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Paper's aim is to shed a light on theoretical and practical aspects of taken measures by the Russian government on agriculture business optimization in Southern Russia. Moreover, the paper develops methodology as recommendation for the small agriculture business in Russia based on economy theories, previous studies in the area of agriculture business development. This study analyses federal and regional governmental initiatives and programs addressing optimization of small agriculture business in the period of economic crisis and legislative changes in the agricultural sector in Russia. The paper employs different models in investigating specific methods as systematic-functional, dynamic, structural-logical, statistical, clustering and graphic methods for analyzing of the agriculture business sector development in Southern Russia. The paper suggests that there is particular mutual impact between governmental policies and agricultural production, which affects the small business in agriculture sector on national level. Furthermore, the study suggests that exist several measures, which might increase the economic efficacy of agriculture business, which would enable balancing the factors coming from the endogenous interventions. The paper findings are addressing new criteria for evaluating the social effect from the agriculture business current development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural areas, defined as land outside towns, except industrial areas, account for over 93% of the area of Poland. They are attractive as a places of work, residence, leisure, as well as places where agricultural and non-agricultural business activities can be conducted. Agriculture is naturally associated with rural areas. Currently, apart from the agricultural function and (depending on the socioeconomic, natural or historical conditions) rural areas are also places of leisure, recreation, residence or industrial activities. This is a consequence of implementation of the concept of multi-functional development of rural areas, in which conditions are created for diverse business activities, while respecting environmental constraints. Such a multifunctional approach must take into account the interests of all parties to avoid spatial conflicts. Therefore, actions aimed at the development of rural areas should be based on an indepth analysis of the value of the area under consideration, they should take into account natural conditions (soil, climate, terrain) of the land for conducting agricultural activities, but also take into account environmental, social and economic aspects. Objective and historical conditions affecting agriculture in Poland and the experience gained so far indicate that there is a need to change the spatial arrangement of agricultural areas. This is because of the characteristic features of agriculture in Poland, which include a disadvantageous structure of farms in terms of their area, small size of farms, insufficient technical infrastructure in villages and difficult soil conditions. Rural areas in Poland, including agriculture, are undergoing deep structural changes in regard to agricultural production, but also to farm size and layout, demographic and spatial structures as well as technical and social infrastructure. The changes taking place in rural areas in Poland are greatly affected by the Common Agricultural Policy in the European Union. As a member of the EU, Poland has been receiving aid since 2004 and has been implementing actions within Rural Development Programmes. The aim of this paper is to analyse the transformations that have been taking place in rural areas in Poland and to present selected factors and causes of the changes in rural spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims at showing the change in the competitive position of the Polish food producers in export to Ukraine and the Ukrainian producers in export to Poland in 2003-2012. This was done e.g. based on two indicators of competitiveness, i.e. trade coverage (TC ratio), revealed comparative advantage (RCA) ratio and the two simultaneously. The analysis showed that Poland had competitive advantages on the Ukrainian markets in other groups of products than Ukraine on the Polish market. This means that these countries do not compete with each other in export of products form a given group on the trade partner market. As regards export to Poland the continually competitive Ukrainian products included: oil seeds and oleaginous fruit (mainly rapeseed), fats and vegetable or animal oils, waste and fodder for animals as well as cereals. Whereas Poland had competitive advantages on the Ukrainian market in supply of e.g.: meat and edible meat offal, fruit, vegetables, dairy products, live animals, cocoa and chocolate products, bakery products, as well as products processed from fruit and vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of this publication deals with the issues of development and the role of public policy in the agro-food sector illustrated with the Polish experience in the period after accession to the EU. With regard to the theoretical foundations of classical economics, the author presents the issues of public policy role, provides an analyses of the current situation in agriculture and food industry, the characteristics of public assistance programmes for the agricultural and food industry, evaluates the development and chances of achieving long-term goals of agriculture and rural areas development based on the new CAP instruments for the period until 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trends of Ukrainian food supply Ukraine are analyzed; the position of foreign relations in the agro industrial complex of Ukraine is studied; the main problems of the agricultural sector and foreign trade in view of the world globalization and the main directions of their solving are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invariably, despite the positive developments, the Polish agriculture is characterized by fragmentation of production structures. These characteristics translate into a relatively substantial dispersion of the supply of agricultural raw materials. The substitute for the concentration of production in agriculture is the creation of integration relationships, both within the agricultural producers, and between them and the recipients of their production. The study on the basis of available sources of literature and field research by IAFE-NRI, not only outlines advancement of vertical and horizontal integration in Polish agriculture, but also shows their importance in creating the situation in the agricultural sector in Poland. The work done shows that there has been progress in creating integration relationships in the agricultural sector. However, the advancement of the process is still insufficient, especially in taking up management within a group of agricultural producers. For this reason, the impact of integration, especially of a horizontal nature, on the situation in the agricultural sector, should be considered too small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The period of membership in the European Union has been the period of fast development of trade in agri-food products in Poland and in other new Member States. The general position of Poland as a food exporter as compared to the other EU Member States is still not strong, however. Even though its share in the EU agri-food export to the world market between 2003 and 2012 increased nearly two and a half times, it still stands at only 4.1%. However, Polish food economy has potential for further increase of export to markets of other Member States and to third country markets. This is due to still unutilised production potential of Polish food producers and their cost and price advantages. Even though with the increasing integration of agri-food markets of the respective Member States with the EU market, national prices are subject to convergence with EU prices and to an increasing extent it becomes necessary for producers to utilise non-price competition instruments, prices still remain the most important competition factor. The use by enterprises of both price and non-price instruments aims at increasing competitiveness, which is expressed by better competitive position on the market and winning of competitive advantages in a long-term perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]