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Résumé Objectifs Le cerveau et l’esprit sont très souvent objet de controverses dans les psychiatries du monde. L’histoire de la psychiatrie américaine est instructive à ce sujet, les États-Unis ayant accueilli très tôt la psychanalyse, inventé le béhaviorisme, promu la psychiatrie biologique, utilisé la biométrie et fabriqué la classification des maladies mentales qui a eu le plus grand succès. L’objectif de cet article est d’étudier cette histoire. Méthodes L’article propose une étude détaillée des théories, des pratiques et des débats d’idées dans le champ de cette psychiatrie américaine depuis le XVIII e siècle et des politiques fédérales de santé mentale. Résultats La psychiatrie des États-Unis a des particularités liées au concept de destinée manifeste, au protestantisme et au pragmatisme, à la manière dont la nation s’est construite (esclavagisme, conquête de l’Ouest, libéralisme économique) et aux guerres qui n’ont pas cessé de sa naissance à ce jour, de la guerre d’indépendance aux guerres du Moyen-Orient, en passant par la guerre civile et les deux guerres mondiales. Comme elle a su assimiler ses immigrés, elle a assimilé et véhiculé leurs cultures et leurs découvertes en matière de psychiatrie. Elle a elle-même donné naissance à de nombreuses théories et pratiques portées par la mondialisation, entre autres les DSM qui s’inscrivent dans l’évolution culturelle, scientifique, économique et politique de la nation. Les profanes ont été très tôt acteurs des changements, des conflits et de l’antipsychiatrie. Discussion Cet article s’interroge sur le succès croissant de la psychanalyse dans les années 1950 et sur les causes de sa perte d’influence dans les années 1970 qu’il n’impute pas au DSM-III, mais aux psychanalystes américains eux-mêmes. Il tente de démontrer que le DSM-III et les DSM suivants n’ont pas entraîné de changement de paradigme, au sens que lui donne Thomas Kuhn. Conclusion L’histoire de la psychiatrie américaine montre qu’il y a peu de chance pour que s’éteignent les conflits entre les tenants d’un cerveau, encore très mal connu, et ceux d’un esprit, souvent bien mal défini, tant que nos connaissances dans le domaine des troubles mentaux seront aussi minces qu’elles le sont aujourd’hui. Objective Very often, the brain and the mind are objects of controversy in the world of psychiatry. The history of American psychiatry is instructive in this respect. From an early date, the United States embraced psychoanalysis, invented behaviorism, promoted biological psychiatry, used biometry and produced a highly successful classification of mental disorders. The objective of this paper is the study of this history. Method The paper proposes a detailed study of the theories, practices and ideological debates in the field of American psychiatry since the 18th century, and of federal mental health policies. Results Psychiatry in the United States has distinctive features linked to the concept of manifest destiny, Protestantism and pragmatism, to the manner in which the nation was constructed (slavery, conquest of the West, economic liberalism) and to the ceaseless wars, from the War of Independence to the Middle Eastern wars, not forgetting the Civil War and two World Wars. As the nation succeeded in integrating its immigrants, it also assimilated their different cultures and their discoveries in the field psychiatry. Many theories and practices that later diffused by globalization were instigated by the nation, among others the DSMs, part of the cultural, scientific, economic and political development of the nation. Lay people were early protagonists in the constructive shifts, conflicts and anti-psychiatry tendencies. Discussion This paper examines the growing success of psychoanalysis in the 1950s and the causes behind its loss of influence in the 1970s. It does not attribute this loss to the DSM-III, but to the psychoanalysts themselves. It sets out to demonstrate that the DSM-III and later DSMs did not result in a paradigm shift in the meaning of Thomas Kuhn. Conclusion The history of American psychiatry proves that there is little chance of seeing an end to the conflicts between advocates of the brain, still poorly understood, and upholders of the mind, often poorly defined, as long as our knowledge in the field of mental disorders remains as slim as it is today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The so-called « Pouteau-Colles » fracture was never specifically described by Pouteau. This surgeon from Lyons wrote a paper published in his posthumous works in 1783. The author was allowed access to an original edition of the paper at the “Ancienne Ecole de Médecine Navale de Rochefort”. When reading this paper, it seems that Pouteau described a great variety of different kinds of forearm fractures. His original contribution was to define the mechanism of injury as occurring during a fall on the outstretched hand as opposed to direct injury. Pouteau presents a hypothetical muscular theory of fracture pattern etiology, but one that is useful in the understanding of the displacemnt of the bone fragments. He questions the principal role attributed to sprains and luxations at this time in the differential diagnosis of forearm injury. He described four clinical signs to diagnose, at a glance, which bone was injured, the site of the fracture, its displacements and mechanism of inury. Pouteau also presented a precise method of reduction and an original system of immobilisation, able to accomodate secondary displacements and avoid complications that were not fully recognised at that time, namely compartment syndrome and nosocomial infection. Pouteau simply concludes with a question concerning the future methods needed to reduce bony collapse and to fill the bone defects. In order to render special homage to this visionary surgeon, the author propose to attribute to the nosologic entity « fore-arm bone fractures » the qualificative of « Pouteau’s fractures », or to associate to every fracture of the fore-arm described by any other author the name of the Lyons surgeon! [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Résumé Objectifs Cet article présente mes travaux de recherche qui se consacrent depuis une vingtaine d’années aux rapports qu’entretiennent la psychiatrie et la justice au XIX e siècle, ainsi que leur dernier avatar : le cas Antoine Léger, assassin, violeur et anthropophage, jugé en 1824. L’analyse de ce crime, exceptionnel par sa monstruosité mais aussi par la pérennité du cas dont les échos se prolongent jusqu’au début du XX e siècle, permet de tracer le cheminement de l’affaire puis du cas médical, alors qu’on scrute avec une acuité croissante les ressorts intérieurs des actions humaines. Méthode Cette étude de cas est menée dans l’esprit de la démarche micro-historique, à partir d’un large corpus de sources : le dossier judiciaire, l’ensemble des ouvrages médicaux qui ont utilisé ce cas clinique ainsi que des sources de presse générale. Résultats La série des textes qui ont mobilisé le cas Léger montrent combien l’étiologie de la perversité puis des perversions a constitué un axe fécond dans l’histoire de la psychiatrie. Le cas Léger y fait l’objet d’une série de diagnostics, dans un premier temps autour de la question de la responsabilité pénale — Étienne Georget et Étienne Esquirol, contemporains de l’affaire, défendent ainsi l’idée d’un acte fou (monomanie) en dépit de la condamnation de Léger. À partir du milieu du siècle, la question s’infléchit et c’est davantage la nature de l’acte qui retient l’attention des médecins, en une psychopathologie de la cruauté qui mène à l’hypothèse des perversions sexuelles de Krafft-Ebing. Au cours de cette élaboration, la figure du loup-garou, sous-jacente en 1824 et formalisée dans la seconde moitié du siècle, ainsi que sa forme savante, la lycanthropie, paraissent jouer le rôle d’intermédiaires conceptuels capables de fournir la piste d’une interprétation globale du crime. Discussion Cette étude a permis de reconsidérer une affaire déjà travaillée par l’équipe qui travaillait aux côtés de Michel Foucault dans les années 1970 sur un vaste chantier d’histoire de la justice et de la psychiatrie, et de la soumettre à des méthodes neuves du travail par cas tel que Jacques Revel et Jean-Claude Passeron l’ont définie dans le collectif Penser par cas (Paris 2005) : cas porteur de questionnements « susceptibles de redéfinir avec lui une autre formulation de la normalité et de ses exceptions ». Elle a également tiré profit de l’apport fondamental de l’anthropologie, notamment du travail de Daniel Fabre, pour tenter de mettre à distance les discours dominants et d’appréhender, suivant leurs propres sens, les gestes accomplis. Conclusion Antoine Léger, le loup-garou, apporte ainsi sa contribution silencieuse à la réflexion sur les actes pervers et permet de relier deux étapes dans les lectures des gestes cruels : la cruauté/immoralité et la cruauté/perversion sexuelle. Objective This article is the result of twenty years of research on the relationships between psychiatry, crime and justice in the 19th century. This paper focuses in particular on the case of Antoine Léger, found guilty of murder, rape and cannibalism in 1824. The analysis of this particularly horrific case, also characterised by its many repercussions extending into the 20th century, enables the elaboration of the crime and subsequently of the medical case to be followed, as well as the increasing scrutiny of the triggers underpinning human actions. Method The analysis of this case via a micro-historic approach is based on a large corpus of judicial archives, medical writings that made use of the case, and press coverage. Results The series of writings that made use of the Léger case show the extent to which the aetiology of perversity and perversion fuelled reflexion through the history of psychiatry. The Léger affair was the subject of numerous diagnoses, initially focusing on Léger's penal responsibility. Etienne Georget and Etienne Esquirol, contemporaries of the affair, thus supported the idea of an act of madness (monomania) despite the fact that Léger was convicted. From the mid-19th century the questioning changed, and it was the nature of the act that focused the attention of physicians, seen as demonstrating a psychopathology of cruelty, and leading on to the hypothesis of sexual perversion proposed by Krafft-Ebing. According to this elaboration, the figure of the werewolf, latent in 1824 and formalised in the second half of the 19th century, and its scholarly form of lycanthropy, appear to serve as conceptual intermediaries able to provide lines of approach to interpret the crime. Discussion This exploration has enabled a reappraisal of this case, already examined earlier by the team working with Michel Foucault in the 1970s on a wide-reaching history of the judicial system and psychiatry. It also enables consideration of new research methods for case studies as defined by Jacques Revel and Jean-Claude Passeron in their Penser par cas (Paris, 2005), where cases are seen as liable to redefine normality and its exceptions. The study also brought to light the contributions of anthropology, and in particular the work by Daniel Fabre, with an attempt to distance dominant discourse and apprehend acts and gestures in their own meaning. Conclusion Léger the werewolf has thus made a silent contribution to reflection on perverse acts, and this links two stages in the interpretation of cruel acts: cruelty as a form of immorality, and cruelty as sexual perversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Il y a des mentions de combat de coqs qui datent de 3000 ans avant Jésus-Christ ; on sait que Cléopâtre fut grand amateur de cette distraction, que Saint Augustin parla en des termes élogieux du coq de combat et l’on dit qu’Hernan Cortés débarqua avec ses coqs quand il arriva sur les côtes du Mexique. Malgré sa grande importance symbolique et psychopathologique, le combat de coqs est resté hors du regard psychiatrique. Ce n’est que maintenant que l’on commence à reconnaître les addictions sans drogue ou addictions sociales et que l’on prête attention à la ludopathie addictive. L’origine du présent travail fut un patient qui consulta pour cette problématique. Cette communication se propose d’explorer l’expérience vitale du patient au moyen de la méthode phénoménologique et l’analyse existentielle. Une observation sur le terrain fut nécessaire pour connaître la dynamique et l’atmosphère psychosociale de la « gallera » (gallodrome). Par conséquent, la description entremêle le registre idiographique et l’herméneutique symbolique dans un récit à mi-chemin entre la narration littéraire et l’observation scientifique dans un texte organisé en séquences linéaires, même si chacune d’elles peut contenir des oscillations temporelles. On corrèle aussi les données de l’observation empirique avec celles des découvertes scientifiques de la recherche clinique et des neurosciences, ainsi qu’avec notre postulat selon lequel il y a dans la maladie mentale une perte de la liberté et de la complexité qui s’accompagne d’un enclavement en un comportement hautement prévisible qui, une fois engagé, ne permet que peu de modifications. Nous l’avons, dans d’autres travaux, nommé maladie mentale en tant qu’anankè. De la même manière, on met en évidence les composantes symboliques et anthropologiques qui maintiennent dans l’histoire et dans la vie personnelle le comportement addictif du « gallero ». There are records of the cockfight that date back to 3000 BC; Cleopatra was known to be very fond of that distraction. Saint Augustine has expressed in glowing terms about the cock, and it is said that Hernan Cortez landed with his roosters when he arrived on Mexican shores. Despite its symbolic importance and psychopathology, the cockfight has remained outside the psychiatric gaze. Social addictions or without drug addiction are now being recognized and attention is paid to the problem of addictive gambling. The initial motivation for this work came from a patient who consulted for this problem. The purpose of this paper is to explore the experiential world of the patient through the phenomenological and existential analysis. It took the field observation to determine the psychosocial dynamics and atmosphere of the cockpit. Therefore, the description requires a mixture of idiographic and symbolic hermeneutics record, with a story halfway between literary narrative and scientific observation, in a text organized in linear sequences, but each sequence may contain temporal oscillations. We also correlate data from empirical observation with scientific findings of clinical research and neuroscience, as well as a postulate of ours, holding that mental illness is a loss of freedom and complexity, which is accompanied by an interlocking highly predictable behavior, triggered once, it leaves little scope for change, which in other studies, we call mental illness as Ananke. Similarly, evidence is the symbolic and anthropological components that keep the history and personal life, gallero addictive behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper deals with the question of child abuse in xixth century, as it is practically and theoretically considered by forensic medicine and psychiatry. Two exemplary cases are first evoked, as related by par François Leuret (1836) and Adolphe Toulmouche (1838). Then is examined in details the founding text by Ambroise Tardieu (1860), devoted to child abuse and mistreatment. Is recalled the development of the abused child theme in the second half of xixth century, and the building of a child protection system, leading to the 1898 french law. It is shown how the anthropological psychiatric theories (Lombroso, Dupré) fail to explain the child abuse phenomenon. On the other hand, the works of Richard von Krafft-Ebing are fruitful, although they lead to sexualise the problem. Is briefly evoked the new configuration of the problem in xxth century, with “child abuse and neglect” (CAN). Is finally sketched an assessment of xixth century: success of practical forensic medicalization of child abuse, but failure on the side of psychiatric theories concerning the psychopathology of mistreaters. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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Abstract: This work sets out some aspects of psychopathology as it was brought up in the christian monasticism literature during 4–5th centuries. Three authors are approached, in particular, Évagre le Pontique (345–399); Jean Cassien (360–435); Théodore de Pétra (?−530). More widely, this study refers to Apophtegmata Patrum, collection of texts which collects the “words” or the “statements” (it is the greek sens of the word “apophtgeme”) that experimented monks addressed to their followers. Three dimensions of the psychopathology are held: the role of the speech, in particular in the specific “curatio verbi” expression; the psychic interest of the dreamlike life; the original implementation in the Byzantine monasticism of the 5th century of an appropriate social order of reception and care of monks presenting mental confusions. Observed in the light of unpublished way of life relatively, these notions of psychology and disease of the soul, (morbus animae) according to the classic expression, do not lack scientific interest, as far as they are leaned in a conception of the psychic man and of his difficulties which lets augur the humanism of Hegel and the psychiatrists. As such, at least, the ancient Christian monasticism such as it appears in its papers, acquires a legitimate place to be investigated within the framework of a history of the psychopathology. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The history of modern plastic surgery starts when a young, restless ENT man, Dr M. Coelst, started a training in Plastic Surgery with Sebileau in Paris and Joseph in Berlin. This man of vision and far-sighted imagination realized that the separated efforts and publications of so many pioneers, scaterred all over the world, would be lost if not gathered in a scientific journal only devoted to plastic surgery for the benefit of all. This brought him to the idea of establishing, in 1931, at his own initiative, the first international Journal of Plastic Surgery ever published, the Revue de Chirurgie Plastique, fifteen years before the USA Journal Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and sixteen years before the British Journal of Plastic Surgery. The name of the journal was changed in 1935 to the Revue de Chirurgie Structive. Coelst'' Revue was promptly accepted as the leading Journal of Plastic Surgery and all the internationally known plastic Surgeons contributed to it by scientific papers of great value, even today. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The Greek writer Michel Mitsakis (1863–1916) rapidly became known for the dynamic nature of his work, but also for his most singular behavior. His text on a village idiot and on the psychiatric hospital in Corfu are major literary works. After a first hospitalization for “dementia praecox” in 1896, after that date he hardly ever wrote in his native language. On the contrary, between 1900 and 1911, he wrote several poems in French scribbled in the margins of a volume of the Iliad, or on pieces of paper which he left on journalists’ desks. These poems are of great literary importance. The implication of the psychopathological process in Michel Mitsakis’s work is also of major interest. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

On 1859 October 31, in a paper presented to the Socie´te´ me´dico-psychologique, L.V. Marce´ has described the cases of two girls suffering from what Lase`gue and Gull would name, a few years later, anorexia nervosa. Isolation therapy is required for the treatment of these patients.Since the most clinicians have endorsed the therapeutic role of isolation.For instance Charcot have emphazided the need of an “absolute isolation” and nowadays a few teams still believe in isolation or at least a strict separation from family.But at the same time, new therapies have been developped and alternative therapeutic models to full time classical hospitalisation have appeared. In this new programs parents are now integrated (instead of being move away) in a therapeutic alliance, even considered as cotherapists. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]