Search

Samuil Kaplan (1921-1978) was a productive and famous astrophysicist. He was affiliated with a number of scientific centers in different cities of the former Soviet Union. During the earliest 13 years of his career, namely in 1948-1961, he worked at the Lviv University in Ukraine. In the present paper, the Lviv period of his life and scientific activity is described on the basis of archival materials and his published studies. Kaplan arrived in Lviv in June 1948, the same month when he obtained the degree of the Candidate of Science. He was a head of the astrophysics sector at the Astronomical Observatory of the University, a professor of the department for theoretical physics, as well as the founder and head of a station for optical observations of artificial satellites of the Earth. He was active in the organization of an astronomical observatory outside the city. During the years in Lviv, Kaplan wrote more than 80 articles and 3 monographs in 9 areas. At that time, his focus was on the stability of circular orbits in the Schwarzschild field, on the white dwarf theory, on space gas dynamics, on cosmic plasma physics and turbulence, on the acceleration of cosmic rays, on the physics of interstellar medium, on the physics and evolution of stars, on cosmology and gravitation, and on the optical observations of the Earth's artificial satellites. Some of his findings are fundamental to the development of theory in those fields as well as of observational techniques. The paper presents a complete bibliography of Kaplan's works published during the Lviv period and reviews his respective scientific achievements in the light of the current state of research in those areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The timeliness of the article lies in describing historical and political specifications of Eastern Europe formatting at time of communism regimes taking into consideration the role of the USSR in political sphere of East European countries. The methodological base of the paper consists in historisism and objectivism principles that allow considering the facts in their historical and spatial relationships. The analysis of integration processes in Eastern Europe in 20th century is combined with the attempt to define a space, that is considered to be the novelty of the paper. The conclusion proves the timeliness defining the USSR effection in the region in 20th century and concentration of East European countries in soviet communism ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes two legal cases - the case of SVU (1929-1930) and the case concerning KGB’s operation “Block”. The similarity of two cases is emphasized in the aspect of the prosecution’s direction (against the ukrainian intellectuals) and also the manipulation of social opinion of the world’s society by soviet security services is shown. The cases are similar though not identical. The main difference lies in the methods chosen by chekists for each of the cases. “Block” was aimed first of all at stopping any creative and legal activity of the Ukrainian dissidents of the “sixties” generation while SVU was more about manipulation of the society’s opinion about the opposition in the USSR. These differences and similarities are analyzed as well as cultural and political consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precise analysis of complex gas mixtures is an urgent task today, since its accuracy and quality is important not only for human health, but also for the ecology of population centers or the planet as a whole. Traditional methods of gas environment analysis are imperfect, and those that have the necessary sensitivity and selectivity do not yield results in a particularly short time. Nowadays, the Fabry- Pérot interferometry is used for research in a significant number of industrial and scientific areas. The analysis of the works presented in this paper confirms the relevance of research in the field of multibeam interferometry and the prospects of developing modifications of the Fabry- Pérot interferometer. The article is devoted to classical optical correlation methods for the analysis of gas mixtures with a quasi-periodic structure of the spectrum. A modification of the analyzer was developed and it was shown that the use of the modified Fabry- Pérot interferometer as a correlation mask ensures the express realization of the selectivity of the measurement components. An experimental study was conducted to test the possibility of scanning the SO2 absorption spectrum in the 220 nm region. Laboratory tests of the described layout of the SO2 analyzer demonstrated its high metrological parameters. The main reported error was 1% on the 0 -10000 ppm scale and 10% on the 0 -1000 ppm scale. The length of the cuvette was 170 mm, the warm-up time of the model was 30 minutes, the minimum measured concentration was 25 ppm. We can state that the correlation masks based on the IFP can be widely used for the analysis of gas components with a quasi-periodic structure of the spectrum. Compared to other devices of a similar type, they have a much higher luminous intensity: U = ΩA, where Ω is the solid angle; A is the light diameter of the IFP with the same resolution. This is crucial for remote instruments [V. R. Kozubovskii, Yu. Yu. Bilak, Ukr. J. Phys. 66, 664 (2021)]. In addition, their small weight and dimensions allow one to create portable devices based on them. However, since the IFP is a multi-beam interferometer, the procedure for optimizing its parameters is rather complicated, although technical methods for solving this problem exist [V. R. Kozubovskii, V. L. Goldovskii, O. D. Kraysler, AS 1182345 USSR, MKI G01N 21/61]. The conducted analysis and research open up new opportunities for the optimization of interferometric devices and interferometric methods of gas analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to investigate one of the aspects of the professional activity of the Ukrainian singer Zoia Gaidai in the 1930s, namely her participation in music competitions during the establishment of the Soviet totalitarian regime. As part of the research, we aim to show the specifics of their organisation and holding, the scale of those creative events, and their significance for the professional development of the professional singer. The research methodology consists in the application of the source study method to analyse archival documents that contain information about Zoia Gaidai's participation of in music competitions, as well as to study other materials on the topic of the research. The specifically historical method helps to highlight the socio-political processes against which the music competitions took place. The biobibliographic method enables determining the place of this aspect of the singer's activity in her creative biography. General scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, generalisation) are applied in order to thoroughly study the issue and draw reasoned conclusions. The scientific novelty of the paper consists in the expansion of information about Z. Gaidai's creative activity in the 1930s, which was supplemented by her participation in music competitions, in the assessment of the level of these competitions, their specificity and opportunities for the achievement of professional aspirations. Conclusions. The performed analysis and evaluation of the results of Z. Gaidai's participation in the music competitions of 1933 and 1937 helped to reveal the level of her professional competence and professional aspirations. Despite the challenges of those difficult years, the singer managed to win the laureate title of the All-Ukrainian and All-Union competitions, which had a positive effect on the development of her career as a performer. However, the political situation in the USSR did not contribute to the fruition of the dreams to study in Italy, thereby depriving the Ukrainian artist of the opportunity to improve her professional skills and test her talent on the international stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing is the property of Institute of Sociology NAS of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Slowianskiej is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Slavic Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Numerous papers have been written about the history of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 both in Hungary and beyond its borders in the past decades. The archival documents of Ukraine and the former Soviet Union are under research too. Numerous data prove that the actions aiming to crush the War of Independence were directly governed from Transcarpathia. Archival data also confirm the reminiscence of the Transcarpathian Hungarian witnesses, according to which the Soviet military and political centre was set up in Uzhgorod, from where the defeat of the Hungarian Revolution was directed. The reminiscence of the Soviet soldiers reveals that the first military corps crossed the border with the purpose of crushing the revolution on October 24. Since travelling became impossible due to the strictly closed borders after the Second World War, people living in the Soviet Union could not keep in touch with Hungary. The postal connections were severely controlled. The Soviet authorities permitted the inhabitants to order only a couple of foreign publications, in few copies. Even the Hungarian Communist Party-press could be ordered and read only by few people. The majority of the population was informed about the local and foreign world and events mainly by the Soviet press, which was the mouthpiece of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Getting a relatively realistic picture about the outside world was only possible through foreign radio broadcasting. The Hungarian people mainly listened to Kossuth Radio, but some people could reach western broadcasts and listened to the Free Europe Radio, for instance. These sources of news were available during the revolution too. After the revolution was suppressed, the Transcarpathian newspapers celebrated the «victory over the counter-revolution» and judged its participants (the «horthysts», the «fascists» — as they called them). Only rejective writings were published; articles with the slightest sign of sympathy could be published neither in the central nor in the local papers. The importance of the press is confirmed by everyday experience, numerous studies and scientific reports. Its public opinion-forming power is particularly significant. Analysis of the press is necessary to understand the conditions of an age. To understand the essence of the 1956 Revolution, it is crucial and vital to study the contemporary press. The events of the 1956 Revolution in Hungary received a great response in the local papers. Even after 64 years, the articles that appeared in the Transcarpathian newspapers during the ‘56 Revolution are extremely telling. It is obvious how the Soviet authorities wanted to influence the opinion of Transcarpathian inhabitants about the Revolution. From October 25, in the papers, the following questions arise almost every day: what caused, triggered the revolution, what actually happened in October? In local press sometimes 3–4 articles deal with the Revolutionary actions from the Soviet point of view. This article is press study research on the 1956 Revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ukrainian Scientific Journal of Information Security is the property of National Aviation University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the early 1980s, the nonconformist art movement in Odesa, which had been developing since the mid-1950s, was widened by a new generation of artists. Their art searches differed significantly from their senior colleagues, which led to the formation of a separate movement within nonconformism, which later became known as APTART. The differences were mainly in the worldview of artists, aesthetics, themes, artistic techniques. The art of the new generation was closer to the Western neo-avant-garde, while their older colleagues tended toward modernism. The presence of two different well-defined movements within the nonconformism, a phenomenon in itself countercultural to official culture, distinguished the artistic process in Odesa in the 1980s from other cities in Ukraine. It is these features of the artistic life of that time, still insufficiently covered and analysed. The text considers the part of the work of the Odesa APTART artists, which the most clearly displays the elements of neo-avant-garde aesthetics, that, accordingly, affected the artistic means: acts, performances happenings; the differences between the two groups of artists belonging to the nonconformist subculture were analysed. Specific acts, works of the APTART artists opposed to the background of creative activity of their colleagues are considered. The stages of the APTART artists’ creativity development are traced. Within the disclosure of the research theme, the text highlights the processes of nonconformist artistic life in the main cities of Ukraine, traces parallels to similar phenomena in world art. Due to the experience of recent researches, the terms that directly affect the subject of the paper are specified: nonconformism, informal art, avant-garde, modernism, neo-avant-garde. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper’s made a try to analyze the propagandistic influence of Soviet government on the local people, newly added to USSR at the beginning of The Second World War at the territory of western regions of Ukraine with the help of broadcasting it’s defined that some social groups have been influenced by it. The purpose, the task and the topics of that broadcasting at different chronological periods have been highlighted too. The importance of that direction of informative work of the authority to sovietization people, even after the liberation of that region has been proved. It’s emphasized that the influence on the population of broadcasting in westerns regions USSR became an important method and at the same time, the powerful tool for the informative politics of the Soviet government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the main aspects of the formation and activities of the diplomatic service of Ukraine in 1950-1970. The peculiarities of the work of Ukrainian diplomats in international agencies and institutions are shown. The significance of the diplomatic activities of the heads of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR in the context of forming a positive image of identification of the Ukrainian SSR was revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his paper the author examines the place and role of religion-motivated purports and values in Russian thought at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries as a prerequisite to the formation of atheistic ideology of the Soviet Union. It is the author's belief that the formation of atheistic ideology in the USSR has to be looked into in the context of the period that historically preceded the creation of the state in order to better understand the spiritual background of Russia when it entered into the Soviet stage of its history. After all, the people who were engaged in the revolution and started building the Soviet state matured in the second half of the 19th century. The author examines the formation of the USSR, which process, partially artificial and partially natural, resulted in the development of a cultural tradition (the thinking in this case is underpinned by the research conducted by J. Assman, P. Berger, T. Luckmann and M. Eliade), which would meet the needs of different peoples, and understanding of what "the Russian culture and Russian man" should be like. We suggest viewing that cultural tradition, implemented in Soviet practice, as a new articulation of "the Russian idea", which is one of theoretical views substantiated in this paper. A typical instrument for introduction of that cultural tradition was atheistic ideology, which formation prerequisites we discover in religious search of Russian intelligentsia at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. However, it comprised "secularized" ideas of the chosen nation and its special mission, which formed the core of the Soviet ideological narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to introduce into scientific turnover the little-known drawings of the outstanding Ukrainian realist painter of the mid-20th century, professor of the Kyiv State Art Institute, Karpo Demianovych Trokhymenko, made during the evacuation to Ufa in the period of the Great Patriotic War. The methodology of the work is based on the principles of art history, figurative and stylistic, systematic and comparative analysis, as well as historical and contextual methods. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the definition of the role of drawing in the creative heritage of Karpo Trokhymenko of the period 1941-1944. In the portrait sketches made by Karpo Trokhymenko for the picture ―Meeting of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Ufa‖, the difference in relation to the expressive means of art destroyed at the time of the avant-garde and finally formed social realism are clearly traced. The point, line, and plane as the leading artistic elements of the avant-garde are losing their significance, remaining to a certain extent only in the arsenal of graphic artists. Tone, light and shade gradations and energy of light acquire a special significance in the drawing of the easel painters. Conclusions. By analyzing the figurative and stylistic structure and technique of the portrait works, the peculiarities of drawing in the artist‘s asset, in particular, the attention to creating an air environment, are revealed. In the drawings of Karpo Trokhymenko, the line has no intrinsic value and is perceived only as of the part of light and shadow, dissolving in the overall tone spot. The color plays an important role in the drawings of Karpo Trokhymenko. The works made within the complex warmth and coolness of colored paper, silver graphite pencil, colored pencils and chalk and acquire the significance of independent works. A set of portraits of outstanding Ukrainian scientists - academicians, artists, writers created by Karpo Trokhymenko, has not only documentary, historical and cultural value, but is a significant monument of Ukrainian easel drawing of the Great Patriotic War period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On November 20, 2012, the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine 2012 came into force. It introduced a new philosophy of the national criminal procedure oriented to the European standards of criminal justice. The 10-year period of its application has shown a slow adaptation of its provisions and ideas into modern scientific, rule-making and law enforcement activities. To investigate the reasons for this phenomenon, the author resorted to a comparative analysis of the processes of implementation of the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code of the USSR of 1922 and the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine 2012. In his opinion, there is much in common in the fate of these codified acts. They were adopted at the crossroads of different procedural paradigms. The Criminal Procedure Code of the USSR of 1922 gave impetus to the formation of a socialist-type criminal procedure, and the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine 2012 began its destruction. In this regard, the article examines the main stages of formation of the "special Soviet type" of criminal procedure. They were accompanied by the non-recognition of fundamental European legal values: the presumption of innocence, publicity, oral proceedings, adversarial proceedings, guarantees of the accused's right to defence, participation of defence counsel, the principle of evaluating evidence according to the judges' internal conviction and other democratic principles of justice. Therefore, after Ukraine gained independence, it inherited a deformed "special type of Soviet criminal procedure" subordinated to the administrative command system, which manifested the dictates of the state over the individual, and the following trends: diminished role of the court, with the prosecuting authorities taking over judicial functions; no distinction between procedural functions, formalized evidence procedure, lack of judicial control over the pre-trial investigation and its bureaucratization. Unfortunately, for many years, deformed ideas about the criminal process were "theoretically substantiated" in scientific research and educational publications, which were used by many generations of Soviet lawyers. Therefore, the established ideas about the Soviet criminal procedure to a certain extent hindered the mastery of the ideas and provisions of the CPC 2012. In this regard, the author of the article examines a number of reasons which impede further comprehension and implementation of the general provisions and ideas of the CPC-2012 into the rulemaking practice. At the same time, the article proposes substantive measures aimed at overcoming the destructive phenomena which impede the improvement of the current CPC in the real conditions of legal reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the process of removing monuments from the collection of the Lviv Historical Museum in the period 1945—1949 with the aim of transferring them to permanent storage in the museum of Poland, Ukrainian SSR and USSR. The quantitative and thematic composition of the transferred monuments is given, the content and museum value of the objects that were removed from the Lviv Historical Museum and that came to the Museum in the process of inter-museum exchange are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today the problem of partial occupation of the territory of Ukraine is acute regardless of the time of the First or Second World Wars, and given the current Russian-Ukrainian war. The annexation of Crimea, the occupation of certain areas of the Ukrainian Donbass with the proclamation of fake "LPR-DPR", an attempt to declare the same "state fakes" in southern Ukraine during the full-scale Russian war against our state in February 2022 encourage reflexive analogies primarily with statehood in Ukraine. Consequently, a new problem in Ukrainian scientific thought regarding the nature of Soviet statehood in Ukraine as an occupation is relevant. The purpose of the article, which does not claim to be empirical or factual, is to investigate the political and legal nature of Soviet statehood in Ukraine as an occupation in accordance with the criteria developed in science to assess the nature of the occupying power. According to the author, the most obvious aspects of the analysis of the problem mentioned in the title are the spread of Soviet statehood in Ukraine and, in particular, laying the foundations of the Soviet political and legal systems and the national composition of Soviet authorities in the USSR. And the chronological periods of the actual formation in Ukraine of Soviet statehood (1917-1921) and its spread to Western lands (1939-1940 and 1945). The thesis is proposed that the Soviet statehood in Ukraine was not "local" ethnocultural, that is, one that was organically formed in the middle of Ukrainian society, hence - was not specifically Ukrainian national. Instead, it was introduced and implanted from outside as a cover for aggression against the Ukrainian People's Republic, and more broadly as an implementation of the centuries-old Russian imperial doctrine of Ukraine's political takeover. It is proved that from the very beginning of the uprising in Ukraine, Soviet statehood developed within the framework of "another" Soviet Russian totalitarian state and the legal system. The mechanisms of the introduction of Soviet statehood in the Ukrainian lands after the collapse of the Romanov empire are considered. It was established that they had signs of Russian occupation with armed interference in the internal affairs of a sovereign state. It is substantiated that, in essence, the form of Soviet occupation of Western Ukrainian lands was their Sovietization of a complex of socio-economic, political, national-cultural and repressive-punitive measures aimed at the absorption of the annexed territories. As a result, it is thought that it would be wrong to neglect the formal state status of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic - a direct consequence of its occupation. At that time, Ukraine had clear but formal signs of statehood: its own territory, state symbols, parliament, government, and even membership in the United Nations and its subsidiaries. It is believed that even such a lame state status of the USSR potentially provided Ukraine with a path to independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing is the property of Institute of Sociology NAS of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article seeks to explore the interrelations of female gender models and female survival strategies which emerged as a result of fundamental changes in social, economic and political realms after the collapse of the USSR in the independent state of Ukraine. The author tries to reconceptualize the notions of such concepts as “gender role” and “survival strategy” on the example of Ukraine in the period of transformations. The existent classifications of female gender models provided by Ukrainian scholars are analyzed, as well as the similarities and the differences of the theoretical concepts they are grounded on. The author provides the classification of female gender models using the framework of survival strategies, implying that the following gender roles of Housewife, Businesswoman and Nasty Woman are suggested to frame as survival strategies that evolved as the adaptation of the ideal types of Berehynia, Feminist and Barbie respectively. The consequences of the activation of nation-building processes and national revival as well as gradual market mechanisms implementation for the available female survival strategies are analyzed. The exploration of female experiences by the means of examining their personal thematical biographies is necessary for distinguishing ideal gender roles that were promoted in the media and through the political discourse from real survival strategies that women created in the new circumstances. While the new social norms empowered women providing them with new opportunities, economic realities put severe pressure on them. The author outlines further fields of study of the survival strategies exploited by Ukrainian women in the period of transformation and their interrelation with promoted and socially accepted gender models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]