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An estimated 2.3 million individuals were incarcerated in the U.S. in 2018. This paper displays how The Tadros Theory of Change can be utilized to work with incarcerated individuals and their families. The Tadros Theory is an integrative family therapy theory comprised of a structural conceptualization of rules, roles, boundaries, and structure with narrative methods of empowerment, solution-focused goal-orientation, cultural humility, and a strengths-based approach. The Tadros Theory empowers and aids in identifying clients' positive strengths and resiliency factors. This paper adds to the literature on this theory by introducing the consideration of trauma and substance use which are both extremely prevalent when working with this population. A case application showcases that this theory can be used with an incarcerated father and his non-incarcerated partner. Barriers, clinical implications, and future directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tested mechanisms that explain why and how relationship quality between parents might impact on later romantic relationship quality of adult children. In both the pilot (N = 119) and the main (N = 684) study, a model fit the data well whereby perceived "parental relationship quality" predicted "positive lay theories" about romantic love. This, in turn, predicted "secure attachment" to the romantic partner, which in turn predicted "relationship satisfaction" with the romantic relationship. Findings suggest that lay theories about finding enduring love are an important mediator of effects of parental relationships on later adult relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When a young adult develops a substance use disorder (SUD), a mother often assumes a caregiving role and experiences strain associated with providing off-time caregiving. The purpose of this paper is to obtain a nuanced understanding of how mothers of young adults with SUDs experience the treatment system. We conducted in-depth interviews with 13 mothers of young adults (ages 22-34) and analyzed the results using transcendental phenomenology. Five themes emerged: Participating in a child's treatment evokes strong emotions, Navigating the treatment system, Financial hardships, Mothers' perspective omitted from treatment, and Mothers recommendations for services they believed would have been helpful. Implications include increased parental support, family therapy and access to affordable SUD treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Marriage Contract Game was designed to help couples negotiate relationship and task problems in an explicit, rational manner. This paper describes the game's conceptual ties to modes of behavioral family intervention and to the social psychology of bargaining. The game's procedures are described in detail to permit the replication and dismantling required for empirical investigation. The paper concludes with an example of the game's application to a distressed couple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the training and supervisory components of a doctoral level, pre-internship clinical experience, designed to teach Ph.D. candidates a contextual or systemic approach to therapy. The training occurred in a university-based departmental clinic which balanced the three interdependent areas of training, service and research. The therapeutic orientation was a problem-focused, goal-oriented, directive therapy candidates a contextual or systemic approach to therapy. The training designed to view and treat individuals in their social contexts. From this perspective, students were able to gain experience with individuals, couples and families. The paper discusses the Junction and components of the weekly supervision seminar and describes the integrative and sequential use of several innovative supervisory methods such as live supervision, peer consultation and videotape playback supervision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of marketing is no longer confined to private business, but is becoming increasingly popular in the social services area. The application of marketing principles to the marriage and family therapy field is also promising. Yet many therapists are hesitant or resistant to a marketing approach because of the misconceptions that abound about marketing. This paper describes what marketing is and is not, and applies a marketing perspective to relevant issues within the marriage and family therapy field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wide acceptance of family-of-origin treatment concepts has brought with it frequent haphazard application of its techniques. Encouraged by Bowen's stimulating ideas, the family-of-origin family movement has seen an increasing emphasis upon intensive family analysis through data collection, specifically via the construction of the genogram. This paper examines the tendency to construct genograms in an affective vacuum—a phenomenon consistent with Bowen theory, yet potentially problematic in the ongoing process of treatment. It offers alternatives to nonprocess-oriented genogram construction in an effort to enhance the experience for the client and to broaden the therapist's diagnostic understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of the initial interview as an essential evaluative and therapeutic tool has been much discussed in the literature. Unfortunately, the variety of theoretical approaches as well as evaluative concepts can often seem confusing and overwhelming to the beginning psychotherapist. The purpose of this paper is to describe a comprehensive, integrative model for the initial interview. Essential theoretical constructs which encompass intrapsychic, intergenerational and interactional approaches are defined. These constructs are synthesized in a manner which transcends various theoretical models offering a more manageable, comprehensive framework in which to conduct an interview. The importance of considering therapist behaviors which promote engagement are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The great versatility and practicality of multigenerational system concepts are demonstrated by their increased use in therapy by marriage and family therapists, by the development of theory, by the practicality of gathering multigenerational data through methods such as genograms and event charting, and by developing intervention strategies that include more than two generations. This information and treatment is coming from family theorists, researchers, and therapists who profess divergent theoretical approaches. These professionals who view family therapy from the extended family system perspective seem to be guided by common assumptions that are not clearly identified as such by the authors. This paper proposes eight basic assumptions that seem to underly the practice of multigenerational family therapy, theory development, assessment, and research by a theoretically divergent group of family-oriented scholars and practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the family therapy field has witnessed a renewed interest in systems theory, coupled with a concern with epistemology. This paper examines the theoretical dilemmas which arise from the polarization of family epistemologies into the pragmatic and the aesthetic. It then examines the problem of ascertaining the truth of any theory, from three different perspectives: truth as fact; truth as coherence; truth as usefulness. It concludes with the presentation of four advantages of applying systems theory to the theory and practice of family therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes how dialectic metatheory may be used to integrate various dimensions of human development as they pertain to symptom formation and therapy. A dialectical conceptualization of therapy allows one to systematically organize individually and systemically oriented ideas. It also points out the paradoxical nature of all therapy and how to use this fact constructively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an overview on various papers related to family therapy. These papers include "The impact of depression in old age on close relationships," by E. Murphy, "The efficacy of parent training with maritally distressed and nondistressed mothers: A multimethod assessment," by G. H. Brody and R. Forehand and "Marital discord and problem areas: Longitudinal personality prediction of sex differences among the divorced," by M. D. Newcomb. Information concerning the journal of which the stated articles has been published is also discussed.

In this paper, we describe an experimental academic course on marriage and family therapy supervision. The course, an adapted version of an institute program, was taught in four stages, combined a seminar and a practicum, and culminated with live supervision of live supervision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A consideration of interactional style is useful to both researchers and clinicians interested in family assessment. This paper offers data and process evaluation scales designed to determine family interactional style, conceptualized as a continuum ranging from centripetal (CP) to centrifugal (CF), and containing at the midpoint a mixed area in which facets of both the CP and the CF styles are found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, in presenting the second part of a cognitive model of family conflict, discusses the influence of efficacy expectations on conflict attitudes and behavior. It proposes (a) that high efficacy enhances persistence in family problem solving, while low efficacy inhibits such efforts, and (b) that chronic low efficacy may lead to learned helplessness responses in family members. Drawing together the cognitive model of family conflict, the author discusses the joint impact of causal attributions and efficacy expectations on family conflict, then describes the two relevant research studies and discusses several implications of the model for family research and family therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Family Environment Scale (FES) is being used clinically to facilitate assessment, intervention and evaluation of change in family therapy. This paper illustrates the use of the scale by providing case descriptions of two typical families. Discussion of each family member's real and ideal family environment serves to identify key areas of agreement and disagreement about actual and desired aspects of family functioning. This semi-structured procedure can focus each therapy session on specific interpersonal issues and encourage each family member to take an active part in discussing problems and formulating goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rational, democratic family atmosphere appears to facilitate children's cognitive and social development. Family problem-solving training is a behavioral family intervention designed to encourage such an atmosphere while remedying parents' and children's specific long-standing complaints. During training the family writes a series of contingency contracts without the advice of a therapist but guided by a board game. Each time they play this game, the family practices a strategy of problem solving which they can use in their informal discussions, and they become familiar with a formal approach to problem solving which they can use at home long after training ends. The contracts which the family carries out at home during training resolve their major complaints. This paper describes training in sufficient detail to permit dissemination and replication. Innovative replications require theoretical in formation about the core features of an intervention; such features which should remain constant regardless of adaptations motivated by practical constraints are described in the first section of the paper. Family problem-solving training can be suited to the needs of individual families, but only within the limits imposed by the treatment setting for the local population. The second section describes a training package designed for an outpatient clinic setting that served one-parent families; the third section provides case study descriptions of some of the one-parent families treated in this setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the rationale for a socially constructed genogram, allowing for multiple definitions of family to be represented. It describes the role of the problem system and the utility of this genogram in these situations. It describes the set-up of a socially constructed genogram and provides clinical examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated the association of family functions with psychological problems and fear of COVID-19 during pregnancy. In a cross-sectional, 385 pregnant women completed three questionnaires including Family APGAR, Symptom Checklist-25 (SCL-25), and Fear of COVID-19. The family function was a significant negative predictor of psychological distress. The findings highlight the role of family function in mental health of pregnant women during pandemic of COVID-19. The results suggest that educating women, their family, and health care providers about the benefits of enhancing family function may facilitate reduction of psychological distress of pregnant women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the impact of winning/success and defeat/failure, on individual and family functioning. Defeat, at both the individual and family level, triggers an array of psychological and physiological reactions that, while adaptive on the one hand, may trigger or perpetuate problems. We explore these mechanisms along with broader evolutionary forces operating on the family. A number of therapeutic interventions are offered, designed to deactivate the mechanisms triggered by failure/defeat, disrupt maladaptive cycles, and overcome resistance to change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between family relational patterns with sexual function (SF) and sexual satisfaction (SS) in married women. The sampling method was multi-stage cluster sampling. Dta collection was done by the Communication Patterns Questionnaire—Short Form (CPQ-SF), Larson Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire, and Sexual Satisfaction Scale for Women. The results showed a significant positive relationship between the mutual constructive communication patterns (MCC) with the SF. Also, there was a negative and inverse relationship between mutual avoidance communication (MAC) pattern and SF (except for the pain component) and also between the demand-withdrawal communication (DWC) pattern and SF in the stimulation and SS components. Also, there was a negative and inverse relationship between the communication models, except for the MCC model, with women's SS. In analyzing the multivariate regression analysis (MRA), it was observed that the MCC had the most predictable role of women's SF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to an increasing number of experts on addictions, untold millions of people in out society are codependent. Yet, the construct of codependence is variously defined, undermining its clinical and research utility. In addition, the relationship between the various symptoms (e.g., addictions), the dynamics of dysfunctional families, and codependence has not been fully developed. This paper offers a critical review and synthesis of the codependency literature, along with an intergenerational family systems framework for conceptualizing the relationship of the dysfunctional family to the construct of codependence. The paper presents a theoretical basis for systemic clinical work and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are two ways in which the issues pertinent to the final dissolution of a marriage can be determined: the traditional adversarial process or the divorce mediation process. This paper discusses each of these processes, contrasts the effect of each process on the pre- and postdivorce family, and explains why a family and marital attorney with a successful law practice steeped in the traditional adversarial process voluntarily chose to terminate that practice to dedicate herself to family mediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review of the literature summarizes publications from 1985 to 1991 that viewed the chemically dependent family from a structural perspective, focusing on boundaries, roles, rules, and communication patterns. The review will provide an overview of structural issues with implications for therapy and suggestions for further research. Seven journals were reviewed and are as follows: Family Process, Journal of Marriage and the Family, Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, American Journal of Family Therapy, Journal of Studies on Alcohol, Journal of Chemical Dependency Treatment and the Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly. Additionally, publications or papers identified by a computer search of Psychological Abstracts were included, identified using the key words "family relations" and "alcoholism." The intent of this review is to discuss family dynamics from a structural and systemic perspective only. Therefore, psychodynamic literature on family relations is not included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the spouse and other family members are often employed as mediators of treatment outcomes in marital and family therapy, little attention has been given to the nature and process of treatment mediation. With emphasis on the spouse as a treatment mediator, this paper presents a conception of treatment mediation. Treatment mediation is defined as a planned and systemic process whereby the therapist endeavors to induce change in a target person through involvement of a mediator who functions as a therapeutic intermediary between the therapist and target person. The treatment mediation system is described, and conditions and variables that relate to achievement of desirable mediated outcomes are proposed. This conceptualization provides a basis for the measurement of variables relevant to spouse treatment mediation, for research on the hypothesized relationships proposed here of these variables to mediated outcomes, and eventually for evolving an empirically supported theory of spouse treatment mediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using concepts from social science disciplines as well as social work and couples therapy, this article advocates a therapeutic stance for mutuality between husband and wife. The authors' premise is that sexist attitudes in our society have mitigated against the development of mutual relationships. The paper discusses issues accompanying sexism, such as domination and subordination and gender identification as a basis for conflict. Husband-wife therapists recount their approach to altering the expressions of sexism that mar their clients' relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic philosophical assumptions of the mental health field in general, and of family therapy in particular, are in a process of transition. Descendants of distinct family therapy schools are finding common ground and integrative concepts are proliferating. This paper offers a review of the family therapy literature on integration and clarifies confusing conceptual and terminological issues which impede movement toward integration. It also relates the transitional process within family therapy to that of the mental health field at large and defines how this integration is part of an emerging paradigm shift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the often overlooked concept of therapist centrality and how remaining fixed in this position can lead to therapeutic over-involvement and possible impediment of therapeutic goals. Specific aspects pertaining to this concept such as development, clinical indications, and implications are discussed along with clinical and supervisory corrective techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among measures designed to assess two important aspects of family functioning: cohesion and control. Subjects completed: two self-report measures--the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scales-II (FACES-II) and the Family Environment Scale (FES); a paper-and-pencil family sculpture task used to measure cohesion; and a social desirability scale used to assess possible biases in self-report responses. The results were analyzed using a modified multitrait, multimethod analysis. Findings indicated preliminary convergent and discriminant validity for the cohesion dimension for the FES, FACES-II, and self-report family sculpture task. Findings concerning the control concept were less clear, suggesting the need for caution in interpreting this concept across measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how family therapists can be more responsive to the unique needs and problems of deaf member families. Methods of training in communication for deaf children are compared, as well as the conflicts that may accompany the adoption of a given method. The pivotal role of communication problems between hearing and deaf family members in contributing to symptomatic behavior is stressed. The relationship between the roles of interpreter and therapist as well as obstacles to treatment are reviewed. A selected case history illustrates the interplay of these variables in successful treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses combining individual and family therapy and focuses specifically upon the serial sequence of individual-family-individual sessions with young adults who have problems with individuation, social withdrawal, and identity. Case examples are presented to illustrate the need for a combination of individual and family therapy. The goals and techniques of both individual and family sessions are discussed as well as the advantages of combining the therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An aspect of reframing interventions that is crucial in facilitating family members' acceptance of new frames, but which is often neglected in clinical case reports, is frame cultivation. This paper describes frame cultivation as a focused interactional process during which therapists systematically punctuate data that is consistent with a new frame of meaning before explicitly labeling it with the family. Focused questions, metaphors, and behavioral enactments are described as useful tactics in cultivating these new frames. The emphasis on frame cultivation is based on notions borrowed from both cognitive and interactional literatures regarding the organization of meaning and how social information is processed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The functional family therapy model assesses family behavior from a two-pronged perspective of interactional process and functional payoffs for the individual family members. This paper will attempt to show that functional needs change as a result of development, and that by including a family life cycle perspective in the assessment process, clinicians will get a clearer picture of the family and be better able to tailor interventions to fit their changing needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes what joint physical custody involves, the kinds of families who currently have this type of custody arrangement, and what we know about the effects on parents and children. Some issues for future research and some considerations for family treatment are also discussed. The current research supporting two perspectives on joint custody, one emphasizing the continuity of psychological care from one parent, the other emphasizing the importance of the father's contribution to the child, are covered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The numerous and diverse approaches to the practice of family therapy pose a critical dilemma to practicing family therapists confronted with selecting a direction of study to further enhance their own professional knowledge and skill bases. This paper describes and evaluates a five-phase training model which facilitates practitioners' choices in regard to model selection by providing them with an opportunity to compare their own therapeutic belief and action systems with those of family therapists oriented to one of three historically prominent models of family therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past 30 years we have witnessed a proliferation of theories of family function, dysfunction and therapeutic change. Recently there have been efforts to take stock of these developments. This paper will attempt to order the various diagnostic perspectives for viewing dysfunctional families. Three general types of models, organized along a continuum from most descriptive to most inferential, are presented. The process models are at the most descriptive level. These models attempt to describe the dynamic process of family interaction. The structural model operates at a more inferential level, attempting to define the organizational structure which undergirds the interactional patterns described by the process models. Finally, the historical model is the most inferential, attempting to trace the development of family structure as it has envolved over several generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rescuing is a saving behavior occuring in pathogenic families which is often duplicated by family therapists. Rescuing, if not confronted and explored, leads to frustration and burn-out in families and therapists. This paper explores the dynamics of rescuing behavior in families, how it is replicated by a therapist's attempts to rescue, and how the impetus for these attempts are derived from the therapist's own family of origin. The value of exploring the need to rescue is demonstrated by use of a case example. Countertransference issues and their resolution through the conscious differentiation between rescuing and real help are also explicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family mediation draws practitioners from a range of professional backgrounds, each with different strengths. This paper identifies a common process of mediation which appears to be followed in all models of practice. While analyzing the role of the mediator within this process, the article identifies essential knowledge, skills, values and aids required. The purpose of explaining the process and the mediator's role is to identify the specific components of mediation and the type of education and training needed to practice mediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents research on the relationship of two family counseling models (one with temporary foster placement, one without) to the recidivism of runaway teenagers. The study utilized a statistical measure, runaway recidivism in the three months following contact with a counseling center, as a means of evaluating program effectiveness. The Brief Family intervention counseling model was shown statistically to be a viable tool in deterring repeated runaway episodes: Of the total test group of 81, only 7 of the 28 youth participating in three or more family counseling sessions ran away again during the follow-up period, whereas 28 of the 45 non participants in counseling ran away during the follow-up (p < .01). Additional descriptive data provide a profile of the teenage runaway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of family variables associated with child abuse are reviewed. Few studies have examined the abusing family as a unit, so it is necessary to pool bits and pieces of information on individuals or dyads in these families to get a sense of what they are like. Part I of this review (Berger, 1980) covered methodological issues in the child abuse literature and parent-related characteristics of abusing families. Part II, the present paper, reviews child-related characteristics of abusing families, child-rearing patterns in these families, the abusing family's relationship to the extra-familial environment, and typologies of abusing families. Finally, the material covered in Parts I and II is summarized and discussed. Suggestions are made for improving the quality of future studies in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The family therapist is frequently called upon to testify as an expert witness. For many family therapists, the courtroom is an unfamiliar environment with different ground rules and basic assumptions. Testifying can be a difficult experience as the mental health professional faces different situational role demands than those encountered in usual therapeutic settings. If the family therapist can transfer to the court context the art of influencing interpersonal situations, the effectiveness of his/her testimony will be enhanced. This paper describes predictable legal behaviors and suggests to the family therapist strategic responses to improve skills as an expert witness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the issue of the use of consultants by experienced family therapists. The authors discuss the need for consultation under different circumstances and review a number of models currently being utilized. Emphasis is placed on preparing the clients for the consultation, providing background information to and preparing with the consultant for the session(s), and transferring ‘power’ to the consultant and back again to the primary therapist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical abuse of children by their parents is a family matter and should be viewed within the context of the family unit. Unfortunately, few child abuse studies have directly examined the family unit. Rather, most studies focus on characteristics of individual members of abusing families or on dyadic relationships within abusing families. Therefore, the present paper examines the family-related variables that might contribute to child abuse. This review is divided into two parts. Part I discusses methodological considerations and parent-related aspects of abusing families, including: characteristics of abusing parents, childhood experiences of abusing parents, marital relationships of abusing parents and the perceptions and expectations that abusing parents have of their abused children. Part II of this review, which will appear in a later issue, will cover child-related aspects of abusing families, parent-child interactions in these families, environmental conditions associated with child abuse and typologies of abusing families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the need to approach understanding the individual patient's psychopathology from the vantage point of two etiologic systems: psychoanalytic object relations theory and family systems theory. The complementarity of these approaches is emphasized. It is suggested that the processes of internalization and projection are bridging concepts and that marital relationships provide a unique research context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose was to investigate the mediating role of interrelational and self-developmental orientations (self-construals) in the relationships between nuclear family emotional functioning and marital satisfaction. Six hundred and eighteen married individuals completed Family Genogram Interview, Balanced Integration Differentiation Scale, Relationship Assessment Scale, and Demographic Information Form. Findings indicated that nuclear family emotional processes and self-construals explained 84% of the variance in marital satisfaction. Emotional contact was the strongest predictor, and the interrelational orientation partially mediated the relationships between emotional contact, symptoms in spouses, and marital satisfaction. Selfdevelopmental orientation fully mediated the relationship between the focus on child and marital satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family relationships are protective against poor behavioral health for youth. Couple and Family Therapy (CFT) graduate programs are critical for readying the behavioral workforce to work systemically with youth and their families. This study identified the elements of a CFT masters training process that readied students to work with youth. Qualitative description with focus group interviews of three cohorts of master's students (n = 14) was used. Thematic analysis identified five themes demonstrating the primacy of early experiences for fostering safety, reflective and active training approaches, multicultural and sexuality topics, and pragmatics of talking to physicians and children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is the first to examine whether ongoing parental romantic relationship quality, as well as the adult children's relationship quality with their parents, are uniquely associated with adult children's romantic relationship dynamics. We use dyadic data from 3,241 families to assess associations between expressions of emotional intimacy and admiration within parents' romantic relationships, adult children's romantic relationships, and adult children's relationships with their parents. Structural equation modeling showed that ongoing parental romantic responsible actions and parent–adult child relationships are both uniquely associated with responsible actions within adult children's romantic relationships. Important clinical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about several papers discussed at a symposium on family systems and therapy. The topics presented in the meeting include an overview of family therapy in England, the issues concerning change in family members, and the role of families under biological and ecological context. The symposium featured John Byng-Hall, Alan Cooklin, Peggy Penn, Lynn Hoffman, Marcia Sternberg, and Brad Keeney.

The formation of families, through the process of adoption, is an increasingly relevant topic in the field of mental health. Taking into consideration the growing number of adoptions in the United States (UN DESA), there is a prevalent need for a systemic approach to working with these families. This article addresses the societal need by offering Restoration Therapy as a framework for effectively assisting adoptive families in adjusting to their newly formed unit. The authors provide a brief overview of Restoration Therapy, the justification for using it with adoptive families, and a case vignette to exemplify the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incarcerated coparenting involves negotiating rules, responsibilities, and contributions while a partner is incarcerated. Using a structural family therapy lens and data from the Multi-site Family Study on Incarceration, Parenting and Partnering, ordinary least squares multiple linear regression answered: Do incarcerated fathers with stronger familial ties perceive themselves to have a higher consensus of coparenting and does race/ethnicity moderate the relationship between familial ties and consensus of coparenting? Results revealed higher education, stable parents growing up, and living with their child prior to incarceration predict a higher consensus of coparenting. Race/ethnicity does not moderate relationships between familial ties and consensus of coparenting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]