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Objetivo: Identificar evidencia de la relevancia de la estructura de capital y de las principales estrategias bancarias para la maximización del valor en los bancos. Metodología: Se trata de una investigación empírica-analítica, descriptiva, con un enfoque cuantitativo. Los datos longitudinales se obtuvieron de la base de datos Economatica® entre el primer trimestre de 2008 y el cuarto trimestre de 2018. Se realizaron pruebas de regresión lineal con datos de panel (panel data). Principales resultados: Existe evidencia de la relevancia de la estructura de capital y la influencia de estrategias bancarias para la rentabilidad de los bancos medida con base en ROICAJUSTADO. Relevancia y originalidad: La actualidad, relevancia y la discusión crítica inevitable sobre el tema despiertan el interés del ámbito académico por la investigación dirigida al análisis crítico de la relevancia de la estructura de capital y las estrategias operativas para la maximización del valor. Contribuciones teóricas: Proporciona el inevitable debate académico sobre la relevancia de la estructura de capital y las principales estrategias bancarias para la maximización del valor en los principales bancos brasileños cotizados en la bolsa. Contribuciones sociales: Contribuye al processo de toma de decisiones de gestores, inversores, analistas financieros y organismos reguladores del sector al abordar la relevancia de la estructura de capital para los bancos, los riesgos y costos involucrados, los principales aspectos que incentivan niveles elevados de apalancamiento financiero y factores determinantes para la rentabilidad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study drew statistical studies between the increased use of information technology and paper consumption in the Brazilian market, using data for twenty years. Through the literature review on the topic and statistical tests, it was investigated whether corporate investments in information technology provided to reduce the consumption of certain types of papers. The results corroborate the earlier study, developed by Moraes Meirelles and Nacimiento (2010), which was analyzed in a period of six years, indicating that the use of IT did not bring benefit to the reduction of paper consumption. It is evident through this study that the values of IT investments by companies participating in this research had positive correlation with the fall in consumption of newsprint and writing paper type, indicating that, possibly, access to digital information through reduced the use of newspapers. It is also evident in the increased consumption of other types of paper such as newsprint and packaging, consumption increased along with IT investments, thus we can deduce that the easy access to computer equipment, including printers would lead to the printing of electronic files, as well as increased sales of electronic equipment tends to increase the use of packing paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this paper was to analyze the bidirectional relationship between financial development and economic growth for a dataset of Latin American and Asian developing countries between 2001 and 2019. Method: This research employed an empirical approach to analyze the statistical relationship between financial development and economic growth, by presenting an estimation of a system of simultaneous equations for a panel of Asian and Latin American countries using 3SLS. Main Results: The results presented in this research provided evidence that financial development does not appear to have a significant impact on economic growth, although growth appears to have a significant and positive influence on financial development. Moreover, the results also suggested that regulatory quality and domestic credit directed to the private sector have a positive effect on economic growth, while urbanization and education showed a negative influence on growth. The estimated model also indicated that urbanization has a positive influence on financial development while foreign direct investment presented a negative effect on the development of the financial sector. Relevance / Originality: Most of the research agenda on the topic of finance and growth has focused on identifying correlation or causality between these variables, with little attention given to the simultaneous relationship between them. This is still a clear gap in economic literature. Following this premise, the objective of this paper was to analyze the bidirectional relationship between financial development and growth by estimating a system of simultaneous equations using the Zellner and Theil’s (1962) 3SLS methodology. In this sense, the main contribution will be given empirically, based on data and analysis from emerging countries in Latin America and Asia. The fact that financial development has an influence on growth and growth plays a role on the development of the financial sector indicates a simultaneous relationship between these variables. Another relevant contribution is to update the debate on financial systems and economic development for emerging countries, highlighting institutional aspects and financial cycles. Theoretical / Methodological Contributions: The main contribution of this study is in the empirical strategy, whose results dialogue with part of the literature on the financial system and development presented along the text. That is, this research explored the statistical relationship between economic development and financial development for a sample composed by twenty-two Asian and Latin American emerging countries, using a simultaneous equations model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This paper aimed to provide a systematic review of brand identity and understand how literature streams impact the current brand identity frameworks. Method: There are few systematic reviews about this salient topic, and the existing ones have not analyzed how the research in brand identity has evolved in the last 30 years, what have been the leading research streams and gaps, and which future avenues of study could be pursued. To fill this gap, this paper analyzed 67 articles published in 24 leading academic jour-nals (Academic Journal Guide grades 3, 4, and 4*) between 1990 and 2021. Main Results: Five key research streams were identified: brand identity frameworks; consumer behavior; corporate branding; visual brand iden-tity; co-creation. Despite the impressive progress made over the last 30 years, our review points out what we defined as a "middle-age brand identity crisis", since there is still no convergence among scholars about what brand identity is and what would be its main components. Also, the current research streams uncover concepts and ideas that were not previously included in brand identity frameworks. Relevance / Originality: This study performed a comprehensive systematic analysis of the brand identity literature, highlighting essential recent resear-ch not considered by the current brand identity frameworks and connecting it to branding constructs. We also identified that there is still a lack of con-sensus regarding the brand identity components and dimensions. Theoretical / Methodological Contributions: This paper contributes to the literature by presenting a new framework to shed light on the inte-ractions of brand identity with other branding constructs, proposing that brand identity has a core (brand essence) and extended identity (com-posed of personality, relationship, symbology, and cultural expressions). A new brand identity taxonomy is also proposed, with complexity and tangibility as its dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the differences related to work values and attitudes toward the technology of Generation Z in Brazil and Germany. Method: The proposed hypotheses were tested in a survey of 122 Brazilian and German participants. The data were analyzed using t-test and logistic regression models. Main Results: The results present differences between Brazilian and German Generation Z, challenging the literature that analyzes Generation Z as a global generation and reinforcing cultural differences between nationalities. The Brazilian sample presents more instrumental and prestige work values and is more positive and less negative regarding technology than the German sample. Relevance/Originality: The paper’s contribution provides evidence of Generation Z’s differences according to nationalities relevant to shaping their relationship with work and technology. The analysis of both constructs is interesting nowadays because of their interrelationship and the current changes in global work boundaries. Theoretical/Methodological Contributions: The literature predominantly presents that Generation Z is a global generation. Comparing participants from two countries with different levels of development provides an insight into their differences regarding work values and attitudes, which can be valuable for business management literature. Practical/Social Contributions: Recommendations for businesses are provided to improve attraction and retention strategies to tackle the shortage of skilled workers. This implies management strategies for firms with multicultural teams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This article presents the process data research approach as an opportunity to improve management studies and to create a roadmap for beginners. Process research is a sidelined way to conduct qualitative studies. The fundamental concern of the process approach is to capture and apprehend the meanings attributed to organizational phenomena directly in the field of research, aiming to understand and answer the questions of 'how' and 'why' events change over time. Method: This study reviews selected recent research on innovation management that used process research criteria (temporal orientation, units of analysis, sample, data, analytical strategies, and conceptual products) as the back-drop. Main Results: The main result of this paper is the creation of a ro-admap for applying the process research approach. Also, it highlights ele-ments of improvement for management studies from the process data approach. Relevance / Originality: This study provides several examples of qualitative process research in innovation. The proposed roadmap helps increase the rigor and uses of this research approach. Theoretical / Methodological Contributions: We offer an academic discussion on process research's role in improving (innovation) management studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This paper has the purpose to discuss how corporate networks’ big linkers constitute a development opportunity area in Latin America. Method: We employ a qualitative analysis that blends social networks literature and builds on interlocking directorates (IntDs) theory with a fascinating case study labeled the ‘Patient 31’ phenomenon that occurred during the coronavirus outbreak in South Korea. Main results: We generate managerial and conceptual insights on the diffusion processes of business practices, which have a series of profound implications for theory and practice on how corporate networks present differences in their diffusion ability. Relevance/Originality: Viral contagion processes are not a secret for health sciences, but they are still under researched in the context of managerial practices regarding diffusion processes. The COVID-19 virus has been (and is) a significant threat for global health since the beginning of 2020, as well as an operational challenge for almost every organization around the world. Theoretical/Methodological contributions: The results highlight the superspreaders’ high diffusion power, warn about the risks of including ‘Patient 31’- type of spreaders as members of the firms’ boards, and also provide recommendations on how policy makers could harness this diffusion ability over the organizational networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore whether there is any causal combination of marketing conditions affecting the growth stage of social entrepreneurship proposals in two emerging countries: Brazil and Mexico. Method: An exploratory type of research was developed, applying a comparative qualitative configurational analysis with 18 case studies or study units, nine from each country, to discover the combination of key conditions of marketing variables associated with the growth stage of the ventures studied. Main Results: In Mexico, growth occurs with the presence of a distribution channel, approach to multiple target markets, hybrid mission, and penetration pricing strategy. In Brazil, on the other hand, growth is explained by penetration pricing, variety of products and services, multiple distribution channels, and loyalty programs. Relevance: This work is relevant for its contribution to the understanding of the role of marketing variables in the survival and extension of the growth phase of social enterprises. Theoretical/Methodological Contributions: The paper contributes to the advancement of knowledge of marketing capabilities in growth-stage social enterprises in emerging countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This paper aimed to discuss how blockchain technology would incorporate several changes in the fishery supply chains, in order to make them more reliable and sustainable. Method: This is a qualitative study, using an exploratory method with descriptive approach. In addition, the literature review in this study presents theoretical contributions regarding utility. Main Results: The study highlights the importance of incorporating blockchain features into seafood supply chains, which are currently fragmented and lack of real-time information, focusing on its traceability potential to leveraging fishery supply chains operations and outcomes. It identifies a sequence of strategic checkpoints that provide real-time information by using blockchain in fishery supply chains. Relevance / Originality: This manuscript presents a diagram of a seafood supply chain considering how blockchain allows the data gathering in each stage in order to provide traceability to the supply chain. Hence, the study serves as a map, as well as a model, for upcoming research on how to understand the incorporation of technology into supply chains stages. Theoretical / Methodological Contributions: Supply chains support international business operations. Furthermore, as digital revolution moves aggressively forward, supply chains need to adapt to it in order to fit for the new stakeholders' expectations. This study uses sustainable supply chain management and blockchain technology as positioning literature. Management Contributions: The study provides an overview of how fishery supply chains would work by incorporating blockchain technology, which extends the literature about sustainable supply chain management and proposes paths for actions for policymakers in order to make them improve the business ecosystem. This study implies a practical contribution to global value chain perspective and the discipline of business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To review the literature that uses institutional theory to examine the internationalization of smaller and entrepreneurial firms, covering the period from January 1, 2008 to September 30, 2020. Method: The bibliometric review uses the bibliographic coupling technique and content analysis. Main Findings: The literature was divided in three periods using bibliometric techniques, and the main themes examined in each period were identified and analyzed qualitatively. Relevance/Originality: Only one previous literature review examined the same issue addressed in this paper, but only covered articles published up to 2008 (Szyliowicz & Galvin, 2010). Theoretical Contributions: The study uncovers the thematic structure of the field throughout the period examined and suggests issues for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The objective of this research was to statistically compare employee's use of sources of guidance (SOGs) at work in the United States and Brazil and discuss results in the light of differences concerning national cultural characteristics. Method - 220 employees from a Brazilian university and 166 employees from an American university filled out a paper-and-pencil questionnaire. Pearson correlation tests (r) and Student t-tests were run to investigate statistically significant differences between the two samples, which were discussed in the light of national cultural characteristics. Main results - Americans presented significantly higher means than Brazilians on Informal Rules and People Outside Organization, and Brazilians presented significantly higher mean than Americans on Formal Rules and Procedures. The discussion showed that some of these differences are compatible with national cultural characteristics. Relevance/Originality - Recognizing the importance and the role of national cultures on individuals' attitudes and behavior within the organizational environment is fundamental in the search for effective and contextualized management practices. Theoretical/methodological contributions - Up until 2020, only 12 theoreticalempirical studies about SOGs were developed. Hence, the present study theoretically and empirically contributes to knowledge about this very important work-related construct. Social/management contributions - The results suggest to managers, human resource professionals, and psychologists important differences in the attitudes of American and Brazilian employees concerning the use of sources of guidance at work, contributing, for instance, to recruitment and selection processes in multinationals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this article was to analyze the scientific production in brazilian journals in born globals. Method: A bibliometric analysis of the entire scientific production in Brazil up to October 2019 was carried out in journals ranked with Qualis A1 to B3 and papers published in the ANPAD Conference (ENANPAD) Main results: On this field of research, there is a predominance of articles discussing the internationalization process of born globals and the evolution of the concept of internationalization. The largest amount of papers published on the theme are from institutions from the south and southeast of Brazil. Relevance/originality: An analysis of the brazilian scientific production on born globals is useful for researchers in their future studies about internationalization. Theoretical/methodological contributions: This paper contributes to the theoretical evolution of the theme, presenting the development of the research in born globals in Brazil over the years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives of the study: to demonstrate the methodological gaps in empirical work that use structural models in the area of International Business, and prescribe complementary methods to mitigate the problem of collinearity. Method: a simulation was developed to evidence the effects of collinearity with respect to the importance and significance of predictors, and actions aimed at controlling the undesired effects of collinearity was developed. Main results: the proposition of complementary methods that include grouping the latent variables that present multicollinearity into a second-order model, and the use of the technique that shows the relative importance of predictors. Theoretical and methodological contributions: the contribution is based on the complementary methods offered for the academic community to conduct empirical research that are laid out by the findings of this research paper. Relevance and originality: from the gaps pointed out in the recent scientific production of the field of knowledge of international business, complementary methods are presented to mitigate the problem of collinearity, which may render the results of empirical studies invalid. Social contributions and management: among the main managerial and social implications achieved through our findings of, we stimulate the development of robust, relevant and reliable empirical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the influence of external knowledge absorbed on the potential to innovate of multinational companies (MNCs), in the genetically modified (GM) seed sector from 2000 to 2018. Method: A quantitative approach was applied. Data was composed of the main patents filed by MNCs in the GM seed sector, collected from the Espacenet database, the MNCs' annual reports, and the INPI database. Variables were analyzed using panel regression model. Main results: Results showed that the MNCs' own resources, as well as the external knowledge absorbed were individually significant. The Interactive variable was not significant in the model. Relevance/Originality: In addition to addressing literature gaps related for instance to the need to investigate the factors that influence the generation of innovation in multinationals, the present study focused on the agricultural biotechnology sector, which is of paramount importance for the innovations generated in agriculture. Theoretical contributions: This study contributes by filling literature gaps related to the need to understand how important is the influence of the external knowledge and resources to the innovative capabilities of MNCs. Social contributions: This paper helps managers be conscious of the fact that innovation is not only developed internally, involving the MNC's own network, but in fact, innovation requires relationships with other companies, allowing the access of external knowledge and resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study proposes a conceptual framework on how institutions influence risk and uncertainty. Beyond the nuances in defining the concepts in the existing literature, the role of institutions in shaping risks and uncertainties remains understudied. This paper adopts the new institutional economics (NIE) perspective to revisit the concepts of risk and uncertainty and provide a deeper reflection about its interactions with formal and informal institutions. Method: Our conceptual model is based on four propositions that support a theoretical explanation about the relationships between institutions and uncertainties, institutions and risks, and uncertainties and risks. Findings: While formal institutions have a primary role in reducing uncertainties, informal institutions can be seen as a source of risk. These findings imply firms' strategic decisions. In this regard, we also provide a research agenda for future empirical studies in the area. Originality/value: The study highlights the importance of institutions for companies to deal with risk and uncertainties. The institutions have a primary role in defining the "known part" of the uncertainty, allowing the companies to evaluate the different scenarios for decision-making. Theoretical/Methodological Contributions: This study differentiates risk and uncertainty interaction according to institutional theory. Additionally, we offer an academic discussion of how formal and informal institutions can shape risks and uncertainties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The exploratory research seeks to describe the community of Brazilian entrepreneurs in Perth, Australia, regarding their aspirations, migratory trajectories and aspects of entrepreneurship. Method: an exploratory qualitative research was carried out, through the analysis of 21 in-depth interviews with Brazilian entrepreneurs from the most diverse sectors, established in the city of Perth, Western Australia. Main results: Among the reported reasons for emigrating, stand out, discontent with Brazil and the search for a better quality of life. Among the reasons for undertaking, the identification of opportunities, the search for freedom and help to colleagues and family members are reported. The Brazilian community is seen by entrepreneurs as crucial to the establishment of several businesses whose target audience is the community itself, but is also viewed with a certain suspicion, evidenced by the occurrence of false complaints, denoting a distorted business ethics. Cultural and linguistic barriers to entrepreneurship and work are highlighted. Relevance / originality: Brazilian immigrants' entrepreneurship overseas is scarcely researched, particularly in Australia. The paper evidences the sociodemographic profile of the entrepreneurs, their behavioral traits, a description of their businesses, and the relationships between entrepreneurs and between them and their community. Theoretical contributions: to understand the inception of Brazilian immigrants business, related factors and constraints. Contributions to management: help Brazilian immigrant entrepreneurs envision paths, based on the cases reported, for them to act with greater assertiveness while managing their businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To present the panorama of international empirical research on innovation in tourism services from 2008 to 2020 and proposes a research agenda. Methods: Systematic Literature Review (SLR) using Methodi Ordinatio to classify and select the greatest articles for the thematic. In sequence a content analysis of the articles studied was performed. Main results: The hotel sector is the main locus study in empirical research. Taiwan is the country that has researched the most about innovation in tourism services. The main theme of the articles are (i) determinants of innovation; (ii) results of innovation; (iii) innovative behavior; (iv) the role of the tourist in innovation; (v) sustainable innovation and (vi) network innovation. In the end, this paper presents the main gaps and proposes a research agenda. Relevance/originality: Tourism is a relevant sector for the economy, representing 10.3% of global GDP. In addition, the high degree of competitiveness in the sector requires innovations from companies. The originality of this article is to demonstrate, through a systematic literature review, how the academy has studied innovation in tourism services, bringing the main concepts, approaches, results, gaps and research agenda on the theme. Theoretical/methodological contributions: Among the theoretical contributions, it is important to mention the systematization of research on innovation in tourism services, systematization of the main themes, identification of gaps and presentation of a research agenda. Regarding methodological contributions, was used Methodi Ordinatio. This method selects articles not only by the journal's impact factor, but also considers the year of publication and number of citations of the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of clusters has been linked in several studies to their historical and geographical contexts as well as to the drivers that shape the competitive strength of nations. Among these drivers, the human factor and universities play a key role in the competitiveness of nations, as well as that of industries, regions, and firms. In the new knowledge economy, the Triple Helix model is a mechanism of coordination that brings together government, industry and universities. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the Triple Helix influence on the competitiveness factors of clusters as proposed by Zaccarelli, Telles, Siqueira, Boaventura, and Donnaire (2008). An analysis has been performed to verify how the Triple Helix axes influence the competitiveness factors of wine clusters by comparing the Chilean Valle del Maule to the Brazilian Serra Gaucha. The theoretical framework is that of the Triple Helix, coupled to Zaccarelli et al.'s (2008) model. The method employed was the multiple case study and data was collected from secondary sources. The main results indicate that only four out of Zaccarelli et al.'s (2008) eleven model factors of competitiveness are influenced by the three axes of the Triple Helix. The main contribution of this paper is to bring together the Triple Helix and competitiveness. There are nevertheless analytical and methodological constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the profile and standard of academic output of the Electronic Journal of International Business at ESPM 2006 to 2013, through their scientific publications. Methodologically, we used the techniques of analysis, bibliometrics and social network, through documentary research and descriptive statistics on 121 identified articles. Given the scenario, lets say that there was a predominance of articles published in partnership specifically with two authors; Walter Fernando Araújo and Flavia Moraes Luciane Scherer, were the most prolific researchers; the School of Advertising and Marketing (SP) was the HEIs that most published and more of this study; we observed low densities in co-authorship networks and HEIs; Flavia Luciane Scherer was a columnist with the highest degree centrality. Identified prominence of studies with a qualitative approach. And the topic internationalization was the most published, or appearing as highlighted in 32.23% of the total of 121 investigated papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate if the culture of countries influences earnings management practices. Earnings management (EM) was chosen as a Corporate Governance mechanism. Methodology: We selected the Earnings Management proxies from Leuz et al. (2003). We adopted Hosftede's cultural dimensions: power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance and long term orientation. The sample comprised companies listed in 2016 in the stock markets of Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Chile, Colombia, Peru, and the United States. This work involved regression analysis to associate the dimensions of culture with the practice of EM of the firms. Findings: The results showed a positive relationship between EM and power distance and between EM and uncertainty avoidance. On the other hand, the results showed a negative relationship between EM and individualism and between EM and long term orientation. Overall, our results suggest that culture influences firms' earnings management. Originality/value: Finance literature has had difficulty in assessing which variables can affect the development of CG in companies and its peculiarities in each country. It is also difficult to find country-level variables that are common to all countries. This paper breaks new ground by developing culture indicators of the countries and aggregating legal and firm-level variables to these indicators to advance the understanding of CG in the firms and nations. Theoretical and methodological contributions: studying culture at a multi-country level is important to improve the understanding of common aspects and the countries' particularities that may affect the relationship between corporate governance and performance around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this paper is to verify the effects of triggering stimuli on internationalization and whether, according to the target population, ambidexterity and mental models (MM) increase the predisposition to exports, as well as whether the country of origin causes differences in terms of cognition. Method: Data collection consisted of applying a questionnaire to a sample of 285 students from Business Administration programs in Brazil and Spain. ANOVA Welsh was used to verify the heterogeneity of variations, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests were used to assess normality, and nonparametric Kruskal- Wallis tests were used to verify the results of the previous tests. Main outcomes: The results showed that the strategic MM facilitates internationalization. In the sample studied, it was possible to verify that Brazilians show an operational tendency, with decisions based on logic and an improvised lifestyle, which denotes lower possibility of engaging in internationalization. This differs from what was found in the Spanish sample, which showed tendency to a strategic approach, denoting greater possibility of engagement in an internationalization process. These results may also be used to improve internationalization stimulus programs, considering cognitive aspects. Relevance: There is a low number of references relating the subject of ambidexterity to the internationalization process. This study is relevant for proposing the creation of indexes to obtain data on the MM and ambidexterity regarding the identification of personal motivation factors influencing the entrepreneur's insertion in international markets. Theoretical/methodological contributions: Proposition of a formula for standardizing and rescaling the instruments' value, as the differences between scales may contribute to the inclusion of a hidden dimension of the internationalization process: the analysis of cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goal: In this paper we analyze, conceptually, the influence of marketing capabilities as antecedents of two core decisions for the internationalization of firms: foreign entry mode and host market selection. Method: We utilize the typology of four types of marketing capabilities - specialized, multifunctional, architectural and dynamic - to observe how they may differently induce different choices regarding foreign host markets (location) and foreign entry modes. Main Results - We propose that higher order marketing capabilities induce internationalization to more developed markets and using entry modes that ensure greater control and commitment of resources and, conversely, that lower order marketing capabilities lead to the choice of similarly or less developed markets using entry modes that favor lower control and less commitment of resources. Relevance / Originality: Our work explores a possible relationship between companies' marketing capabilities and their influence on the choice of mode of entry into foreign markets and the selection of the destination country. Theoretical contributions: We thus complement extant research on the role of capabilities in the internationalization of firms, specifically delving into the capabilities that are closer to the market, in contrast to studies on technological knowledge-based competencies or innovation, operational or capabilities based on the ability to arbitrage across markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This research aims to highlight the relation between precarization of work and migration, based on the understanding that migrant workers take part assisting in the economic and social development of the countries. Method: The methodology used was a systematic review of the international literature on precarious work and migration in the period from 2008 to 2018. Main results: People migrate between countries for economic, social or political factors. Common of these three reasons is the desire to have a better life conditions. Even in some cases these migrants get access to benefits, they probably will suffer some kind of precariousness - whether in unhealthy services, without legal protection or living in unsuitable housing. This is the ambivalent nature of the precarious work - and its consequences. Relevance/originality: It is observed that large part of the research on migration in the least developed countries began with propositions borrowed from researchers who codified the experience of developed countries. It is necessary in our field to present a systematic examination of how precarization and migration are addressed in the organizational studies. Theoretical/Methodological Contributions: As a contribution to the field, in this paper it is proposed a theoretical model that involves the two phenomena and, provides the reader with standardized and systematic scientific information that may assist in the development of the field by mapping existing knowledge on this subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article brings a perspective of the role and importance of geographical indications (GIs) in developing and emerging countries. GIs became potential tools capable of enhancing local socioeconomic indices, through the protection and valorization of the product and region itself. Therefore, academic papers that addressed the implementation and management of GIs in countries with different levels of development were analyzed in a systematic angle. The articles were researched and collected with the help of Scopus and Web of Science databases. The research is classified as exploratory and bibliographical, based on critical reading of 40 articles. Among them, some demonstrate the process of implementation and development of GIs, inasmuch as the challenges they face. Others analyze the internal structural issues and strategy planning of GIs as a collective arrangement. Another portion measures and analyzes the image that a GI transmits as a brand to consumers. From this analysis, it was verified that none of the articles specifically relates or examines geographical indication capability as a development leverage tool for developing countries / regions, finding a gap in the theoretical framework of the area and the need for studies and practical cases that demonstrate this relationship, since many regions benefit from that. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the strength of the academic foundations in building Brazil's country image. Over the past two decades we can observe a rapid development of country image research. From the literature, several conceptual frameworks are aligned to specific topics, for instance, country-oforigin, country brand models, among others. Specifically, focusing on Brazil's image research, this paper provides a systematic review of international articles published between 2001 and 2015. Additionally, most studies have examined Brazil's image from a 'tourism' perspective, followed by 'exports' mostly using quantitative methods. Therefore, this paper concludes that there is great potential for research about Brazil's image, providing an exciting opportunity to advance our knowledge on a wide-range of industries. By suggesting this, researchers could carry out further research regarding potential theoretical and methodological approaches aligned to several international markets. Furthermore, the outcomes can orientate new research alignments linked to Brazil's image and grounded in the context of the recent crises (e.g., economic, political, social and ethical). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the factors that explain the low internationalization rate of Brazilian franchise chains. We seek to identify whether the company's resources, such as monitoring experience, geographic dispersion in the domestic market and reputation, and institutional aspects, such as business groups affiliation, influence the probability of Brazilian franchise networks expand overseas. Using data provided by the Brazilian Franchising Association (ABF), the relation between these four aspects and the chances of internationalization are investigated through a logistic regression for a base of 420 Brazilian franchise chains, 49 internationalized and 371 not internationalized. The results confirmed the hypotheses related to the national geographic dispersion, franchisors with greater geographic dispersion in the domestic market are more likely to internationalize, and business group affiliation, franchisors affiliated to groups are more likely to internationalize. This study innovates by quantitatively proving that national geographic dispersion and business group affiliation are factors that determine internationalization of emerging market franchise chains, such as Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aimed to evaluate the product innovation as a resource in the internationalization process of an emerging multinational (EMN), the Brazilian company Taurus in the North American market. Through the lenses of the Resource Based View (RBV), we discuss the role of product innovation, the case of The Judge revolver, as a resource for competitive advantage in the internationalization process of an EMN. In-depth interviews were conducted with managers involved in the development and introduction of the product into the USA market, as well as document analysis and direct observation. The results indicated that an innovative product can be vital for an emerging multinational entering a developed market. Other result points out that an innovative product of an EMN is capable of provoking competitive responses in developed markets where the product was introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global sourcing of knowledge services and innovation (GSKSI) has been the subject of several studies in a wide range of areas, including strategy and international management, economic geography, organizational behavior, operations management, among others. The objectives of this paper are twofold: a) to produce a summary of GSKSI studies and b) provide a research agenda for GSKSI. We conducted a systematic review of the academic literature and found that, in addition to essays, reports and theoretical papers, empirical studies on GSKSI are distributed into four main categories: strategic and international management; technology and innovation management; labor, organizational behavior and human resources; and operations management. Our paper contributes in two unique ways: by providing a quantitative analysis of the literature and a qualitative assessment of the results of previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a citation analysis of Internext - Review of International Business to detect the impact caused by papers published for the period 2006- 2013. The Publish or Perish (PoP) software is used, which retrieves articles and citations from Google Scholar database. As part of the applied indicators are: the distribution of authors by articles, citations per year, citation vs. self-citation, journal's citable vs. non citable documents, journal's cited vs. uncited documents, co-word analysis, and H Index. A total of 131 articles were obtained for 153 citations made until June, 2014. Most articles present multiple authorship. It is also detected an ascending line in the citation. The Journal has very low levels of self-citation, showing that most citing sources are Brazilian journals. The most cited articles have been published in the early years (2006-2008); whose main topics are related with the internationalization theory and strategy, the transaction analysis, and the corporate governance. The InternexT' H Index is 6 and the G Index is 9. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Uppsala model is the result of an intellectual journey where economic-type assumptions were purged and replaced by behavioral, network relationship, dynamic capabilities, effectuation, entrepreneurship and institutional theories, theories which seemed to explain better, the internationalization process in the current business environment. This conceptual paper illustrates how the Uppsala model evolved showing adaptions it went through and discuss whether the Uppsala model is contingent enough to explain the rise of EMNEs, a phenomenon that at first, puzzled international business scholars and questioned the validity of well-established stream of thoughts in the international business community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a theoretical study that seeks to clarify the concept of country brand, differentiating it from country image and country-of-origin effect, and looking in detail at its management, exploring its complexity and differences in relation to brand management of products and services. Based on the literature, we found that the country brand is derived from a management process known as country branding, which seeks to differentiate between the nation and its offerings in the international market based on its culture. This process ranges from the creation of the country brand to its communication to the various target audiences. It is more complex than for goods and services, and includes elements of the country's identity, positioning and image. Country image is often the focus of branding, as it consists of the associations of the country that international consumers hold in their memory and is considered a tool that can increase the power of the country brand. Thus, the study contributes both to country brand theory and management, and to governments, by providing relevant information to help define strategic actions in relation to country brand and image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to present the simple moderation model as a resource for testing research hypotheses in the field of business. The following topics are addressed: i) presentation of the simple moderation model - assumptions, conceptual and statistical diagrams, and model equations; ii) probing the moderating effect; and iii) recommendations on how to report it in scholarly articles. We hope to contribute to the field by disseminating the technique and good practices for presenting statistical analyses in academic articles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This theoretical paper aims to present an analytical scheme for organizations and leaders consider global mindset as a premise to develop competitive advantage in international markets. Global mindset is theme related to global leadership, yet little discussed theoretically and empirically. It is questioned whether the global mindset, as a dimension of global leadership, can generate competitive advantage in internationalization processes. The literature indicates that organizational knowledge is in itself valuable strategic resource and organizational capacity to learn is crucial for success in the global competitive environment. However, you must develop the ability to understand and deal with complex global reality. Thus, the global mindset is in competitive premise for global leaders and organizations because it facilitates an understanding of how things are done, the psychic distance decreases and facilitates connections between local and global. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare the entry and operations strategies of franchisors of developed countries into foreign countries with Brazilian counterparts. Were there significant differences? An exploratory study was conducted with 16 international franchisors operating in Brazil and 31 Brazilian franchisors operating abroad. The results show that international franchisors operating abroad prefer to use a subsidiary in the destination country. At the same time, this strategy is little used by Brazilian franchisors, which prefer the strategy of direct franchises. For data collection, 47 directors or managers of the international expansion of Brazilian companies and the expansion directors of the international companies which operates in Brazil were interviewed. Although more expensive, the subsidiary in the target country offers greater control over the expansion of business reducing the problems caused by the distance of the country of origin. For the management of franchisors, this paper points out that the subsidiary is a natural evolution of entry and operation mode when it is desired or it is needed to control the expansion of networks in other countries. Thus, managers of franchisors in emerging countries should carefully examine the subsidiary option in the target country when their company considers accelerating international growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Franchising as a legal or marketing concept was not new. It arose as a structured business system in the US, around 1860´s when The Singer Company established a network of resellers for sewing machines. Nowadays franchising is one of the fastest developing forms of business in the world. The evolution of theories that seek to explain franchise systems have been published in academic journals from time to time, but until now there was not a study that have established a social network analysis to quantify the degree of centrality and cohesion of the relationship between the main authors, journals, methods and theories in franchise. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to extend the knowledge about franchising through an extensive research on its main theoretical perspectives into relevant international academic journals, showing the evolution of the field, highlighting the principal issues, authors and methods. Through a selection of 130 articles ranging from 1966 to 2015 the study investigates five relevant theories in franchising: (1) Resource Acquisition Theory, (2) Agency Theory, (3) Transaction Cost Analysis, (4) Signaling Theory, and (5) Property Rights Theory. A descriptive statistical analysis was done in order to identify the main authors and trends with the most used associated theories in franchise papers. The findings show agency theory and signaling theory, and resource scarcity theory as the main perspectives used in studies about franchising, but other perspectives have been increasing its presence, mainly the institutional theory and resource based-view perspective. The main dependent and independent variables cover a wide range of constructs, but ownership, performance, age, size, growth, geographical dispersion, and internationalization have been the most cited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses elements of a theory of international production of infrastructure services. I present a microeconomic view on the major market failures of the infrastructure sectors, and argue that the idiosyncrasies of these sectors may require modification of current dominant international business theories as applied in the explanation of the specific context of infrastructure foreign direct investments. The paper discusses the relevant ownership advantages, mostly in standard setting and capitalization; location advantages that are clearer, but do not play in the conventional fashion. Preemptive entry will secure first mover advantages in light of the transient nature of the windows of opportunity. Internalization, although apparently not relevant, may take place in specific transactions involving procurement of projects and financing. The process of internationalization of infrastructure firms may also merit adaptations, even considering the more recent version of the Uppsala model which considers liability of outsidership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neo-institutional theory has been used to explain inter-organizational networks related phenomena from the economic and sociological perspectives. The political perspective has not been often used to study institutional contexts of networks. We aim to analyze the decision-making of the formal institutions in the internationalization process of firms in an emerging economy from a political bias. For the empirical field of study, we considered the Brazilian wine industry. Starting from a case study with twentythree interviews with representatives of wineries and entities of this industry, our paper furthers the understanding of how institutions influence the internationalization of firms in an emerging economy. Based on the political perspective of the neo-institutional theory, our study describes how institutions, mainly the government, can influence an industry. Government cannot afford resources to benefit or protect all the industries, as well as cannot provide incentives to all firms and those that are supported will lose competitiveness. For the firms, the choices are based on trying to achieve economic advantages through political influences. For the institutions, the choices are based on political influences considering institutional strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional theory of expansion modes argue that local experience would bring Multinationals (MNEs) more knowledge of the particularities of the local market, mitigating subsequent same local expansion risk and will choose greenfield and whollyowned subsidiary. However, local complementary inputs become relevant in this expansion decision, when local complementary assets are not always available and freely negotiated (Hennart, 2009). This paper analyzes the sequential expansion decision made by 10 major and large experienced US multinationals in Brazil between 2004 and 2013, identifying the possible motives for this decision considering MNEs expansion theories and Brazilian inter-regions differences. We found evidence that supports Hennart Bundling Model: i) the experience of multinationals in Brazil not always increases multinational's commitment in the host countries by establishment of new wholly-owned subsidiaries; ii) US MNEs make acquisitions when they need to enter in a new region with significant difference of local economic development from where MNE already operated; iii) also, Brazilian regional factors such as concentration, growth and industrie's intrinsic features are determinants of acquisitions and joint ventures choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of internationalization has been used in higher education as a measure of quality and resource for universities to respond to the challenges of a complex global context. Despite the dominant discourse that internationalization has transformed university structures, there are few studies that deal with internationalization management in academic institutions and international cooperation university managers. This paper contributes to the beginning of this discussion in Brazil by studying international cooperation managers of Brazilian federal universities. The sample included 46 universities associated with the Brazilian Association of International Education (Faubai). Documentary research was carried out using the websites of the offices for international affairs and the Lattes curriculums2 of their managers. The results point to positive aspects, such as the positioning of these offices in university structures and the personal experience of current managers with international activities. They also indicated problems such as the turnover of managers; accumulation of tasks; education in areas not related to internationalization; and a lack of participation in education programs related to their responsibilities. In general, the scenario shows a need for investments in these universities so that institutional internationalization is more active. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the internationalization process firms face challenges in order to be successful, such as enabling knowledge transfer, finding the optimum balance between standardizing/adapting their marketing strategies, determining the strength of external networks, and deciding degrees of reverse innovation. Research on knowledge transfer in multinational firms has grown considerably over the last 15 years, but still little is known about its impact on the marketing performance of subsidiaries. The majority of the investigations carried out analyze knowledge transfer but not its interrelationships with the performance of subsidiaries. Several other studies evaluate the standardization/adaptation decision, but do not take into consideration issues such as operational environments or psychic distance. To fill this gap we review 70 articles published in top-tier peer-reviewed international and national journals in the field of international business and international marketing. From this review we build up a framework for the development of an integrative and explanatory theoretical model of the marketing performance of subsidiaries operating abroad with fifteen propositions. In this paper we present a literature review and model that will be empirically tested after gathering information to form a reliable database about the performance of multinationals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the international business literature of the last forty years from the incorporation of the term global cities as a reference in the construction of new theoretical contributions. A bibliometric method was performed in two stages. In the first one, the main areas of knowledge and the seminal studies addressing the concept were identified. Most research focuses on economic geography and urban studies. In the second, the approaches used specifically in international business were organized in the main journals of the area. The results show that the studies on global cities are still incipient, highlighting, among the approaches, the relation between location advantages and specific aspects of the multinational company. In addition, there is a growing interest in the development of analyzes at the subnational level represented by global cities, from different aspects such as the choice of entry mode, the role of advanced service firms, the importance of networks and the process of knowledge transfer. The combination of the perspectives of economic geography and international business, although claimed by scholars from both areas, still lacks a more robust theoretical and empirical body in regard to cities as centers of attractiveness of foreign investment in global markets. In analyzing the importance of the phenomenon of global cities, this study contributes to a better understanding of the contemporary internationalization strategies of multinational companies, highlighting the interdisciplinary potential between international business theories and economic geography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The insertion in the international market through exports is an important step in the growth of an organization. It is a major challenge for decision makers in small and medium-sized enterprises. This paper analysis as Competitive Intelligence assists this choice through four methods of selecting export markets. Using primary and secondary data, four methods were investigated. Four strategic dimensions were identified for the development of market selection for export: psychic distance, sector analysis, steps of selection and indicators. The similarities and differences between these methods from the analysis of these dimensions were identified. Among the results, it was verified the wide range of indicators used, the attention given to the psychic distance and the importance of sector analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been possible to apprehend a significant contribution of entrepreneurs to economy, given its ability to create jobs, provide new products, as well as establish networks of small businesses, both national and international. This can be verified in the importance given to these entrepreneurship studies in a global level. In this sense, the study of entrepreneurial behavior has been gaining attention as it has been increasing interest in entrepreneurship, reflected on the increasing number of publications on the subject. In this direction, the paper aims to develop a bibliometric study considering the articles published in EnANPAD about entrepreneurial behavior in the period from 2004 to 2008, and identify the influence of international publications in national studies on the subject. The paper seeks to review the issue in order to present a theoretical map of the paths which Brazilian researchers have followed in the search for understanding the topic, and identify a possible influence of international publications on the national production on the subject. As a theoretical mark can be highlighted Dornelas (2001), Gimenez et al. (2008); Schumpeter (1982), McClelland (1972) and Filion (1999). The results suggest a predominance of the approach on the subject from the behavioral characteristics of the entrepreneur, the majority of authors are from institutions located in the south and southeastern of Brazil, and the methodology which was most used by these authors, in the development of the work, was theoretical-empirical. Also significant was the confirmation of the influence of international bibliographic productions, since the main authors (except for Fernando Dolabela) and most of the references considered by Brazilian researchers, aware of international authors, being on an average 59.0% of the references used in the articles were international. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes to analyze the applicability of transaction cost economics - TCE (Coase, 1937; Williamson, 1975, 1979) through its characteristic make-or-buy expression, considering the offshoring pace and emerging economy firms. The make-or-buy decision must be flexible enough to explain offshoring characteristics and developed and emerging economy firms scenarios. As secondary objectives, and to show the trail to the main purpose, two research questions were identified and discussed during the paper: Is offshoring process an international movement only from developed countries to emerging economies? Is the main reason of offshoring the looking for low-cost work / activities? To achieve the proposed objectives, the structure of this paper begins with a reasonable or acceptable definition of offshoring. Some reasons (or "the reason") for the process are also another important starting point. The majority of articles referee the idea that low-cost is the main reason for offshoring, and if it is correct, transaction cost economics seems to be a good basis for our analysis purpose and integrative intention. Also some literature connections between offshoring and TCE are presented and, naturally TCE is presented in highlights for understanding these connections. Ending this section, some different arguments based on newer researches are presented by some authors presenting another perspective as the main reason. After this theoretical approach, a scenario analysis and some discussions are presented based on all possible interactions among firm from developed (DC) and emerging economies (EE) and examples of international corporations are presented to clarify and improve the understanding of our research questions and to build new contributions to international business theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper models the outward foreign direct investment from Brazil series using time a series econometrics model, namely the Vector Auto Regressive (VAR) model. We have drawn impulse response functions for the key relevant factors that may explain the outward foreign direct investment flows. We start with a review of the literature on the Dunning location approach to international business. We worked with a data set of quarterly observations from Q1-1995 to Q1-2010. We carried also out Granger causality tests as for determining whether international business travelling should be included as an explanatory variable in our model. Results stressed that although the strong exchange rate in Brazil is often blamed for forcing companies to invest abroad, the evidence found in the aggregate data suggests that there is not a significant relationship between the level of foreign exchange rate and the outward Brazilian foreign direct investment. Differently from previous studies, this paper uses impulse response functions to present dynamic results, thus avoiding the typical binary results "affect" or "don't affect", and in so doing we provide a more detailed insight into this important location factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate social responsibility practices are increasingly being adopted and legitimized in business and they impact the strategic and operational levels in various areas. The integration of these criteria and practices in the strategic management involves many factors, and human resource management is an essential aspect for the accomplishment of such initiative. Thus, this paper associates the relationship among corporate social responsibility (CSR) various dimensions (strategic, ethical, social and environmental) and strategic human resource management (SHRM) in companies operating in Brazil. We also aim to identify whether there is impact of other aspects on this relationship, namely: size, industry and company internationalization level (if national or multinational). Results show evidence that ethical CSR can be associated to SHRM. Environmental CSR showed marginal relation, and social and strategic CSR presented no significant association. Those results emphasize the need to further develop strategic actions of CSR into human resource management in emerging markets. Managers can also benefit from those findings, as it is possible to have a broad view of limitations and opportunities regarding the role played by human resource management in CSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper problematizes the experiences of Brazilian expatriates to show the challenges and opportunities that they face in other cultures. Grounded on the literature, we emphasize the need to humanize the internationalization process because expatriation is a multidimensional phenomenon that requires a multidisciplinary approach. Its empirical contribution is to analize data collected through interviews with sixteen expatriates. The findings suggest that the process of expatriation is an issue that requires more attention from the area of International Management of Human Resources. We identify the challenges as the fragility of the so-called antecipated adaptability, of repatriation strategies, of the repatriation implications to the job plan, as well as, the need of specific programs of intercultural training. Otherwise, expatriation processes register positive aspects as the professional and personal opportunities in the assignments. Taking into consideration these findings, the area of International Management of Human Resources may incorporate the intense experiences of expatriates to reformulate policies and practices and, consequently, benefit from the global mindset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International business research points to the institutional environment as a core determinant of the countries' ability to attract foreign direct investment (FDI). However, the extant research has been more focused on understanding the specific institutional of the transition and emerging economies and has left largely untapped African countries. In this paper we examine the impact of a selected number of six institutional dimensions on sub-Saharan countries' ability to attract FDI inflows. Results show that the quality of the institutional environment is positively related to the FDI into these countries, confirming prior work on different geographies but showing some remarkable differences. We extend extant research on the institutional environments and distances into contexts of extreme underinstitutionalization that characterize much of the sub-Saharan African region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of a strategically promoted country brand is a key goal in international business. Each nation tries to convey its attributes internationally, not only its products and services, but also its overall image. In addition, research on the country brand construct is continuous within academic environments, government offices, and corporate settings. Nations need to promote themselves strategically if they wish to ensure they are noticeable. Based on this premise, the aim of this theoretical reflection is to discuss this construct in to order to trace the development of the field and propose a conceptual framework for future research. This paper also contributes to understanding the challenging mission of the country brand construct and its strategies, both in practice and theory of the field. Moreover, it adds to current knowledge on the complexities of the country brand construct by understanding the topic's key philosophies after tracing its evolution. The combination of findings provides support for conveying a conceptual framework on the main complexities of the country brand construct, which are the following: multifaceted construct; numerous stakeholder-related; government involvement; interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary opportunities, and potential nation brand models. The present study advocates that dynamic nation branding strategies bring authenticity to countries in the international business setting and in doing so, this challenging mission of the country brand benefits international economy and trade; develops diplomatic relations; advances international marketing research; enhances academic and educational exchange programs and; improves both national and global sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of the entrepreneur and the characteristics of the internationalization process for Yaguara Ecológico, a small Brazilian coffee producer, in the light of different theoretical approaches. A literature review was done with special attention given to the theories of International Entrepreneurship and Effectuation. This paper deals with the International New Venture phenomenon (OVIATT; McDOUGALL, 1994), and in order to understand the importance of entrepreneurs in a company's internationalization process, the Effectuation theory was chosen that offers alternatives to describe how they think and behave when starting a new venture (PERRY et al., 2012). The research method used a single case study and in-depth interviews were conducted with company managers. The results suggest that the theories offer explanations for the company's internationalization activities; however, some characteristics of this trend did not adhere to the theoretical propositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]