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• Bibliometric techniques identify the productivity and influence on research. • Fuzzy systems are an area of study with potential for further research. • Zadeh is known as the most influential author in fuzzy research in North American. • The United States is the most productive and influential country in fuzzy research. The objective of this paper is to apply bibliometric techniques to analyze the evolution of fuzzy systems research (FSR) in the United States of America and Canada. The aim is to visualize the progression of FSR since Zadeh's first publication of fuzzy sets and the regional impact that these ideas have in the scientific community. This work obtains data retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) scientific database. Using a hybrid methodology designed to maximize the obtention of representative results, we analyze 20,317 documents published between 1965 and 2020. The main findings show that Zadeh is the most influential author and that Pedrycz is the most productive author at FSR. Journals such as Fuzzy Sets and Systems (FSS) and IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems (TFS) publish most of the FSR articles. The results show a greater contribution by the United States of America compared to Canada in FSR. This analysis contributes to visualization and evolution in the field of study of FSR in diverse regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship between the church and the state in Canadian society within the contextualization of the "Sacred Polity." The terminological differences between the church and the state become one basis for the consideration here. The paper centrally argues for the fundamentally religious nature of the religious and the secular with claims taken on faith. Claims on faith-building worldviews fundamentally different in titles and content, but similar in ways of knowing: faith. In essence, a polity is a Sacred Polity by the nature of the views held by all, whether "secular" or "religious," being, fundamentally, religious worldviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As elections around the world become digital, governments have begun adopting regulations to govern the use of voting technologies and protect electoral integrity. Canada, however, is an exception. Despite the prevalence of voting technologies in Canada's local elections, notably online voting, no regulation framework has been initiated. In particular, there are no guidelines or standards surrounding the use of online voting. While research documents online voting has positive effects for participation, implications for the integrity, accountability, and transparency of elections are stark. Canada's multilevel governance structure has meant municipalities mostly deliver elections on their own terms, resulting in a patchwork of online voting models and cybersecurity requirements. Many municipalities also lack the resources to vet vendor solutions adequately, and an increasing number of cities are eliminating paper voting. These conditions highlight an urgent need to regulate the design and procurement of election technology in Canada. To proactively respond to these developments, this article draws upon interviews with select officials and experts and regulation models in other jurisdictions to argue for a new model of electronic voting regulation that would be a good fit for Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human activity is increasing in the Arctic due to several factors, not least of which is global warming, which particularly affects the region. It is against this backdrop that the development of the legal framework for the protection of the marine Arctic is unfolding. Even though it is in its infancy, several problems may already be noted and deserve closer attention. The latest example is the Canadian decision to make NORDREG mandatory. Consequently, vessels going through the Canadian Arctic are required to report to the Canadian authorities and may be denied access if they do not conform to Canadian standards. Several States recendy objected to this decision. The main objective of the present paper is to examine the consistency of the compulsory NORDREG regulation with international law not without placing it in its factual and larger legal context. Its secondary objective is then to put such unilateral actions into perspective by highlighting the unavoidability of international standard setting with respect to navigation, referring to the example of the Polar Code, and by exploring the advantages of regional cooperation for the safe development of human activities in the Arctic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]