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The main goal of this paper is to provide an overview of the impact from Russian import ban on trade between the Russian Federation and the selected Western countries -- especially EU members. Because of the applied ban characteristics, the European Union could be considered as the most affected subject of Russian protectionism. This paper identifies the changes affecting EU agrarian export performance in relation to the Russian Federation. Changes in the trade of vegetables, fruits, meat and animal products, dairy and dairy products and fish are identified. This paper also provides an overview of changes related to Russian trade competitiveness and territorial structure. The result of the applied import ban was a significant reduction of Russian agrarian import value -- within the first three years alone, the value of imports was reduced by 7,389 million USD. The import ban also changed the overall competitiveness of Russian agricultural trade, while recognising that the comparative advantages of some commodity groups was reduced. The processed data is analysed through a set of the following instruments: self-sufficiency ratio, import dependency ratio and in the final part of the paper, the Lafay index (LFI) will be used for a brief analysis of the comparative advantages of the products included in the ban. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some scholars have proposed that economies grow by upgrading the commodities they produce and export. Product space theory holds that the export structure is determined by a country's factor endowment and technological level, proposing the revealed comparative advantage (RCA) to analyze the specialization on commodities for countries. With the development of global trade, the network of multilateral trade relations has become increasingly hierarchical and complex. It would, therefore, be valuable to identify general patterns across countries of upgrading the commodity structure in the evolution of their participation in global trade. This paper shows that a typical pattern of change in the dominant types of foreign trade occurs when an economy has grown to a certain scale. With economic development, the advantages of high-technology commodities in trade gradually become more prominent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the current state of foreign trade in agri-food products based on the use of techniques and methods of statistical analysis. It was found that the export of these goods is developing most dynamically, as a result of which, starting from 2014, agricultural and food industry products become the main export product of Ukraine, and its share in the total export of goods reached 45.1% in 2020, which is much higher than a similar indicator for developed countries and indicates the presence of serious problems in other sectors of the economy. It was also noted that the export of these products provides the largest surplus in comparison with other goods, which affects the state of the country's trade balance. During the analysis, it was revealed that the basis of agri-food exports is plant products, mainly cereals and oilseeds, the sales of which are growing both absolutely and relatively, which indicates the predominantly raw nature of this type of activity. The study of the reasons for this nature of the commodity structure of the export of agri-food products shows that they are hidden in the peculiarities of domestic production. In agriculture, crop production is mainly growing. Livestock production, on the other hand, grows very slowly. There are serious problems in the food industry - insufficient production volumes, a limited range of products, and product quality, which is inferior to foreign goods, which explains the growth of imports of food products. A comparative analysis of the commodity structure of Ukraine and, less often, European countries shows that our competitors in the world market in their export policy are guided by the export of livestock products and finished food products, that is, products with high added value. In Poland and France, the sale of only these goods significantly exceeds the entire agri-food export of Ukraine. The paper emphasizes that the main way to improve the commodity structure is to increase responsible food production, which will increase the export of these products, reduce imports and increase the positive balance. On the basis of the conducted study, recommendations have been presented to improve the efficiency of foreign trade in agri-food products in Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented paper aims to evaluate the development and competitiveness of agri-food foreign trade of the Slovak Republic for the period 2016 – 2020. In the article, we present the priorities of Slovakia within the commodity structure. We use the RCA indicator to identify comparative advantages. In this paper, we also compare the actual and estimated development of agri-food foreign trade of the Slovak Republic in the years 2018 – 2020. Based on the reached results, we can state that we achieve an ever-increasing trade balance deficit in agri-food foreign trade. Produced results confirmed all the research assumptions presented in the paper. Despite the increase in export and import of agri-food products, the negative trade balance is still deeper. A significant deviation of real development from the predicted values can be explained by the influence of the worldwide pandemic of the coronavirus COVID-19, which slowed down the possible further development of agricultural trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented paper aims to evaluate the development and competitiveness of agri-food foreign trade of the Slovak Republic for the period 2016 – 2020. In the article, we present the priorities of Slovakia within the commodity structure. We use the RCA indicator to identify comparative advantages. In this paper, we also compare the actual and estimated development of agri-food foreign trade of the Slovak Republic in the years 2018 – 2020. Based on the reached results, we can state that we achieve an ever-increasing trade balance deficit in agri-food foreign trade. Produced results confirmed all the research assumptions presented in the paper. Despite the increase in export and import of agri-food products, the negative trade balance is still deeper. A significant deviation of real development from the predicted values can be explained by the influence of the worldwide pandemic of the coronavirus COVID-19, which slowed down the possible further development of agricultural trade.

The relevance of this study is determined by the need to identify the consequences of the war for the economy and the prospects for the development of military-economic relations between Ukraine and other countries. The purpose of this study was to investigate the dynamics of the volume and structure of Ukraine’s foreign economic relations during the wartime period and to outline future ways of expanding Ukraine’s foreign activities. To fulfil this purpose, the following methods were used: statistical data analysis; comparison; graphical; and data generalisation. The main results obtained in this paper include the identification of the dynamics of volumes and goods that occupy a considerable part of Ukraine’s exports and imports after the beginning of the Russian invasion in 2014; analysis of the geographical structure of foreign trade and trends in trade with the European Union in 2013-2022; assessment of the commodity and geographical structure of exports and transfers of defence goods from Ukraine in 2014-2021; determining Ukraine’s share in the total volume of exports and imports of defence-related items, the main consumers of exported products, and tracking changes in this share over 2018-2022 compared to 2013-2017; analysis of defence imports in the first half of 2023; substantiation of the proposal to develop the production of defence items, namely drones and long-range missiles, which can be used both to increase the protection of Ukraine’s territory and to strengthen the country’s position in the international market for the export of weapons and equipment during and after the war. The results and conclusions are of practical importance for the Government of Ukraine in developing areas for the development of the country’s defence sector and military-economic relations with other countries

The paper analyzes the development of the value, commodity and territorial structure and competitiveness of agricultural trade of the countries of the Visegrad Group in 1993-2008. Over the years, there has been a sharp increase not only to the volume, but also to the value of the traded agricultural products. The territorial structure of both exports and imports has narrowed to a decisive extent, primarily to the trade with the countries of the EU27. The commodity structure of agricultural trade has adapted very strongly both to the world and especially to the European market and it has furthermore reacted to the changes in the structure of the individual national markets. In the course of the years, the commodity structure has profiled so that there has been a limitation of aggregation with a strong comparative advantage on the market of the EU countries in relation to the aggregations that did not held this advantage. The analysis that has been performed indicates that the process of the accession to the EU has been reflected positively in the results of agricultural trade especially in the case of Poland. In the case of the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the entry into the EU likewise has not led to a worsening of the results in the area of agricultural trade. Only in the case of Hungary, one does find serious structural problems after the entry into the EU in the case of agricultural trade. It can be assumed that these problems can be attributed for the most part to the Hungary's current economic problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the current state of trade of agri-food products of Ukraine and the EU. It has been established that in recent years, the EU countries have become one of the most important importers of agricultural and food products, which is associated with the operation of the free trade zone. It has been established that export to EU countries is complicated by an extremely limited range of goods. The basis of export is only eight commodity items: poultry meat, natural honey, wheat, corn, soybeans, rapeseed, unrefined sunflower oil and oilseed meal, which account for 83.0 -84.9% of the total exports. There is a tendency for the main EU partners to increase imports of plant products only. In the analysis of the export commodity structure, the prevalence of agricultural products was established, but its share is gradually reduced with an increase in food production. A comparative analysis of the volume of exports and imports was carried out for the goods of the four product sections, respectively, with UKTVED. The study shows that imports of animal products and prepared food products significantly exceed exports, despite the fact that in recent years, Ukrainian exports have been dynamically developing for these products. At the same time, products of plant origin and fats and oils of animal and vegetable origin form a constantly growing positive balance, which determines the results as a whole. The surplus for the period 2013-2017. increased by 2.6 times. The main causes of the formation of a negative balance for certain product groups have been investigated. The paper emphasizes that the main way to achieve a positive balance should be a substantial increase in exports, and not just a reduction in imports. Based on the analysis, recommendations are presented for increasing the production and sales of products of certain product groups in the EU markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to demonstrate the differences in the intensity of production factors' use in the export of the European Union countries, which cannot be explained only by the resources available at the disposal of these countries. The paper is an empirical analysis of the general and bilateral trade of the EU countries. The article uses statistical data for comparative analysis of the export structure and further construction of the gravity model. The line of reasoning consists of two essential elements. First, conclusions are drawn based on literature analysis. The main empirical part of the article is based on quantitative analysis (the gravity model using secondary data). UNCTAD was used as the data source of statistical data. Commercial cooperation attractiveness in the EU is a key factor in constructing the gravity model of foreign trade. The attractiveness can be expressed as the size and level of development of economic partners, geographical distance and the common border. Nevertheless, new variables such as memberships in the EU and the EMU were added. The resources of production factors have no direct impact on the export structure. The chosen direction of economic cooperation is crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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For past decades the two major consumers of Ukrainian products have been the CIS countries and the EU, both making up to 55% of the foreign trade turnover. An enactment of the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area in 2016 has significantly boosted the trade between Ukraine and the EU Member States and, from other hand, has indirectly contributed to the reduction of trade with key CIS partners. In result, basically, has occurred a reorientation of Ukrainian trade from Eastern partners to Western. The analysis of the foreign trade of Ukraine for the period 2010-2019 has proved the thesis that Ukraine has gained first of all quantitatively in trade integration with the EU and lost first of all qualitatively in diminished trade with the CIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the article is to determine the influence of the process of convergence of the demand structure in the European Union countries on the share in the export structure of groups of products distinguished due to the share of the technological factor. Research Design & Methods: A dynamic analysis of the similarity of the demand structure of the EU countries was made in the article. The interdependence between the convergence of the demand structure and the reduction of distance in the economic development level was presented. An analysis of the commodity structure of bilateral trade of the EU countries was conducted and the gravity model of foreign trade was used. Findings: Similarity in the demand structure of trade partners influences the commodity structure of trade between them. The effects of this influence are different for trade relations of countries which are on a different level of economic development. Implications & Recommendations: Conclusions drawn from the article are useful for the economic policy and support for exports. The research is worth continuing and completing with methods enabling the reference to more complex dependencies influencing the process of the demand structure convergence. Contribution & Value Added: The article fills the research gap with regard to determining the influence of the alignment of the level of economic development on the convergence of the demand structure and referring this process to changes in the commodity structure of exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the development of the value, commodity and territorial structure and competitiveness of agricultural trade of the countries of the Visegrad Group in 1993-2008. Over the years, there has been a sharp increase not only to the volume, but also to the value of the traded agricultural products. The territorial structure of both exports and imports has narrowed to a decisive extent, primarily to the trade with the countries of the EU27. The commodity structure of agricultural trade has adapted very strongly both to the world and especially to the European market and it has furthermore reacted to the changes in the structure of the individual national markets. In the course of the years, the commodity structure has profiled so that there has been a limitation of aggregation with a strong comparative advantage on the market of the EU countries in relation to the aggregations that did not held this advantage. The analysis that has been performed indicates that the process of the accession to the EU has been reflected positively in the results of agricultural trade especially in the case of Poland. In the case of the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the entry into the EU likewise has not led to a worsening of the results in the area of agricultural trade. Only in the case of Hungary, one does find serious structural problems after the entry into the EU in the case of agricultural trade. It can be assumed that these problems can be attributed for the most part to the Hungary's current economic problems.

This paper analyzes the development of agricultural trade of the countries of the Visegrad Group with emphasis on development of the value of agricultural exports of the individual countries. The subject matter of the analysis is the sensitivity of the commodity structure of agricultural exports of individual countries and the identification of aggregations that are the least and the most sensitive to changes to the external and internal economic environment. From the conducted research, agricultural trade in the V4 countries was found to have developed very dynamically from 1993 to 2008, while the commodity structure of exports has constantly narrowed as the degree of specialization of the individual countries has increased (this applies especially to the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary). From the results of analysis of sensitivity to changes of selected variables relating to the development of the value of agricultural exports of the individual V4 countries, it appears that the aggregations that react most sensitively to changes are those that are the subject of re-exports, followed by the aggregations that are characterized by a high degree of added value. In general it can be said that products of agricultural primary production exhibit less sensitivity in comparison with grocery industry products. This is confirmed by the general trend arising from the very nature of consumer behaviour.