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As part of a longitudinal study focused on mathematical play, we (Melissa, Amy, and Anita) are often faced with questions about what counts as play and what mathematics (and other learning) we see in play, and whose play is most likely to be seen or dismissed. Rather than discuss our findings from classroom videos of kindergarten children engaged in mathematical play, we asked scholars who bring different lenses to research on play, young children, and teaching and learning mathematics to look at some of our data and provide their perspectives. In this session, we will share video and discuss with our panel (Nathaniel, Naomi, and Tran) various ways to interpret that video. This paper provides background on the potential of mathematical play and the details of the study that generated data for analysis. We conclude with a copy of a transcript that is associated with a video we will watch during the plenary with hopes that participants will watch prior to the session and come with their own questions/perspectives. [For the complete proceedings, see ED657822.]

While proving, and more broadly conceived "reasoning and sense-making," have received a great deal of attention in mathematics education research over the past three decades, recently scholars have argued for the importance of justification as a learning and teaching practice. As teachers work toward realizing goals for more equitable classroom environments, little is known about whether teachers' conceptions about mathematical practices, such as justification, reflect an understanding of how students' engagement in those practices can support more than just mathematical achievement. In this paper, we present findings from our analysis of interviews with 10 secondary mathematics teachers engaged in participatory action research to explore connections, and potential disconnections, between teachers' conceptions of justification and their visions for equitable instruction. [For the complete proceedings, see ED657822.]

The transition between arithmetic and algebraic thinking is challenging for students. One notable difficulty for students is understanding algebraic symbols--pronumerals. Researchers are exploring pedagogical approaches in seeking to address this issue. The current paper is contributing to this body of literature by illustrating how an online card matching game-based learning activity supports students' understanding of pronumerals.

Mediated Field Experiences (MFEs) provide teacher candidates (TCs) structured opportunities to unpack and enact core teaching practices, gain mathematics content and pedagogical knowledge, and reflect critically on mathematics teaching and learning. In this paper we present findings from a multi-institutional descriptive pilot study that investigates the impact of MFEs on TC learning. TCs reported that they (1) deepened their understanding of the targeted core teaching practice(s), (2) developed a vision of ambitious mathematics teaching, (3) recognized the importance of cultivating a positive classroom learning community, and (4) increased their confidence when teaching after their completion of a one-term course implementing MFEs. [For the complete proceedings, see ED630060.]

This descriptive study attended to the extent to which we see evidence of the presence of four practices that promote equity and access in 141 grades 3-8 mathematics lessons in the United States. We found that lessons generally showed evidence of some incorporation of the practices but often not at the highest level. Teachers in this sample engaged in social coaching at a relatively high level, across elementary and middle school classrooms. Teachers tended to do less with respect to supporting connection and engagement between student context and the math learning environment. We also found statistically significant differences between elementary and middle school lessons in positioning students as competent and supporting a nurturing environment by proactively building relationships and productive classroom culture. We offer possible interpretations and a few brief implications of these findings. [For the complete proceedings, see ED630210.]

Professional collaboration among teachers from different schools is generally recognised as a conduit for teachers to improve their practice. This paper presents findings from a study to investigate the impact of teachers' participation in a mathematics networked learning community (NLC) on classroom practices. Using a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design, statistical analyses indicate that pre-post changes in learning environment and enjoyment scales were moderate to large in magnitude for all scales for the experimental group as compared with the comparison group. Generally, this study provides support that teachers' participation in NLC has positive impact on their classroom learning environment, especially in the scales on involvement and teacher support.

This paper will cover the design of a learning environment as a classroom regarding the Quadratic Equations, Functions and Graphs. The goal of the learning environment offered in the paper is to design a classroom where students will enjoy the process, use their skills they already have during the learning process, control and plan their learning process, and have the right of free choice of which way they can learn easily. Besides, it is alleged that in the paper, students will be more engaged, motivated and self-confident in this learning environment in terms of theories and approaches. Besides, students will have computers and graph calculators in the classroom, and some applications and programs will be provided such as Cabri, Maple, Derive, etc. [For the complete proceedings, see ED579395.]

In this paper, we explore the ways in which learning more about research on students' experiences in mathematics classrooms has the potential to transform the work we do with teachers in teacher preparation, professional development, and research settings. We focus in particular on questions of student access to and participation in mathematics and highlight studies of the racialized and gendered experiences of students and the connections between these experiences and broader narratives about race, gender, and ability/disability. We conclude with questions and possibilities raised by these studies for our individual and collective efforts to support and understand teacher learning and changes in teacher practice. [For the complete proceedings, see ED606531.]

This paper explores the construction of classroom contexts facilitative of student engagement in Mathematics. Employing a form of discourse analysis framed within a participation approach to learning, the paper provides insights into the construction of such contexts. The affordances and constraints of constructing such a context are discussed in the light of the writings of one Year 7 teacher as she employed Collective Argumentation to re-construct her classroom context to better engage students in the learning of Mathematics.

Researchers have investigated how teacher feedback contributes to students' learning, yet there is insufficient research into the connection between teacher feedback and student happiness, which is linked to engagement, socio-emotional well-being, and ultimately academic achievement. We coded lesson transcripts from elementary teachers to determine emergent patterns between types of teacher feedback and average student self-reports of happiness in mathematics. We found teachers to employ specific feedback more than general feedback. In addition, feedback for effort and ability accounted for a small percentage of feedback. Findings suggest that student happiness is linked to specific combinations of feedback dimensions. [For the complete proceedings, see ED606556.]

The well-studied Baker et al., affect detectors on boredom, frustration, confusion and engagement concentration with ASSISTments dataset were used to predict state tests scores, college enrollment, and even whether a student majored in a STEM field. In this paper, we present three attempts to improve upon current affect detectors. The first attempt analyzed the effect of missing skill tags in the dataset to the accuracy of the affect detectors. The results show a small improvement after correctly tagging the missing skill values. The second attempt added four features related to student classes for feature selection. The third attempt added two features that described information about student common wrong answers for feature selection. Result showed that two out of the four detectors were improved by adding the new features. [This paper was published in: "LAK15," March 16-20, 2015, pp. 31-35.]

This paper explores teacher' "identity" as two teachers talk about teaching mathematics in classrooms situated within two different contexts of learning--mainstream and alternative. Employing a form of discourse analysis framed within a participation approach to learning, this paper describes teacher identity in terms of the norms and practices that frame the translation of content, pedagogy and assessment in each teacher's classroom. Differences between each context of learning are highlighted and parallels drawn between similarities.

The 11th International Conference on Educational Data Mining (EDM 2018) is held under the auspices of the International Educational Data Mining Society at the Templeton Landing in Buffalo, New York. This year's EDM conference was highly competitive, with 145 long and short paper submissions. Of these, 23 were accepted as full papers and 37 accepted as short papers. This year's conference features three invited talks: Tiffany Barnes, Professor at North Carolina State University in Raleigh, North Carolina; Jodi Forlizzi, Geschke Director of the HCI Institute and Professor at Carnegie Mellon University; and Jim Larimore, Chief Officer of Center for Equity in Learning at ACT, Inc. Together with the "Journal of Educational Data Mining" ("JEDM"), the EDM 2018 conference supports a "JEDM" Track that provides researchers a venue to deliver more substantial mature work than is possible in a conference proceeding and to present their work to a live audience. Three such papers are featured this year. The papers submitted to this track followed the "JEDM" peer review process. The main conference invited contributions to an Industry Track in addition to the main track. The EDM 2018 Industry Track received ten submissions of which six were accepted, a tangible improvement over last year, with only four submissions total, all of which were accepted. This expansion of the industry track represents an intentional goal to better connect industry researchers with the academic research community. The EDM conference continues its tradition of providing opportunities for young researchers to present their work and receive feedback from their peers and senior researchers. The doctoral consortium this year features 14 such presentations, more than double compared to the prior year. In addition to the main program, there are four workshops: (1) Educational Data Mining in Computer Science Education (CSEDM); (2) Proposal Policy & EDM: Norms, Risks, and Safeguards; (3) replicate.education: A Workshop on Large Scale Education Replication; and (4) Scientific Findings from the ASSISTments Longitudinal Data.

What teachers attend to, how they make sense of, and respond to critical incidents in the classroom are important for improving teaching. However, seeing and understanding important features of critical incidents can be difficult. In this paper, I propose a notion of productive noticing, which I used to analyse a case study of what teachers noticed about a critical incident that happened during a research lesson. Findings suggest productive noticing can help teachers to focus on important mathematical aspects of critical incidents, and understand how these can lead them to refine their teaching practices.

Sociocultural perspectives on learning highlight varied conceptions of what it means to know and do mathematics, and in turn what it means to be mathematically competent. This work presents a dynamic conceptualization of competence--what counts as competent mathematical activity is negotiated and constructed within learning environments, and therefore varies across and within classrooms. This paper brings together research on children's mathematical thinking, classroom practice, and the ways in which competence is constructed in interaction through a focus on the ways in which one third-grade teacher negotiated a common tension in reform classrooms--centering children's ideas while engaging them in focused, substantive mathematics. Qualitative video analyses of classroom interactions revealed that the teacher created varied and multiple ways for students to participate by both supporting them to engage with the details of each other's ideas and by broadening what was recognized as competence. Constructing competence around and in relation to students' explanations and engagement with each other's ideas created space for students to participate in a range of ways that were recognized as competent while also advancing the mathematics under discussion. These findings illustrate the relational nature of competence, and suggest that examining competence in relation to children's thinking can provide a potential way to bring together learning about who children are and how they participate, the details of the mathematics, and the contexts in which particular instructional practices are effective.

This paper advocates using teaching methods in math and social studies instruction that take into consideration the students' learning styles to increase achievement for at-risk students. Rural at-risk students need mathematics and social studies instruction that will prepare them for the 21st century. Traditional methods of instruction have not been successful for at-risk students. Teachers need to consider how environmental, emotional, sociological, physical, and psychological stimuli can be accommodated through instructional strategies. Learning styles are defined in terms of how individuals react to 21 elements of the instructional environment. Semantic mapping strategies can be used to provide structure for students who need it. Students who lack persistence can be given short tasks with breaks between them. Sociological needs of students can be accommodated through grouping students in pairs or cooperative learning groups. Physical needs of students can be met through hands-on activities and direct involvement. Academically at-risk students who are global learners benefit from strategies such as guided imagery, semantic maps, and story maps. Unit teaching offers a broad field for providing varied experience for individual students, appealing to a wide range of learning style preferences. This paper includes a list of suggested activities for a fifth grade unit on Native Americans that incorporates a variety of learning styles. (KS)

The World Bank 2007 TIMSS Video Study provided a distinctive insight into the practices of the Indonesian classroom and identified key strengths and weaknesses of current teaching. This investigation considered this evidence in the development of a structured lesson design that specifically addressed the instructional practices of the teaching and the actions of the participants. Watson's (2008) framework was used to analyse two teachers implementation of the lesson. Findings revealed that the teacher's initial content-based decisions on how to frame the lesson were most influential in how the lesson was shaped and impacted greatly on the level of student involvement.

While special care is needed to adapt approaches and strategies to the instructional requirements of adult populations, the innovative learning experiences inspired by the NCTM Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics are examples of good pedagogy that integrate nicely into an androgogical learning environment. This paper presents an overview of a study designed to identify and examine key factors that influence Adult Basic Education (ABE) mathematics instruction in Massachusetts and to develop a detailed picture of the adult basic mathematics learning environment. Example profiles of adult mathematics learners and instructors, along with glimpses into ABE and ideal mathematics classrooms, are given. Tables comparing reality with NCTM and ABE standards, recommendations for mathematics instruction, and the Research into Adult Basic Education Mathematics Project generalized research framework are included. (MKR)

This document presents the proceedings of the 18th Annual Research Forum held June 26, 2013, at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Included are the following 13 action research papers: (1) Developing Oral Language Ability in the Secondary Spanish Classroom Using the Interpersonal and Presentational Modes of Communication (Sophia Bauers); (2) Problem-Based Learning and Student Attitudes in Mathematics (Caitlin Boone); (3) "Gramma-Drama": An Exploration of Teaching Grammar through Performing Arts (Kaylin Bugica); (4) Mining for Gold on the Silver Screen: Using Film to Develop Active Literacy Skills (Beau Burns); (5) Influences of Reflective Writing in High School Biology (Laurel Clapp); (6) Multicultural Perspective Taking in Social Studies Education (Angelina Cobb); (7) Using Primary Sources to Evoke Historical Empathy (Christina Cobb); (8) Computers and Problem-Based Learning in Mathematics (Hannah Everhart); (9) Developing Empathy through Identity Enactment Techniques (Caroline Fisher); (10) Literature 2.0: An Exploration of Character using Edmodo (Christina McClain); (11) Flipping the High School Mathematics Classroom (Allison Mousel); (12) Environmental Literacy Meets English: How Students Think about Sense of Place in the Classroom (Michael Short); and (13) How Implementing Interactive Geometric Software Affects Students' Achievement, Engagement, and Attitude Towards Mathematics (Matthew Tysinger). (Individual papers contain references, tables, and figures.)

One framework for conceptualizing the study of classroom effects on student motivation asserts that students' perceptions of the classroom environment mediate the relationship between teacher practices and student performance outcomes. This study examined within- and between-classroom effects on 356 fifth-grade students' perceptions of the quality of instruction in their mathematics classes. Results suggest that a positive classroom instructional climate is related to several individual difference variables, including low perceptions of differential treatment by gender and ability. Several classroom level variables were related to positive class instructional climate, including the use of extrinsic motivational incentives, and the infrequent use of individualized forms of instruction. Teachers who used "mastery" oriented instructional strategies tend to have students in their classes who perceive a diminished relationship between teacher expectancies and classroom instructional climate. Contains 10 references. (MKR)

In this report, I examine what students noticed as they participated in an instructional unit on quadratic functions and how a shift in what they noticed was conceptually connected to productive changes in their prior knowledge about linear functions. My results show that, over the course of the instructional unit, students' attention shifted toward noticing changes in the quantities involved in quadratic functions. Furthermore, I identify two conceptual connections between the shift toward noticing changes in quantities in quadratic contexts and the productive changes in reasoning that students exhibited on post-interview linear function tasks. [For the complete proceedings, see ED584829.]

This document contains the second volume of the proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education. Conference presentations are centered around the theme "Mathematics at the Centre." This volume features 60 research reports by presenters with last names beginning between Abr and Dri: (1) The Odds of Understanding the Law of Large Numbers: A Design for Grounding Intuitive Probability in Combinatorial Analysis (Dor Abrahamson and Rose M. Cendak); (2) Imaginary-Symbolic Relations, Pedagogic Resources and the Constitution of Mathematics for Teaching in In-Service Mathematics Teacher Education (Jill Adler and Zain Davis); (3) Relationship between Pre-Service Mathematics Teachers' Teaching and Learning Beliefs and Their Practices (Hatice Akkoc and Feral Ogan-Bekiroglu); (4) Teachers' Awareness of Dimensions of Variation: A Mathematics Intervention Project (Thabit Al-Murani); (5) The Student Teacher and the Others: Multimembership on the Process of Introducing Technology in the Classroom (Nelia Amado and Susana Carreira); (6) Improving Student Teachers' Understanding of Fractions (Solange Amorim Amato); (7) Autodidactic Learning of Probabilistic Concepts through Games (Miriam Amit and Irma Jan); (8) Graduate Students' Processes in Generating Examples of Mathematical Objects (Samuele Antonini); (9) Reasoning in an Absurd World: Difficulties with Proof by Contradiction (Samuele Antonini and Maria Alessandra Mariotti); (10) Will Penelope Choose Another Bridegroom? Looking for an Answer through Signs (Ferdinando Arzarello, Luciana Bazzini, Francesca Ferrara, Ornella Robutti, Cristina Sabena, and Bruna Villa); (11) Motivation and Perceptions of Classroom Culture in Mathematics of Students across Grades 5 to 7 (Chryso Athanasiou and George N. Philippou); (12) Deductive Reasoning: Different Conceptions and Approaches (Michal Ayalon and Ruhama Even); (13) The Tendency to Use Intuitive Rules among Students with Different Piagetian Cognitive Levels (Reuven Babai); (14) Coming to Appreciate the Pedagogical Uses of CAS (Lynda Ball and Kaye Stacey); (15) Students' Conceptions of "m" and "c": How to Tune a Linear Function (Caroline Bardini and Kaye Stacey); (16) A Contradiction between Pedagogical Content Knowledge and Teaching Indications (Ibrahim Bayazit and Eddie Gray); (17) Identifying and Supporting Mathematical Conjectures through the Use of Dynamic Software (David Benitez Mojica and Manuel Santos Trigo); (18) Students Constructing Representations for Outcomes of Experiments (Palma Benko and Carolyn A. Maher); (19) Logarithms: Snapshots from Two Tasks (Tanya Berezovski and Rina Zazkis); (20) Trying to Reach the Limit--The Role of Algebra in Mathematical Reasoning (Christer Bergsten); (21) Semiotic Sequence Analysis--Constructing Epistemic Types Empirically (Angelika Bikner-Ahsbahs); (22) Service Teaching: Mathematical Education of Students of Client Departments (Erhan Bingolbali, John Monaghan, and Tom Roper); (23) Students' Thinking about the Tangent Line (Irene Biza, Constantinos Christou, and Theodossios Zachariades); (24) Habermas' Theory of Rationality as a Comprehensive Frame for Conjecturing and Proving in School (Paulo Boero); (25) Extending Students' Understanding of Decimal Numbers via Realistic Mathematical Modeling and Problem Posing (Cinzia Bonotto); (26) Different Media, Different Types of Collective Work in Online Continuing Teacher Education: Would You Pass the Pen, Please? (Marcelo C. Borba and Rubia B. A. Zulatto); (27) Reformulating "Mathematical Modelling" in the Framework of the Anthropological Theory of Didactics (Marianna Bosch, Fco. Javier Garcia, Josep Gascon, and Luisa Ruiz Higueras); (28) Students' Impressions of the Value of Games for the Learning of Mathematics (Leicha A. Bragg); (29) The Transition from Arithmetic to Algebra: To Reason, Explain, Argue, Generalize and Justify (Trygve Breiteig and Barbro Grevholm); (30) Resisting Reform Pedagogy: Teacher and Learner Contributions (Karin Brodie); (31) Manifestations of Affordances of a Technology-Rich Teaching and Learning Environment (TRTLE) (Jill P. Brown); (32) Types of Representations of the Number Line in Textbooks (Alicia Bruno and Noemi Cabrera); (33) Educational Neuroscience: New Horizons for Research in Mathematics Education (Stephen R. Campbell); (34) Variability in a Probability Context: Developing Pre-Service Teachers' Understanding (Daniel L. Canada); (35) Implementing a Reform-Oriented Mathematics Syllabus: A Survey of Secondary Teachers (Michael Cavanagh); (36) Student's Modelling with a Lattice of Conceptions in the Domain of Linear Equations and Inequations (Hamid Chaachoua, Marilena Bittar, and Jean-Francois Nicaud); (37) Using Reading and Coloring to Enhance Incomplete Prover's Performance in Geometry Proof (Ying-Hao Cheng and Fou-Lai Lin); (38) Aspects of Teachers' Pedagogical Content Knowledge for Decimals (Helen Chick, Monica Baker, Thuy Pham, and Hui Cheng); (39) Collaborative Action Research on Implementing Inquiry-Based Instruction in an Eighth Grade Mathematics Class: An Alternative Mode for Mathematics Teacher Professional Development (Erh-Tsung Chin, Yung-Chi Lin, Yann-Tyng Ko, Chi-Tung Chien, and Hsiao-Lin Tuan); (40) Routine and Novel Mathematical Solutions: Central-Cognitive or Peripheral-Affective Participation in Mathematics Learning (Mei-Shiu Chiu); (41) The Role of Self-Generated Problem Posing in Mathematics Exploration (Victor V. Cifarelli and Jinfa Cai); (42) A Longitudinal Study of Children's Mental Computation Strategies (Barbara Clarke, Doug M. Clarke, and Marj Horne); (43) Assessing Fraction Understanding Using Task-Based Interviews (Doug M. Clarke, Michal Sukenik, Anne Roche, and Annie Mitchell); (44) Evaluation of a Teaching Concept for the Development of Problem Solving Competences in Connection with Self-Regulation (Christina Collet and Regina Bruder); (45) Developing Probability Thinking in Primary School: A Case Study on the Constructive Role of Natural Language in Classroom Discussions (Valeria Consogno, Teresa Gazzolo, and Paulo Boero); (46) Collaboration with Teachers to Improve Mathematics Learning: Pedagogy at Three Levels (Tom J. Cooper, Annette R. Baturo, and Edlyn J. Grant); (47) "Aim High--Beat Yourself": Effective Mathematics Teaching in a Remote Indigenous Community (Tom J. Cooper, Annette R. Baturo, Elizabeth Warren, and Edlyn J. Grant); (48) Development of Children's Understanding of Length, Area, and Volume Measurement Principles (Margaret Curry, Michael Mitchelmore, and Lynne Outhred; (49) Mathematics-for-Teaching: The Cases of Multiplication and Division (Brent Davis, Elaine Simmt, and Dennis Sumara); (50) Generative Concept Images (Gary E. Davis and Catherine A. Pearn); (51) Developmental Assessment of Data Handling Performance Age 7-14 (Pauline Davis, Maria Pampaka, Julian Williams, and Lawrence Wo); (52) The Effect of Different Teaching Tools in Overcoming the Impact of the Intuitive Rules (Eleni Deliyianni, Eleni Michael, and Demetra Pitta-Pantazi); (53) Investigating Social and Individual Aspects in Teacher's Approaches to Problem Solving (Fien Depaepe, Erik De Corte, and Lieven Verschaffel); (54) Maths Avoidance and the Choice of University (Pietro Di Martino and Francesca Morselli); (55) Primary Students' Reasoning about Diagrams: The Building Blocks of Matrix Knowledge (Carmel M. Diezmann); (56) Integrating Errors into Developmental Assessment: "Time" for Ages 8-13 (Brian Doig, Julian Williams, Lawrence Wo, and Maria Pampaka); (57) Vygotsky's Everyday Concepts/Scientific Concepts Dialectics in School Context: A Case Study (Nadia Douek); (58) Creating Mathematical Models with Structures (Katherine Doyle); (59) Mechanisms for Consolidating Knowledge Constructs (Tommy Dreyfus, Nurit Hadas, Rina Hershkowitz, and Baruch Schwarz); and (60) Reconciling Factorizations Made with CAS and with Paper-and-Pencil: The Power of Confronting Two Media (Paul Drijvers, Carolyn Kieran, Andre Boileau, Fernando Hitt, Denis Tanguay, Luis Saldanha, and Jose Guzman). (Individual papers contain references.)

The first volume of the 29th annual conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education contains plenary lecture and research forum papers as listed below. Short oral communications papers, poster presentations, brief summaries of discussion groups, and working sessions are also included in the volume. The plenary lectures include: (1) Modelling Students' Learning in Argumentation and Mathematics Proof (Fou-Lai Lin); (2) Travelling the Road to Expertise (Stacey); (3) Telling Identities (Sfar and Prusak); and (4) Co-Constructing Artefacts and Knowledge in Net-Based Teams (Reimann). The plenary panel section includes: (1) What Do Studies Like PISA Mean to the Mathematics Education Community? (Jones); (2) From a Profile to the Scrutiny of Student Performance (Yoshinori); (3) The PISA-Study (Neubrand); (4) Some Results from the PISA 2003 International Assessment of Mathematics Learning (Kieran); and (5) The Foundation and Spectacle of [the Leaning Tower of] PISA (Williams). The first research forum (RF01) includes: (1) Not Everything Is Proportional (De Brock, Van Dooren, and Verschaffel); (2) Designing Instruction on Proportional Reasoning with Average Speed (Gravemeijer, van Galen, and Keijzer); (3) Folding Perimeters (Friedlander and Arcavi); and (4) The Dolls' House Classroom (Ainley and Pratt). The second research forum (RF02) includes: (1) Shaping a Multi-Dimensional Analysis of Signs (Arzarello, Ferrara, Robutti, Paola, and Sabena); (2) Working with Artefacts (Bussi and Maschietto); (3) The Role of Gestures in Mathematical Discourse (Edwards); (4) Connecting Talk, Gesture, and Eye Motion for the Microanalysis of Mathematics Learning (Ferrara and Nemirovsky); (5) Why Do Gestures Matter? Gestures as Semiotic Means of Objectification (Radford); (6) Gestures, Signs and Mathematisation (Williams); and (7) Building Intellectual Infrastructure to Expose and Understand Ever-Increasing Complexity (Kaput). The third research forum (RF03) includes: (1) Using Growth Points to Describe Pathways for Young Children's Number Learning (Gervasoni); (2) Number Attainment in Sri Lankan Primary Schools (Hart); and (3) Mathematics Recovery (Pearn). The fourth research forum (RF04) includes: (1) The Place of Theory in Mathematics Education Research (Lester, Jr.); (2) Theories of Mathematics Education (Lerman); (3) The Articulation of Symbol and Mediation in Mathematics Education (Armella); (4) Using Theory to Advance Our Understandings of Student Cognitive Development (Pegg and Tall); (5) Trends in the Evolution of Models and Modeling Perspectives on Mathematical Learning and Problem Solving (Lesh and English); and (6) Issues and Tendencies in German Mathematics-Didactics (Torner and Sriraman). (Individual papers contain references.)

This document contains 13 papers from and about a working conference on adult mathematical literacy. The following papers are included: "Preface" (Iddo Gal, Mary Jane Schmitt); "Summary of Conference Discussions" (Iddo Gal et al.); "Reflecting about the Goals of Numeracy Education" (Iddo Gal); "Needed Skills and Skills Gaps: Adult Numeracy Demands, Abilities and Instruction" (Larry Mikulecky); "Comparison of Literacy to Numeracy Achievement in a Life-Skills Context" (Patricia Rickard, Richard Ackermann); "Federally Supported Adult Education Delivery System" (Division of Adult Education and Literacy, U.S. Department of Education); "Can the Delivery System Deliver? Realities of Numeracy Education in Adult Literacy Programs" (Iddo Gal); "Issues and Barriers in Workplace Numeracy Education" (Mary Ann Shope, Gretchen Watson); "Adult Basic Education Math Instruction--Massachusetts Practitioners' Viewpoints on the ABE (Adult Basic Education) Learner and the Instructional Environment" (Esther D. Leonelli, Ruth Schwendeman); "Exploring What Counts: A Summary Report of Research into ABE Math in Massachusetts" (Bonnie B. Mullinix, John P. Comings); "NCTM (Teachers Council of Teachers of Mathematics) and Change in Mathematics Education" (Peter Kloosterman); "Lessons Learned?" (Mary Montgomery Lindquist); and "The ABE Math Standards Project: Adapting the NCTM Standards to Adult Education Environments" (Mary Jane Schmitt). Many papers contain substantial bibliographies. Appended are the following: conference agenda; "calculator debate" activity; guidelines for contacting the Adult Numeracy Practitioners Network; and list of conference participants. (MN)

These Proceedings document an educational research forum held at Wake Forest University (Winston-Salem, North Carolina) on December 12, 2007. Table of contents and 23 research studies of high school teaching are included. Each paper contains a literature review, methodology, results, conclusions, and references. Studies include: (1) Cultural Development in the K-12 Spanish Classroom (Sefina Adasi); (2) Where in the World is Writing in Social Studies? (Emily Bagley); (3) The Use of Music in the K-12 Spanish Classroom (Mary Barnhardt); (4) Using Assessments in the High School Social Studies Classroom (Christy L. Blankenship); (5) The Calculator Conundrum: Effect of Calculator Use on Student Knowledge (Lauren Brooks); (6) How Students Engage with Technology in the Social Studies Classroom (Heather M. Bulpett); (7) I Want My MTV: The Importance of Pop Culture References Within Secondary English Classes (Katherine S. Cates); (8) Cooperation, Collaboration, and Classroom Climate: Small Group Learning and its Relationship to Student Participation and Involvement in the Classroom (Kathryn Claffey); (9) Watch Your Tone: Teacher Tone of Voice during Student Redirection (Katy Coleman); (10) Words in the Air: Do Read-Alouds Engage the High School English Classroom? (Amy Fitzgerald); (11) Comparing Selected "Dynamics" Items from North Carolina's End-of-Course Test in Physics to a Separate Comprehensive Assessment of "Dynamics" (Richard Gaut); (12) Relationships between Student Attitudes toward Laboratories and Quiz Scores (Margaret Gross); (13) Effects of Extra Critical Emphasis in Biology Classrooms (Lacey Huffling); (14) A Study of Teachers' Perceptions of the Importance of Homework in High School Mathematics (Austin James); (15) Teachers' Use of Small Group Instruction in the Social Studies Classroom (James Jolley); (16) Objectively Stated: The Role of Explicit Learning Objectives in Creating a Constructive Class Environment (Chad Lorentzen); (17) The Problem with Word Problems (Ashley R. Lumpkin); (18) Talkin' Shop: The Use of Slang in the Secondary English Classroom (Scott Murphy); (19) Primary Source Documents and Standardized Tests: Is There a Relationship? (Matthew Owen); (20) What's in a Name? (Chelsey Lee Saunders); (21) Teaching Grammar for Proficiency in Spanish at the Secondary Level (Adrian Singerman); (22) Investigating the Student-Teacher Relationship: A Student Perspective (Jason M. Sinquefield); and (23) The Use of Authentic Texts in the K-12 Spanish Program (Ashley C. Velazquez). [For 2006 proceedings, see ED494888.]