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ABSTRACT This study investigated the effectiveness of using the X-ray technique to assess the viability of papaya seeds. The X-ray images were performed in eight replicates of 25 seeds, placed on transparent acrylic plates on double-sided adhesive tape, previously identified, and then submitted to radiation in X-ray equipment "HP Faxitron". After exposure to X-ray radiation, the seeds were submitted to the germination test in rolls of germitest paper and kept in a germination chamber at 20-30 °C for 30 days. Seedlings were photographed and evaluated as normal seedlings, abnormal and non-germinated seeds. Afterward, the X-ray images and the seedlings from the same seeds were visually compared, and the X-ray images clearly showed seeds with and without internal filling. All abnormal seedlings were full seeds; therefore, X-ray images were not able to separate normal and abnormal. A 100% accuracy was verified by comparing the X-ray images and their respective seedlings, full seeds originated normal or abnormal seedlings, and empty seeds corresponded to non-germinated seeds. Therefore, using X-ray images is a promising technique to identify the viability of papaya seeds. The automated analysis of X-ray images is a simple, fast, and efficient technique to provide information on seed viability and generate parameters related to their germination capacity.

Football, a highly popular sport all over the world, requires that professional footballers practice it on a field of play in ideal conditions, which, among other things, includes the usage and maintenance of healthy natural grass. In this study, we present an unsupervised allocator strategy for image analysis of football pitches that uses k-means clustering and color comparison to assess whether a playing field is in good or bad condition. Our approach considers proportions of dominant RGB colors for automatized decision-making. We developed a prototype and tested it with a series of images; this paper offers a comparison between the findings of this test and our expected results.

Fruits and vegetables losses and wastage have massive impacts on the economy, as they constitute about half of the 1.3 billion tons of food annually lost; on the environment, because its elimination generates 10%-12% of greenhouse gases, and on society, because one of every four calories produced is not consumed. Losses are generated during production, postharvest, and marketing periods. In developing countries, only in postharvest, losses reach between 40% and 50% depending on the product considered. Losses can be grouped into physical, biological, and physiological, and their reduction constitutes a challenge that countries are attempting to tackle through both individual and collaborative actions. For applying successful mitigation strategies, not only their quantification but also the identification of factors and occasions in which losses occur are of utmost importance. In this sense, the use of non-destructive techniques is especially useful as such techniques facilitate the detection of physical damages before they are visible or the identification of pathogens before they develop. Other aspects include the possibility of monitoring refrigeration conditions during storage and transport, identifying the occurrence of a cold chain break, and making it possible to rectify the same. In this paper, various techniques applicable to the identification and reduction of losses are reviewed.

Walls of Interlocking Stabilised Soil Blocks (ISSBs) have been considered in low-cost houses around the world especially in developing countries. These were reported to be very weak in resisting the lateral load (e.g. wind or earthquake) without special considerations. In this paper, mechanical properties (compressive strength, elastic modulus, pre/post crack energy absorbed and toughness index) of ISSBs with three configurations and seven combinations of plain and fibrous mortar cubes are experimentally evaluated. Sisal fibre and rice straw (2% and 5%, by cement mass) were considered for fibrous mortar. Empirical equations were developed to predict elastic modulus. It was found that ISSBs had reasonable strength to be considered for masonry. The failure load and toughness index of 2% sisal fibre samples was improved by 10% and 16%, respectively, whereas 2.21 times enhancement was found in elastic modulus. Thus, 2% sisal fibre in plaster (i.e. reinforced coating) would likely improve the lateral resistance of interlocked masonry walling.

This paper presents a review of algorithms for extracting blood vessels network from retinal images. Since retina is a complex and delicate ocular structure, a huge effort in computer vision is devoted to study blood vessels network for helping the diagnosis of pathologies like diabetic retinopathy, hypertension retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity or glaucoma. To carry out this process many works for normal and abnormal images have been proposed recently. These methods include combinations of algorithms like Gaussian and Gabor filters, histogram equalization, clustering, binarization, motion contrast, matched filters, combined corner/edge detectors, multi-scale line operators, neural networks, ants, genetic algorithms, morphological operators. To apply these algorithms pre-processing tasks are needed. Most of these algorithms have been tested on publicly retinal databases. We have include a table summarizing algorithms and results of their assessment.

Up to now, infrared thermographic approaches have been considered either passive or active. In the latter case, the heat flux is historically attributed to a non-natural heat source. The use of the sun has recently been incorporated into the active approach thanks to multi-temporal inspections. In this paper, an innovative hybrid thermographic (HIRT) approach is illustrated. It combines both the time component and the solar source to obtain quantitative information such as the defect depth. Thermograms were obtained by inspecting the facade of the Santa Maria Collemaggio church (L’Aquila, Italy), whereas quantitative results related to the sub-superficial discontinuities were obtained thanks to the use of advanced techniques. Experimental results linked to passive approach (i.e., the mosaicking procedure of the thermograms) performed by selecting a set of historic churches are also included in order to explain, when and where, the hybrid procedure should be used.

Rajs Arkadiusz, Goździewska-Nowicka Agnieszka, Banaszak-Piechowska Agnieszka, Gospodarczyk Jacek. Szacowanie prędkości pojazdów na podstawie obrazu z kamery = Estimating vehicle speed based on image from camera. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(4):122-126. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.49880 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3456 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 20.03.2016. Revised 17.04.2016. Accepted: 17.04.2016. SZACOWANIE PRĘDKOŚCI POJAZDÓW NA PODSTAWIE OBRAZU Z KAMERY ESTIMATING VEHICLE SPEED BASED ON IMAGE FROM CAMERA dr inż. Arkadiusz Rajs Uniwersytet Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy im. Jana i Jędrzeja Śniadeckich w Bydgoszczy, Wydział Telekomunikacji, Informatyki i Elektrotechniki, Zakład Teletransmisji, Al. Prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, 85-790 Bydgoszcz, arajs@utp.edu.pl dr Agnieszka Goździewska-Nowicka Uniwersytet Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy im. Jana i Jędrzeja Śniadeckich w Bydgoszczy, Wydział Zarządzania, Katedra Organizacji i Zarządzania, ul. Fordońska 430, 85-790 Bydgoszcz, Agnieszka.Gozdziewska@utp.edu.pl dr Agnieszka Banaszak-Piechowska Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy Instytut Fizyki, ul. Weyssenhoffa 11, 85-090 Bydgoszcz, agnb@ukw.edu.pl dr inż. Jacek Gospodarczyk Wyższa Szkoła Gospodarki w Bydgoszczy Instytut Informatyki i Mechatroniki Garbary 2,85-229 Bydgoszcz, jacek.gospodarczyk@byd.pl Streszczenie Praca prezentuje sposób oszacowania prędkości poruszających się pojazdów. Opisano metodę opartą na analizie obrazu oraz przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów. Abstract This Work presents a way to estimate the speed of the moving vehicles. Describes a method based on image analysis, and shows the results of the measurements. Słowa kluczowe: analiza obrazu, prędkość pojazdów, systemy wizyjne. Key words: image analysis, machine vision systems, vehicle speed.

This study evaluated the correlation between measurements of rib-eye areas of sheep carcasses by traditional methods and those obtained by scanned images. Thirty pictures of the longissimus dorsi muscle of sheep carcasses were drawn on tracing paper and analyzed for muscle area (rib-eye) using four methods: scanned images, which utilizes the software DDA -Determinador Digital de Áreas (Digital Area Determiner); measurements "A" and "B" applied to the equation: (A/2 × B/2) × π; Planimeter method and rib-eye grid method. All rib-eye area figures were measured five times by each method, setting up a completely randomized experiment with four treatments and five replicates. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by the Tukey test, Pearson correlation and linear regression by the SAS software. Easiness and difficulties perceived by the evaluators in the performance of each method were also recorded. The method of scanned images analyzed by the software DDA showed high correlation with the methods traditionally used, and can be considered feasible to determine carcass rib-eye area, with the advantage of being easy to operate, flexible, and economical.

Vivemos em um mundo hipervisual, onde a imagem exerce um papel fundamental de identificação, divulgação ideológica e socialização de significados. Mas por muito tempo a imagem foi negligenciada no contexto dos métodos de pesquisa qualitativa. Nesse sentido, é fundamental que as ciências humanas e sociais reconheçam o potencial das imagens com fins de investigação social, mesmo que a criação delas possa ser caracterizada como uma atividade que exige especialização. A análise de imagens não é uma tarefa simples, de fácil acesso a qualquer pesquisador, pois para ultrapassar o nível imanente de interpretação ou o nível de sentido comum, é necessário o aprofundamento de referenciais teóricos que auxiliem a leitura para além do que ela informa em um primeiro olhar. O presente artigo apresenta um exercício prático de análise de uma fotografia com base no método documentário, cuja origem remonta à Sociologia do Conhecimento de Karl Mannheim. A adaptação do método documentário para a análise de imagens foi desenvolvida por Ralf Bohnsack, que, para tanto, também retomou a teoria da Iconologia de Ervin Panofsky e as contribuições de autores como Max Imdahl e Roland Barthes. Espera-se por meio deste artigo oferecer um contraponto à recorrente crítica em relação à falta de fundamentação teórica, de reflexão, assim como de rigor metodológico no tratamento e na análise dos dados. Ao mesmo tempo pretende-se incentivar a inclusão de outros tipos de fontes para além do texto/entrevista e da observação, tais como fotografias, imagens e filmes no âmbito das pesquisas qualitativas.We live in a hyper-visual world, where the image plays a key role in identification, ideological unveiling and socialization of meanings. But for a long time the image was neglected in the context of qualitative research methods. In this sense, it is essential that the human and social sciences recognize the potential of images for the purposes of social investigation, even though creating them might be characterized as an activity that requires expertise. Image analysis is not a simple task, easily accessible to any researcher, since overcoming the inherent level of interpretation, or the level of common sense, requires deepening the theoretical frameworks that help to read beyond what it tells at a first look. In this sense, this paper presents a practical exercise of a photograph analysis based on the documentary method, which has its origin in Karl Mannheim's Sociology of Knowledge. The adaptation of the documentary method for image analysis was developed by Ralf Bohnsack, who, to that end, also returned to the theory of Iconography by Ervin Panofsky and the contributions of authors such as Max Imdahl and Roland Barthes. With this article we aim to offer a counterpoint to the recurring criticism that claims lack of theoretical grounding, reflection, and methodological rigor in both the treatment and the analysis of data. At the same time, we intended to encourage the inclusion of other sources in addition to text/interview and observation, such as photographs, images and movies, in the qualitative research.

This paper describes an approach for the colour-based classification of RGB (red-green-blue) images, acquired using a common scanner, of commercial carbonated soft drinks. Mean histograms of image colour channels were evaluated for the PCA classification of 29 brands of Guaraná, Cola, and orange flavors. Loadings for principal component axes resulted in different patterns for sample grouping on score plots according to RGB histograms. pH, sorbic acid and sucrose measurements were also correlated to the analyzed brands through PCA score plots of the digitalized images.

O teste de raios-X tem sido utilizado por ser um método rápido, preciso e não-destrutivo. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de verificar a possibilidade de sua utilização na detecção de anormalidades em embriões de sementes de acerola. Sementes, dos clones Olivier e Waldy e de "pé-franco", foram radiografadas (radiação de 16 kv e tempo de exposição de 180 segundos) e classificadas em função das condições em que seus embriões se encontravam (morfologicamente normais, morfologicamente anormais ou ausentes). Após a radiografia, as sementes foram colocadas para germinar e, em seguida, as plântulas e as sementes mortas foram fotografadas e disponibilizadas em computador juntamente com as respectivas imagens de raios-X. A técnica de raios-X permite a detecção de danos e anormalidades em embriões de sementes de acerola que são prejudiciais à germinação.The X-ray test has been used for being a fast, accurate and no destructive method. The present paper was carried out with the purpose of verifying the possibility of identifying embryos abnormality of acerola seeds. Seeds from Olivier and Waldy clones androotstock, were radiographed (16 kv radiation and 180 seconds exposition time) and classified in function of their embryos condition (morphologically normal, morphologically abnormal and absent). After the X-ray, all seeds were submitted to a germination test and, after that, the seedlings and dead seeds were photographed and used in a computer with respective X-ray images. The X-ray method permits the detection of damage and abnormality on embryos of acerola seeds which are harmful to germination.

In this paper is compared the stability of different contents of intermetallic particles (Ti3Al and TiAl) in an aluminium alloy (AA6061). A powder metallurgy route combined with a secondary hot extrusion process, was followed to fabricate the composites. The matrix/ reinforcement interaction was enhanced by solubilization heat treatments at temperatures ranging form 470 to 530ºC and times from 1 to 24 h. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to study the microstructure of the composites. The reaction layer thickness and its growing speed were determined by image analysis. The stoichiometric composition was obtained by dispersive energy diffraction of X ray.La presente comunicación compara la estabilidad que presentan diferentes refuerzos intermetálicos (Ti3Al y TiAl) adicionados a una matriz de aluminio (AA6061), empleándose para ambos refuerzos diferentes contenidos del mismo. El método de fabricación elegido combina una vía pulvimetalúrgica con un proceso secundario de extrusión en caliente. Para estudiar la interacción del refuerzo con la matriz, se llevan a cabo tratamientos térmicos de solubilización en estufas con atmósfera controlada, a una temperatura de 530ºC y variando el tiempo entre 0 y 24 h. Se utiliza la microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB) para el estudio microestructural de los compuestos, calculándose el espesor y la velocidad de crecimiento de las capas de reacción mediante técnicas de análisis de imagen. La estequiometría de las capas formadas se determina mediante microanálisis por energías dispersivas de rayos X (EDX).

Discourse analysis after Michel FOUCAULT has barely yet considered images. This lacuna may be considered amazing, as FOUCAULT himself did analyze images often and devoted himself to the relationship between the visible and the sayable. Therefore, this paper deals with the analysis of the relationships between visibilities and sayabilities. The analysis, which includes pictures as well as texts, starts with the question of how something becomes a problem at a certain place and a certain time. This examination of problematizations applies instruments of FOUCAULTian archeology and genealogy. The procedure is based upon the method of participant observation and consists in an eventualization of evidences: at first, it is necessary to break through evidences in order to examine them afterwards as discursive and visual events along the axes of knowledge, power and ethics. In this way, the observed objects, observations and observing subjects are examined in order to describe the relationships between sayabilities and visibilities. This procedure is presented through an example of how disability is shown in the public. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0702239