at reviving heart and lung transplantation in the last century. Herein, we present an English translation of Demikhov''s 1969 paper of Transplantation of the Heart, Lungs and other Organs (published in Eksperimental''naia Khirurgiia i Anesteziologiia), which represented a synopsis of his experiences with experimental transplantation. A brief account of Demikhov''s life and contributions to transplant medicine is also given. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This discussion/viewpoint paper hypothesizes that the recent trend amongst young people to be less car-oriented than previous generations could be a sign of a transition towards more ICT-based activity patterns and accessibility. This transition can be clarified using theories from the areas of innovation and long waves. If such a hypothesis is true it is has major implications for travel and activity behavior, and the concept of accessibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severalreports have been published on the history of pioneering women pursuing neurosurgery. Women in Turkey started receiving neurosurgery specialty training later than men, as was the case in other parts of the world. However, compared to other countries, Turkey saw the admission of women in neurosurgery sooner, with Aysima Altınok who obtained her specialization in 1959. Nevertheless, Yıldız Yalçınlar, one of the pioneers, remains relatively unknown. In this paper, we witness Yıldız Yalçınlar's journey, from her graduation from Ankara Medical Faculty in 1954 and her subsequent specialization in general surgery to her arrival in Iğdır as a young surgeon in the early 1960s, where she faced cultural challenges. We explored her transition into neurosurgery, becoming the second neurosurgeon in Turkey in 1965. We examine her complex career progression from receiving her specialization in neurosurgery to her academic journey toward becoming a department chief and her role as one of the founding members of the Turkish Neurosurgery Association. In Turkey, the number of women practicing as neurosurgeons has increased consistently. Despite this upward trend, the representation of women in the field of neurosurgery remains disproportionately low. We hope that Yıldız Yalçınlar's achievements, which began in the early 60s, will encourage women today and contribute to the continuing growth of neurosurgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers European banknote iconography as an indicator of national branding choices from the early twentieth century up to the present. Systematic quantitative content analysis demonstrates that the values and ontologies expressed on Central/East European banknotes have historically tracked closely with the trends visible on their West European counterparts. This pattern is evident not just since the end of the Cold War, but indeed right from the founding of the modern Central/East European states about a century ago. Even during the Cold War, it did not take long for the trends on Western banknotes to appear on Central/East European banknotes as well. Thus, contrary to the conventional assumption of a deep-rooted normative gulf separating the national identity discourses of so-called “New” and “Old” Europe, the article underscores the fact of intense, longstanding normative cross-pollination between them. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Nazi Germany surrendered to the Allies on May 8, 1945. Six months later, the Allies tried the surviving leaders of Nazi Germany at the first Nuremberg trial. Later, the United States conducted 12 additional trials. The first one, The Unites States of America versus Karl Brandt et al., has been dubbed the Doctors' Trial. During the trial, the prosecution relied on the testimony of Dr. Andrew Ivy and Dr. Leo Alexander. At the end of the trial, Judge Sebring enunciated 10 principles needed to conduct human subject research-the Nuremberg Code. Authorship of the Code has been the subject of dispute, with both Ivy and Alexander claiming sole authorship.Methods: In the summer of 2017, I visited Duke University Medical Center's Archives and surveyed the contents of boxes labeled "Alexander's papers." I also explored online databases with information on the Doctors' Trial. Pertinent documents were compared across collections, and against scholarly works on the topic.Results: Box 3 of Alexander's papers at Duke University Medical Center's Archives contains a three-page document with six principles that, nearly word for word, were included in what is known as the Nuremberg Code. Alexander's name and appointment are typed at the end of the document.Conclusions: Although the Nuremberg Code is likely to have been an unplanned collaboration among members of the prosecuting team and the judges, I present evidence suggesting that Alexander drafted the blueprint and was the main contributor to the final version of the Code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current conceptualizations of schizophrenia have been introduced over centuries and continue to progress in recent decades. Symptoms have been divided into several domains, contrasting negative and positive symptoms which are different in their nature, onset, progression and response to treatment. An account of the different historical changes of the concept – essentially nosographic – has led to models attempting to integrate findings for each dimension of the disorder. This paper reviews the history of negative symptoms in diagnosis and how different approaches have been utilised to consider negative symptoms in the concept of schizophrenia. The paper also bridges various international classifications which have evolved and modified the role of negative symptoms in their diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia, which highlights the challenge of defining this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Space operations in the United States has required the skills of aerospace medicine specialists since the before the inception of human spaceflight in 1958. The literature extensively covers physiology, clinical science, and conjectures on the nature and future of space medicine. The goals of this project were to examine the evolution of the operational spaceflight surgeon, define the role today, and explore the future of operational space medicine. The data gathered for this project were obtained from several sources including personal interviews with actively serving NASA personnel, a literature review identified by searches of MEDLINE, Current Contents, PubMed, Google Scholar, internal NASA records and databases, and references from relevant articles. Only articles published in English between 1961 and 2019 were included. Finally, to provide a primary account to compliment the findings from above eight oral histories were examined from leaders in this field. This paper reviews the evolution of operational spaceflight medicine from the NASA perspective, offers a modern definition by those who practice it on a daily basis and explores its future development as a profession. While this work is inherently limited as defined by the experiences of select individuals; the 336 combined years-of-service of the sources, personal interviews, and command perspectives of the authors attempt to lay a foundation for such a definition. Understanding and appreciating this history is key to the successful future development of operational spaceflight medicine as a specialty, and by extension to manned space exploration as a whole. • History of the operational flight surgeon from the NASA perspective. • Period - 1958 through the current time period. • The knowledge shared here has been collected from the historical record, first hand accounts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic pain entails a large burden of disease and high social costs, but is seldom 'in the picture' and barely understood. Until recently, it was not systematically classified but instead viewed as a symptom or sign. In the new International Classification of Diseases, (ICD)-11, to be implemented in 2022, 'chronic' pain is now classified as a separate disease category and, to a certain extent, approached as a 'disease in its own right'. Reasons that have been given for this are not based so much on new scientific insights, but are rather of pragmatic nature. To explore the background of these recent changes in definition and classification of chronic pain, this paper provides a historical-philosophical analysis. By sketching a brief history of how pain experts have been working on the definition and taxonomy since the 1970s, we demonstrate the various social and practical functions that underlie the new ICD-11 classification of chronic pain. Building on this historical-empirical basis, we discuss philosophical issues regarding defining and classifying chronic pain, in particular performativity and pragmatism, and discuss their implications for the broader philosophical debate on health and disease. • The ICD-10 played a significant role in the underplaying of chronic pain. • In the new ICD-11, chronic pain is classified as a 'disease in it's own right'. • Practical reasons for this classification trace back to early endeavours by the IASP. • Disease classification has a social function at micro, meso and macro levels. • Disease classification should be considered as performative and highly pragmatic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the history, deployment, and content of institutional repositories (IRs) in public universities in South Africa. Some of the local, national and international drivers and enablers that ensure the establishment and survival of the institutional repositories are identified. Lastly, an attempt is made to determine the future of the IRs. Findings include that South African universities were among the first universities in the world to host IRs with the first IR established in 2000. The most prevalent and dominant content in South African public university collections are electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs). There are signs that this is changing as more libraries cover research outputs emanating from the universities. African languages are sparsely represented in IRs in South Africa. The majority of universities in the country signed the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities, and the Budapest Open Access Initiative. Many of them do not have their own open access policy. The driving factors include the decline in government subsidy, increase in journal subscriptions, depreciation of the South African currency, and addition of the Value Added Tax (VAT) of 14% on electronic resources by the South Africa taxman while the enabling factors include the international open access mandates, the Carnegie Foundation grants, and the National Research Foundation's statement on open access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les carnets opératoires (1945–1959) du médecin-général Gustave Ginestet constituent un ultime témoignage direct, de la période de quintessence de l'utilisation des techniques autoplastiques, avant leur crépuscule favorisé par l'avénement des lambeaux à pédicule axial, musculo-cutanés puis libres. Ils condensent tous les raffinements que l'expérience a permis d'accumuler dans ce qui était le Centre national de chirurgie réparatrice (centre médico-chirurgical Foch-Suresnes). Ils apparaissent plus informatifs que les différents traités de l'époque destinés alors à un public expérimenté ou bénéficiant d'un compagnonnage, éludant ainsi un certain nombre de conseils précautionneux sans doute tacites mais essentiels pour obtenir un succès opératoire dans l'hypothèse de leur utilisation actuelle. Ce travail cherche alors à établir les principes de techniques chirurgicales historiques et à les intégrer dans la prise en charge de patients en impasse thérapeutique. Cent sept situations cliniques nécessitant des déplacements tissulaires ont été analysées par région reconstruite et par type de lambeaux utilisés. Ce regard technique sur le passé, au plus près de la pratique quotidienne d'un centre de chirurgie réparatrice réputé, n'offre pas de préceptes méthodologiques ou techniques absolus. Des carnets opératoires étudiés, ne transparaît qu'une rigueur permettant de contenir un doute permanent et un tâtonnement expérimental. Cette notion d'évolutivité constante de la pratique autoplastique, guidée par ses erreurs, ses intuitions et ses croyances met en exergue l'importance d'une culture chirurgicale qui, par un regard humaniste, doit se nourrir des cheminements du passé. The surgical notebooks (1945–1959) of General Gustave Ginestet are the last direct testimony of the quintessential period in which autoplastic techniques were used, before their twilight, favored by the advent of axial pedicle flaps, musculocutaneous flaps and later free flaps. They summarize all the refinements of the experience accumulated at the National Center for Reconstructive Surgery (Centre Médico-Chirurgical Foch-Suresnes). They appear to be more informative than the various books of the time, which were intended for an experienced public or for those benefiting from a companionship, thus eluding a certain number of precautionary advice, which are undoubtedly tacit but essential to obtain a successful operation in the hypothesis of their current use. This paper aims to establish the principles of historical surgical techniques and to integrate them into the management of patients in therapeutic impasse. One hundred and seven clinical situations requiring tissue displacement were analyzed by reconstructed region and by type of flap used. This technical view of the past, as close as possible to the daily practice of a famous reconstructive surgery center, does not offer absolute methodological or technical precepts. From the surgical notebooks studied, the only thing that emerges is a rigorous approach that allows us to contain a permanent doubt and an experimental process. This notion of constant evolution of the autoplastic practice, guided by its errors, intuitions and beliefs, highlights the importance of a surgical culture, which, with a humanistic approach, must be nourished by the paths of the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring has become an important tool in neurocritical care. Despite being used in intensive care units all over the world, many are unfamiliar with its origins and the people and events that shaped the development of this technique. Herein, we provide a comprehensive historical review of the evolution of ICP monitoring, beginning with the earliest descriptions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We conducted a database search in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Google Books for relevant articles using the key words "cerebrospinal fluid," "intracranial pressure," and "monitoring." Papers were further snowballed using reference lists of relevant papers. Although the earliest descriptions of CSF date back several hundred years bce , the history of ICP monitoring itself is not a long one. Alexander Monro and his student George Kellie laid the foundation of CSF physiology in the early 1800s through the Monro-Kellie doctrine. Their principles were later consolidated by John Abercrombie and Harvey Cushing. However, 10 years earlier than Cushing's work on CSF physiology, Hans Queckenstedt's utilization of a lumbar needle to measure the pressure in CSF marked the beginning of the era of ICP monitoring. Thenceforward, ICP monitoring technology underwent progressive improvements through the contributions of French scientists Jean Guillaume and Pierre Janny, Swedish neurosurgeon Nils Lundberg, among others. Nowadays, ICP monitoring can be performed via direct and indirect methods using a potpourri of devices such as, but not limited to, subarachnoid bolts, microtransducer catheters, and telemetric monitors. Nevertheless, despite advancements in ICP monitoring technology, the criterion standard remains an extraventricular drain catheter connected to an external pressure transducer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Safety science has been developed and has received more and more attention in China in recent years. • Safety science in China is now becoming an independent discipline and an important research field. • A systematic review of the history, legislation, education and research of safety science in China was conducted. • The future developments of safety science in China were introduced briefly. The practice and study of safety science in China has a long and prolific history. In China, safety science originated in the early 1950s, soon after the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. However, the more complete concept, research and practice of safety science were defined after the late 1970s, when China started its full-scale drive for economic reform and policy of openness. In the past decades, particularly in the 21st century, with the support of and encouragement from the Chinese government, safety science in China has undergone many changes and has been developed such that it is now becoming an independent discipline and an important research and practice field. Evidently, the research and practice of safety science in China has been fruitful. However, this was not well known to the world because most of the works addressing safety science were published or introduced in Chinese. Focusing on the discipline level of safety science, this paper provides a complete overview of safety science in China from five perspectives, namely, history, legislation, education, research, and prospects. The paper attempts to promote the cooperation and exchange between China and other countries to provide effective evidence-based services for the development of safety science in countries across the world. However, more detailed research on China's safety science should be carried out for a deeper understanding of China's work safety research and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Check dams are widespread and effective soil and water conservation structures throughout the world. This review paper presents an overview of the use of check dams for soil and water management and runoff control with examples from the literature based on field measurements from four continents. More than 150 years of research has reported that check dams are civil engineering landmark structures used all over the world. Among all civil engineering structures, check dams are probably the most emblematic of torrent control works. They were used for centuries, and are located all around the world. Over the past several hundred years, people have increasingly realized the envisioned advantages of check dams such as land development, environmental improvement, agricultural production, enhancement of gully stabilities, and mitigation of intensive flood. The optimum size, location and type had great influences on the efficiency of check dams under watershed management. Moreover, in both the theoretical and practical realms, check dams have been proved to be a useful tool for controlling soil erosion and flooding at a catchment scale. This paper will be helpful for policy makers to extend check dam projects in the whole erosion-prone areas. The extant development and research on check dams conducted in various parts of the world. Unlabelled Image • This paper reviews a large number of check dam studies all around the world. • Check dams are used for soil conservation, flood mitigation and land development. • Check dams also play eminent roles to provide number of ecological functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper primarily discusses the development of fluidization in North America in the 20th century. Although the history described is primarily in North America, it cannot be completely divorced from fluidization developments in other parts of the world - such as the early fluidization research in Germany culminating in the first commercial fluidized -bed process, etc. Therefore, the paper primarily chronicles the development of fluidization from the early 1920s at the U.S. Bureau of Mines to the early 2000s. The paper describes how Fluid Catalytic Cracking and World War II combined to jump-start fluidization in North America in the 1940s. In addition, the growth of fluidization development is described by decade until the end of the century. The contribution of universities to the fluidization community in the United States and Canada are also explored. Some historical controversies regarding the choking velocity in pneumatic conveying, the location of the fast fluidization regime relative to the choking velocity and jets in fluidized beds are also discussed. Inevitably in such a paper it is impossible to recognize all who have contributed to this history. The authors would like to apologize for any unintended omissions to those who have made these significant contributions. Timeline of Important Fluidization History Events. No. of Countries Publishing Fluidization Literature vs. Time and the Percent of Total Publications from North America (U. S. and Canada). [Display omitted] • This paper gives a review of the history of fluidization in North America. • The fluidization work started in the in the US in the 1920's at the Bureau of Mines. • The first FCC process was commercialized in 1942. • The FCC process was the "engine" that started work on other fluidized bed processes. • Many different fluidized-bed processes were then developed in the following decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le concept de schéma corporel (SC) est porteur d'une histoire très complexe. Proposé par Bonnier en tant que « sens des attitudes » et par Head et Holmes comme « schéma postural », il a donné lieu à des débats confus jusque dans les années 1980. Il fut clarifié en France par Dolto et dans le monde anglo-saxon par Gallagher. Ces deux auteurs proposent de cantonner le SC à un « équipement physiologique ». Dès lors, la conceptualisation deviendra plus claire mais devra attendre l'essor considérable des neurosciences – et des techniques d'imagerie modernes – pour identifier les structures neuro-anatomiques et les systèmes sensoriels impliqués et trouver une définition stabilisée. L'image du corps, en France, intéressera d'abord plutôt les psychanalystes. Ce texte est le premier de deux. Il raconte les vicissitudes presque séculaires du concept de SC. Le deuxième fera état des données les plus récentes et en proposera une nouvelle définition. The history of the body schema concept derives from a long and complex story. First proposed by Bonnier as "the sense of attitudes" and by Head and Holmes as "postural schemata", it gave rise to several confusing debates until the 1980's. Dolto in France and Gallagher in the Anglo-Saxon world, cleared that notion by letting it go to the physiological equipment. Since then, conceptualization has become clearer but yet needed the neurosciences and the imagery technologies to become modern enough. Thus, neuro-anatomical structures and sensorial systems involved have been identified. The definition of the body schema is now much more stable than near a century ago. Body image, as far as it is concerned, has been a very attractive field for psychoanalysts in France. This paper is the first of two and concerns the complex history of the body schema. The second one will give rise to the most recent data in neurosciences. It will propose a new definition of the body schema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clérambault a posé le diagnostic de « paranoïa » concernant le roi Louis XI (1423–1483). L'objectif de cet article est de rendre compte des divers éléments qui permettent de questionner ce « diagnostic ». Après avoir fait une revue de la littérature psychiatrique au sujet du « cas » Louis XI, nous questionnerons les historiens, puis, considérant l'ensemble de ces recherches, nous mettrons en relief la « méfiance » pathologique du roi, que nous analyserons à la lumière de la psychopathologie et de l'orientation psychanalytique. Le roi Louis XI a été surnommé « l'homme le plus méfiant qui soit ». Au-delà de cette méfiance caractérisée, il semble bien également avoir manifesté des idées de persécution et des préoccupations hypocondriaques. Le diagnostic de « paranoïa » – mais, pour nous, une paranoïa non déclenchée, non délirante – semble pouvoir être retenu, eu égard notamment à la conception qu'en avait Clérambault. La discussion principale est relative à la notion de « méfiance » en psychopathologie, et à son rôle qu'elle peut jouer sur le mode d'une « défense réussie » dans la paranoïa. Compte tenu d'un certain consensus – parmi les références psychiatriques, mais aussi parmi les historiens – il est fort probable que Louis XI ait présenté une forme de paranoïa, avec idées de persécutions, tyrannie, cruauté, soif de pouvoir, préoccupations hypocondriaques, le tout en un sens « contenu » par une méfiance extrême qui semble l'avoir mis à l'abri d'un délire systématisé. Clérambault issued the diagnosis that King Louis XI (1423–1483) was paranoid. The objective of this article is to enumerate the various elements that make it possible to question this "diagnosis". After reviewing the psychiatric literature about the "case" of Louis XI, we consulted historians, and then, considering all of this research, we highlight the king's pathological sense of "distrust" which we then analyze in the light of psychopathology and psychoanalytical orientation. King Louis XI was nicknamed "the most suspicious man ever". Beyond this characterized distrust, he also seems to have manifested a persecution complex and hypochondriac concerns. As far as the diagnosis of "paranoia" is concerned, – a non-triggered, non-deviant paranoia seems to us to be appropriate, especially in view of Clérambault's conception of it. The main discussion is related to the notion of "mistrust" in psychopathology, and the role it can play as a "successful defense" in paranoia. Given that there is a certain consensus – among psychiatric references, but also among historians – it is very likely that Louis XI presented a form of paranoia, with ideas of persecution, tyranny, cruelty, thirst for power, and hypochondriac concerns, All in a sense "contained" by an extreme distrust which seems to have sheltered him from a systematized delirium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic set of a cranial instrument tray is filled with eponyms of surgical instruments named after surgeons and physicians from all corners of the medical world. These include pioneers like Castroviejo, Doyen, Frazier, Gigli, Mayfield, Raney, Weitlaner, and Yaşargil. These innovators have always strived to enhance and simplify procedures, ultimately shaping the way we perform surgery today. It was a process, which took several generations of surgeons and trials of instruments before its current form could be established. In this paper, the authors provide background information through a historical perspective on the pioneering surgeons and physicians, after whom the instruments were named. Data were collected by searching PubMed, Google Scholar/Books, Google, and the HathiTrust Digital Library. Additional information was obtained via personal contact with American and European medical institutions, libraries, museums, as well as with the surgeons' family members and their perspective foundations. Remembering the life stories of the inventors behind commonly used eponyms in the operating theater reminds us of the long history of even the most rudimentary neurosurgical tool. This unrelenting strive for perfection reminds us, as surgeons, of our duty to continuously assess and improve our surgical tools and processes for the benefit of our patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The link between ancient Greek medicine and the Arabic translation period in the 9th century cannot be understood without studying the contributions of Syriac scholars. With their mastery of Greek and the related Semitic languages of Syriac and Arabic, they initiated a scientific translation process with methods that prevail to this day. In this paper, we reviewed Hunayn Ibn Isshaq's Ten Treatises on the Eye to elucidate the original contributions of the Syriac physicians to the field of neurologic surgery. We analyzed the oldest known diagram of orbital anatomy along with Hunayn's genuine ideas on the optic nerve anatomy and pathology, optic chiasm, afferent pupillary reflex, and papilledema and venous congestion. We also reviewed the neurosurgical elements found in the Syriac Book of Medicines including the thought process in localizing neurologic deficits based on clinical experience and anatomic dissections and the earliest recorded description of brachial plexus pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present the historical roots of the sufficient component cause model, which is very well known in epidemiology. I have analyzed Max Verworn's writings on the description of the sufficient component cause model. Verworn introduced a precursor of the sufficient component cause model as early as 1912, possibly inspired by Ernst Mach. He argued for the abandonment of the concept of "cause" (singular). Instead, he preferred the term "conditions." Unlike Karl Pearson, Verworn was not opposed to causal considerations. However, according to Verworn, every process or state is determined by numerous conditions and not by a single factor or "cause." Instead of speaking of causalism, Verworn preferred to speak of conditionalism. The earliest description of the concept of the sufficient component cause model known in the epidemiological literature since 1976 dates back at least to 1912. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We aim to describe the history of iodine testing of the cervix and identify areas where further work is required.Study Design: We conducted a search of PubMed and Google Scholar. Full article texts were reviewed. Reference lists were screened for additional articles and books. 37 basic articles in journals including ones written in German and three basic articles in books were identified.Results: Glycogen staining of the ectocervical squamous epithelium with iodine goes back to Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915). Walter Schiller (1887-1960) examined nearly 200 different dyes and found that vital staining of the cervical squamous epithelium was best achieved with Lugol's iodine solution, which was indicated by Jean Guillaume Lugol (1786-1851) for disinfection of the vagina. In 1928 W. Lahm observed that the glycogen content of a squamous epithelium cell decreases as anaplasia increases. From the outset, H. Hinselmann included the iodine test in the minimum requirements for colposcopy. In 1946 H. J. Wespi first mentioned the finding of an "uncharacteristic iodine negative area." The first international colposcopic terminology from Graz in 1975 lists the "iodine light area" among the different colposcopy findings. The IFCPC nomenclatures from Rome 1990, Barcelona 2002, and Rio de Janeiro 2011 have evaluated the iodine test and classified their findings differently. A breakthrough to effective cervical cancer screening in resource-limited settings in Africa, India, and Latin America was achieved with R. Sankaranarayanan's publication on naked-eye visual inspection of the cervix after application of Lugol's iodine.Conclusions: This paper is a step toward a better understanding of what we think and do today with iodine testing and what problems and upcoming tasks will arise in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concerns the rules that are often chosen to frame decentralization in Ghana. It perceives the challenges of multi-level governance in postcolonial sub-Saharan African countries, such as weak local government capacity for urban planning, as effects of ill-conceived constitutional rules. The paper draws ideas from constitutional political economy (CPE) to problematize the constitutional rules underlying Ghana’s current state of decentralization. I argue that these constitutional rules, embodied in Ghana’s 1992 Constitution and Local Government Act (462), evince both continued dominance of state control over local governance and a systemic transfer of the logics and instruments of the authoritarian Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC) military regime to the choice of constitutional rules for Ghana’s decentralization. In other words, Ghana’s decentralization patterns and processes must be examined in the context of the constitutional regime from which they were born. One such pattern is the creation of new local governments (a gerrymandering strategy) by successive governments without commensurate improvement in local democratic and pro-poor developmental outcomes. The paper’s discussions, largely conceptual but interlaced with empirical moments, serve to stimulate debate about the relationships between the constitutional rules for decentralization and their socioeconomic and political effects. I conclude by reflecting on the conceptual and methodological challenges of using CPE to analyze constitutional rules for decentralization and offer ideas to address these challenges in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In 2018, the Congress of the Philippines is expected to pass the Philippine Space Development Act , leading to the adoption of the first national space policy in the country and the establishment of the Philippine Space Agency (or PhilSA). This historic event is the final outcome of a long process involving various stakeholders in the Philippines from government, academia and industry. This article provides the first comprehensive history of this process from its inception in the late 20th century until now, with a specific focus on its acceleration since 2013. It also investigates the future expectations of the national space development program, in particular regarding the development of a local space industry. Apart from solely describing the history of the Philippines, this paper presents more generally the case of a developing country willing to gain a foothold in space. In comparison with existing literature on space development programs focusing exclusively on rich western countries or powerful emerging nations, this paper provides other developing countries with highly valuable information by describing such a transparent, balanced and promising initiative as the Philippine space development program. Highlights • The Philippine Space Policy is balanced and perfectly fits the needs of the country. • The process of developing the Philippine space policy can inspire other countries. • Private sector's involvement is crucial for the success of the future space program. • The Filipino space policy's parliamentary approval is expected for late 2018. • Initiating a space program is feasible and recommended for developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the context of urban transformations, water governance has received global attention due to its growing complexities in responding to wicked and multifaceted challenges, such as rapidly growing populations, increased resource demand and uncertain climate futures. To date, much of the empirical research on water governance and urban transformations has examined developed cities, with limited investigation of developing cities. This paper therefore aims to enrich current empirical insights regarding the evolution of, and key shifts within urban water governance in Bangladesh. Drawing on recent developments in sustainability transitions and urban water governance scholarship, the paper charts 250 years of water resource development in Bangladesh. Analysis of primary and secondary qualitative data sources revealed five major periods between 1757 and 2016 that represent key changes to governance approaches that underpinned sectoral changes. Although the shifts in governance approaches have cumulatively improved the adaptive capacity of Bangladesh’s urban water system, they have not been framed to provide guidance and facilitation for driving on-ground change, which may be inhibiting a sustainable transformation of Bangladesh’s urban water sector. Nevertheless, the insights do provide important foundations for informing the development of new governance models capable of dealing with multi-scale strategies for supporting a sustainability transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper explores mothers' experiences of masculinity in the context of child obesity in Mexico. The paper draws on face to face interviews with 10 medical staff working at the child obesity clinic at Federico Gómez Children's Hospital in Mexico City and on interviews with 16 mothers and 1 grandmother of children diagnosed with obesity and morbid obesity. Through an analysis of medical discourses and practices the paper identifies a tendency to underestimate the extent to which fathers are involved in shaping the family diet and other health related practices. The paper argues that mothers' experiences of masculinity reflect ways of resisting the increased blame placed on them. Through their voices, mothers expose silenced family dynamics of food and other health-related habits and patterns. The invisibility of fathers in medical and academic discourse works to feed mother blaming and misleads medical practices and policies designed to address child obesity in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quality-Adjusted Life-Years (QALYs) are central to healthcare decision-making in Britain and abroad, yet their history is poorly understood. In this paper, we argue that a more in-depth and political history of the QALY is needed to allow a critical evaluation of its current dominance. Exploiting rich data from archives and 44 semi-structured interviews conducted between 2015 and 2018, we employ Multiple Streams Analysis to construct a complex and dynamic picture of how the idea of QALYs emerged and was adopted within UK health policy. Through its historical and political approach, the paper illuminates the relative roles in the policy-making process of experts (especially economists) and politicians as ‘entrepreneurs’ in the development of new ideas; how these were influenced by negotiation within established and emerging institutional structures; and the role of serendipity and crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective is to describe the first patents, key inventions and scientific papers related to glass science & technology. According to the literature and the Guinness Book of Records , the first English recorded patent was granted to John Utynam in England in 1449 and a second in 1552. Regarding publications, the first two papers on glass production were published in 1665 in Le Journal des Sçavans in France and the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in England. We illustrate our points using landmarks that cover half a millennia and constitute advancements in modern life that are substantially connected to and dependent on glass technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to examine the role and activities of the Ministry of Education of Albania during the Italian occupation (1941–1943). By analysing official documents such as laws, decisions, and circulars, it explores how the Italian regime transformed the existing functions and structures of the Albanian School System to promote fascist ideology. The Italian occupation regime employed two strategies: the first was to create a positive image by presenting itself as a regime that supported education and sought to improve-the lives of the poorest members of society, hoping to gain the support of the Albanian people. The second strategy was to introduce fascist values and morality into the school curricula, censoring certain books, introducing new textbooks, and intimidating Albanian teachers while replacing them with Italian teachers and directors. With the onset of Italy's involvement in World War II, the Albanian education system suffered the consequences of the war. This article aims to address the gap in existing research in this field and provides valuable insights that can be used as a reference point for drawing comparisons with developments in education in many Eastern European countries after the Second World War, during the communist regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The history of the diagnosis and treatment of cervical precancer is fragmentary. Findings in the English-speaking and German-speaking areas vary considerably. We aim to describe the history of clinical advances in diagnosis and treatment of cervical precancer and identify areas where further work is required.Study Design: We conducted a search of PubMed and Google Scholar. Full article texts were reviewed. Reference lists were screened for additional articles and books. 9 basic articles in German and 13 basic articles in books were identified.Results: The first images of the ectocervix were published by H. Lebert (1812-1879) in the middle of the nineteenth century. R. Meyer's (1864-1947) theory of erosions, which dominated cervical pathology in the nineteenth century, was later refuted in studies by C. A. Ruge (1846-1926) and J. Veit (1852-1917). In 1908 W. Schauenstein (1870-1943) recognized the step-by-step development of cervical cancer. H. Hinselmann (1884-1959) replaced the purely histopathological approach previously with the use of colposcopy. All conization methods applied today can be traced back to amputation of the ectocervix as first indicated by J. Marion Sims (1813-1883) in 1861. In 1928 M. N. Hyams was the first to describe an excision method that employed electrodiathermy. The method of cold knife conization is based on a publication by J.W. Scott from 1957. The final breakthrough to effective electrodiathermy was achieved with the publications of W. Prendiville.Conclusions: This paper is a step toward a better understanding of what we think and do today based on past findings of colposcopists and gynecopathologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hefei, the capital city of Anhui Province, is located in China's central region. A city with over 2200 years of history, Hefei was still a middle-sized city at the end of 1970s. Over the past decade, however, the city had experienced a dramatic spatial expansion and economic growth. This paper discusses Hefei's history of development, its achievement in socioeconomic and spatial development, and its challenges with regard to future development. Urban researchers have largely ignored cities in China's central region; as such, this paper will serve to enrich the international literature in this field and enable readers to better understand the urbanization and industrialization efforts of a typical emerging city in inland China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper initially provides a succinct overview of physical growth and socio-cultural distinctiveness of Dhaka (the capital city of Bangladesh) - shaped by its primacy in the national and regional hierarchy for more than 400 years. The paper primarily assesses the challenges that Dhaka is currently facing. It is Bangladesh's most unequal city. Despite a historical legacy of formal and civic committee based planning experience, it has remained an organically developed city without effective interventions from planning and implementing agencies to make it more liveable for the poor. Transport policy and interventions are antagonistic towards rickshaws, walking and cycling. The mega city has neither efficient public transport nor mass transit. It only has insufficient urban water transport. Informality of living and jobs are highly ingrained in its everyday lifeline, mainly contributed by the bosti dwellers for whom land use distribution and land ownership are much disproportionate, skewed and unjust. Although they are the majority, service and infrastructure provisions including housing, health, transportation, and safety remained highly compromised for them. With ‘systemic invasion’ of its land around rivers, lakes and other water-bodies and wetlands by the ‘elites’, the city is becoming less liveable. It is more prone to floods as it currently has no formal adaptation, disaster risk reduction or prevention policies, practices or initiatives in place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical studies of human interaction with climate are one approach through which to understand responses to environmental stress today. Most studies of vulnerability are based upon short timeframes in the recent past and so may focus on its symptoms rather than its underlying causes, or derive exclusively from systems-based approaches that can present historical change without recourse to human agency. This paper makes extensive use of the historical written record to analyse the comparative root-causes of the vulnerability and resilience of rural farming communities to drought over a period of three centuries (1505–1830) in the area between the Zambezi and Save rivers in southern Africa. The paper first considers vulnerability, resilience and adaptation as temporal frameworks, and analyses evidence for drought and its impacts in the pre-colonial past. It then reconstructs agro-ecosystem, livelihood and institutional vulnerability for six societies and settlements over the long-run using an indicator approach. The resultant trajectories of vulnerability are discussed in the context of the differential impacts of past drought, through which the decisive drivers and constraints of vulnerability and resilience are identified. The paper concludes with a number of key themes from this long-run analysis for contemporary vulnerability and adaptation to climate change, and points to the importance of institutional adaptation, normative goals, and uneven distributions of power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the first of two invited articles reviewing the development of nucleoside-analogue antiviral drugs, written for a target audience of virologists and other non-chemists, as well as chemists who may not be familiar with the field. Rather than providing a simple chronological account, we have examined and attempted to explain the thought processes, advances in synthetic chemistry and lessons learned from antiviral testing that led to a few molecules being moved forward to eventual approval for human therapies, while others were discarded. The present paper focuses on early, relatively simplistic changes made to the nucleoside scaffold, beginning with modifications of the nucleoside sugars of Ara-C and other arabinose-derived nucleoside analogues in the 1960's. A future paper will review more recent developments, focusing especially on more complex modifications, particularly those involving multiple changes to the nucleoside scaffold. We hope that these articles will help virologists and others outside the field of medicinal chemistry to understand why certain drugs were successfully developed, while the majority of candidate compounds encountered barriers due to low-yielding synthetic routes, toxicity or other problems that led to their abandonment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the dense medium cyclone (DMC) was first patented in the 1940s it has become the process of choice in coal preparation, and is also widely used for upgrading iron ore and in the pre-concentration of diamonds and metalliferous and industrial minerals. It is in every sense a mature technology. This paper summarises the history of the process, considers its current status in mineral and coal processing, and suggests ways in which the process might evolve. Aspects reviewed include the process principles, process models, the importance of medium behaviour, particle size limitations, process analysis, instrumentation and control, and increases in scale. Particular attention is given to the potential for the use of larger cyclones at lower heads in mineral separations, as practiced in the coal industry. Using operating examples and published modelling results, the paper makes the case that these conditions will work in minerals too, and should be adopted. This will significantly improve the economics of DMC mineral separations at a time when pre-concentration is becoming more important for upgrading lower grade ores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Security League was an elite private lobbying group in the World War I preparedness movement in the United States. Its educational wing was a group consisting mostly of college professors called the Committee on Patriotism through Education, which sought to use education to promote a militaristic brand of patriotism. This paper adds to our knowledge of the geopolitics of the period by critically reviewing the Committee's propaganda efforts, as organized into its Patriotism through Education Series. More importantly, this paper theorizes this propaganda by engaging with two literatures that seldom cross paths: emerging interest in intimacy-geopolitics and Gramsci's concept of war of position. Intimacy-geopolitics is used to highlight the performative edge of war propaganda, as it directs desire and affect to toward geopolitical visions which accord with elite visions of the good life. Intimacy-geopolitics as an analytical framework helps connect affect and war in a way that avoids scalar hierarchies of violence. The Committee deliberately sought to direct emotion toward militaristic ends, and saw teachers as foot soldiers in that effort. Understanding how war propaganda works through affect, that is, how it positions country as an object of affection, also qualifies and dovetails with an understanding of war propaganda as elemental to the Gramscian war of position. Quite apart from accusations of war-profiteering, elite manipulation of desire and affect toward the war effort also worked to obfuscate class interest in favor of gender and other social roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In several papers, Hauer (1988, 1989, 2000a, 2000b, 2016) has argued that the level of safety built into roads is unpremeditated, i.e. not the result of decisions based on knowledge of the safety impacts of design standards. Hauer has pointed out that the development of knowledge about the level of safety built into roads has been slow and remains incomplete even today. Based on these observations, this paper asks whether evolutionary theory can contribute to explaining the slow development of knowledge. A key proposition of evolutionary theory is that knowledge is discovered through a process of learning-by-doing; it is not necessarily produced intentionally by means of research or development. An unintentional discovery of knowledge is treacherous as far as road safety is concerned, since an apparently effective safety treatment may simply be the result of regression-to-the-mean. The importance of regression-to-the-mean was not fully understood until about 1980, and a substantial part of what was regarded as known at that time may have been based on studies not controlling for regression-to-the-mean. An attempt to provide an axiomatic foundation for designing a safe road system was made by Gunnarsson and Lindström (1970). This had the ambition of providing universal guidelines that would facilitate a preventive approach, rather than the reactive approach based on accident history (i.e. designing a system known to be safe, rather than reacting to events in a system of unknown safety). Three facts are notable about these principles. First, they are stated in very general terms and do not address many of the details of road design or traffic control. Second, they are not based on experience showing their effectiveness. Third, they are partial and do not address the interaction between elements of the road traffic system, in particular road user adaptation to system design. Another notable fact consistent with evolutionary theory, is that the safety margins built into various design elements have been continuously eroded by the development of bigger and faster motor vehicles, that can only be operated safely if roads are wider and straighter than they needed to be when motor vehicles were smaller and moved slower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the fundamental discoveries in the definition and treatment of patients with bleeding esophageal varices and cirrhosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We look at Universal Health Coverage (UHC) through a historical investigation of the "health for all by 2000" policy adopted by the WHO in 1978. Within contemporary debates on access to care, Alma Ata is usually considered as a brief moment of well-intentioned utopia, which buckled to global health's agenda of performance metrics and targeted diseases. Such visions of primary health care (PHC) are shared references in the debates about UHC. Aiming at a less geopolitical and more local approach of the strategy's roots than the existing historiography, the paper draws from historical and ethnographic work on health policies and practices in Tanzania, Oman and Kerala (India), in which PHC was not only envisioned, but constructed as the backbone of local health systems, often prior to Alma Ata. All three states were praised for their PHC achievements. Studying them allows for emphasizing the importance of national trajectories in PHC, as well as revealing shared core issues such as the importance of access and affordability, of the focus on rural centers and the mass training of non-medical personnel, and of the articulation of vertical programs and horizontal system building. It also reveals very different trajectories in terms of duration, priorities, outcomes and international visibility. • The paper is a comparative study of PHC development in Tanzania, Oman and Kerala. • History shows that health systems had contingent relations to Alma Ata policy. • WHO's 1978 primary health care strategy is a retrospective utopia in debates on UHC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper gives an overview of the last 100 years of fluidization in the Japanese context. Japan was a relatively early adopter of the Winkler coal gasification technology in industry and an early participator in the formation of chemical engineering initiated in the United Kingdom and the United States. However, it was left far behind in the rapid development of fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) technology in the worsening international relations of the 1930s. Academic research on fluidization and its applications, which had started with the development of FCC, did not start substantially in Japan until 1952, when the San Francisco Peace Treaty came into effect. In this paper, first reviewed is the global progress of chemical engineering and fluidization research, and further discussed is the three-stage scheme in the development of the knowledge of fluidization. Taking these as the background, we review first the pre-war and early post-war research situations, then, the formation of the fluidization community in Japan. Finally, the fully-fledged post-war research and technological developments with a brief look at the Japanese contribution to the above-mentioned global progress are reviewed regarding the three fields: energy-environment applications, catalytic reactors and numerical simulation. [Display omitted] • A review of 100 years' footsteps of Japanese chemical engineers. • Three-stage epistemological development of knowledge on fluidization. • Post war development of fluidization engineering both in academia and industry. • Fluidized-bed energy/environment and catalyst processes in Japan. • DEM-CFD model developments for fluidized bed simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides details of some significant patent, patentee and invention anniversaries falling in 2006, for example those for improved paper making and sugar production, Brunel, iron and steel manufacture – the Bessemer process, aniline dyes, an improved electric clock, air conditioning, an improved flying machine, and radio navigation for aircraft. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Eponyms are honorific terms ascribed to individuals who discovered a sign, test, syndrome, technique, or instrument. Despite some contentions, eponyms continue to be widely ingrained and incorporated into the medical literature and contemporary language. Physical signs are considered unreliable methods alone for detecting deep venous thrombosis (DVT). The accuracy of the majority of these signs is unknown. For those signs that have been studied, there are a number of methodological limitations hindering the ability to draw meaningful conclusions about their accuracy and validity in clinical practice. Nevertheless, some findings when present and used in conjunction with other key signs, symptoms, and aspects of the patients history may be useful in further supporting the clinical suspicion and likelihood of DVT and/or pulmonary embolism (PE) or venothromboembolism (VTE). These signs also provide the means to better recognize the relationship between clinical findings and VTE. The acquisition of historical knowledge about these signs is important as it further enhances our understanding and appreciation of the diagnostic acumen that physicians were required to employ and to diagnose VTE prior to the advent of advanced imaging methods. Described in this paper is a brief overview of thrombosis as enumerated by Rudolf Virchow, and eponymous signs described in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. • Physicians prior to Virchow established the groundwork for thrombosis. • Virchow described thrombosis occurring within the pulmonary artery. • Hampton and Westermark signs have a high specificity. • Homans sign has a wide sensitivity and specificity and high false positive rate. • Eponyms are a unique component of medical education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Librarians and archivists can gain insight into the disciplinary culture of historians, and history doctoral students in particular, by examining the acknowledgment sections of these students' doctoral dissertations. This paper is an exploratory analysis of the 219 history dissertations written at the University of Oklahoma between 1930 and 2005. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In June 1986, the news on the discovery of high critical temperature superconductivity at IBM, Switzerland, by the physicists Bednorz and Müller, reached the laboratories at the Bariloche Atomic Center in the Argentine Patagonia. The expertise in experimental techniques at low temperatures led by Paco de la Cruz and his team and also in crystal growth led by Daniel Esparza and his group, were important to reproduce the results in a question of a few months. This discovery produced enormous enthusiasm in the community and incentivized research in these materials in other laboratories and theoretical groups at the Bariloche Atomic Center, which had already a vast experience and trajectory in materials science. In this paper I will delve on how this striking discovery fostered theoretical and experimental research in Bariloche which lasts until today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a historically grounded review of several biologically based developmental theories for serial homicide. Beginning with a discussion that outlines nineteenth-century etiological theories, this article guides its reader through a series of intellectual and scientific developments – all of which have contributed to our current understanding of the etiology of serial homicide. Embedded within this review is a critical examination of how social, methodological, and other such limitations have stalled and prevented the development of a meaningful etiological account for serial homicide. This author offers some direction to help researchers overcome these limitations, and suggests three additional lines of inquiry that may help to illuminate biologically-based developmental trajectories. This paper concludes by reinforcing the need for a transdisciplinary approach when studying violence risk and prevention within this population specifically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Objectifs Le cerveau et l’esprit sont très souvent objet de controverses dans les psychiatries du monde. L’histoire de la psychiatrie américaine est instructive à ce sujet, les États-Unis ayant accueilli très tôt la psychanalyse, inventé le béhaviorisme, promu la psychiatrie biologique, utilisé la biométrie et fabriqué la classification des maladies mentales qui a eu le plus grand succès. L’objectif de cet article est d’étudier cette histoire. Méthodes L’article propose une étude détaillée des théories, des pratiques et des débats d’idées dans le champ de cette psychiatrie américaine depuis le XVIII e siècle et des politiques fédérales de santé mentale. Résultats La psychiatrie des États-Unis a des particularités liées au concept de destinée manifeste, au protestantisme et au pragmatisme, à la manière dont la nation s’est construite (esclavagisme, conquête de l’Ouest, libéralisme économique) et aux guerres qui n’ont pas cessé de sa naissance à ce jour, de la guerre d’indépendance aux guerres du Moyen-Orient, en passant par la guerre civile et les deux guerres mondiales. Comme elle a su assimiler ses immigrés, elle a assimilé et véhiculé leurs cultures et leurs découvertes en matière de psychiatrie. Elle a elle-même donné naissance à de nombreuses théories et pratiques portées par la mondialisation, entre autres les DSM qui s’inscrivent dans l’évolution culturelle, scientifique, économique et politique de la nation. Les profanes ont été très tôt acteurs des changements, des conflits et de l’antipsychiatrie. Discussion Cet article s’interroge sur le succès croissant de la psychanalyse dans les années 1950 et sur les causes de sa perte d’influence dans les années 1970 qu’il n’impute pas au DSM-III, mais aux psychanalystes américains eux-mêmes. Il tente de démontrer que le DSM-III et les DSM suivants n’ont pas entraîné de changement de paradigme, au sens que lui donne Thomas Kuhn. Conclusion L’histoire de la psychiatrie américaine montre qu’il y a peu de chance pour que s’éteignent les conflits entre les tenants d’un cerveau, encore très mal connu, et ceux d’un esprit, souvent bien mal défini, tant que nos connaissances dans le domaine des troubles mentaux seront aussi minces qu’elles le sont aujourd’hui. Objective Very often, the brain and the mind are objects of controversy in the world of psychiatry. The history of American psychiatry is instructive in this respect. From an early date, the United States embraced psychoanalysis, invented behaviorism, promoted biological psychiatry, used biometry and produced a highly successful classification of mental disorders. The objective of this paper is the study of this history. Method The paper proposes a detailed study of the theories, practices and ideological debates in the field of American psychiatry since the 18th century, and of federal mental health policies. Results Psychiatry in the United States has distinctive features linked to the concept of manifest destiny, Protestantism and pragmatism, to the manner in which the nation was constructed (slavery, conquest of the West, economic liberalism) and to the ceaseless wars, from the War of Independence to the Middle Eastern wars, not forgetting the Civil War and two World Wars. As the nation succeeded in integrating its immigrants, it also assimilated their different cultures and their discoveries in the field psychiatry. Many theories and practices that later diffused by globalization were instigated by the nation, among others the DSMs, part of the cultural, scientific, economic and political development of the nation. Lay people were early protagonists in the constructive shifts, conflicts and anti-psychiatry tendencies. Discussion This paper examines the growing success of psychoanalysis in the 1950s and the causes behind its loss of influence in the 1970s. It does not attribute this loss to the DSM-III, but to the psychoanalysts themselves. It sets out to demonstrate that the DSM-III and later DSMs did not result in a paradigm shift in the meaning of Thomas Kuhn. Conclusion The history of American psychiatry proves that there is little chance of seeing an end to the conflicts between advocates of the brain, still poorly understood, and upholders of the mind, often poorly defined, as long as our knowledge in the field of mental disorders remains as slim as it is today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the history and application of in situ recovery (ISR) to a wide variety of metals. The increasing application of ISR may provide an important method to address a key issue for the mining industry, namely the cost of production. ISR transfers a significant proportion of hydrometallurgical processing to mineralised bodies in the subsurface to directly obtain solutions of metals of interest. As a result, there is little surface disturbance and no tailings or waste rock are generated at ISR mines. However, for ISR to be successful, deposits need to be permeable (either naturally or artificially induced), and the metals of interest readily amenable to dissolution by leaching solutions in a reasonable period of time, with an acceptable consumption of leaching reagents. The paper discusses the following aspects of ISR: • History . ISR for uranium was introduced in 1959 in the USA, and subsequently applied in many countries over last 50 years, particularly in the USSR. The share of uranium mined by ISR reached 51% of world production in 2014, and the capacity of ISR mining of uranium is now comparable with that from conventional uranium mines. • Commodities . A review of the use of ISR for mining other commodities, namely copper, gold, nickel, scandium, rhenium, rare earth elements, yttrium, selenium, molybdenum, and vanadium. ISR for copper was introduced in the 1970s and there were several successful natural tests and mines. Scandium, rhenium, rare earth elements, yttrium, selenium, molybdenum, and vanadium were mined in pilot tests as by-products of uranium extraction. ISR of gold, copper, nickel, rare earth elements and scandium has been successfully developed over recent years. The paper discusses other commodities that have potential to be mined using ISR. • Applicability of ISR is addressed by a discussion of the features of mineralisation that need to be considered during different stages of ISR projects. Permeability, 1 1 More accurately is hydraulic conductivity or permeability coefficient, m/day. hydrogeological conditions and selective leachability are the most critical parameters for ISR, and must be defined in the evaluation and exploration stages. Morphology and depth of mineralisation, thicknesses and grades, distribution of mineralisation, presence of aquicludes, and environmental conditions are also important factors for ISR projects. • Environmental issues . ISR allows the extraction of mineralisation with minimal disturbance to existing natural conditions. In contrast to underground and open pit mining, there are smaller volumes of mining and hydrometallurgical effluents that require management. Clearly contamination of groundwater by ISR reagents is the critical aspect requiring management during an ISR operation. Control of leaching in ISR operations and various ways of cleaning aquifers are discussed in the paper. • Economics . ISR operations deliver a range of benefits including lower CapEx costs for mine development, processing plant and infrastructure. ISR enables production to start at low capital cost and then a modular increase in production, as well as very flexible production capacity. The costs of ISR for different commodities (copper, gold, nickel, scandium, rhenium, rare earth elements, yttrium, selenium, molybdenum, vanadium) are discussed, with economic parameters for uranium production from ISR and conventional provided for comparison. The CapEx, OpEx and common cut-off grades for ISR for different commodities are discussed. • Exploration , resource estimation and the development of ISR projects require a number of different approaches compared to conventional mining projects. These criteria and the necessary methodology for resource estimation for ISR projects are described in the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

History is often dismissed as of little utility in the analysis of policy. This paper provides a justification for its use as evidence. It surveys the rise of the use of history, including public history and history and policy. It looks at two issues which draw on the author's own work: the relationship between regulation and culture for smoking and alcohol; and the response to electronic cigarettes in the light of smoking and public health history. It analyses what history can contribute. Responses are time dependent and change is an essential parameter in understanding policy. Historical research can challenge stereotypes, for example that prohibition was abandoned because it 'failed'. It also forms the bedrock of historical interpretation, which is mutable and often misunderstood outside the profession. History provides policy analysis rather than policy prescription and is a challenging approach, not just a convenient support for established positions. The paper concludes that history is far from moribund as a policy science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a critical engagement with Freud's anthropological theory of the origins of law and religion, which Freud developed as his representation and development of the Oedipal myth. Freud's mythology, it is argued, is the theoretical result of the essentially narrative nature of psychoanalytical praxis. Freud's myth, especially its treatment of patricide as the original sin, is seen to be a displacement of the biblical myth of fratricide as the original sin. It is argued that the biblical myth is more coherent than Freud's myth, and that it corresponds to the reality of the human condition better than Freud's myth. The paper concludes with the suggestion that the acceptance of the biblical myth in place of Freud's does not necessarily entail a rejection of psychoanalysis as a praxis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study in this paper proposed a new framework for history matching of frequently acquired 4D seismic data. To achieve this goal, the large volumes of seismic data from the many repeated 4D monitors are firstly condensed into a single attribute by directly correlating them to the reservoir production and injection performances. This 'well2seis' cross-correlation is achieved by defining a linear relationship between pressure and saturation-related 4D seismic responses and the cumulative changes of reservoir fluid volumes derived from wells. It is shown that such a cross-disciplinary attribute not only reduces the amount of 4D seismic data for history matching, but also enhances the seismic data reliability since the 4D seismic observations are conditioned by low-uncertainty production data from reservoir engineering domain. In the second step, Morris sensitivity analysis is adapted to fast diagnose the uncertainty reservoir model parameters that are sensitive to the well2seis attributes. To quantitatively assimilate the well2seis observations to calibrate these uncertainty parameters, we then proposed a well2seis objective function that quantifies the mismatch between the observed and model simulated well2seis attributes. Ensemble Smoother with Multiple Data Assimilation (ES-MDA) is performed at the end to iteratively assimilate the well2seis observations by minimizing the well2seis misfit. Application of the proposed workflow to a North Sea field case shows that, when history matching to the observed well2seis attribute that honours the information from seismic and reservoir engineering domains, it can significantly reduce the uncertainty of key reservoir parameters, hence improving the matching quality to both 4D seismic and production observations and enhancing the prediction reliability of the reservoir models. Compared to traditional history matching approaches that attempt to match individual seismic time-lapse attributes and production observations, this approach is observed to significantly boost the history matching efficiency by reducing the number of time-consuming iterations. • We developed and applied a framework for assimilating frequently acquired 4D seismic data to update reservoir models. • The proposed method introduces a new attribute for seismic history matching. • We deploy Morris sensitivity analysis and ES-MDA to analyze and calibrate uncertainty parameters in reservoir models. • The proposed framework shows to boost history matching efficiency on frequently acuquired 4D seismic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limb deformity and shortening remains a common presenting complaint in paediatric orthopaedics. The ability to restore length, alignment with consistent bone formation allows standardised treatment in these difficult conditions. The use of an external fixator produces a stable construct which allows manipulation of the bone segments, with a controlled rate and rhythm. Deformity analysis permits the surgeon to plan osteotomy levels and frame application to produce accurate correction. Complications, especially in congenital conditions remain an issue and modification of the treatment is required to try and reduce their incidence. New types of fixators, the latest being hexapod frames, have increased the versatility in deformity correction. The aim of this paper is to review the use of external fixators in elective paediatric orthopaedics and highlight the latest changes in technique and application for the limb reconstruction surgeon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We present here an historical overview of the early researches on proton conductor solids for materials such as fuel cell, battery, electrolyser or H 2 -sensor. Unexpectedly, the early researches and developments (1960s Gemini orbiter US program, 1967 Ford patent and papers on solid electrolyte battery for electric cars) happened to be a few years before the 1972 'The Club of Rome' report, the first oil crisis in 1973 and certainly the ecological concerns related to global warming. A renewal of research activity then took place in relation with the global warming issues after 1995 and search for the decarbonated energy sources and storage. We discuss here the history of proton conductor research in terms of the communities involved (ion exchange materials, superionic conductors, hydrogen-bonded compounds, electrochromic films, polymer membranes, geology) and the first studied materials, with a comparison between the researches leading to commercial applications and the ones remaining under study. Special attention is paid to the methods of analysis well adapted for the understanding of the space- and time-scale dynamics of proton conductors, namely neutron scattering, frequency dependent conductivity/relaxation and modelling. Some unsolved questions are formalised. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Research on electric cars starts much before ecological concerns. • Proton conduction modelling is highly related to the first communities involved in proton transfer and diffusion. • A historical view on space- and time-scale proton dynamics is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]