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The impact of science on society is examined in this publication's coverage of a series of public lectures that commemorated the 25th anniversary of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Edited versions of four speeches are presented which address the impact of science on society from the time of humanity's first significant scientific invention to that of expected future scientific advances. The papers include: (1) "The Legacy of Science" by British historian James Burke; (2) "Accomplishments of Science by the Year 2000" by television science editor and reporter Jules Bergman; (3) "Our Future in the Cosmos--Computers" by scientist and science fiction writer Dr. Isaac Asimov; and (4) "Our Future in the Cosmos--Space" also by Dr. Isaac Asimov. Audience questions and lecturer responses follow each of the papers. Biographical sketches of each presenter are also included. (ML)

This paper discusses the contribution of Nathan B. Stubblefield of Murray (Calloway County), Kentucky, to the field of broadcast history and ascribes to him the invention of wireless voice communication. In 1888, Stubblefield was granted a patent on a mechanical or "knocking" telephone which was subsequently installed in towns in several states including Kentucky, Indiana, Mississippi, and North Carolina, However, by 1889, the Bell telephone, an electrical device far superior in sound quality and distance, had worked its way westward into Stubblefield's home territory, and soon resulted in reducing the Stubblefield phone to intercom use. In 1908, Stubblefield patented a second kind of wireless telephone--a system based on induction--and one that is used by many to credit him with the invention of modern radio broadcasting. However, Stubblefield's attempts to market his wireless telephone were unsuccessful and soon other devices surpassed his inventions. Biographic information about Stubblefield is included. (LL)

This document provides a transcript of a paper presented at the Industrial Research Institute Fall 1980 Meeting in Washington, D.C., in which the importance of the industrial research laboratory in cooperative research is reviewed. The role of antitrust policy in corporate decisions to engage in research and development is also discussed, and the "Antitrust Guide Concerning Joint Research Ventures," a government publication, is introduced. This document clearly explains the position of the Department of Justice in providing guidance on collaborative research. Past cases involving joint research are used to illustrate the Department's view that antitrust law and innovation are compatible in most instances. Cooperative research involving both government and industry is also discussed. (CS)

This paper explores FM radio's struggle for survival in the 1940s, focusing primarily on the impact of Federal Communications Commission (FCC) decision making and on the influence and activities of the well-established radio corporations, primarily the Radio Corporation of America (RCA). It describes the invention of FM radio by Edwin H. Armstrong and his early demonstrations of it to RCA. The paper next explores some of the early FCC considerations on allocating unoccupied radio channels and notes the reaction of the AM radio industry and of those who were developing television in the 1930s. An FCC decision to allow commercial FM broadcasting is discussed, and then the paper considers post-World War II planning by the broadcast industry, including the industry's efforts to move the band on which FM could be broadcast and the effects that move had on FM radio and on television. The final FCC decision reallocating FM Channels is reported and a series of questions asked of the FCC by FM industry proponents and not responded to are appended. (TJ)

The problem of transferring university "technology" to industry must be addressed in highly specific terms if satisfactory and conclusive results are to be expected. It is the general purpose of this conference report to identify major obstacles and to explore successful means for reducing or eliminating them. The conference was planned with the following objectives in mind: (1) to promote an increased interest among university administrators in the technology potential of their respective institutions; (2) to develop a more acute awareness of the need for more effective management of university technology resources; (3) to assemble university representatives with considerable experiences and expertise in the management of faculty discoveries and inventions to encourage them to communicate with one another, and to a broad university audience details relating to their policies, procedures, methodology, etc.; and (4) through an effective program format to maximize effective communication among all institutional representatives relating to pertinent problems now impeding the flow of "technology" into the market place. (Author/KE)

Chairpersons of governing boards were surveyed regarding the policies and practices related to extra-income-earning activities of faculty at their institutions. The results are preliminary since more data are still being collected. A total of 176 institutions were surveyed, ranging from two-year colleges and specialized professional schools to major doctoral-granting universities, and the preliminary response rate was approximately 50 percent. Areas surveyed included: production/use of educational materials; patents and inventions; paid sabbatical leaves; continuing education/extension; conflict of interest; and internal load and overload. Across all policy areas surveyed, board knowledge, current involvement, and future involvement tended to be moderate or less, although anticipated future involvement was significantly greater than current involvement ratings. Chairpersons indicated that relatively little of their responsibility for any of these areas should be delegated to faculty, administration, or students. It is concluded that the governing boards often have legal responsibility for these policy areas and are unwilling to delegate responsibility for them, but have only limited knowledge of what policies exist at their own institutions and are not planning to become heavily involved with them. (Author/LBH)

Governing board chairmen of 176 selected postsecondary institutions were surveyed to determine their levels of knowledge, involvement, and satisfaction concerning policies for extra-income-earning activities of the faculty. Such activities provide benefits to the faculty, the university, and to society, but potential conflicts of interest and problems in the use of salaried time and institutional resources have become increasingly apparent. The current survey, with a response rate of 63 percent, revealed that trustees have limited knowledge of policies existing at their institutions and have few plans for substantial future involvement. They also indicated that they are unwilling to delegate responsibility for policy development and implementation to administration, faculty, or students. Information was obtained on nine broad policy areas: internal load and overload, external activities, conflict of interest, production/use of educational materials, patents and inventions, continuing education/extension, salary reimbursement for externally-funded projects, Paid sabbatical leave, and computer usage. A sample questionnaire is included. (SW)

Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain), who had set type by hand in his youth, had believed that a mechanical composer was beyond the realm of possibility. In 1880, however, he invested $2,000 in an early typesetter invented by James W. Paige. Both Clemens and Paige dreamed of immense wealth that would be generated by selling thousands of Paige Compositors. Clemens' fame as an author and humorist lent a certain aura to the proceedings. Both men were sustained by an unshakeable belief in the ultimate success of the Compositor. Newspapers, toward the end of the 19th century, were keenly interested in a revolutionary device that would lower composition costs, increase profits, and expand the amount of reading matter. The Paige Compositor, with Clemens as its principal promoter, impressed both printers and publishers. Paige, though, tinkered with its design so frequently that no practical test of the Compositor could be undertaken until 1894. The machine, with its 18,000 parts, was judged to be too complicated and too expensive for practical use. Only two prototypes were built, and Clemens lost his $190,000 investment. The Paige Compositor approached the marketplace too late for serious consideration by newspapers and printing companies. Capitalists declined to finance it. By the mid-1890s, the state of the art had passed over the Paige and its brilliant capacity to set, justify and distribute foundry type. The Linotype, which composed type lines in a hot-metal process, became the popular machine at newspapers and printing offices. (Author/HTH)

One of the most difficult and elusive subjects in the area of faculty consulting is the treatment of inventions as well as other information that is of some value but not patentable. The best, most equitable, and most ethical treatment of inventions and information in outside consulting contracts is dependent on carefully prepared and explained university policies, which are made well known to everyone that may be affected. (Author/MSE)

One of the major outbreaks of the 21st century is the corona virus pandemic. This has brought drastic changes into the lifestyle of people. The major changes being awareness about their health and exposure to the online services. Self-care has been one of the most pressing concerns for people in the aftermath of the pandemic. This has led to people being more health-conscious and seeking to improve their overall well-being. Along with their health, people are also accepting new technologies and enhanced method of dealing with daily requirements. This has led to adapt aggressively to the online resources available. People around us today prefer fast and efficient way to deal with any sort of circumstances. Hence, they find it comfortable to access online platforms for majority of their problems and find solution for the same. This paper provides an invention that assists people in their day-to-day self-care problems. Where they can get automatic responses for basic illness and connection to the concerned person for the major ones. They also become a part of the healthcare community and receive regular updates on health-related forums, news and many more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between academe and the federal government in discovering, controlling, and implementing uses for scientific technology or inventions is addressed in this speech. The sheer magnitude of government support of research and development at universities demands evidence of useful results if it is to be continued in the prevailing competition for the federal dollar. The Federal Council on Science and Technology's Committee on Government Patent Policy recommended in 1975 that all agencies of the Executive Branch provide to universities a first option to nearly all future inventions generated with federal support, provided that the inventing institution has an identified technology-transfer function. Implications of this recommendation are discussed including various problem areas. (Author/LBH)

The landscape character protection in its current form was enshrined in the Nature and Landscape Protection Act in 1992. Yet even today, after thirty years of the current legislation, voices are being heard questioning the protection of landscape character as a kind of modern invention, or they are not aware of this instrument at all. The author’s long experience in the practice of landscape character assessment and teaching, not only in regular undergraduate studies, but also in continuing education courses for civil servants and employees of private companies, shows that this is a necessary and important topic. The aim of the article is to demonstrate that the interest in landscape character (landscape character), which is related to the perception and evaluation of nature and landscape, its aesthetic appreciation and its subsequent protection, has a long development. A positive aesthetic evaluation of the landscape is not in itself something “natural”, but the result of a long cultural development in Europe. In fact, the term “landscape character” itself began to be commonly used in the literature as early as the 19th century. The milieu of the improvement societies with their emphasis on the protection of the homeland (Heimatschutz) is important for its foreignization at that time. Landscape character in the contemporary concept is already described quite aptly by Ladislav Žák in his The Habitable Region (1947). The beginning of the 20th century also brought the first attempts to enshrine the protection of the landscape and its character in legislation (1908, 1911), which was done in 1920 with the Allocation Act. However, a comprehensive legal norm has to wait until 1955, when the first State Nature Protection Act is adopted. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to emphasize that the protection of landscape character (character, appearance of the landscape) has a legislative tradition of more than a century in our country and an even much longer professional tradition, that it is a traditional instrument of nature and landscape protection, which plays an important role in it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inventions made by independent inventors are more likely to be radical than those developed by employed inventors and as such provide an important contrast to the incremental innovations offered by company R&D departments (Schrage, 2003; Prusa and Schmitz, 1991). The propensity of independent inventors to contribute radical innovations has led to the view that inventors are important to societal and economic development (Porter and Stern, 2001), yet they have been marginalised. Open Innovation (Chesbrough, 2003) provides a mechanism for capturing and integrating the work of independent inventors within business operations; most commonly via the licensing interface (Weick and Eakin, 2005). Based on a survey of 202 UK independent inventors this paper utilises a resource-based approach to identifying the key resources and capabilities possessed by successful independent inventors. Based on this information, we recommend a series of practical steps businesses might consider to improve the current performance of the licensing interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a fundamental function of an "Innovation Expert System, IES". An IES enables automatically generating/customizing all "legal argument chains, LACs" of interest in an emerging technology claimed invention's test under "Substantive Patent Law, SPL", e.g. 35 USC §§ 112/101/102/103, in Europe EPC §§ 52-56, 69. It leverages on the US Supreme Court's recent SPL precedents and hence on the new terms/notions required by its Mayo decision to be used in such an SPL test, namely "inventive concepts, in-Cs" for describing the increments of usefulness of the claimed invention under test, and "nonpreemptiveness" for verifying its well-founded/definedness. Any LAC presents an "arguable subtest, AST" of the SPL test - legally being proven correct mathematically, technically being subject to the posc's confirmation - and vice versa. The fundamental function of an IES explained here is its capability of automatically generating all ASTs, which enables deriving all LACs from them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this modern era, sensors are part of our life. Right from household items to the various machines in the industry sensors plays an important role in automation. Most sensors convert physical quantity to its electrical analogue, which makes feasible to process the signal. The earlier generation sensors were inferior to modern generation sensors with respect to size, sensitivity, and precision. With the advent of digital processing of the weak signals the sensitivity of the sensors has been increased many fold, which has also resulted in the miniaturization of the sensors. This paper reviews some of the sensors development right from the invention to the present form and their applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Necessity is the parent of invention. Everyone in higher education experienced that proverb firsthand these past two years. Now, it is time to understand which of those inventions should live on and which will only be a footnote. Our need drove major educational redesign -- our need was the catalyst -- with online learning our only option, we developed new approaches to meet our students' learning, engagement, and retention needs. Project-based design courses were particularly challenging, owing to their specific mix of student collaboration and design-and-build pedagogy. This evidence-based practice paper investigates the pivot to the pandemic world of online-only availability and what can be retained from the experience to enhance student learning in future engineering education courses. First, it looks at the necessary changes to an experiential project-based inquiry course for first-year students. Second, this paper looks at the adaptations in a microcontroller-based first programming course with a final design project. Both courses are moderately large (~100-200 students/year) and are enrolled by a wide variety of science, engineering, and design majors at the University of Minnesota (a large public research university). Three key adaptations from these two courses show potentially lasting promise. The first is utilizing individual projects where students collaboratively support each other's projects (from ideation to implementation). The second is the use of static, responsive, and teleconference-based video submissions for project check-ins, reports, and design reviews. The final is using online communications tools, including Learning Management Systems (LMSs) and particularly the Discord service. Student ratings of teaching, comments, usage reports, and self-reflections are analyzed. While the data are far from conclusive due to pandemic impacts, they give us confidence that these changes helped students and faculty weather the pandemic storm and provide us with innovations that we can harness in a more normal environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transfer of technology from U.S. research universities in cooperation with the private sector is addressed in proceedings of a National Council of University Research Administrators conference. The first discussion session, "New Technology from University Research and Development (R&D)," examines the university research enterprise as a national resource, new technology that supports industry in domestic economic development and trade competition worldwide. Additional sessions cover: "Industry Access to University Technology--Prospects and Problems,""Industrial Affiliate Programs--Windows on New Developments in Technology,""Products and Processes from University Licensing Programs,""New Technology from Cooperative University and Industry R&D,""The Investment Community as Catalyst,""The Role of the R&D Limited Partnerships in the Technology Alliance,""New Company Start-Ups from University R&D,""University Entrepreneurial Subsidiaries and Affiliates: A New Direction?" and "Needed: Comprehensive/Integrated Technology Transfer Programs." Session moderators and participants are identified. Also included are two speeches: "Corporate Research with the Semiconductor Industry" (Edward L. MacCordy and Larry W. Sumney); and "An Enhanced University Alliance with the Private Sector" (Julie T. Norris and Richard L. Van Horn). (SW)

This paper studies current provision of enterprise and entrepreneurship education at one university and provides recommendations for curriculum development across several different subject areas. The paper reviews the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education (2012) report Enterprise and entrepreneurship education: Guidance for higher education providers; and the recent All-Party Parliamentary Action Group for Micro Businesses report (2014) An Education System fit for An Entrepreneur. The former report highlights the importance of four factors concerning the students learning experience (enterprise awareness, developing an entrepreneurial mind-set, developing entrepreneurial capability, entrepreneurial effectiveness) and relates these to graduate outcomes (behaviours, attributes, skills).The approach of this research is to map existing delivery in three subjects against the above factors and consider what gaps can be plugged and how. Thus the approach is largely a mapping exercise but includes primary interviews with four senior managers (n=4) and a sample of students (n=42) to elicit their feedback on changes in delivery. The results provide a basis for curriculum development planning applicable to the particular subjects involved. However, implications are stated for how other subject areas can innovate in three key areas of HE provision (teaching, learning, and assessment) in order to improve the effectiveness of entrepreneurs and the employability of graduates in general. The value of the report is in highlighting key aspects of current delivery that can be improved through enhanced student learning, and improved delivery, around the theme of enterprise and entrepreneurship education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on the current situation in many companies involved in improving their processes using industrial engineering methods. But the room for their use is still shrinking. There is a need for innovative approaches to be applied in the areas of process and organization for business competitiveness. This, however, affects management methods and approaches, which may be reasons for failure, as described in this paper. Opinions are supported by findings two kind of research. Quantitative research focuses on the weights of influences on business performance and applications of selected methods in industrial engineering companies. The second research inform about results of characteristics of improvement projects and approaches to improvement from conducted case studies in manufacturing companies are also listed. The results show the need for applications that cannot be random, but rather systemic. The conclusion of this paper is also an objective, whereby the design of a methodology for process and organizational innovation application is carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with innovations and its potential influence, respectively importance for regional development. Author analyses innovation performance of particular regions in Slovak republic at the NUTS 2 level. Slovak republic is administratively divided into 8 regions, but for the investigation of regional innovation performance it is divided only into 4 regions at the NUTS 2 level. In this study we use methodology of European commission for measurement of innovation performance of the regions based on regional innovation index. Analyse is based on investigation of 8 particular indicators which are aggregated in 3 groups. All the data used in this study are available from the years 2007 - 2013 and its main source is regional statistical data. Particular regions of Slovakia are markedly behind in the innovation performance in comparison with the most developed regions of Europe. According to the analyse factors which influence development of region on the base of innovations are formulated. Author formulated 8 basic factors which directly influence innovation performance of the region and also indirectly competitiveness of regional economy. The paper stresses the thesis that development of a region needs to be formalized top down (from the region), provided requirements of entrepreneurs are deliberated. This kind of controlled regional development became a base for competitive regional economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the optimal commercialization strategy for disembodied patents. When the market value of the patent is uncertain and embodiment costs are irreversible, there is an option value to delay the acquisition of complementary assets to produce in-house, creating a potential incentive to license. I show that uncertainty increases the reservation value of the licensor making more difficult to engage in technology licensing deals. The licensor avoids transferring a technology whose true value is unknown, and prefers to hold it unexploited. Moreover, I find that complementary assets become a strategic advantage for the firm exploiting the patent, only in the case of incremental inventions with low uncertainty. I test these findings using a novel dataset derived from a survey of European inventors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complementary product development projects can be performed by either the system firm, a specialized producer of complementary products or by both in a collaborative organizational form. This paper presents a model for the optimal organizational form contingent upon the novelty of the system and complementary product. We performed a pilot test using data on new service development in mobile telecommunications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social research on the separation of domestic and market life has focused primarily on household structure, its internal division of labor, and patriarchal ideology, leaving underexplored the role of municipal regulation in shaping household economic life. Leveraging diverse archival data, this paper explains the overlooked invention of land-use zoning in 1904, first separating residential and market life with legal force, before spreading to other cities. The largest outpost of western expansion, Los Angeles' fateful regulatory innovation was a piecemeal solution to thirty years of racial panic and distributional tensions set off by industrial development. These became expressed as conflicts among property owners, driving municipal leaders to experiment at the boundaries of nuisance law and adjust to judicial review. I characterize the reoccurring property politics that regulate this household-market boundary as a form of "predistributive conflict" over the underling market rules shaping economic insecurity and privilege--in contrast to the more visible redistribution of market incomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many university spin-off firms today are involved in sustainable energy technology. However, to what extent and how spin-offs reach market introduction of their inventions, is not well-understood. Spin-offs may differ in many ways, like entrepreneurial orientation and competences, and opportunities in their ecosystem. To contribute to a better understanding, this paper explores differences in market-introduction (time)and underlying factors. It draws on a carefully selected sample of almost 40 university spin-offs in Europe and it applies rough-set analysis to explore relationships. The results suggest a high probability of positive development if spin-offs grow up in a ‘Innovation Leader’ country (like Sweden and Denmark) and employ multiple networks. A second set of favourable factors include a practical mind-set in the founding team through education merely at MSc level and accessing of substantial investment capital. In contrast, hampering factors include being involved in solar energy technology as a ‘follower’, while employing one-sided/poor collaboration networks. Overall, the results suggest substantial differentiation among spin-offs, and concomitant practical (policy) implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inclusion of algorithms and software in the scope of patent able subject matter has resulted in many software patents and in an ongoing debate on the contribution of software patents to innovation and economic growth. This paper describes the basic concepts of patent law, emphasizing differences between the U.S. and European approaches to software patents. It demonstrates the difficulties in determining if a software invention is patent able. It describes relevant problems and challenges, and suggests directions. It is important for computer professionals to gain knowledge in the patents domain, and this paper provides a useful introduction. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We analyze the process of institutionalization, arguing that it is the outcome of the self-reinforcing feedback dynamics of heightened legitimacy and deeper taken-for-grantedness, using novel techniques to document and trace this change over a thirty year period. Our focus is the remaking of the boundaries between public and private science, an institutional transformation that joined science and property, two formerly distinct spheres. The setting is Stanford University, an early adopter and pioneer in the formulation of policies of technology transfer. We illustrate how archival materials may be systematically assessed to capture notable changes in organizational practices and categories, reflecting both local and field-level processes. The paper concludes with a set of indicators that capture low, medium, and high elements of institutional change. We argue that this approach allows for more precision in measurement and enables comparisons across studies, two standard critiques of the institutional approach. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a game-theoretical explanation for the puzzling behavior of large firms and private sector consortia (incumbents) that, while sponsoring university research labs, at the same time require all inventions generated by the sponsored labs be licensed openly on a purely non-exclusive basis. Under certain conditions, this results in an intellectual property 'commons' with the consequence that no firm has the incentive to innovate, despite the potential profitability of the new technology. The strategy of spoiling incentives to develop public sector inventions by eliminating exclusive intellectual property rights--the strategy of the commons--is motivated by a fear of cannibalization and supported by a credible threat. We show that the degree of cannibalization to which the new technology exposes the old market is responsible for this market failure, and characterize the subgame perfect equilibrium in which the strategy of the commons is played. Strategy, policy, and welfare implications are investigated within this framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology studies focus on competition between new and old technology and often ignore the struggle between new technologies. When is a technology new? What happens during competition between new technologies? This paper suggests a more comprehensive definition of technology to answer these questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the implementation of a 5-year longitudinal study called "Be A Scientist!" (BAS). T his project has been funded through an NSF AISL grant with the title "Be a Scientist!"(BAS). BAS is designed to connect underserved families directly to scientists and engineers with the aim of inspiring families to see themselves as innovators and inventors, while also encouraging the development of key 21st century skills (curiosity, creativity, and persistence). BAS uses a "train-the-trainer" model, where engineering students are trained to develop and teach hands-on projects to local students and their families over the course of a 5-week Family Science Course held at a local school. This model consists of 5 steps: * Engineering students are trained to develop (hands on) open-ended engineering design challenges that are inspired by and illustrate a key concept from their own work/current research. * Engineering students test out their designs with local families during Family Science course * The best designs are published on an online engineering curriculum platform (which is funded by another NSFAISL grant) * We then train local teachers, after-school educators and parents to use this curriculum to engage more families * Trained engineering students continue to mentor families online Over the past eight years four spent running BAS we have trained 2500 engineers and scientists to engage 28,000 children and parents nationwide. BAS is externally evaluated each year by the EDC Center for Children and Technology. Annual evaluations have found that children develop positive attitudes towards STEM activities (including hands-on building), become more persistent in solving design challenges, and believe that they can go on to be good scientists and/or engineers. Parents have also developed positive attitudes towards STEM programs as well as positive perceptions of STEM jobs and careers, and their STEM-related child-rearing practices improved (including at home exploration and experimentation, the quality of questions asked at home, and building together). Evaluations also indicate that Engineering students benefit by learning how to create lesson plans as well as engineering design challenges, sharpen their own understanding of engineering concepts in the process of breaking them down to explain to a nonprofessional or academic audience, and that they enjoy contributing to the local community and working in-person with students. Engineering students often express a sense of reigniting the passion that led them to pursue a STEM degree in the first place and benefit from working directly with students in their community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the breakdown of the Soviet Union, the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan has been shifting from a centrally planned towards a free market-based model. The country has undergone many changes that led to lack of intellectual capital and strong barriers to innovation in industries. Due to economic globalisation and the subsequent attraction of the foreign capital into Kazakhstan's economy, particularly in the oil and mining industries, a lot of international companies have arrived to Kazakhstan. The country is rich in natural resources, which became a pole of attraction for foreign investors. All these factors make Kazakhstani economy highly dependable on export of raw materials. In order to sustain the economic development and shift from a resource-based economy Kazakhstani strategy is focused on knowledge management, internationalization of innovation, technology transfer and open innovation. The notion of open innovation has recently gained a widespread attention. The term encompasses the generation, capture, and employment of knowledge at the firm level by both acquiring intellectual property from outside the company and using external paths to market for commercialisation. Processes of open innovation emerge mainly from inter-organisational collaboration. When it comes to transitional economies, such as Kazakhstani one, inter-organisational cooperation and open innovation in general have many barriers, especially cultural. Therefore, this paper intends to provide an understanding of major challenges towards open innovation in Kazakhstan from the perspective of cultural aspects. To understand the theoretical background on open innovation, paper focuses on overview of management culture of Kazakhstan and its implications on open innovation. Kazakhstani management culture is reviewed using theoretical constructs developed by well-known researchers (Hofstede, 2010) in the field of organisational culture. Results suggest that the influence of peculiarities of national culture upon the adoption of certain elements of open innovation model is very prominent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competing with low cost production from developing countries is difficult for European companies as well for companies from other developed countries. Innovations can be one of their best competitive advantages in this fight. This may be the reason why innovation and creativity management is such a popular topic today. Many papers and research examining innovation management can be found describing conditions to support creativity of employees and ways to enhance their innovation potential. Despite the fact that well-known works of Amabaile or Ekvall were discussed and developed in many other works, there is a lack of information whether these conditions have the same effect also on operatives and non-creative workers. In big industrial companies, operatives represent large part of company's employees and they are close to the manufacturing process. For these reasons, they are able to come with innovative ideas (especially with regards to process innovation) that could not be seen by knowledge workers, officers and executives. Although companies mostly recognize this potential, there is nearly no academic evidence of potential specifics of factors enhancing creativity and innovative work behaviour of operatives. The main objective of this paper is to refer about quantitative questionnaire research among operatives and non-creative workers in big Czech business companies during autumn 2013. This research focused on the importance of work environmental stimulants and obstacles described by Amabile. It is to find out whether these work environmental stimulants lead to process innovation among operatives or not and which of these stimulants are the most successful in achieving this goal. It is also to find out if the work environmental obstacles hinder process innovation among these employees. The collected data were analyzed by means of regression analysis and only small evidence was found for environmental stimulants and obstacles. The Poisson model was then used to verify the final model with only one Amabile's environmental stimulant accepted and statistically verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An integrative organizational framework is proposed to advance management research on technological platforms, bridging two theoretical perspectives: economics, which sees platforms as double-sided markets and informs our understanding of platform competition, and engineering design, which sees platforms as technological architectures and informs our view of platform innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In current vehicles, a large number of control units are connected by several automotive specific communication buses, facilitating innovative distributed applications. At the same time, computers and entertainment devices use IP and commodity communications technology like Ethernet to connect to the Internet, allowing for innovative solutions and maintaining fast innovation cycles. Today, one can see first applications of Ethernet for in-vehicle communication in contemporary cars. In next generation vehicles, many innovative applications could benefit from the increased bandwidth Ethernet can offer. Therefore, a examination of Ethernet usage for additional in-vehicle communication use cases is needed. In this paper, we show simulation results of promising use cases for in-car Ethernet, while looking at different realistic topologies, types of traffic, and configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before the 1880s, invention was a mysterious or serendipitous concept. During the early nineteenth century, books talked incessantly of the 'flash of genius.' By the time World War I broke out in 1914, 'invention' had become 'research,' a systematic purposeful activity, planned and organized with high predictability both with respect to the results aimed at and likely to be achieved. Something similar would need to be done with respect to innovation. In this paper we try to establish that innovation, through 'crowdsourcing' and 'solutioning' is a very systemic process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior studies focused only on the quantity of inventive outputs without considering the economic impacts on shareholders value. This study investigates the influence of corporate diversification on the wealth effect of patent grants announcements. We find that focused firms experience significantly greater market reactions to patent announcements than diversified firms. Further, diversifying into unrelated segments significantly damages the economic impacts of patents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new patterns of multi-route and multi-pass equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) according to the patented invention [1] and a simplified device there under for ECAP of a bulk metal billet are examined. The device is a three-channel ECAP with two angles of channel conjugation, implementing two simple plastic shifts by Bc route. ECAP of a cylindrical aluminum billet (99.4 %) has been performed. Deformation diagrams, strength and ductility data are presented. The increase in strength and decrease in ductility resulting from ECAP at two passes according to the classical scheme and with the device for ECAP with two angles of channel conjugation are shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This project is about the fabrication of Treadmill Bicycle, built for those people who love exercising outdoors. The Treadmills are only used in indoors, but we use the same concept for travelling a shorter distance. Fitted with a bicycle frame, Treadmill formulates an invention called Treadmill Bicycle. This treadmill bicycle is same as like bicycle whose pedals are modified with a treadmill belt. The frame of the bicycle is completely modified and the treadmill is mounted between the two wheels on which the rider walks. The belt travels along the direction of rider's leg movement i.e. belt starts rotating and aids the rear wheel to move the vehicle forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Doctrine defines originality as a combination of fancy, audacity, individuality and novelty. This ensemble of ideas meant to define originality appeals to the patents/ certificates Law for which novelty/ innovation is not enough. It shall be accompanied by inventive activity. The aim of the paper below is to clarify the question of the scientific works originality, by referring to the two appearantly contradictory norms and to their consequences over counterfeit/ imitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deeply embodied in emotions, personal values and beliefs, tacit knowledge emerges associated to skills which are dynamically translated into individual actions and experiences. Marked by its intrinsic difficulties in its formalization and communication processes, knowledge capture or creation seems to be intuitive, interpretive and hard to measure and disclose. Broadly understood as the main source of wisdom, it can be individual or collectively held, and its transformation process merges through the development and interpretation of explicit knowledge, usually structured around codification processes. If developed in a sustainable basis, those transformation processes are a source of competitive advantages. Its embodiment results in indexed drivers such as the contextual nature in which the fluidity becomes the key enabler of creation. Embodied in proactive strategies, knowledge and innovation are linked in a bilateral cause and effect clue towards the competitive advantages identification. Thus, intangibles factors that support them plunge, naturally, in the four areas of innovation proposed by the OSLO Manual: product innovation, process innovation, marketing and organizational innovation. This linkage between tacit knowledge and innovation emerges from a multiplicity of contingent circumstances whose origin intersects the creation and the evolution of specific models which depends from the systematic capture of tacit knowledge typologies and natures. Despite the recognition of its importance in the economic and social development and sustainability, the efficiency and the effectiveness of the generating innovation processes have been characterized by their complexity in identifying, from a whole model, the causal links between science, technology, and society. This paper aims to identify the main innovation models from a macro and microeconomic perspective. Researchers and practioners could identify the main innovation drivers and the multilateral links between its structural dimensions. This outlook is a multivariate overview about innovation linkages and their potential impacts in the companies' performance. In this step, the theoretical model is also provided which identifies the main variables and cause and effect impacts in the integrated knowledge creation processes and intellectual property development and registration. Throughout a Structural Model of Equations (SME), our research aims to identify those structural linkages and theoretical relations between them. Furthermore, this theoretical model are derived from innovation boundaries and aligned with companies' performance indicators such as return on equity, return on assets or even economic value added. It is expected that most of those variables could positively influence the performance towards a dynamic and structured sustainability, from a financial and strategic positioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, any organization - regardless of the specific activity - must be prepared to face continuous and radical changes, innovation thus becoming a condition of survival in a globalized market. Although the process of innovation is one of the most important drivers of growth and prosperity in today's global economy, it is also one of the least understood. Throughout the last century, industry leaders learnt to master the production process to such an extent that now it no longer functions as a significant competitive advantage. The new challenge is to master the innovation process - harnessing change, creating new competitive advantages by offering better products, using better processes, delivering better services or even offering entirely new solutions. The mastery of the innovation processes can be done only by knowing and understanding innovation, not just the definition but also the entire process that lead to the success of innovation and in the end the success of the companies that implement it. The purpose of this article is to offer a clear image regarding the innovation process so that every organization can implement innovation in their everyday activities. Better understanding that innovation is not a simple activity, that innovation needs to be seen as a process, is made in this article by proposing a number of steps for innovation process and by presenting the results and the benefits of the innovation process. The literature review on innovation made in this paper allows us to point out some important conclusions regarding the approach of the innovation process in organizations, innovation patterns and their evolution, the benefits of the innovation process and steps to be followed for achieving business success. This article can be also used as a base for future studies regarding the process of innovation, the management of the innovation process, the establishing of a management system of innovation and its implementation into existing management systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This abstract focuses on the analysis that concerns definition of the factors that affect customer satisfaction and loyalty when using the online shopping. Through the identified factors, it is possible to precisely specify online customer segments in terms of customer satisfaction and loyalty and that will help achieve considerably more efficient targeting of Internet marketing businesses when applied in practice. In the research, e-shops are firstly categorized according to assortment which most customers buy online, while questions to the satisfaction, trust and loyalty of customers relate to the selected, most purchased assortment. The paper analyzes several research areas affecting the level of satisfaction with realizing purchase on the Internet. The first of these areas is the design of the website, a graphic layout of the e-shop website. Web design is the first factor that can attract customers and make them form certain idea of the level of seriousness and professionalism of e-shop. Another of these areas is the clarity of the web, which means ease of navigation on the e-shop website. Another factor affecting the realization of online shopping and the level of satisfaction with the online shopping is the ease of use of website during ordering goods and payment. The quality of the visual capture of assortment is another research area specific to the E-commerce due to the impossibility to touch and examine the goods before buying. Communication with the customer is another research area affecting customer satisfaction with the purchase. Communication is meant both before and after the purchase, such as a shopping assistant function, handling complaints and grievances. Another research area that affects the degree of satisfaction with the on-line purchase is transport of goods. It means variety of transport possibilities, speed and flexibility of delivery of the goods according to customer's wishes. The price of goods also plays an important role in the decision to realize online-purchase. One of the last areas of this research is security of foreign exchange payments and guarantee for the protection of consumer data. All of these areas to a greater or lesser degree contribute to satisfaction or dissatisfaction with online-shopping. The level of satisfaction is a predictor of trust that arises between a satisfied customer and the online e-shop. Built trust affects the level of loyalty of online customers. Realization of re-purchases and customer loyalty are critical to the success and profitability of online shops. This research was conducted on a sample of more than 500 respondents. For the processing were used descriptive statistics, hypothesis testing and correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optoelectronics (or photonics) has developed as a significant enabling technology central to the operation of a wide range of artefacts evident in defence, telecommunications, consumer electronics and medical devices. Optoelectronics technologies may be widely leveraged in these and other high-value sectors. Consequently, policy makers in several nation states and regions have been keen to build capability and capacity in optoelectronics activities. As in many other locations with a significant optoelectronics presence, Scottish firms tend to be geographically clustered. Chosen locations in Scotland tend to gravitate towards the 'Central Belt' area of the country. The paper explains reasons for the emergence of optoelectronics activity in these locations and accounts for the development of the sector from the fusion of a deep-seated science base in theoretical and applied physics with a strong engineering heritage. Optoelectronics activity in Scotland has been characterised using a sectoral systems of innovation approach which identifies key actors in the system. Among these, universities are identified as enduring contributors to knowledge production within the sector. These organisations provide bridging for research, development and subsequent innovation by firms. The Scottish sector has survived significant exogenous shocks in the opening decade of the 21st century and this heightened selection environment has resulted in a reduction in the numbers of local firms at either end of the optoelectronics value chain (component manufacturers and producers of end-user products and systems). This has prompted a reconfiguration of the local network with changes to the relationships and interactions of actors in the system. Policy adjustments have had to reflect these changes and respond to global trends in manufacturing and sourcing, especially related to developments in modularity and the production of intermediate goods. The role of the remaining system integrator firms in stimulating and maintaining the sector is highlighted. Reactive and proactive strategies of these firms and other actors within the cluster are driven by the imperative to plug knowledge gaps and engage with global markets. This has enhanced the sector's connectivity to international optoelectronics value chains of knowledge and technology production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Companies are the main forces that drive an economy toward economic growth. Innovation encourages competitiveness within firms, and at the same time builds the conditions for it to happen. One of the most determinant factors of competitiveness is the teams workforce. As the world becomes more and more global, firms are working worldwide, under economies that are moving towards creating products and services with higher added value. Innovation management within the firms requires a particular vision on "global teams". How will they go about the innovations? How will they be handle knowledge management? What are the transfer knowledge and learning rules for communities and workforces? How will the data analysed from global companies and different cultures be supported? The central hypothesis of this research has been focused on this particular approach: "The management of Global Companies needs to work on solving innovation basal factors to be successful in the search for managing a global workforce". So the challenge is to implement innovation processes that stress the focus on data support, cultural alignment and developing strong capabilities for the high performance workforce to create new value. The present paper identified, through the analysis of eight multinational companies, factors that determine the success of competitive strategy and innovation in global companies. We worked with an open-ended interview methodology and selected firms based on three specific criteria. By way of research results, we worked developing a model for managing innovation including the factors identified as success promoters: i) Cultural Strategic Alignment through the value chain, ii) Standardization of Processes along entire value chain, iii) Transversal strategic management indicators throughout the entire organization. iv) Incorporation of technological tools for collaboration. In fact, we can conclude that global firms need to address innovation management among their tools to strengthen their innovation processes like: knowledge management, learning process and feedback, human resources and global workforce, productive chains, and management of their core competence and complementary assets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within organization theory, the prevailing view of categories is of obdurate and discrete entities that shape actors' identities and practices by setting boundaries and specifying what appropriately falls within them. Spanning multiple categories is thought to be detrimental because it makes an actor's identity unclear and dilutes their focus. Still, straddling categories is an important driver of innovation and has implications for the emergence, evolution, and redirection of institutional fields. Despite this, understandings about the mechanisms which affect category spanning are limited. Building on research which shows the institutional shaping of identities and innovation, I argue that evolving relationships amongst categories facilitate spanning by linking particular categories together in meaningful ways. Moreover, I argue that the relational structuring of categories is shaped endogenously by prominent actors in ways that condition the effects of alternate explanations based on category richness, networks, and social influence. I test my arguments in the field of nanotube technology from 1992 -- 2005 where approximately 20% of inventors took out patents in multiple technology categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of ability for technology and invention is required as self-sustaining growth of science and technology in Asian and African developing countries. Science education that connects to the real world is the required education for the self-sustaining growth. But in fact, it is very common to study for the entrance examination. According to C. Camilla, S. and Sjo\berg, [The Re-emergence of Values in the Science Curriculum. Rotterdam, 2007, Sense Publishers], Ugandan students are the most interested ones in science and technology (I would like to be a scientist, I would like to get a job in technology) in the world. Science education should mortgages future of youth. Especially science education of developing countries should be directly connected to the real world. Because they need a lot of engineers as skilled worker, we implemented physics education that was directly connected with manufacturing by the sci-edu. support project in Uganda. The best results were achieved by contrivance in spite of poverty area. Our education method gave one form of New Science Education in Asia and Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a sample of 267 business groups that operated in Taiwan between 1981 and 1998, this study examines the effect of international joint ventures (IJVs) on the innovative performance of business groups in an emerging economy. Contrary to received wisdom, we find a systematic negative impact of IJV on groups' innovativeness, measured by number of patent applications, both new invention patent and process patent. This relationship between IJV and group innovativeness also varies across business groups with different strategic orientation (measured by group-level product and geographic diversification) and internal structure (such as, intra-group network density). Specifically, the negative effects of IJV on group innovativeness intensify with group-level product diversification while the negative effects of IJV decline with group-level geographic diversification and business density. The results are robust to both parametric as well non-parametric regression techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]