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Current trends in economic development of most countries highlight the need to improve existing tools for their economic growth and sustainable development. An important aspect in this direction is the implementation of the policy of de-shadowing of the economy. The article analyzes the current world trends in the functioning of the shadow economy, identifies the most common schemes of shadow capital withdrawal and approaches to their classification. The systematization of the existing methodical approaches to the assessment of the level of shadowing of the economy is carried out, their advantages and disadvantages are determined. The expediency of developing a unified approach to estimating the volume of shadow financial flows, which is based on taking into account the multi-channel schemes of shadow capital outflow, is substantiated. An integral aspect of the functioning of Ukraine's economy in recent years is the shadow sector. Modern business conditions, characterized by instability of economic development indicators, variability of internal and external environment, serve as an additional stimulus to the transition of economic entities into the shadows or the use of various schemes of concealment of income within the legitimate field of their activity. In an effort to maximize their income, businesses are increasingly carrying out shady financial transactions. Therefore, the search for the main directions of improving the effectiveness of state policy to de-shadow the economy is an important scientific task in the context of macroeconomic instability of the country and the low level of its economic security. The aim of the article is to investigate current trends in the functioning of the shadow economy and to conduct a comparative analysis of methodological approaches to assessing its level. The paper analyzes the current world trends in the functioning of the shadow economy, identifies the most common schemes of shadow capital withdrawal and approaches to their classification. The results of the analysis allow us to conclude that there is a significant variety of schemes for the shadow withdrawal of funds, the number of which is growing every year. The use of new forms of entrepreneurial activity, digitalization of the economy often only deepen the existing imbalances in the economy and leads to the emergence of nontraditional (digital shadow economy) schemes of income concealment. The presence of already ineffective mechanisms to counteract the shadowing of the economy also does not contribute to the emergence of economic entities from the shadows. One of the reasons for this situation is the lack of a unified effective and objective methodological approach to assessing the level of the shadow economy, and therefore complete information about the actual volume of shadow financial flows in the country. The systematization of the existing methodical approaches to the assessment of the level of shadow economy is carried out, their advantages and disadvantages are determined. The priority task in the direction of de-shadowing of the economy is to develop an adequate approach to assessing the level of the shadow economy, which is based on all potential schemes of income concealment and identify priority measures to combat shadow capital flight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modern national innovation system (NIS) is formed under the influence of a number of factors, both national and global, among which the ecological one occupies an important place. The main manifestations of ecologization the global economy as an important determinant of the development of NIS are analyzed in the paper. It has been established that the high innovativeness of highly competitive economies is not guarantee of their environmental cleanliness. The ambiguity of the impact of environmental measures on the development of national systems in countries with different levels of well-being is proved. Possible strategies for economic growth based on priorities changing towards innovativeness and/or ecologization are formulated. The positive potential of the proposals is due to scientific validity increase of the targets for country's sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reveals the necessity of studying the methods of nonlinear economic theory based on the principles of increasing returns to scale, uncertainty and multi-variant development. A theory of economic fluctuations is treated as the structural part of modern nonlinear economic theory. The economic fluctuations are seen as oscillations of the economic system parameters, which can be created both by economic system itself and external environment as well. Changes which occurred due to fluctuations are causing economic system deviations from the level of homeostasis. It is developed econophysic model predicting middle scale-fluctuations, according to which, the daily fluctuations on the stock market scaling more than 30% are expected with 12% probability, the fluctuations of more than 10% per day are expected with 23% probability. Also fluctuations of air emissions that exceed 30% level of previous year level are expected with 13% probability. The article reveals the necessity of studying the methods of nonlinear economic theory based on the principles of increasing returns to scale, uncertainty and multi-variant development. A theory of economic fluctuations is treated as the structural part of modern nonlinear economic theory. The economic fluctuations are seen as oscillations of the economic system parameters, which can be created both by economic system itself and external environment as well. Changes which occurred due to fluctuations are causing economic system deviations from the level of homeostasis. It is showed that the existing empirical models, which are based on Gaussian and Mandelbrot models for developed economies are not reliable to predict medium-scale fluctuations of the national economy. This paper analyses different methods of fluctuations forecasting. It is discussed advantages and disadvantages of such methods as historical simulations, simulation, random walk theory, delta-normal method. It is underlined the need for econophysics methods development in economics and environmental studies. It is developed econophysics model predicting middle scale-fluctuations, according to which, the daily fluctuations on the stock market scaling more than 30% are expected with 12% probability, the fluctuations of more than 10% per day are expected with 23% probability. Also fluctuations of air emissions that exceed 30% level of previous year level are expected with 13% probability. At the same time, the fluctuations on the currency market of more than 30% are expected with 20% probability, and fluctuations of more than 10% expected with a 34% probability. The article states that the models of the normal distribution are less accurate in predicting large-scale fluctuations in comprising with econophysic empirical models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]