Search

The transformation of the energy sector, based on the development of low-carbon technologies, is essential to achieve climate neutrality. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a powerful methodology for assessing the environmental impact of energy technologies, which proves to be a useful tool for policy makers. The paper is a review of the main LCA studies of power generation systems performed over the past ten years aiming at comparing the energy technologies to identify those with the lowest impact on the environment, evaluated in terms of gCO2eq/kWh emissions. Screening criteria were established to include only studies of the highest qualitative significance. The authors decided to assign greater weight to emission values reported in more recent studies. For nuclear and renewable energy technologies, most of the emissions are related to the pre-operational phases. Notably, both nuclear and wind technologies, along with other renewable sources throughout their entire life cycle, exhibit significantly lower and less variable emissions compared with conventional gas- and coal-fired technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercritical CO2 (S-CO2) thermodynamic power cycles have been considerably investigated in the applications of fossil fuel and nuclear power generation systems, considering their superior characteristics such as compactness, sustainability, cost-effectiveness, environmentally friendly working fluid and high thermal efficiency. They can be potentially integrated and applied with various renewable energy systems for low-carbon power generation, so extensive studies in these areas have also been conducted substantially. However, there is a shortage of reviews that specifically concentrate on the integrations of S-CO2 with renewable energy, encompassing biomass, solar, geothermal and waste heat. It is thus necessary to provide an update and overview of the development of S-CO2 renewable energy systems and identify technology and integration opportunities for different types of renewable resources. Correspondingly, this paper not only summarizes the advantages of CO2 working fluid, design layouts of S-CO2 cycles and classifications of renewable energies to be integrated but also reviews the recent research activities and studies carried out worldwide on advanced S-CO2 power cycles with renewable energy. Moreover, the performance and development of various systems are well grouped and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen has emerged as a promising climate-neutral energy carrier able to facilitate the processes of the European Union (EU) energy transition. Green hydrogen production through the electrolysis process has gained increasing interest recently for application in various sectors of the economy. As a result of the increasing renewable energy developments in the EU, hydrogen is seen as one of the most promising solutions for energy storage challenges; therefore, the leading countries in the energy sector are heavily investing in research of the technical obstacles for hydrogen applications and assessment of the current hydrogen market, which in turn leads to the acceleration of the upscaling of hydrogen production. The main objective of this article was to provide a comprehensive overview of various green hydrogen production, transportation and industrial application technologies and challenges in Europe, with a separate analysis of the situation in Lithuania. Various water electrolysis technologies and their production costs are investigated, along with recent developments in storage and transportation solutions. In addition, the performances and limitations of electrochemical processes are presented and analysed, research trends in the field are discussed and possible solutions for performance and cost improvements are overviewed. This paper proposes a discussion of perspectives in terms of future applications and research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban and regional development is indispensable from energy systems that function in a sustainable and resilient manner. The generation of renewable energy has seen significant upturn in the last decade. Renewables can be exploited to meet the global energy needs and climate change mitigation goals. Therefore, development of urban and regional energy systems must take into account the possibilities and challenges posed by the increasing penetration of the renewable. The achievement of goals of the energy system in the context of transition to low-carbon energy society rises numerous complex decisions over development of infrastructure and technologies. Although renewable energy devices generate clean energy, they also change landscape. The term of energy-scape encourages discussion about interactions between the energy system and the environment, and other ecosystem services at local level. The paper reviews previous studies analysing energy-scape elements and provides the insights towards the transition to low-carbon energy and low-carbon society in general. The systematic literature review allows clearly outlining the problem and gives reliable background for further studies. The main contribution of the article to the existing literature is the creation of framework for the analysis and assessment of new renewable energy technologies installation and infrastructure. The presented framework can be applied for all renewable energy technologies and infrastructure in both urban and rural areas and allows to attain a decision acceptable to the local community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to review the academic literature and identify best practices on the integration of artificial intelligence and sustainable technologies in strategic renewable energy and Power-to-X projects globally. We reflect upon the way in which exemplary case studies can be used to foster a common shared view among different policy makers to highlight new ways through which energy efficiency and systemic improvements in the energy sector may be achieved while curbing carbon emissions and addressing climate change. The main risks, challenges and mitigations for integrating artificial intelligence and sustainable technologies in energy systems are also educed from both the academic literature as well as interviews with experts. Our findings indicate that while the integration of artificial intelligence and sustainable technologies can support energy efficiency and systemic improvements in the energy sector, there are several risks that were not previously identified in the literature. Critical areas of future development for academic research as well as opportunities for professional practice are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heating and thermal comfort have remarkable share of final energy consumption. Until now, most of the demand for heating applications in buildings is supplied by fossil fuels and electrical technologies. Concerning the exhaustion of fossil fuels in the future and the environmental problems related to their consumption, making use of renewable energy sources can be a practical alternative. On this point, solar energy is an appropriate source to be applied for heating by utilizing different technologies. The function and output of solar heaters depends on numerous factors, and this causes difficulties in the prediction of their performance and modelling. In this scenario, intelligent techniques are helpful and have been used by several scholars in recent years. This paper reviews proposed models for the prediction of the performance of different solar heaters. The literature review reveals that artificial neural Networks represent one of the most used approaches for the performance prediction of solar heaters; however, other intelligent techniques, namely support vector machines, have been used for this purpose too. Moreover, it is found that these methods have the ability to predict with great precision by applying the appropriate approach and architecture. In addition, it can be noted that the function of the models generated based on intelligent techniques are associated with some elements such as the employed function and architecture of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a methodology to select the most exciting business models based on renewable energy and circular economy technologies within end-of-life coal mines to help develop a renewable-based energy sector, promote sustainable local economic growth, and maximise the number of green and quality jobs. To achieve this goal, first, a structural analysis was developed to select the technical variables that better identify this complex system. Second, a morphological analysis allowed the construction of the scenario space. Third, a multicriteria assessment was developed to achieve this goal, based on the previously assessed relevant scenarios, considering the European Green Deal policies, technical variables that characterise end-of-life coal mine environments, technology readiness level, the European taxonomy, synergistic potentials, contributions to the circular economy, and sector coupling. Finally, result indicators were selected to analyse the alternative options derived from the justification approach, considering the targets set by the European Green Deal and related taxonomy and the regional policy indicators for the Just Transition Fund. The results show that eco-industrial parks with virtual power plants represent the most appropriate business model choice, according to the scoring given to the different aspects. They may be complemented by a hydrogen production plant, provided that specific economic subventions are obtained to achieve balanced financial results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The run test, which examines whether two samples selected from the same population are random, has been employed. However, the current run test for two samples is based on the assumption of certainty, which is not always valid in practical scenarios. This paper aims to introduce a modified version of the run test for two samples that account for uncertainty. We will develop a statistical approach for the run test that considers uncertain factors such as sample size, level of significance, and observations. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed test, we analyze wind power and photovoltaic power data. The analysis of these variables demonstrates that they are randomly selected from the population. The results indicate that the proposed run test is well-suited for addressing uncertainty in renewable energy. By employing this modified test, we can effectively assess the randomness of samples and make reliable conclusions in uncertain conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy has the potential to power the global economy and effective business models will significantly aid this goal, being among the most critical factors in spurring expansion in the energy industry. This paper reviews articles that discuss business models in the renewable energy sector. Longterm economic, social, and ecological stability is concerned. Previous studies have neglected the environmental sustainability of renewable energy business models, focusing on their technical, social, and economic aspects, primarily for energy access. The business models for solar home and pico systems relied heavily on lowering costs through creative payment plans for customers to be commercially viable. The demand for mini-grids requires end users to launch businesses that can leverage electrification initiatives to be commercially viable. The success of a mini-grid depends on the average consumption and revenue per user. Affordability, unmet energy needs, low electricity demand, lack of financing, unfamiliar business models, and immature markets have impeded energy access in Indonesia. Our analysis revealed that future studies in this field must include environmental sustainability to provide a complete picture for decision-makers. Renewable energy needs in Indonesia can be achieved through the sustainability domain, policy makers can consult this evidence set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the proportion of renewable energy (RE) sources in a power system has been increasing worldwide to reduce carbon emissions. To effectively accommodate renewable energy, there is a growing need to develop integrated planning strategies for both renewable energy sources and transmission lines in a power system, taking into account the location-specific characteristics of renewable energy. Economically viable and rapid system expansion plans are required to resolve the problem of delayed integration of renewable energy into existing power system, which arises due to inadequate transmission facilities. To address these problems, this paper presents an integrated economic evaluation method that considers the inherently uncertain output characteristics of renewable energy, contingent on location, the costs associated with installing transmission lines, and environmental benefits. The case study is conducted using a modified power system in Korea. In the case study, it is assumed that by integrating solar power generators in a low-demand area and wind power generators in a high-demand area, wind power plants have higher construction costs than solar power generators. However, the transmission costs for wind power plants are lower than those for solar power generators due to the regional characteristics of the power grid in the installation areas because renewable energy in high-demand areas typically requires less additional power infrastructure than in low-demand areas. The results of this study show that the net benefit for the wind power plant is estimated at USD 225.4 M, while the solar power plant yields a net benefit of USD 22.9 M in the example system. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, underscoring its potential to mitigate the challenges faced in the practical implementation of renewable energy projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the proportion of renewable energy generation systems increases, traditional power generation facilities begin to face challenges, such as reduced output power and having the power turned off. The challenges are causing changes in the structure of the power system. Renewable energy sources, mainly wind and solar energy cannot provide stable inertia and frequency regulation capability. Ultimately, the power system's emergency response capability to face an N-1 is reduced, which leads to a reduction in system stability. Therefore, the application technology of the battery energy storage system is used to support the impact of changes in the new power system structure. This paper designed control technologies based on the WECC second-generation generic model, namely, dynamic regulation, steady regulation, and virtual inertia regulation. The models and control strategies are verified on Taiwan's 2025 power system target conditions, which consider the expected capacities for battery energy storage systems, and renewable energy sources with different load and N-1 fault levels. According to the simulation results, the capabilities of the RoCoF limitation, frequency nadir, frequency recovery, and system oscillation regulation are evaluated in the proposed strategies. Finally, the analysis results can help power operators make informed decisions when selecting and deploying battery energy storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaculture systems require careful consideration of location, which determines water conditions, pollution impacts, and hazardous conditions. Mobility may be able to address these factors while also supporting the targeting of renewable energy sources such as wind, wave, and solar power throughout the year. In this paper, a purpose-built mobile aquaculture ship is identified and modeled with a combination of renewable energy harvesting capabilities as a case study with the objective of assessing the potential benefits of targeting high renewable energy potentials to power aquaculture operations. A route optimization algorithm is created and tuned to simulate the mobility of the aquaculture platform and cost-basis comparisons are made to a stationary system. The small spatial variability in renewable energy potential when combining multiple resources significantly limits the benefits of a mobile, renewable-targeting aquaculture system. On the other hand, the consistent energy harvest from a blend of renewable energy types (13 kW installed wind capacity, 661 m2 installed solar, and 1 m characteristic width wave-energy converter) suggests that the potential benefits of a mobile platform for offshore aquaculture (mitigation of environmental and social concerns, any potential positive impact on yields, hazard avoidance, etc.) can likely be pursued without significant increases in energy harvester costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy resources have been gaining ground in recent years and we are on the verge of a decentralized energy market with consumers becoming prosumers. Platforms that facilitate peer-to-peer (P2P) sale or purchase of energy are therefore essential. This paper presents a way to trade energy across P2P networks using blockchain technology. The main server is a Raspberry Pi 4 Model B (Pi4B), on which the user interface (UI) as well as the private Ethereum blockchain are configured. The blockchain also implements a smart contract. For the purpose of developing the UI that provides assistance in conducting trading activities, an open-source Angular framework is used. Also explored in the study is the development of an Internet of Things (IoT) server using the latest ESP32-S3 microcontroller. The field instrumentation devices (FIDs) are connected to the microcontroller for the purpose of data acquisition and for subsequent transmission to an IoT server. The blockchain network maintains a record of all transactions in an immutable manner. Assuring security is achieved through a local configuration of the system, hosted on a private network with restricted access. For the purposes of information security and data integrity, additional security measures are also considered, such as a secret recovery phrase, firewalls, login credentials and private key. Among the servers and clients, there is an implementation of a Hypertext Transfer Protocol. The P2P energy trading approach involving renewable energy designed for remote communities is explained and illustrated in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing awareness of climate issues in recent decades has led to new policies on buildings' energy consumption and energy performance. The European Union (EU) directive 2010/31/EC, i.e., the energy performance of buildings directive (EPBD), is one of the measures initiated to achieve climate and energy goals by reducing energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in the building sector. The EPBD required all new buildings to be nearly zero-energy buildings (nZEBs) by 2021. Nearly zero-energy buildings (nZEBs) are buildings with a very-high-energy performance and nearly zero or low-energy requirements covered to a very significant extent by energy from renewable sources produced on-site or nearby. The utilisation of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels is a common approach for achieving the nZEB standard. The carbon footprint of PV panels is often not discussed as a parameter. This paper aimed to analyse the environmental performance of an existing nearly zero-energy university building in a Norwegian use case scenario. This analysis is performed by assessing annual electricity and heat consumption from both energetic and environmental perspectives. The energy required for the building during the studied period is then used to analyse the environmental and energy performance of the building. When it comes to the environmental assessment, the commercial software SimaPro was used. The proposed revision EPBD and nZEB definition from 2021 suggests that nZEBs should also consider operational greenhouse gas emissions and life-cycle global warming potential from 2027. The life cycle assessment (LCA) of the building's energy sources looks at the global warming potential (GWP) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and how they compare to Norwegian grid electricity. The results of the analysis highlights potential challenges to justifying the use of alternative energy sources to fulfil the criteria of nZEBs. When installing solar PV, it is important to consider the energy mix of the country where the solar PVs are produced. To solely consider the energy performance of the building, the installation of solar PV panels in countries with a high share of renewable energy may result in a reduced impact in terms of emission reduction from a life cycle perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change mitigation, the goal of reducing CO2 emissions, more stringent regulations and the increment in energy costs have pushed researchers to study energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. Manufacturing systems are large energy consumers and are thus responsible for huge greenhouse gas emissions; for these reasons, many studies have focused on this topic recently. This review aims to summarize the most important papers on energy efficiency and renewable energy sources in manufacturing systems published in the last fifteen years. The works are grouped together, considering the system typology, i.e., manufacturing system subclasses (single machine, flow shop, job shop, etc.) or the assembly line, the developed energy-saving policies and the implementation of the renewable energy sources in the studied contexts. A description of the main approaches used in the analyzed papers was discussed. The conclusion reports the main findings of the review and suggests future directions for the researchers in the integration of renewable energy in the manufacturing systems consumption models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider spatially and technologically diversified portfolios of renewable energy resources (RES) on a European scale. These portfolios efficiently allocate wind and solar production capacity with a view on matching load and restricting conventional generation capacity in each country. We investigate the composition of optimal portfolios taking into account the existing cross-border transmission capacity as well as future expansion scenarios. For the purposes of our analysis, we develop several multi-criteria optimization models and apply them to a rich dataset of daily electricity load, RES capacity factors, and transmission capacity constraints for 32 European countries during the period 2010–2015. By exploring different scenarios for the composition of efficient portfolios and cross-border network connectivity, we quantify the effectiveness of the resource aggregation strategy in terms of reducing the energy production deficit or surplus in each country. Empirical evidence shows that the portfolio perspective provides a solid basis for strategic planning on the future expansion of the European grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world is moving towards a low-carbon economy through renewable energy sources. In this context, concentrating solar power (CSP) technologies can exploit the rich solar resource in Brazil, diversifying the national electricity mix. The aim of this paper is to support the insertion of CSP generation in the Brazilian bottom-up model MATRIZ by analyzing the environmental performance of three CSP technologies: (i) solar tower power (STP) with a thermal storage system (TSS) of 7.5 h; (ii) solar thermal parabolic trough (STPT) with a TSS of 6 h; and (iii) STPT without TSS. From a life cycle perspective, their freshwater consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are addressed by employing the software SimaPro, the Ecoinvent database, and the ReCiPe 2016 method, as well as information from the system advisory model (SAM) and the literature. As a result, STP is the most environmentally sound CSP alternative, presenting lower GHG emissions and water consumption than the two STPT technologies. In general, CSP generation proves to be more environmentally attractive than some fossil-fired power plants and renewable energy sources. Moreover, moving the manufacturing of CSP technologies to Brazil has the potential to reduce GHG emissions from the upstream processes of their value chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing amount of energy consumed by the operation of buildings results in an increasing environmental burden. This has a direct impact on the innovation of renewable energy technology and its application in building industry. In accordance with the requirements of the "Europe 2020 Strategy" and "Europe 2030 Project", the long-term goal is to achieve the maximum use of renewable energy sources in the buildings´ operation. One of the solutions is the building-integrated photovoltaic power plant. The paper analyses efficiency and incorporation of photovoltaic (PV) systems into the roofs and perimeter walls. PV systems are a renewable energy source used in the construction of zero energy buildings producing minimal environmental pollution. Semi-transparent building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) are one of the technologies that have the potential to increase the building´s energy efficiency as well as aesthetically complete the building´s design. The paper deals with material characteristics of PV panels in terms of the fire risk and definition of the fire hazardous area that arises during their combustion. It is focused on the incorporation of various types of PV technology into the facades and roofs, structural and material solutions of fire-dividing structures to which PV systems are fastened considering their location in the fire hazardous area. Based on the external fire simulations, conclusions in this paper bring the optimal position of PV systems in the building envelope in relation to fire open areas, fire lines and fire hazardous areas. The safety of firefighters during the intervention also depends on the position of PV systems. The case study presented in this paper uses a model solution to give the optimal position of PV systems in the building envelope considering the fire safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power generation systems using photovoltaic (PV) technology have become increasingly popular due to their high production efficiency. A partial shading defect is the most common defect in this system under the process of production, diminishing both the amount and quality of energy produced. This paper proposes an Artificial Neural Network and Golden Eagle Optimization based prediction of the fault and its detection in a standalone PV system to recover the optimum performance and diagnosis of the PV system. The proposed technique combines the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Golden Eagle Optimization (GEO) algorithm. The major contribution of this work is to raise PV systems' performance. The result is a defect in the classification and identification of an ANN is used. The use of GEO provides an efficient optimization technique for ANN training, which reduces the training time and improves the accuracy of the model. The proposed technique is executed on the MATLAB site and contrasted with different present techniques, like genetic algorithm (GA),Elephant Herding Optimization (EHO) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The findings displays that the proposed technique is more accurate and effective than the existing methodologies for detecting and diagnosing defects in PV systems. • A hybrid technique for predict fault in standalone PV to improve the performance of PV • The proposed method is the joint execution of ANN and GEO • The major contribution of this work is to improve the performance of PV systems • The use of GEO provides an efficient optimization technique for ANN training • The proposed method is more accurate and effective than existing techniques [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Introduction: Transportation logistics play a pivotal role in facilitating both individual mobility and supply chain operations on a global scale. However, conventional transportation systems have contributed significantly to urban congestion and environmental degradation. In response to these challenges, there is growing momentum to investigate the potential of renewable energy to power electric vehicles (EVs) and flying automobiles, aiming to reduce fossil fuel dependence and carbon emissions. (2) Objectives: By analyzing key drivers and opportunities for integrating flying vehicles into existing infrastructure through dynamic modeling, this study seeks to accelerate the transition to sustainable transportation. (3) Methodology: A mixed-method approach, combining literature review and causal loop diagram analysis, is employed to understand the factors influencing EV and flying car adoption. (4) Results: Findings highlight the significant potential of renewable energy in reducing emissions and reliance on fossil fuels through widespread EV and flying vehicle adoption. The major drivers and challenges in infrastructure, safety, and airspace management are also identified. In addition, this research emphasizes the importance of sustainable transportation in addressing urban congestion, pollution, and energy security. (5) Conclusions: By leveraging renewable energy and embracing technological advancements, a low-carbon future for transportation can be achieved, benefiting both the environment and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A renewable energy-based DC micro grid system supports the DC power flow for domestic and industrial purposes. The DC voltage drawn from the source is to be adjusted by using the power electronic converters. So, the controlling of converter came into existence. In this paper the Flyback converter is modelled to get the rated voltage regulation with the desired output voltage with proper duty cycle at the converter. The nonlinear system is converted into the linear one by using the lie derivative control technique. In this technique the relative values of current loop and voltage loop is linearized to get the desired output voltage at the flyback converter. Thus as compared to PI controller the proposed controller flows good for the transient response of the power system. The boost converter designed in the existing has modelled with the low output range but in the Flyback converter the ability to achieve the voltage regulation in DC micro grid with variable inductance and capacitance is defined. Simulation result shows the modelled flyback converter flows good and accurate as compared to the PI controller with the settling time difference of 85s of voltage dynamics in the DC micro grid system. The steady state and transient response of the system is evaluated by comparing the simulation of PI and the proposed controller used in the real time power transmission system to reduce the power loss at receiving side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of renewable energy has become an important means for the world to cope with climate change, ensure energy security, and protect the ecological environment. Using the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2013 to 2021, this study used the mediating effect model and the spatial Durbin model (SDM) to explore the mechanism and spatial effects of renewable energy development on China's regional carbon emission reduction. The results show that: (1) Renewable energy development can help to reduce carbon emission intensity. (2) The results of mechanism analysis show that renewable energy development reduces carbon intensity by improving energy structure, promoting industrial structure optimization, and industrial structure upgrading. (3) The development of renewable energy can not only reduce the local carbon intensity but also have a positive spillover effect on the carbon intensity of neighboring regions. (4) Further analysis shows that the long-term effect of renewable energy development on carbon emissions is greater than the short-term effect. At the same time, the heterogeneity analysis shows that compared with the Yellow River basin, the development of renewable energy has a significant carbon emission reduction effect in the Yangtze River Economic Belt region. Energy-rich areas fall into the "resource curse", which makes the carbon emission reduction effect of renewable energy development not significant. This paper has certain reference significance for promoting reasonable decomposition between regions and formulating renewable energy development policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Countries are looking to reduce their agricultural sector's carbon footprint while encouraging economic and environmental sustainability. One proposed method of making agriculture more sustainable while maintaining farm incomes is through the production of bioenergy feedstocks. We examine the spatial aspect of the production of renewable energy feedstocks in Ireland. Two feedstocks are looked at—grass silage and short‐rotation coppice (SRC) willow. Spatial microsimulation analysis is utilised to assess the spatial suitability for alternative land uses, simulating land‐use change to compare economic returns with the current agricultural use. A farm‐based carbon subsidy is modelled based on avoided agricultural emissions and carbon sequestered. We find that midlands counties, especially those in the north midlands, have the highest proportion of land where feedstocks would be more profitable than the current agricultural use. Counties on the western seaboard have the lowest proportion of land where feedstocks would give greater returns. The amount of land where feedstocks are more profitable increases as greater carbon subsidies are provided. Of the two feedstocks assessed, SRC willow cultivation is more profitable than grass silage production. The overwhelming majority of land where producing feedstocks would be more profitable has cattle farming as its current use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the determinants of green development in the Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries pointing out the influence of the sophistication of productive structure and exported goods (economic complexity). The study uses OECD data regarding green development, World Bank Indicators, World Penn Table Data, and MIT Harvard data covering the period of 1996 to 2020, in a heterogeneous panel approach. Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) models are estimated in order to express the influence on green development of the economic complexity index, KOF globalization index, renewable energy consumption, human capital index, and a constructed institutional quality index (computed by using the Principal Component Analysis based on data from World Governance Indicators). All considered variables have a validated statistical influence on green growth in both models. The Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test revealed a bidirectional causal relationship between institutional quality and green growth and unidirectional ones from economic complexity, human capital and renewable energy to green development and from green development to globalization. Policy implications are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this paper are to analyse sustainability of wind energy potential, and select the best wind turbine model for installation at the study site. The study used the two-parameter Weibull distribution as the basic mathematical model to analyse half-hourly data collected at the Tanzania Meteorological Department data collection centre for two consecutive years, 2021 and 2022. Statistical methods were used to validate the best fit between the standard deviation, energy pattern, moment, and wind variability methods. The moment method was selected based on the validation results. The results of this research show that more than 66.7% of the most probable monthly wind speed in 2021 is between 5 and 8.6 m/s, while more than 75% is between 5 and 13.7 m/s in 2022. Furthermore, based on the National Renewable Energy Laboratory wind power classification, the study concluded that the site has a sustainable wind energy potential, as more than 90% of the 24 months and 8 climatic seasons have a calculated wind energy density between 700 and 7000 MWh/m². In addition, based on the calculated capacity factor and average power, all turbines selected in this study have highcapacity factors greater than 25% and can be considered for selection based on the projected investment budget. However, the most cost-effective wind turbine model was found to be the POLARIS P62-1000, due to its highest capacity factors and average power output on an annual, seasonal, and monthly basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transistor has the problem of inability to tolerate high voltage, which leads to power quality issues in high power applications. Therefore, to solve this problem, a thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) is adopted, which will reduce the power quality problem in high power applications integrated with renewable systems. However, to reduce the effect of thyristors in TCSC, the gate turn-off (GTO) thyristors are employed. Also, the cost of the system is reduced by using PV based DC supply to the compensator. However, the supply from the renewable system is not constant, which induces harmonics and oscillation in output voltage. This results in an unsynchronized supply between the grid voltage and the renewable system, which has been reduced by using a novel controller that generates switching pulses for the GTO to reduce distortion in the output voltage. Since the GTO works well with switching signals rather than gate voltage, an effective control signal generation scheme is required. Therefore, this paper introduces a novel Fractional Order Proportional Integral Retarded (FOPIR) controller optimized by the Rock Hyraxes algorithm. As a result, the proposed controller reduced the harmonics to 17.52% with respect to the PIR controller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the growing world, the utilization of electrical energy is increasing rapidly. Excessive use of fossil fuels will drain them and also invite hazardous pollution. Integrating renewable energy resources as distributed generators (DGs) can fulfill the rapidly increasing electrical energy demand and promote green energy generation to a large extent. The intermittent nature of renewable energy and higher penetration of DG may adversely affect the operation of the distribution network (DN). As a result, power disparity, reverse power flow to the grid, and voltage instability may exist. One key solution is to optimally integrate the renewable energy-based DG and battery energy storage system (BESS) in the coordination of demand response (DR). This paper proposes a multilevel particle swarm optimization technique to synchronize the distributed energy resources (DER) and DR in the DN. The proposed approach is implemented on the IEEE 33 bus system energized by coal power plant (CPP). The first level of optimization finds the sizes and locations of DER (DG and BESS), and the next level determines the optimal power dispatch in the coordination of DR. The outcomes of this framework exhibit effectiveness in the optimal utilization of renewable energy resources and the enhancement of power quality parameters in DN so that CO2 emissions are reduced by 32.71% from CPP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, intelligent control methods play an important role in the advancement of technology and the human movement towards further evolution. The development of new frameworks for power generation and distribution systems by designing a microgrid structure with economic capabilities is one of these areas of progress. Therefore, this paper introduces a new practical method for controlling the frequency of provisional microgrid and is able to cover the following issues at the same time including (1) It considers the nonlinear model of provisional microgrid which has a hybrid structure (AC and DC) in addition to renewable energy sources; (2) Introduces a method for microgrid frequency control under different operational conditions that performs based on the brain emotional learning; (3) Ensures the operation and applicability of the control method for the provisional microgrid through implementation of FPGA for the first time; (4) Confirms the robustness of the proposed method under severe load changes and generation from renewable sources. So, the effects of wind turbines and solar energy are considered in the simulation scenario and under the influence of various changes in load and system uncertainties, the robustness and efficiency of the proposed method are well demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technological advancement in all countries leads to massive energy demand. The energy trading companies struggle daily to meet their customers’ power demands. For a good quality, disturbance-free, and reliable power supply, one must balance electricity generation and consumption at the grid level. There is a profound change in distribution networks due to the intervention of renewable energy generation and grid interactions. Renewable energy sources like solar and wind depend on environmental factors and are subject to unpredictable variations. Earlier, energy distribution companies faced a significant challenge in demand forecasting since it is often unpredictable. With the prediction of the ever-varying power from renewable sources, the power generation and distribution agencies are facing a challenge in supply-side predictions. Several forecasting techniques have evolved, and machine learning techniques like the model predictive controller are suitable for arduous tasks like predicting weather-dependent power generation in advance. This paper employs a Model Predictive Controller (MPC) to predict the solar array’s power. The proposed method also includes a system identification algorithm, which helps acquire, format, validate, and identify the pattern based on the raw data obtained from a PV system. Autocorrelation and cross-correlation value between input and predicted output 0.02 and 0.15. The model predictive controller helps to recognize the future response of the corresponding PV plant over a specific prediction horizon. The error variation of the predicted values from the actual values for the proposed system is 0.8. The performance analysis of the developed model is compared with the former existing techniques, and the role and aptness of the proposed system in smart grid digitization is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multilevel inverter (MLI) is a power electronic circuit applied for power and voltage applications. It has the advantages of minimum total harmonic distortion (THD), less voltage stress on the switching devices, fewer switching losses, and a smaller size of passive filters. These high-level inverters are applied in applications like AC drives, FACTS, and in the field of renewable energy. There are various inverters for such applications. A PUC multilevel inverter contains fewer components, fewer switching losses, and easy-to-balance voltage on capacitor sides. In this paper, the performance of the transformer less seven-level inverter and the five-level inverter is analyzed. The sinusoidal pulse width modulation (PWM) has been used with this PUC-based structure. The new control strategy is designed to reduce harmonic contents and low filter ratings. A relative analysis is carried out to focus on the superiority of the recently developed packed U-cell topology. The performance of packed U-cell, seven-level, and five-level inverters has been compared. These types of inverters consist of two power switches and a single capacitor to make this inverter effective. The PUC 7 inverter contains a lot of sensors and other control components to balance the voltage on the capacitor side by one-third of the input voltage, so the structure becomes complex. While PUC 5 is sensor less technology, there is no voltage balancing issue and no complexity found in this inverter. In PUC5, the only level is low, but it is very easy to interface with grids and other devices. So it is the most preferable as compared to PUC7. The performance analyses of these inverters have been verified through simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural electrification represents a great worry for developing nations. Isolated microgrids establishment is the brightest solution for this problem. Optimization strategies for mathematical simulation and modelling are accomplished in this research to size an isolated residential microgrid in Egypt consists of wind generators (WG), photovoltaic (PV), battery energy storage system (BESS) and Biomass generator. This paper's novelty relies on the techno-economic performance comparison of three sizing strategies of isolated microgrid based on renewable sources, considering the sources' uncertainty. Also, the environmental and economic effects of using rice straw in biomass gasification are introduced to handle the problem of dark clouds from its open-air burning. Three categories with nine combinations of renewable energy sources (RES) are introduced in this paper to select the ideal option. Multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) optimized the systems under both deterministic and stochastic conditions, taking into consideration the uncertainties of solar radiation and wind speed using Monte-Carlo techniques. The obtained results are compared with the results of epsilon multiobjective genetic algorithm ("-MOGA). Simulation outcomes show that PV with BESS is the most economical option for microgrid sizing with a total system cost of $ 4.04 million. Besides, Scenario 6's hybrid system provides an appropriate ecological-reliable configuration, especially when considering sources' uncertainties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy crisis is affecting a number of countries, but particularly those that are heavily dependent on the traditional energy generation formula (e.g., Poland), as well as those neighbouring the territory of the ongoing war in Ukraine, i.e., Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. With this in mind, the authors of this study decided to explore the issue of water energy as a source of green (cheap and environmentally safe) energy in these countries. The main objective of the paper is to review the available literature, which is needed to identify the role hydropower plays in energy security and energy transition in these energy markets. This paper is based on a review and critical appraisal of the available literature and studies together with an inference. The structure of the paper consists of an introduction, the main part of the review and conclusions. The geopolitical location and socio-economic conditions of the adopted set of countries, form the basis of the review of the existing literature on the theme explored and the substantive inference. The main findings of this review indicate that the literature is most strongly focused on the overall assessment of the energy transition of the adopted countries for review, where the hydropower thread is most often taken up as one source of renewable energy supply. Hydropower, due to its relatively low share in the energy systems of the adopted set of countries, is, according to the authors, insufficiently explored. The most significant gap relates to the aspect of the potential for hydropower development in these areas, considering both the construction of new hydropower plants and opportunities signalled in the literature for the modernisation or restoration of existing ones. In this respect, the need for analyses (studies and simulations) of hydropower development, considering the economic benefits associated with their development juxtaposed with the safety dimension of this course of action for the environment (analysis and assessment of environmental costs) is indicated, which is the main recommendation of the review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global energy demand has been increasing and posing multiple challenges across the globe, including global warming, environmental pollution, and energy-sustainability issues. Thus, multiple countries have been adopting renewable-energy (RE) sources to provide clean, reliable, affordable, and sustainable energy. Previously, a number of renewable energy projects has been delivered in the form of a public–private partnership (PPP) to take advantage of the private sector's investment, technology advancements, and expertise. In general, renewable-energy projects are considered large-scale universal projects that involve expertise from different countries and require a clear understanding of the barriers and key success factors (KSFs) across the globe. Thus, this paper focuses on providing a comprehensive understanding of the main barriers and success factors of renewable-energy projects across the globe. For that aim, a comprehensive literature review was first carried out to identify and report on the barriers and KSFs of renewable-energy projects. This was followed by a questionnaire survey wherein the opinions of 60 experts with wide experience in RE PPPs in multiple countries were collected and analyzed. The analysis shows that political and regulatory barriers are the main risks globally. Additionally, well-prepared contract documentations and skilled and efficient parties are the KSFs. However, these factors change from one continent to another. Additionally, this paper sheds light on the difference between the public and private sectors' perceptions on the severity of the risks and the importance of the KSFs to each sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the European Parliament, the EU is facing a major energy crisis, triggered on the one hand by natural gas shortages and on the other by the explosive rise in energy prices. In this context, the aim of this paper is to identify the requirements of the final energy consumer and the opinions on energy produced from renewable sources (E-RES) and to analyze the factors influencing investments in E-RES. In order to achieve the proposed goal, the following objectives were formulated: objective 1 - review of the literature on investments in renewable energy; objective 2 - to establish the implications generated by the Russian-Ukrainian conflict on the activity of the energy sector; objective 3 - evaluation of the contribution of green certificates (CV) in stimulating the production of green energy; objective 4 - identify the end consumer's perspective on the transition from conventional to renewable energy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the various sources of complexity in the electrical power system, such as integrating intermittent renewable energy resources and widely spread nonlinear power system components, which result in sudden changes in the power system operating conditions, the conventional PID controller fails to track such dynamic challenges to mitigate the frequency deviation problem. Thus, in this paper, a fuzzy PI controller is proposed to enhance the automatic generation control system (AGC) against step disturbance, dynamic disturbance, and wind energy disturbance in a single area system. The proposed controller is initialized by using Equilibrium Optimization and proved its superiority through comparison with a classical PI optimized base. Results show that the fuzzy PI controller can reduce the peak-to-peak deviation in the frequency by 30–59% under wind disturbance, compared to a classical PI optimized base. Moreover, a fuzzy PID controller is also proposed and EO initialized in this paper to compare with the PIDA optimized by several techniques in the two-area system. Results show that the fuzzy PID controller can reduce the peak-to-peak deviation in the frequency of area 1 by 30–50% and the deviation of frequency in area 2 by 13–48% under wave disturbance, compared to the classical PIDA optimized base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Grid Connected Inverter. As the proportion of distributed generation (DG), including Photovoltaic (PV) generation, in the power grid system increases, there are dropouts of large-scale distributed power generation sources due to some transient conditions that negatively affect the power grid stability and power quality. Accordingly, the inverter for DG generation is in a transition period, requiring more complex control performance. Anti-islanding function requirements in particular are becoming more strict because sophisticated grid-connection requirements are demanded, such as voltage ride-through, frequency ride-through, rate of change of frequency, and other functions. Thus, highly advanced anti-islanding methods are required to detect the islanding condition quickly and accurately to stop the inverter. This paper presents the improved anti-islanding method based on reactive power variation (RPV) under grid-support environments for single-phase DG inverters. In order to verify the validity of the proposed method, PSIM simulation was conducted. The proposed method meets the requirements of IEEE Std. 1547-2018 and KS C 8564:2021 by preventing islanding within 0.007 s under the newly adopted voltage/frequency trip setting, while the conventional RPV method fails. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the near future, the notion of integrating distributed energy resources (DERs) to build a microgrid will be extremely important. The DERs comprise several technologies, such as diesel engines, micro turbines, fuel cells, photovoltaic, small wind turbines, etc. The coordinated operation and control of DER together with controllable loads and storage devices, such as flywheels, energy capacitors and batteries, are central to the concept of microgrid. Microgrids can operate interconnected to the main distribution grid, or in an islanded mode. This paper reviews the studies on microgrid technologies. The modeling and optimization methodologies of DERs are also presented and discussed in this paper along with system control approaches for DERs and microgrids. The review findings indicate that the use of multimodal indicators that take into consideration the financial, technological, ecological, and social elements of microgrids increased the community's and stakeholders' reaction capability. The microgrid structure under consideration comprises several types of combined heat power devices, boilers, and various types of DERs, including FC units, distributed generators, and MTs. Moreover, compared to grid-connected mode, the microgrid's total operation cost is significantly higher in isolated mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using optimization to design a renewable energy system has become a computationally demanding task as the high temporal fluctuations of demand and supply arise within the considered time series. The aggregation of typical operation periods has become a popular method to reduce effort. These operation periods are modelled independently and cannot interact in most cases. Consequently, seasonal storage is not reproducible. This inability can lead to a significant error, especially for energy systems with a high share of fluctuating renewable energy. The previous paper, "Time series aggregation for energy system design: Modeling seasonal storage", has developed a seasonal storage model to address this issue. Simultaneously, the paper "Optimal design of multi-energy systems with seasonal storage" has developed a different approach. This paper aims to review these models and extend the first model. The extension is a mathematical reformulation to decrease the number of variables and constraints. Furthermore, it aims to reduce the calculation time while achieving the same results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article concerns the energy security of a wastewater treatment process caused by unforeseen situations related to the risk of electrical power outages. In this case, renewable energy sources based on distributed generation power systems can solve this problem in each wastewater treatment plant. The article highlights e related challenges and proposes the direction of solutions in this regard based on Czech conditions. The first part of the paper deals with the consequences of long-term outage of wastewater treatment plants on the population and the environment. There are several solutions presented for blackout conditions, and model calculations are made based on data from a Czech wastewater treatment plant. Diesel engine-generators, biogas as a cogeneration source of heat and electricity, solar panels with storage systems and combined biogas and solar systems were considered as approaches to provide energy autonomy during a blackout in a wastewater treatment plant. Special attention was paid to a combination of CHP units with solar panels and batteries. The results were evaluated for three different locations for this combination. It was concluded that biogas combustion in the CHP unit was the most profitable option, allowing the production of electricity independently of the grid for its own consumption and possibly for other operations. The last part of the paper deals with the transition to island operation, which must occur during a blackout. This transition is more difficult for both solar panels and cogeneration units if they were to supply electricity to the grid before a blackout. The transition to energy island operation could be ensured by frequency relay and processor devices to control the circuit breaker. Then, to maintain island operation, it would be necessary to have an automatic load shedding/application system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penetration of renewable energy resources (RERs) in the power grid continues to increase as we strive toward a greener environment for the future. While they have many advantages, most RERs possess little or no rotational kinetic energy, thereby threatening the frequency stability of future power grids. Energy storage systems (ESSs) can be used to mitigate this problem, as they are capable of providing virtual inertia to the system. This paper proposes a novel analytical approach for sizing ESSs to provide inertial support to the grid and maintain frequency stability in presence of RERs. This method analytically estimates the total inertia of the system using probability distributions of the outage states of conventional generators and RERs. RERs are modeled as multi-state units, considering the variability of their output power due to changes in weather conditions and also the forced outages of their equipment. The ESS is utilized to provide virtual inertia to the grid in the form of active power once the estimated system inertia falls below the minimum required during a disturbance. The efficacy of the proposed approach is tested on the IEEE 39 bus system and the results obtained by the analytical approach are validated using Monte Carlo simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, air conditioning consumes, on average, around one-fifth of the total power used in buildings globally. The present paper aims to provide the present status on the employment of Earth-to-Air Heat eXchangers (EAHX) to contain the consumption of energy and to reduce the effect on the environment in response to the Montreal and Kyoto protocols in a way to achieve cleaner energy production with a low Global Warming Potential (GWP) and a low ozone depletion potential (ODP). Different peculiarities and applications (direct or hybrid) are critically analyzed and reviewed. Specifically, in this paper, the different hybrid applications presented in the literature, where the Earth-to-Air Heat eXchangers are coupled to advanced systems, are reviewed. Finally, an IoT-based EAHX control system plan is reported and discussed to optimize energy efficiency and thermal comfort to suit operating conditions under different time zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy use of residues from agriculture, forestry, and solid waste can foster the transition towards a more renewable energy supply. This paper analyzes the energy potential of the above-mentioned sources for energy applications in Kosovo. The analysis is based on statistical data from different studies and reports, analyzing and calculating them to determine the theoretical and energy biomass potential. Kosovo can increase its self-sufficiency by taking advantage of its rich but under-utilized potential of biomass energy sources. This is a novelty study in this area, considering Kosovo lignite-dominated heat energy and electricity consumption and the available special literature. According to our estimates, the theoretical potential is 6.13 million tons/year, while the biomass energy potential should be around 4.57 million tons/year, including approximately 74.6% of biomass, which can be used for energy needs (heating and electricity). Based on the data and calculations, the available and usable potential shows biomass as an energy source with high potential in Kosovo; its share is very low, but it is reasonable to grow for both environmental and economic reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exponential growth of population and industries has brought about an increase in energy consumption, causing severe climatic and environmental problems. Therefore, the move towards green renewable energy is being ever more intensified. This study aims at estimating the rooftop solar power production for Tehran, the capital city of Iran, using a Geospatial Information System (GIS) to assess the big data of city building parcels. Tehran is faced with severe air pollution due to its excessive fossil fuel usage, and its electricity demand is increasing. As a result, this paper attempts to provide the quantified solar power potential of city roof tops for policymakers and authorities in order to facilitate decision-making in relation to integrating renewable energies into the power production infrastructure. The results shows that approximately 3000 GWh (more than 14% of the total electric energy consumption) of solar power can be produced by the rooftop PV installations in Tehran. The potential nominal power of rooftop PV installations is estimated to be more than 2000 MW, which is four times the current installed PV capacity of the whole country. The findings of the study suggest that there is great potential hidden on the rooftops of the city, which can be utilized to assist the power systems of the city in the longer run for a more sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with improving the feed-in tariff policy for green energy advancement in Ukraine's households based on assessing the economic efficiency of investment project implementation under the current state support mechanisms. This study was conducted for solar and wind power plants with different installed capacities. The Levelized Cost of Electricity and the payback period for such power plants were calculated considering the ongoing feed-in tariffs and discount rates determined by various equity and debt capital ratios. The results showed that the state support provides attractive payback periods for solar and wind power plants with an installed capacity of ≥30 kW. In comparison, 5 kW solar power plants and wind power plants with a capacity of up to 10 kW are not paid off during the power plants' lifecycle. It confirmed that the ongoing energy policy in Ukraine's residential sector is still designed to obtain profits by the owners of generating facilities by selling the excess electricity. In the meantime, its main goal—providing households energy independence—has been levelled. To resolve the issues caused by such a state support model, a methodical approach to improve the feed-in tariff calculation is proposed. In addition, recommendations for reconsidering other policy measures to ensure effective renewable energy development in the residential sector have been made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy's integral role in addressing the global climate crisis underscores the importance of crafting coordinated policies to bolster its growth. Shandong Province, as China's largest carbon emitter, presents an intriguing case study. Leveraging policy text analysis and the coupling coordination model, this research investigates the interplay among the diverse policy instruments within Shandong Province's renewable energy policies. The findings reveal a harmonious and varied array of policy instruments. Yet, notable disparities emerge when examining secondary policy instruments across different types of renewable energy. Consequently, this paper offers strategic recommendations to improve the coupling coordination and utilization of policy instruments across various types of renewable energy. The ultimate aim is to strengthen policy synergies, overhaul the energy structure, and make a meaningful contribution to global climate change mitigation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to identify the drivers and barriers of on-farm adoption of renewable energy systems (RES) in Spain and to determine how the existing mix of policies (subsidies, regulation and communication) affected the decisions of the farmers. The analysis is based on the results of a national survey that was completed by 719 farmers, representing the main types of farms and production regions. Statistically significant correlations have been observed between the probability of on-farm RES adoption and variables such as the use of contract farming, interest in new technologies and risk tolerance. Findings suggest that the diffusion of on-farm RES was at an early stage. Farmers are hesitant to adopt RES because the level of economic and regulatory uncertainty is perceived as too high in relation to the return and payback time typical of RES investments. Tailored business models and financing solutions should be implemented and promoted to overcome the described issues. Furthermore, relevant and reliable information should be available within farmers' most common professional networks such as cooperatives and farmers' associations. These aspects should be combined or even prioritized over providing direct economic incentives when producing on-farm RES supporting policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]