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This paper discusses of some key issues arising from South African experience of the UK-based Ethical Trading Initiative's (ETI) pilot project in the monitoring of compliance codes of conduct for product sourcing. The paper argues that the experience of 'local stakeholder participation' in the ETI's pilot project in the South African wine industry raises serious questions about the appropriateness and efficacy of 'ethical sourcing' as a vehicle for creative global-local engagement. It explores key elements of the globalizing 'technologies of ethics' deployed by projects like the ETI, and argues that these may simply normalize and regularize power relations in trade between North and South. These limitations are particularly serious in light of the course of labour market restructuring in South Africa, which has reshaped agricultural employment in ways that limit the ability of employment standards to address real difficulties faced by agricultural workers. This does not render 'ethical sourcing' irrelevant, nor does it mean that it can be read as simply securing retailer interests. It does mean, however, that a key question facing 'Southern' organizations and their allies is how to increase the scope for engagement and contestation around the implementation of such initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper interrogates regional competitiveness by analysing tourism innovation and networking as a case study example from the Western Cape region, South Africa. The economic significance of services and tourism to the region, as well as the innovation performance of tourism firms, and the policy environment which supports innovation and tourism are examined. An analysis of micro-data discloses that innovation is widespread and therefore is significant for the competitiveness of the regional tourism economy. The results of this investigation point to the critical need for regional policy to focus on strategic networking linkages to access global knowledge flows, as well as the need to develop tourism as core regional competency, and to strengthen the capacity of local institutions to foster regional innovation, competitiveness and growth in the Western Cape economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Access and use of contraception services by adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) remains suboptimal, exposing AGYW to early and often unexpected pregnancy. Unexpected pregnancies are a public health concern, associated with poor neonatal and maternal health outcomes, as well as school dropout, which may result in economic hardships. This study aimed to explore (a) AGYW perceptions and experiences of receiving contraception services from health care providers and (b) health care providers' perceptions and experiences of providing contraception services to AGYW. Methods: Data were collected through semi-structured individual interviews with AGYW aged 15–24 years old and health care providers working in eight health care facilities around the Cape Town metropolitan area, in South Africa's Western Cape Province. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Results: AGYW and health care providers voiced varying, and often contrasting, perceptions of some of the barriers that hinder AGYW's access to contraception services. AGYW indicated that provider-imposed rules about when to access contraceptive services hindered access, while health care providers felt that these rules were necessary for coordinating their work. In addition, AGYW highlighted health care providers' hostile attitudes towards them as an important factor discouraging access. On the contrary, health care providers did not think that their attitudes hampered AGYW's access to and use of contraception services, instead they emphasised that challenges at the health system level were a major issue, which they feel they have little control over. Such challenges made health care providers' work unpleasant and frustrating, impacting on their work approach and how they receive and offer services to AGYW. Conclusion: The expectation of negative attitudes from health care providers continues to be at the centre of AGYW discouragement towards accessing contraception services. System challenges are among some of the key drivers of health care provider's hostile attitudes, posing challenges to the efficient provision of services. In order to improve AGYW's access to and use of contraception services, and subsequently achieve the country's SDGs, conscious efforts need to be directed towards improving the workload and working conditions of health care providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Institutions of higher learning in South Africa are grappling with occasional power outages in lecture halls, leading to disruptions in academic activities and occasional loss of lecture hours. Therefore, this study presents a comprehensive evaluation of a grid-connected solar PV/Li-ion battery microgrid (μG) system aimed at maintaining a constant power supply to selected lecture halls at a university in the Western Cape, South Africa. The microgrid design, modelling, and simulations, conducted in the MATLAB/Simulink environment, include the solar PV, Li-ion battery, energy consumption of the lecture halls (load profile), boost converter, bidirectional converter, and grid. Using the detailed design, modelling, and simulation, the study evaluates the economic and environmental impacts of integrating μGs, focusing on enhancing energy reliability, reducing operational costs, and mitigating CO2 emissions. The results indicate that integrating the microgrid resulted in a significant 51% reduction in energy cost and a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions by 530 kgCO2e per hour. In Cases 2 and 4, where the battery supplied power, the annual battery degradation costs are 6.08% and 14.9% of the initial cost, respectively. The μG ensures an uninterrupted power supply and improves the overall reliability of the university's energy infrastructure. It promotes environmental sustainability goals of zero emissions and maintains continuous academic activities during grid outages. Furthermore, it fosters a conducive learning environment, supports innovation and creativity in sustainable energy technologies, and sets a standard for other higher education institutions to integrate renewable energy-powered μGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paternalism as a mechanism of control has been used on South African farms since the seventeenth century. This paper explores the gendered nature of paternalism on grape farms in the Western Cape in the contemporary period and illustrates the contradictory and convoluted manner in which paternalism is played out. Control is not always the preserve of the farmer and other residents can exert control and put into effect paternalistic notions of support or denial. Women living on farms have a variety of ways in which they either make demands on the famer or avoid contact with him. This paper examines the complex and often hidden aspect of female interaction that occurs within paternalism and shows how women at particular points in the life-cycle are far less vulnerable to paternalistic authority than women at other points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the dawn of democracy promised a new beginning in South Africa, lingering effects of Apartheid remained, including the struggle to address gang violence and gender-based violence amidst the backdrop of widespread organised crime and corruption, social inequality, a sluggish economy, and poor service delivery. The last policy - National Anti-Gangsterism Strategy (2017) - required implementation at provincial level. This study examines the Western Cape policy content and deconstructs the concept of gangsterism. The paper shows that sustained anti-gang strategies and interventions demand structural obstacles and inequality are addressed in the context of the spill-over from the Apartheid era. Notably, it will be concluded that there are long-term benefits of reframing the problem of gangsterism in the Western Cape as 'a youth-at-risk-crisis' with specific attention gender-sensitivity to contribute to local peacebuilding by focusing on youth to exert agency and become empowered in pursuit of individual and community resilience and active citizenry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary commercial agricultural production in the Western Cape bears the legacies of longstanding racialised paternalism. Attending to interpersonal interactions and expectations in this milieu, this paper interrogates the changing conceptions and experiences of poverty, personalism, and development among farmworkers in the neoliberal 2010s. Central to the analysis are two vignettes. The first captures interaction between an employer and an employee of a relatively progressive farming business, and the second presents the experiences of a woman farmworker with an empowerment project run by a non-governmental organisation. Both vignettes show how claims to develop or empower inadvertently affirm the disempowerment of those being developed or empowered, while the privileged status of those doing development remains unchallenged. The Afrikaans idiom of 'as jy arm is, is jy fokol! [if you're poor, you're nothing]' brings out the rawness of emotions, expressing a breach in promises of development, as a way out of poverty and powerlessness. Despite the nominal moral consensus over poverty reduction objectives and policies, the neoliberal economy of development in post-apartheid South Africa produces its own social and material inequalities. The burdens and humiliations resulting from changing character of inequalities manifest in interpersonal interactions, perpetuating feelings of worthlessness among the working poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A critical focus within the growing scholarship around tourism development and planning is that of tourism and local economic development (LED) planning. This paper investigates the nexus of tourism and LED planning in South Africa. Arguably, South Africa provides fertile territory for exploring this relationship because of the national importance of tourism for the economy as a whole and of a policy commitment by national government to the support of sub-national development planning. Evidence is presented from the Overstrand Local Municipality in the Western Cape, one of many small towns where tourism is a critical local economic driver. The evidence shows that tourism expansion can contribute to enhanced growth of the local economy as well as job creation for local communities. This said, the existing ownership structure of the local tourism economy is massively weighted to white entrepreneurs such that the local tourism economy cannot be described as inclusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial forestry plantations are an important and valuable segment of the South African economy and forest managers are required to maximise and sustain forest productivity. However, various factors such as the outbreak of damaging agents are constantly hampering forest health and thus decrease productivity. It is therefore important to detect the presence and spread of these agents within plantation forests, a task efficiently achieved using remote sensing technology. A wide assortment of sensors with varying resolutions are available and have been extensively used for this purpose. This paper reviews the current status of remote sensing of forest health in South Africa by providing insight on the latest developments on the use of the technology in forest plantations. A systematic search was executed on Google Scholar, ScienceDirect® and EBSCOhost® databases that identified 627 articles of which 29 made reference to remote sensing of forest health in South Africa. Four key results were found: (1) the latest technology is capable of detecting and monitoring forest health with great accuracy, especially with the adoption of machine learning methods; (2) studies employing remote sensing to characterise forest health have burgeoned since 2006 with even more applying hyperspectral data; (3) most studies were spatially concentrated in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands region around Pietermaritzburg with only a few over the Western Cape; and (4) the remote detection of pest outbreaks and pathogens have received much attention followed by alien invasive plants and a few studies directed to fragmentation. Present and future partnerships may open up opportunities for exploit- ing remote sensing further; this should address growing expectations from government and industry for more detailed and accurate information concerning the health and condition of South Africa's plantation forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Consumers worldwide have recently become more aware that their consumption preferences and habits influence not only the environment, but also other people's lives. These 'ethical' consumers are therefore said to consider the moral features of the product or service in their consumption decision. The most prominent ethical consumption label is the Fair Trade label, which was established to enhance the living and working conditions of those working on small-scale farm cooperatives in developing countries. Aim: This paper aims to determine wine tourists' willingness to pay (WTP) for improved working and living conditions for wine farm workers. Setting: The research was conducted at the largest wine festival in South Africa, the Wacky Wine Festival in Robertson in the Western Cape, an area renowned for its wine and fruit products. Method: The concept of a socially acceptable logo on the wine bottle – signalling fair wages to the farm workers – was assessed by using a double-bounded contingent valuation approach. Wine tourists completed 397 questionnaires during the festival in June 2017. Results: The results indicate that 80% of wine tourists are willing to pay more for socially responsible wines. The responsible wine consumer is typically younger and a premium of R11 per bottle of wine would be accepted if it signals fair treatment of workers. Conclusion: The socially responsible wine tourist in South Africa is more concerned about quality and the moral implications of the wine than the price. There is support for the implementation of a socially responsible label for wine products. Keywords: Wine tourism; ethical consumption; contingent valuation; Wacky Wine Festival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Road Safety is a major cause of death around the world and South Africa has one of the highest road fatality rates. Many measures, engineering and medical, are investigated. However, analysis of the accessibility of emergency care facilities is often overlooked. This paper aims to fill the gap between pre-crash engineering solutions and literature on trauma injuries and emergency care procedures. The focus is on the role that accessibility to emergency care facilities in rural areas plays, given that 50% of the world's population lives in rural areas, which are often omitted from international research. The Western Cape (a rural province with low population volumes and high volume roads in South Africa) is analysed as an example of access to trauma care in rural areas. Method It is internationally accepted that the time to emergency care facilities influences the survival chances. However, the international literature still debates the exact time period. In this paper, the 'Golden Hour' is used to analyse the accessibility of emergency care facilities in rural areas and establish a geographical analysis method which identifies risk areas. The analysis can be repeated if the international literature debates regarding the exact time period changes. Results A Geographical Information System (GIS) tool revealed that 53% of the fatalities in the rural parts if the Western Cape occur outside the Golden Hour. In high risk crash areas, the fatality risk is up to nine times higher than the province's rural average. People in need of trauma care after a road crash are most likely to survive if they receive definitive care timeously. At the time of the study, the rural areas in the Western Cape had 44 Emergency Medical Services stations and 29 medical facilities that can assist to provide definitive (trauma) care. Further optimisation of the facility locations is recommended and research has begun. More advanced geographical modelling is possible when improved data becomes available on the 'Golden Hour' theory, differential times for varying injury types or travel speeds of ambulances. This, more advanced, modelling can reduce the road crash burden in rural areas around the world further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In early 2012, South Africa's Western Cape Province enacted new alcohol control legislation amid mounting concern with the costs of alcohol-related harms. This has focused on urban shebeen closure to control the informal, unlicensed trade and the harms it generates through crime, violence and injury. In contrast to policy discourse, this paper contends that rather than existing outside regulation, the city's shebeeners embrace multiple (self and collective) regulatory strategies to manage the inherent risks of their own informality. Drawing on novel empirical data including a ‘business census’ and interviews with the police and liquor traders across four Cape Town case study sites, the paper adds new depth to contemporary engagements with the appropriate and equitable regulation of the South African informal liquor trade. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

As the concept of social-ecological resilience gains increasing policy attention, there is growing demand for approaches that operationalise it. Amongst these demands is the need to empirically assess absorptive, adaptive and transformative capacities that underpin resilience to better understand the ways in which social-ecological systems can navigate change and uncertainty. We explore the application of a capitals approach for assessing resilience capacities, using an example of deciduous fruit farming operations in the Western Cape region of South Africa. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, thematically coded, and analysed using causal loop diagrams and co-occurrence analyses to identify changes experienced by farming operations, their responses to these changes, and the effects of both on capital resources. We then apply the criteria developed for the classification of resilience capacities. A variety of changes affect farming operations at multiple points across the value chain, and have effects across capital resources. Most significant to farmers are changes which impact the amount of water available and the cashflow they require to sustain their operations. The most common responses employed by farmers consisted of activities which either increase the availability of an affected resource, or decrease its demand in order to maintain the same functions (adaptive capacity). In fewer cases, farming operations were able to absorb the depletion of their capital resources due to pre-emptive management (absorptive capacity). In similarly few cases, the potential or realised resource deficiencies caused by changes were either corrected or decoupled from the farming operation through structural reorganisation towards a different or additional function and types of output being delivered (transformative capacity). Evidence of changes being anticipated prior to their onset were also identified, leading to responses which are used in conjunction with the preceding three capacities. Our findings suggest that the criteria we developed for classifying resilience capacities offer a useful means of operationalising resilience. In particular, the approach we pilot in this paper enables the application of a systems perspective to identify interactions between changes and responses, which broadens the options for identifying management strategies and interventions. The approach we propose can be used to identify key leverage points to strengthen the capacities of vulnerable farmers. Further work is required to integrate consideration of cross-scale effects of farm-scale resilience strategies on the broader social-ecological system. [Display omitted] • Empirical examples of studies which operationalise social-ecological resilience are in high demand. • We assess resilience identifying the capital effects of change and responses in farming operations. • The interaction between changes and responses are used to infer capacities of resilience. • Most response strategies reveal adaptive capacity, with other capacities utilised to a lesser extent. • The criteria employs a systemic outlook which broadens considerations for responses and management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2015 the Western Cape Government (WCG) in South Africa introduced the e-Learning Game Changer initiative to offer teachers in public schools information and communications technology (ICT) resources to improve their pedagogy. Despite the efforts by the WCG to improve ICT use for teaching in public schools, successful ICT integration hardly takes place in several historically disadvantaged (albeit affluent) schools, which constitute a minority of schools in the Western Cape. The primary aim of this study was to investigate those conversion factors allowing or impeding teachers in two public primary schools in the Western Cape from attaining the potential capabilities required for successful ICT integration. Amartya Sen's capability approach was used as the study's theoretical framework. The study employed a qualitative research method involving 10 educators observed during their lessons and interviewed. The findings confirmed that only a few conversion factors, such as the attainment of ICT skills through a community of practice and university training by the teachers, provided them with capabilities to use ICT to deliver curriculum content and perform basic ICT skills effectively. Several conversion factors, including teachers' age, provincial and school policies, infrastructure and resources, prevented these teachers from realising their ICT potential. This study contends that the White Paper on e-Education (2004) policy might benefit from the results, which could help to build or rethink programmes that encourage continual teacher training. Transdisciplinarity Contribution: This research shows that policymakers need to take into consideration the conversion factors that may impact teachers' capabilities to deliver curriculum utilising ICTs. This study's findings provide new light on how these conversion factors limit or expand teachers' ICT capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to map place of cancer diagnosis in relation to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) care centre among people living with HIV (PLHIV) within South Africa (SA) using national laboratory database. Design: We linked HIV and cancer laboratory data from 2004–2014 using supervised machine-learning algorithms. We performed a cross-sectional analysis comparing province where individuals accessed their HIV care versus where they had their cancer diagnosis. Setting: We used laboratory test records related to HIV diagnostics and care, such as CD4 cell counts and percentages, rapid tests, qualitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), antibody and antigen tests for HIV data that was documented as HIV positive and laboratory diagnosed cancer records from SA. Study population: Our study population consisted of HIV records from the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) that linked to cancer record at the National Cancer Registry (NCR) between 2004–2014. Primary and secondary outcomes: We linked HIV records from NHLS to cancer records at NCR in order to study the inherent characteristics of the population with both HIV and cancer. Results: The study population was 68,284 individuals with cancer and documented HIV related laboratory test. The median age at cancer diagnosis was 40 [IQR, 33–48] years for the study population with most cancers in PLHIV diagnosed in females 70.9% [n = 46,313]. Of all the PLHIV and cancer, 25% (n = 16,364 p < 0.001) sought treatment outside their province of residence with 60.7% (n = 10,235) travelling to Gauteng. KZN had 46.6% (n = 4,107) of its PLHIV getting cancer diagnosis in Gauteng. Western Cape had 95% (n = 6,200) of PLHIV getting cancer diagnosis within the province. Conclusions: Our results showed health systems inequalities across provinces in SA with respect to cancer diagnosis. KZN for example had nearly half of the PLHIV getting cancer diagnosis outside the province while Western Cape is able to offer cancer diagnostic services to most of the PLHIV in the province. Gauteng is getting over burdened with referral for cancer diagnosis from other provinces. More effort is required to ensure equitable access to cancer diagnostic services within the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis A (HAV) presents a significant global health concern with diverse clinical manifestations primarily transmitted through fecal–oral routes, emphasizing the critical role of sanitation and water cleanliness in transmission dynamics. Age-related variations, notably asymptomatic presentation in children, add complexity. The World Health Organization's (WHO) endemicity classification aids in understanding prevalence and control strategies. This study examines 2023 South African epidemiological data on HAV cases, evaluating age distribution, incidence rates, and provincial disparities. Data from the national surveillance system and weather services were analyzed. Findings reveal distinct age-related trends, with the highest seroprevalence observed in the 5–9 age group with the most burdened areas located in the Western Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, and Gauteng provinces. Furthermore, seasonal rainfall variations correlate with increased incidence in Western Cape and KZN. The amalgamation of results suggest a potential epidemiological shift, emphasizing the need for updated immunization strategies. Noteworthy patterns, like the rise in 5–9-year-olds, may be influenced by factors such as school clustering and migration. Provincial disparities and the impact of climatic events underscore the necessity for dynamic vaccination strategies and surveillance network enhancements. This study highlights the urgency for improved understanding and response to HAV in South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The traditional HIV treatment cascade aims to visualise the journey of each person living with HIV from diagnosis, through initiation on antiretroviral therapy (ART) to treatment success, represented by virological suppression. This representation has been a pivotal tool in highlighting and quantifying sequential gaps along the care continuum. There is longstanding recognition, however, that this may oversimplify the complexity of real-world engagement with HIV services in settings with mature high-burden HIV epidemics. A complementary "cyclical" cascade has been proposed to represent the processes of disengagement at different points on the care continuum, with multiple pathways to re-engagement, although the feasibility of implementing this at scale has been uncertain. This study aimed to populate, refine, and explore the utility of a cyclical representation of the HIV cascade, using routine data from a high-burden HIV setting. Methods and findings: This observational cohort study leveraged person-level data on all people living with HIV in the Western Cape (WC), South Africa, who accessed public health services in the 2 years prior to 31 December 2023. Programme data from disease registers were complemented by data from pharmacy and laboratory systems. At study closure, 494 370 people were included, constituting 93% of those of those estimated to be living with HIV in the province, of whom 355 104 were on ART. Substantial disengagement from HIV care was evident at every point on the cascade. Early treatment emerged as a period of higher risk of disengagement, but it did not account for the majority of disengagement. Almost all those currently disengaged had prior experience of treatment. While re-engagement was also common, overall treatment coverage had increased slowly over 5 years. The transition to dolutegravir-based regimens was dramatic with good virological outcomes for those in care, notwithstanding a clearly discernible impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on viral load (VL) testing. People currently engaged and disengaged in care are similar with respect to age and gender. Those who died or disengaged recently were previously distributed across a range of cascade statuses, and a substantial proportion of those newly initiating and re-initiating treatment were no longer on treatment 6 months later. The main limitation of this study was incomplete evidence of HIV testing, linkage to HIV-specific services, and out-of-facility mortality. Conclusions: Using routine data, it was possible to populate and automate a cyclical cascade of HIV care that continuously captured the nonlinear care journeys of individuals living with HIV. In this generalised mature HIV epidemic, most people are treatment experienced. Disengagement is common and occurs at various points along the cascade, making it challenging to identify high-impact intervention opportunities. While historical HIV cascades remain valuable for target setting and service monitoring, they can be complemented with insights from more detailed cyclical cascades. Jonathan Euvrard and colleagues leverage routinely collected data from a high-burden HIV setting to demonstrate the feasibility of populating a cyclical HIV care cascade as part of routine service provision and to identify care gaps and temporal trends and changes to cascade statuses. Author summary: Why was this study done?: While there had been broad enthusiasm for cyclical representations of the HIV care cascade, the feasibility and utility of populating such representations using routine data in high-burden settings like South Africa are unknown. What did the researchers do and find?: The researchers used routine person-level data from 494 370 people who recently accessed public health services in the Western Cape (WC), South Africa, to adapt and populate a cyclical cascade of HIV care. The study uncovered complex patterns of engagement, disengagement, and re-engagement at various cascade points. Early treatment emerged as a period of higher risk of disengagement, but it did not account for the majority of disengagement. Trends over time demonstrated the shift among those starting ART from first-ever HIV engagement to re-engagement and service disruptions resulting from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. What do these findings mean?: With an appropriate data consolidation environment within the health services, it is readily feasible to continuously populate a cyclical representation of the HIV cascade of care using routine administrative and clinical data. The findings provide insights into the complex nature of engagement with HIV care. The identification of disengagement at multiple points on the care journey suggests the need for scalable, inclusive interventions. While historical cascades remain important tools, the cyclical cascade offers a complementary understanding of engagement patterns, contributing to ongoing efforts to refine public health strategies and improve HIV care outcomes. The main limitation of this study was incomplete evidence of HIV testing, linkage to HIV-specific services and out-of-facility mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is experiencing an upward trend. This study investigates the utilization of space-time cubes to visualize and interpret PM2.5 data in South Africa over multiple temporal intervals spanning from 1998 to 2022. The findings indicated that the mean PM2.5 concentrations in Gauteng Province were the highest, with a value of 53 μg/m3 in 2010, whereas the lowest mean PM2.5 concentrations were seen in the Western Cape Province, with a value of 6.59 μg/m3 in 1999. In 2010, there was a rise in the average concentration of PM2.5 across all provinces. The increase might be attributed to South Africa being the host nation for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. In most provinces, there has been a general trend of decreasing PM2.5 concentrations over the previous decade. Nevertheless, the issue of PM2.5 remains a large reason for apprehension. The study also forecasts South Africa's PM2.5 levels until 2029 using simple curve fitting, exponential smoothing and forest-based models. Spatial analysis revealed that different areas require distinct models for accurate forecasts. The complexity of PM2.5 trends underscores the necessity for varied models and evaluation tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the factors that influence COVID-19 transmission is essential in assessing and mitigating the spread of the pandemic. This study focuses on modeling the impact of air pollution and meteorological parameters on the risk of COVID-19 transmission in Western Cape Province, South Africa. The data used in this study consist of air pollution parameters, meteorological variables, and COVID-19 incidence observed for 262 days from April 26, 2020, to January 12, 2021. Lagged data were prepared for modeling based on a 6-day incubation period for COVID-19 disease. Based on the overdispersion property of the incidence, negative binomial (NB) and generalised Poisson (GP) regression models were fitted. Stepwise regression was used to select the significant predictors in both models based on the Akaike information criterion (AIC). The residuals of both NB and GB regression models were autocorrelated. An autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model was fitted to the residuals of both models. ARIMA (7, 1, 5) was fitted to the residuals of the NB model while ARIMA (1, 1, 6) was fitted for the residuals of the GP model. NB + ARIMA (7, 1, 5) and GP + ARIMA (1, 1, 6) models were tested for performance using root mean square error (RSME). GP + ARIMA (1, 1, 6) was selected as the optimal model. The results from the optimal model suggest that minimum temperature, ambient relative humidity, ambient wind speed, PM 2.5 , and NO 2 at various lags are positively associated with COVID-19 incidence while maximum relative humidity, minimum relative humidity, solar radiation, maximum temperature, NO, PM load, PM 10 , SO 2 , and NO X at various lags have a negative association with COVID-19 incidence. Ambient wind direction and temperature showed a nonsignificant association with COVID-19 at all lags. This study suggests that meteorological and pollution parameters play a vital independent role in the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School psychologists often face complex ethical and legal issues in their work, which become more challenging as the needs of students and school systems evolve. When faced with ethical dilemmas, it can be difficult for school psychologists to determine the best course of action, particularly when there is no clear solution. This study explored the ethical dilemmas experienced by psychologists working in South African schools in the Western Cape. The aim was to understand the ethical landscape in which they operate. The research was conducted through semi-structured telephone interviews with 16 participants, who shared 58 ethical dilemmas they had experienced. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis, identifying six themes: confidentiality, role definition, assessments and reports, workload, consent, and scope of practice. Participants utilized various strategies to manage dilemmas, such as relying on professional codes, setting boundaries, seeking supervision, and prioritizing the child's best interests. The study highlights the complex context in which school psychologists navigate ethical issues and their impact on the types of dilemmas they face. Finally, suggestions are provided for training and practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper indicates how modern spatial computing technology can be used for developing spatial policy for, and planning of outdoor action and adventure recreation and tourism (OAART). An application was performed in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. The research overviews spatial recreation and tourism development policy, marketing and express outdoor recreationist and tourist preferences that translate into spatial suitability indicators or attraction features captured in a spatial resource database. Special attention was given to the conceptual foundations of attraction and what can be captured in spatial format as mapped variables. The methodological approach of spatial multiple criteria evaluation (MCE) by weighted linear combination of spatial factor layers as images in a geographical information system (GIS) are explained. The outcome in map format demonstrates the execution of the technique for the Western Cape. The fine-scale spatial result was compared with the coarser regional indicators of the marketing-based spatial development framework proposed to guide official recreation and tourism planning. The results are useful for entrepreneurial and regulatory planning and may be replicated in different spatial locations provided a supporting database exists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses South Africa's fourth local democratic elections that were held on 18 May 2011. Set within a brief context of global and national political-economic conditions, some recent local government elections in Africa, local community unrest in South Africa and the South African local government electoral system, the paper discusses the nature of the contestation that the principal political parties in the elections engaged in. Drawing on data from the 2001 and 2006 local government elections, and the national and provincial elections of 2004 and 2009, the paper highlights and discusses, with particular focus on the Western Cape and KwaZulu-Natal Provinces, the critical results and trends stemming from the 2011 municipal elections. It concludes that the South African political landscape is volatile, with political parties having the opportunity to seize available political spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article highlights the role of teacher talk as a semiotic, mediational means in fulfilling the Vygotskian calling of schools - the development of scientific concepts and higher cognitive functions. The author argues that the developmental importance of semiotic mediation points to the need to understand the developmental consequences of variation in semiotic mediation, which leads to the appropriation of different psychological tools. Given the importance of semiotic mediation in the development of higher cognitive functions, such as mathematical calculations and reasoning, this paper asks what happens to semiotic mediation when one changes the pedagogical context, in this case face-to-face mathematics lessons and computer-based mathematics lessons. Four teachers and 179 students in a rural Western Cape, South African school participated in the small scale exploratory case study. Findings indicate that there is significant variation in semiotic mediation across contexts, which calls into question the developmental impact this will have on children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although South Africa is committed to a policy of linguistic diversity, the language-in-education policy is still plagued by the racialization of language issues under apartheid and, more recently, by new challenges posed by internal African migration. Drawing on the experience of a school in the Western Cape Province, this paper explores the role of language profiles in a speaker-centered approach to school language policy. Attention is paid to the ways in which the attribution of learners to clear-cut linguistic categories - in this case English and Afrikaans - and their 'monolingualization' within the process of literacy learning are at odds with both their everyday experiences of language and their linguistic aspirations. Using biographic and topological multimodal approaches with 13- to 15-year-old students at the school, it makes a contribution to the growing corpus of research that foregrounds the learner perspective and emphasizes emotional dimensions of literacy and language learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper revolves around 'grounded theory', based on empirical work undertaken by the author since 2000 involving case studies of a set of application-oriented research centres/units at Western Cape universities. Most of these research groupings were involved in what are termed triple helix research relations linking university-industry-government (U-I-G). The first part of the paper relates this grounded theory to ideas of Henry Etkowitz and colleagues, about the new third mission (of socio-economic development) of universities undergoing what they term a '2nd academic revolution'. But it is argued that absent from the latter ideas are important additional concepts of "use-inspired basic research' and a (new post-1970s) 'third industrial capitalist revolution'. The second part relates this set of analytical concepts including the 'additions', to the theoretical framework of ideas and questions being developed by the author in a new research project: this focuses on what he terms the 'fourth helix' of university-civil society (U-CS) research relations, with new case studies to investigate these CS linkages. The latter currently have an 'orphan' status alongside the dominant triple helix relations -- but questions are raised about how a scholarship of engagement of university researchers with CS can be enhanced in South Africa and internationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The post-apartheid Dance Studies curriculum in South Africa is attempting to offer school learners both an education and training in dance as an art form. The outcomes-based syllabi are intended to ensure that learners come to respect the diversity of South African society, and therefore a range of dance styles and genres are offered in order to enhance understanding and appreciation of this diversity. Serious questions and problems arise, however, when the intentions need to be translated and implemented into the classroom. Both political and cultural issues inform the hidden curriculum of the syllabi. In addition, the context of schooling in much of the Western Cape, in particular, means that many of the learners in schools offering Dance Studies are drawn from communities beset by current social and political strife. This paper attempts to raise some of the issues involved when we ask: Whose dance are we teaching in the classroom? To what end? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provincial governments in South Africa, commencing with the Western Cape, are expected to institute provincial fuel levies in addition to the existing national fuel levy in future. This paper presents results from a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model calibrated with a detailed Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) to evaluate the effects of a 3 per cent provincial fuel levy implemented simultaneously in all provinces. The results are presented for the petroleum products market, government, the macro economy, industries, factor income (including employment) and household income and expenditure. Results indicate that although the impact of the fuel levy is not drastic, it is large relative to the expected revenue gain. The impact is distributed more uniformly than was expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper adopts a postmodern perspective to account for post-2000 electoral urban politics in the Municipality of Stellenbosch in South Africa's Western Cape Province. It seeks to (1) explain the politics of reaction, the politics of resistance (or reconstruction), and the cultural politics of difference and identity that characterize a South African municipality; (2) study the reversals in the politics of reaction, the politics of resistance and the new cultural politics of difference and identity that characterize a South African municipality after political floor crossing and regime change; and (3) discuss the consequences of political floor crossing and a change in the political 'hegemon' for place-making and the 'geography of difference' at the municipal level in South Africa. It concludes that the Stellenbosch case highlights, within the context of postmodern urban politics, critical elements of the new cultural politics of multiplicity, difference and identity, and strategic alliances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the axes of social transformation in the postapartheid state has been the provision of private property to low-income households. This paper examines the effects of opportunities for housing as residents of a shantytown in the Western Cape moved to formal houses in a new suburban housing development. It argues that residents are engaged in ongoing efforts to secure their visions of ideal domestic relations, and that it is important to see these in terms of efforts to consolidate social arrangements and the contingency and indeterminacy of human social arrangements as people struggle with available social conditions to shape lives that conform to differing ideals . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on material generated in research in an informal settlement in the Western Cape, and building on the ideas of Michel de Certeau (1988) and Shirley Ardener (1993), the paper explores how spaces are gendered. it shows that processes of objectification similar to those involved in map-making operate as punishment for those who violate gendered spatial conventions. The paper calls for an understanding of the contexts within which abstraction emerges, and a careful attention to local conventions. It demonstrates that representations generated using senses other than vision do not elide the temporal: smell- and sound-scapes illustrate the complex folding of time and routine into the everyday in ways that cartographic representations cannot. A phenomenological approach is beckoned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We combine GPN theory with a water stewardship approach. • Export-oriented fruit producers in South Africa face a range of water risks. • To ensure their water security, they deploy different mitigating strategies. • These strategies depoliticise post-apartheid water allocation in South Africa. • This has negative impacts for water governance & actors beyond the fruit industry. This paper investigates the strategies export-oriented agricultural firms use to mitigate water risks. By doing so, we respond to a gap in Global Production Network (GPN) scholarship, whereby the relationships between economic production and the natural environment have received insufficient attention. We build on GPN 2.0′s formulation of environmental risk as a causal driver of firms' strategies, combining it with the concept of water stewardship. Empirical evidence is drawn from the export-oriented fruit industry in South Africa's Western Cape. We find that while current water risk mitigating strategies are successful in securing water for fruit producers, these also have negative impacts on the wider South African water governance regime by depoliticising water allocation. In post-apartheid South Africa, this is deeply problematic. Our findings emphasise the imperative for research to consider the wider socio-political and ecological context when evaluating firm strategies to mitigate water and other environmental risks in South Africa and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Western Cape Province of South Africa has a Mediterranean climate of winter rainfall and hot, dry summers. The rivers have all been dammed to manage the available water resources. Every year at the end of summer, water restrictions are enforced by fines by the municipality in Cape Town, to ensure economies to eke out the dwindling reserves until the winter rains set in. The paper describes the situation in the 2017 dry season and examines possible solutions to the chronic water shortage such as use of ground water, desalination of sea water and recycling of waste water. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The National Youth Service Programme is a South Africa government youth development intervention that aims at inculcating moral values in the youth by instilling the culture of patriotism through volunteerism. This paper aimed at investigating the extent to which the National Youth Service Programme (NYSP) contributes to the development of young people in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. A qualitative research approach was used to understand the participants lived experience. Semi-structured interview was used to gather data. The target group was 10 youths who were part of the National Youth Service Programme in the Western Cape. The researchers used purposive sampling, phenomenological as the research design. The finding of this study highlighted that the NYSP positively contributes to the entrepreneurship mindset, character building, community uplifting, leadership skills, poverty eradication, and attainment of vocational skills among young people. The study affirms that the level of poverty among young people was reduced through the National Youth Service Programme. The study recommends that the National Youth Development Agency should ensure that 90% of the budget allocated for the Presidential Youth Service Programme in post COVID-19 South Africa goes to the unemployed youth. The NYDA should have a monitoring and evaluation system in place to assess the impact of the programme on positive youth development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Healthcare workers globally have experienced increased social and occupational stressors in their working environments and communities because of COVID-19 which has increased the risk of mental health concerns. This study aimed to explore the prevalence and correlates of depression and anxiety amongst healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Western Cape, South Africa. In addition, role-related stressors and coping strategies were explored. Material and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of doctors and nurses working in public healthcare facilities across the Western Cape, South Africa. Participants completed the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D), the Professional Quality of Life (PROQL-R-IV), and the Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (COPE-R) scales. Data were analysed using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results: The sample comprised 416 health workers (303 nurses, 113 doctors). Almost 40% of the sample (n = 161) had CES-D scores suggestive of probable depression, and 45.9% (n = 186) had GAD-7 scores suggestive of anxiety. In the logistic regression model, the odds of probable depression were higher for female participants compared to men (OR = 2.26, 95% CI 1.00–5.10) and for participants who used behavioural disengagement as a coping strategy (OR = 1.50, 95% CI 1.14–1.97). More time spent working with COVID patients was associated with increased odds of having high levels of anxiety [OR = 1.13, 95% CI (1.02–1.25). Substance use (OR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.08–1.81), venting (OR = 1.31, 95% CI 1.01–1.70), and self-blame (OR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.08–1.87) were some of the coping strategies used by healthcare workers. High levels of secondary traumatic stress and burnout were found to increase the odds of both depression and anxiety. Conclusion: Findings of this study suggest that there is a high prevalence of mental health issues among healthcare workers, and a critical need to focus on workplace mental health interventions to support these frontline workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, 16 sediment samples were collected from Bree, Klein-Brak, Bakens and uMngeni rivers of South Africa and were prepared, analysed and evaluated for the activity concentration of 238U, 232Th and 40K concerning its radiogenic heat production using a high-purity germanium detector. The results show that 238U is the prevalent radionuclide in radiogenic heat production, with 232Th and 40K emerging as trace elements. The mean activity concentrations are 28.97%, 63.69% and 7.34% for uranium, thorium and potassium, respectively, from all sampling locations. This shows that a high radioactive concentration of a specific radionuclide does not necessarily imply its increased contribution to radiogenic heat production. The radionuclide contributions to radiogenic heat production at all sampled locations are 59.39%, 35.11% and 5.50% for uranium, thorium and potassium, respectively. The mean radiogenic heat production rate in the study area ranged from 0.0180 $\mu Wm^{-3}$ μW m − 3 in sediment samples from the Bree River in Western Cape to 0.0072 $\mu Wm^{-3}$ μW m − 3 in sediment samples of uMgeni River in KwaZulu-Natal. All values obtained for this study are five times lower than the average continental radiogenic heat production of 1 $\mu Wm^{-3}$ μW m − 3 . This study provides insight into the radiogenic heat production rate due to the presence of radionuclides in all river samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We acknowledge the existing educational inequalities that South Africa faces as a result of differences in developmental and equal educational opportunities. The aim with this study was to investigate the role of non-cognitive learning performance variables that affect the learning performance and success of secondary-school learners. Data were collected from a sample of 395 Grade 9 learners. The proposed learning performance structural model was empirically evaluated by using various instruments and was analysed by means of structural equation modelling. The results indicate statistically significant positive relationships between learning performance and cognitive engagement, learning performance and grit, cognitive engagement and conscientiousness, grit and learning motivation, grit and cognitive engagement, learning motivation and parental quality, learning motivation and tenacity, learning motivation and cognitive engagement, and conscientiousness and resilience. Both tenacity and parental quality acted as moderators of the relationship between environmental unfavourableness and cognitive engagement. The selection of variables was more effective in explaining variance in cognitive engagement than in learning performance. The results of the study could be used to facilitate cognitive engagement as a pivotal variable in learning success among secondary-school learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citizen science data are rapidly transforming the conservation landscape. Targeted participatory citizen science initiatives generate nuanced data capable of monitoring trends in populations and generating early warnings for species and habitats experiencing significant declines. In the Hessequa Atlasing Area, Western Cape, South Africa, citizen science 'atlasers' involved with the Second Southern African Bird Atlas Project (SABAP2) have worked with scientific leadership since 2014 to improve the quality of bird atlas data in their region for species monitoring. In this study, we used reporting rates from SABAP2 checklists in the Hessequa Atlasing Area to calculate changes in range size and relative abundance for the 165 most commonly reported species in the region. We used a seven-tier alert system and broad habitat categories to sort species by priority for conservation action. Our results showed that wetland and marine associated species are experiencing the greatest declines in range and relative abundance in the Hessequa Atlasing Area, whilst urban and grassland associated species are largely increasing. We discuss how observed changes in populations may be used to guide conservation action and provide recommendations for scientists and non-scientific community members on engaging with and responding to the changes highlighted in each of the seven alert levels provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wasps are part of the entomofauna associated with vertebrate carrion. They are known to parasitize and prey on specific life stages of insect hosts such as eggs, larvae, pupae, and/or adults associated with vertebrate carrion. However, reports of parasitic behavior of wasps on carrion-associated insect life stages and their possible forensic implications are non-existent in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. This study is part of ongoing research investigating the entomofauna and their pattern of succession on an adult pig carcass in Cape Town, South Africa. During this study, the parasitic wasp Alysia manducator was noted parasitizing and preying on blow fly larvae associated with the decomposing carcass. The arrival of A. manducator coincides with the occurrence of blow fly eggs and/or larvae on the carcass. These wasps were seen in close association with the eggs and larvae of blow flies on various parts of the carcass and some wasps were seen dragging fly larvae attached to their ovipositors away from one part of the carcass to another. Some A. manducator were also observed walking over several larvae on the carcass while exhibiting a stabbing behavior presumably in search of a host for oviposition. We suggest that the observations recorded in this study are of considerable forensic importance as the dragging effect and predatory and stabbing behavior exhibited by A. manducator could potentially disrupt the feeding and development of the fly larvae on the carcass. This could subsequently alter the process of carcass decomposition and/or affect minimum post-mortem interval estimations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ants have been documented as part of the entomo-sarcosaprophagous community. They have been known to alter the process of carcass decomposition due to their ability to feed on fly eggs/larvae and create post-mortem skin injuries. However, studies on the impact of ants on decomposing carcasses are scarce, especially within the Western Cape Province of South Africa. This study was part of a research project that utilized two (2) neonate pig carcasses in each month of the year to establish baseline data on the insect species associated with decomposing carcasses in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. In the early spring (September 2020), mid-autumn (May 2021), and mid-winter (July 2021) trials respectively, several individuals of Crematogaster cf. liengmei colonized the pig carcasses shortly after deployment. There, they fed on the flesh of the carcasses and further inflicted bite marks and conspicuous post-mortem skin lesions. Following the reduction in the presence of Crematogaster cf. liengmei specifically in the mid-winter trial, non-vital bleeding was observed as a consequence of the skin lesions. In the early spring, mid- and late autumn (May 2021), and early (June 2021) and mid-winter trials respectively, Crematogaster cf. liengmei prevented the formation of large maggot masses, principally through the predation of fly eggs, larvae, and adults. The observations recorded in this study are of considerable importance in forensic investigations as the effect of the necrophagous behavior of Crematogaster cf. liengmei on decomposing remains can be misinterpreted by inexperienced investigators during crime scene investigations and may alter post-mortem interval estimations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Educational transformation through the adoption of blended pedagogies has taken international centre stage with the hope of encouraging adoption of e-pedagogies. Arguably, blended pedagogies can be used effectively to acquire knowledge necessary for modern development and participation in the knowledge economy. In South Africa, the Western Cape Province invested in e-pedagogies rather than blending as part of its pursuit of modern development. However, evidence suggest that this educational transformation comes with challenges mostly associated with the inability of teachers and learners to use the e-infrastructure effectively due to absence of e-culture and e-skills. Often, the majority of teachers and learners lack the minimum levels of e-culture and computer and information literacy which are necessary requirements for successful adoption of blended pedagogies. This paper argues that the limited use or lack of e-infrastructure in teaching and learning is to a large extent blamed on absence of e-culture and e-skills necessary for blended pedagogies; and, that the Western Cape Province is not an exception. Theoretically, e-culture and e-skills, among others, are the necessary preconditions that determine the readiness of teachers and learners to adopt blended pedagogies. The paper concludes that e-infrastructure which is assumed to provide sufficient and necessary conditions for educational transformation through e-learning for modern development, is seldom used for the intended purpose due to challenges related to the absence of e-culture and e-skills among teachers and learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volunteer tourists have become a critical human resource for many organisations in South Africa. Understanding who the volunteer tourist is as well as how a host organisation benefits from this interaction is imperative for the effective management of this human resource. A review of the current literature showed that most volunteer tourism research studies is volunteertourist- centred and focus on the motivations for participation and the benefits of participation to the volunteer tourist. Within the South African context, only two volunteer tourist profile studies exist and both excluded host organisation factors that indicated how host organisations benefited from hosting volunteer tourists. This paper created a comprehensive profile of volunteer tourists at a non-profit seabird rehabilitation centre in Table View, Western Cape, South Africa. The profile included demographic and motivational factors as well as host organisation specific information that provided valuable information for volunteer management, future marketing and fundraising campaigns. Data were collected through 110 anonymous, self-administered, online questionnaires and from the data, four conclusions were reached. Firstly, the demographic factors of volunteer tourists that participated in this international volunteer programme was similar to other South African based volunteer tourism studies. Secondly, to experience something different and new was the most important motivational factor for volunteer tourists. Thirdly, volunteer tourists derived considerable benefit from the experience. Lastly, volunteer tourists continued to support this non-profit organisation (NPO) through social and financial activities after completing the programme, indicating that a mutually beneficial relationship exists between the host organisation and the volunteer tourist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents continuous, high resolution fossil pollen and microcharcoal records from Bo Langvlei, a lake in the Wilderness Embayment on South Africa's southern Cape coast. Spanning the past ~1300 years and encompassing the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA; c. AD 950–1250) and the Little Ice Age (LIA; c. AD 1300–1850), these records provide a rare southern African perspective on past temperature, moisture and vegetation change during these much debated periods of the recent geological past. Considered together with other records from the Wilderness Embayment, we conclude that conditions in the region during the MCA chronozone were – in the context of the last 1300 years – likely relatively dry (reduced levels of Afrotemperate forest pollen) and perhaps slightly cooler (increased percentages of Stoebe -type pollen) than present. The most significant phase of forest expansion, and more humid conditions, occurred during the transition between the MCA and the most prominent cooling phase of the LIA. The LIA is clearly identified at this locality as a period of cool, dry conditions between c. AD 1600 and 1850. The mechanisms driving the changes observed in the Bo Langvlei pollen record appear to be generally linked to changes in temperature, and changes in the influence of tropical circulation systems. During warmer periods, moisture availability was higher at Bo Langvlei, and rainfall was perhaps less seasonal. During colder periods, precipitation resulting from tropical disturbances was more restricted, resulting in drier conditions. While increased precipitation has been reported during the LIA from Verlorenvlei in the Western Cape as a result of an equatorward displacement of the westerly storm-track at this time, the opposing response at Bo Langvlei suggests that any increased influence of westerlies was insufficient to compensate for the concurrent reduction in tropical/local rainfall in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this case study was to explore perceptions of the impact of program participation on diminishing social inequity using in-depth, semi-structured interviews with marginalized Black and Coloured mothers at a civil society organization (CSO) in the Western Cape Province of South Africa (SA). Narratives from a total of thirty-seven interviews form the basis of this paper. Interviews provide examples of extreme poverty and the importance of within-in program social support networks. This case study highlights the successful efforts of one CSO to alleviate social inequity--through life skills and income generation programming--among impoverished women. Findings indicated that women benefited from participation by gaining a social support network, improving their knowledge and skills, increasing mother-child bonds, and inspiring female entrepreneurship. The goal of this study was to provide much-needed insight into this marginalized community by presenting a variety of voices that are underreported in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the conditions of climate change in South Africa, ecological and technical measures are needed to reduce the water consumption of irrigated crops. Windbreak hedges are long-rated systems in agriculture that significantly reduce wind speed. Their possibilities to reduce evapotranspiration and water demand are being investigated at a vineyard in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Detailed measurements of meteorological parameters relevant for the computation of reference and crop-specific evapotranspiration following the FAO 56 approaches within a vineyard in the Western Cape Province of South Africa have shown the beneficial effect of an existing hedgerow consisting of 6 m high poplars (Populus simonii (Carrière) Wesm.). With reference to a control station in the open field, the mean wind speed in a position about 18 m from the hedgerow at canopy level (2 m) was reduced by 27.6% over the entire year and by 39.2% over the summer growing season. This effect leads to a parallel reduction of reference evapotranspiration of 15.5% during the whole year and of 18.4% over the growing season. When applying empirical crop-specific Kc values for well-irrigated grapes, the reduction of evapotranspiration is 18.8% over the summer growth period. The introduced tree shelterbelts are a suitable eco-engineering approach to reduce water consumption and to enhance water saving in vineyards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high rate of substance abuse among youth in South Africa is a clear indication of the level to which this issue has infiltrated the South African society. Drug abuse at an early age has been associated with problems, such as risky sexual behaviours, health problems, depression, crime, and ultimately drug addiction, which often occur at a later stage. There are many interrelated reasons and risk factors for drug use among youth and studies have mostly focussed on familial and other broader social environments such as peer/neighborhood factors for use. Less attention has been focussed on the internal or psychological factors at play in the lives of young users. This study aimed to fill this gap by exploring young drug users' perceptions of the internal or psychological factors cited as their reasons for drug use. A better understanding of the internal risk factors that influence adolescent drug use is crucial for the development of effective prevention strategies. A qualitative method of inquiry was applied to gather in-depth data from a purposive sample of 41 young (14–19 years of age) drug users, at five drug treatment centres in the Western Cape. The findings of this study revealed that internal factors such as a permissive and/or positive attitude towards drugs, a deficit in social skills; a lack of self-esteem, and poor/maladaptive coping mechanisms were at play in the lives of the adolescents in this study. Implications for primary prevention were considered, as these findings underscore the need to consider these internal risk factors when developing interventions to reduce adolescent drug abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to investigates the contribution of the informal sector towards secure livelihoods. Using a case study design, the study focusses on Mandela park, situated in Khayelitsha Township, Cape Town, in the Western Cape province of South Africa. Khayelitsha is predominantly an old township established by the apartheid government using unjust segregation laws to foster spatial planning that isolated people of colour in areas with insufficient infrastructure and informal economic activities. Therefore, informal trading became a survival strategy in Khayelitsha, attracting an increasing number of informal traders in public spaces within the township in pursuit of livelihoods. Informal activities are generally conducted to generate income and secure sustainable livelihoods. Design/methodology/approach: This study uses a qualitative research design, incorporating structured interviews instrumental in data collection and in-depth thematic analysis. Findings: The study findings reveal that the informal sector positively contributes to the sustainable livelihoods of those involved in the informal sector and the relatives of those through income generation, family support, wealth creation, source of employment, business incubation and innovation and creativity. Originality/value: The study concludes that given the increasing unemployment rate in South Africa, caused by the stagnant economic growth rate, policymakers should rethink their policies on the informal economy, acknowledge the sector's relevance and support the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In South Africa, freshwater habitats are among the most threatened ecosystems, and freshwater fishes are the most threatened species group. Understanding patterns in freshwater fish diversity, threat, invasion, and protection status are vital for their management. However, few studies have undertaken such analyses at ecologically and politically appropriate spatial scales, largely because of limited access to comprehensive biodiversity data sets. Access to freshwater fish data for South Africa has recently improved through the advent of the Freshwater Biodiversity Information System (FBIS). We used occurrence records downloaded from the FBIS to evaluate spatial patterns in distribution, diversity, threat, invasion, and protection status of freshwater fishes in South Africa. Results show that record density varies spatially, at both primary catchment and provincial scales. The diversity of freshwater fishes also varied spatially: native species hotspots were identified at a provincial level in the Limpopo, Mpumalanga, and KwaZulu-Natal provinces; endemic species hotspots were identified in the Western Cape; and threatened species hotspots in the Western Cape, Mpumalanga, Eastern Cape, and KwaZulu-Natal. Non-native species distributions mirrored threatened species hotspots in the Western Cape, Mpumalanga, Eastern Cape, and KwaZulu-Natal. Some 47% of threatened species records fell outside of protected areas, and 38% of non-native species records fell within protected areas. Concerningly, 58% of the distribution ranges of threatened species were invaded by non-native species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19-related alcohol sales bans and stay-at-home orders prompted the alcohol industry in South Africa to increase their online alcohol sales promotions. We investigated changes in alcohol-related behaviour and the drivers of illegal alcohol sales through a self-reported Facebook survey that ran from July to November 2020. Questions included socio-demographics and comparison of alcohol purchasing behaviour and intake during 2019 and 2020. Statistical tests were applied to find associations between illegal alcohol purchasing and alcohol-related behaviours. A total of 792 participants took part in the survey, 69.7% of whom were female. During lockdown periods, most participants (55.3%) bought alcohol illegally from illegal outlets or friends. Online alcohol-delivery marketing increased by 20 percentage points from 2019 to 2020, with participants stating that they saw a lot of advertisements per day and 80% of persons under 25 years were not asked to verify their age in 2020 upon delivery. Home-brewed beer and vodka intake increased in 2020 during the alcohol sales bans. Men from the Western Cape who engaged in daily or weekly heavy episodic drinking were more prone to purchase alcohol illegally. The Western Cape, which is South Africa’s most prolific wine-producing region, had the highest odds of people buying alcohol illegally, with wine being found to be the most frequently bought alcohol online and consumed by these participants. There is a need for further research into the differences in alcohol-related behaviour affecting illegal alcohol purchasing according to income group, proximity to alcohol producers and underage alcohol sales and marketing through online applications. Significance: • Alcohol sales bans have the potential to reduce and stop the alcohol intake of moderate drinkers, but may make heavy episodic drinkers drink more than usual. • During COVID-19 lockdown, illegal alcohol sales were taking place through unlicenced alcohol outlets and friends, and not through licenced online applications. • Unlicenced alcohol outlets need to be addressed to prevent future illegal alcohol sales. • Stricter regulations aimed at legal online alcohol sales applications should be put in place to prevent alcohol sales to minors and those who have already consumed too much alcohol. • There should be a ban on marketing of addictive substances, such as alcohol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large carnivores face numerous threats, including habitat loss and fragmentation, direct killing, and prey depletion, leading to significant global range and population declines. Despite such threats, leopards (Panthera pardus) persist outside protected areas throughout most of their range, occupying diverse habitat types and land uses, including peri-urban and rural areas. Understanding of leopard population dynamics in mixed-use landscapes is limited, especially in South Africa, where the majority of leopard research has focused on protected areas. We use spatially explicit capture-recapture models to estimate leopard density across a mixed-use landscape of protected areas, farmland, and urban areas in the Overberg region of the Western Cape, South Africa. Data from 86 paired camera stations provided 221 independent captures of 25 leopards at 50 camera trap stations with a population density estimate of 0.64 leopards per 100 km2 (95% CI: 0.55–0.73). Elevation, terrain ruggedness, and vegetation productivity were important drivers of leopard density in the landscape, being highest on elevated remnants of natural land outside of protected areas. These results are similar to previous research findings in other parts of the Western Cape, where high-lying natural vegetation was shown to serve as both a refuge and a corridor for leopard movement in otherwise transformed landscapes. Given the low leopard density and the prevalence of transformed land intermixed with patches of more suitable leopard habitat, prioritising and preserving connectivity for leopards is vital in this shared landscape. Ecological corridors should be developed in partnership with private landowners through an inclusive and multifaceted conservation strategy which also incorporates monitoring of and rapid mitigation of emerging threats to leopards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]