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The paper presents analysis of European counter-crisis response programs: investment initiatives in response to the coronavirus; REACT-EU package of measures; a long-term recovery program (budget for 2021-2027) and Next Generation EU; and a banking package of measures titled “Supporting businesses and households amid COVID-19”. The sources of financial instruments for the recovery and adaptation of EU member states to the transcrisis state are described, and the most effective mechanisms for supporting entrepreneurship in the COVID-19 crisis are shown. The example of Slovakia and Poland is used to demonstrate the European experience in organizing the credit process, providing guarantees, intensifying social entrepreneurship in the face of the ongoing epidemic shock. The European investment trends and the participation of financial intermediaries in the post-crisis recovery are determined and used as a basis to characterize nationalization of the European long-term investment process. The special role of the state and the formation of state funds in the process of ensuring the effective adaptation of the Ukrainian financial and institutional environment to new challenges is substantiated; the importance of developing long-term programs for adapting the Ukrainian economy and society to the challenges of sanitary, humanitarian, climatic and political and economic nature, as well as forming appropriate institutions is shown. It is concluded that, given the peculiarities of the operational behavior of Ukrainian banking institutions, which are now focused on operations with government securities and commission activities, the adaptation investment process should be provided by public financial institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the current state of foreign trade in agri-food products based on the use of techniques and methods of statistical analysis. It was found that the export of these goods is developing most dynamically, as a result of which, starting from 2014, agricultural and food industry products become the main export product of Ukraine, and its share in the total export of goods reached 45.1% in 2020, which is much higher than a similar indicator for developed countries and indicates the presence of serious problems in other sectors of the economy. It was also noted that the export of these products provides the largest surplus in comparison with other goods, which affects the state of the country's trade balance. During the analysis, it was revealed that the basis of agri-food exports is plant products, mainly cereals and oilseeds, the sales of which are growing both absolutely and relatively, which indicates the predominantly raw nature of this type of activity. The study of the reasons for this nature of the commodity structure of the export of agri-food products shows that they are hidden in the peculiarities of domestic production. In agriculture, crop production is mainly growing. Livestock production, on the other hand, grows very slowly. There are serious problems in the food industry - insufficient production volumes, a limited range of products, and product quality, which is inferior to foreign goods, which explains the growth of imports of food products. A comparative analysis of the commodity structure of Ukraine and, less often, European countries shows that our competitors in the world market in their export policy are guided by the export of livestock products and finished food products, that is, products with high added value. In Poland and France, the sale of only these goods significantly exceeds the entire agri-food export of Ukraine. The paper emphasizes that the main way to improve the commodity structure is to increase responsible food production, which will increase the export of these products, reduce imports and increase the positive balance. On the basis of the conducted study, recommendations have been presented to improve the efficiency of foreign trade in agri-food products in Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of the church, inter-confessional relations and religious policies of the state is one of the developing areas of today's historical studies. An increasing number of special historical researches, papers, articles devoted to these issues, covering different periods in the history of our country, were a proof to that. Such interest is well justified as Ukraine is a country with complex ethnical and confessional set-up. This calls for deep insight into the history of relations between different confessions in the past. The article analyses specific features of the church policies of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during the four year parliament (Sejm) of 1788-1791, acts of law adopted in that period that set legal grounds for the status of the Orthodox Church in the state, and studies the interpretation of those events and documents by church historian V. Bednov. Special attention was paid to the analysis of the actions of the Polish authorities to be avoided in today's church policies or, alternatively, to be encouraged today to maintain public peace and inter-confessional dialogue in the country. In his work, V. Bednov described in details all clauses of the Resolution of the General Congregation held in Pinsk, which were later legitimised by the Polish parliament (1791) and confirmed in the special Sejm constitution. This document was intended to dramatically change the status of the Orthodox Church in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Yet, time was lost, and prejudices that prevented the document from being adopted without limitations became one of the factors further resulting in the disappearance of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as an independent state after the second (1793) and third (1795) partitions. These prejudices did not help to resolve controversies between Catholic, Uniate and Orthodox Christians either. The work of V. Bednov analysing the above issues was highly praised by his contemporaries. Yet, the scholar never returned to this topic in his studies, which makes this area very promising for modern researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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