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Space operations in the United States has required the skills of aerospace medicine specialists since the before the inception of human spaceflight in 1958. The literature extensively covers physiology, clinical science, and conjectures on the nature and future of space medicine. The goals of this project were to examine the evolution of the operational spaceflight surgeon, define the role today, and explore the future of operational space medicine. The data gathered for this project were obtained from several sources including personal interviews with actively serving NASA personnel, a literature review identified by searches of MEDLINE, Current Contents, PubMed, Google Scholar, internal NASA records and databases, and references from relevant articles. Only articles published in English between 1961 and 2019 were included. Finally, to provide a primary account to compliment the findings from above eight oral histories were examined from leaders in this field. This paper reviews the evolution of operational spaceflight medicine from the NASA perspective, offers a modern definition by those who practice it on a daily basis and explores its future development as a profession. While this work is inherently limited as defined by the experiences of select individuals; the 336 combined years-of-service of the sources, personal interviews, and command perspectives of the authors attempt to lay a foundation for such a definition. Understanding and appreciating this history is key to the successful future development of operational spaceflight medicine as a specialty, and by extension to manned space exploration as a whole. • History of the operational flight surgeon from the NASA perspective. • Period - 1958 through the current time period. • The knowledge shared here has been collected from the historical record, first hand accounts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In 2018, the Congress of the Philippines is expected to pass the Philippine Space Development Act , leading to the adoption of the first national space policy in the country and the establishment of the Philippine Space Agency (or PhilSA). This historic event is the final outcome of a long process involving various stakeholders in the Philippines from government, academia and industry. This article provides the first comprehensive history of this process from its inception in the late 20th century until now, with a specific focus on its acceleration since 2013. It also investigates the future expectations of the national space development program, in particular regarding the development of a local space industry. Apart from solely describing the history of the Philippines, this paper presents more generally the case of a developing country willing to gain a foothold in space. In comparison with existing literature on space development programs focusing exclusively on rich western countries or powerful emerging nations, this paper provides other developing countries with highly valuable information by describing such a transparent, balanced and promising initiative as the Philippine space development program. Highlights • The Philippine Space Policy is balanced and perfectly fits the needs of the country. • The process of developing the Philippine space policy can inspire other countries. • Private sector's involvement is crucial for the success of the future space program. • The Filipino space policy's parliamentary approval is expected for late 2018. • Initiating a space program is feasible and recommended for developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The quest to elucidate the molecular mechanism of action of rapamycin in the early 1990s led to the discovery of the novel TOR (target of rapamycin) proteins in yeast and mammalian cells. This was a major breakthrough that resulted in the development of new rapamycin analogs as anti-cancer agents, and launched new research that revealed the pre-eminent biological role of mTOR (mammalian or mechanistic TOR). Beyond mediating rapamycin sensitivity, the TOR proteins are nutrient sensing protein kinases, conserved from yeast to man, with a core function in regulating cell growth, metabolism and overall cell survival. There have been many insightful historical accounts of the origins of TOR; however, the complete TOR dossier would benefit from a chapter on the untold story of the simultaneous co-discovery of the yeast TOR proteins by two independent laboratories, one that is inclusive of the discoveries made at the former SmithKline Beecham (legacy GlaxoSmithKline). Accordingly, this comprehensive retrospective retraces the provenance of yeast TOR (circa 1990–1996) and highlights the early groundbreaking publications that revealed the identity of the TOR genes and proteins. It also commemorates key companion papers which helped to clarify yeast TOR gene nomenclature, identified structural motifs in the predicted TOR protein sequences, demonstrated interactions between yeast FKBP12-rapamycin and TOR, characterized mutations responsible for drug resistance, and began to decipher TOR protein function; some of these crucial early studies appeared in this journal (e.g., Koser et al., 1993. Gene 129, 159–165; Cafferkey et al., 1994. Gene 141, 133–136; Freeman and Livi, 1996. Gene 172, 143–147). A period of intensive investigation, events are portrayed chronologically and juxtaposed alongside the independent parallel efforts to identify and purify mTOR. Finally, in a broader historical context, TOR and mTOR are examined a posteriori as paragons of multiple discovery, illustrating how this common phenomenon (also known as simultaneous invention) can greatly accelerate problem solving and advance human knowledge in a fast-breaking area of scientific research. Highlights • This review provides a detailed historical account (1990-1996) of the discovery of the yeast and mammalian TOR proteins. • This pioneering work unlocked a new field of research to understand the central role of mTOR in mammalian physiology. • The origins of TOR and of mTOR are also examined in a broader context as prime examples of multiple independent discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rich literature explores materials and construction techniques of historic buildings, but limited information is available about the thermal and hygrometric features of their envelope. Nevertheless, accurate hygrothermal data are essential for identifying effective energy upgrade measures, which must be compatible with the conservation of the architectural heritage. In order to fill this gap, it is necessary to refer to local contexts, where the variety of historic buildings is limited and their material and construction features are comparable. This paper focuses on historic masonry walls and discusses the results of twenty in-situ measurements of thermal conductance, performed along two years in Palermo according to the international standard ISO 9869. The tests were performed in a monumental building, characterized by an interesting variety of calcarenite stone walls, which are typical of the local historic architecture. The aim is developing a knowledge framework and collecting thermal data specific to the architectural heritage of Palermo, which is relevant for its variety and extent. For this purpose, the measurement results have been compared with thermal conductance calculated according to the standard EN ISO 6946. Calculations were based on different thermal conductivity values, appropriate for calcarenite stones and provided by existing data collections. The findings show that calculations are in good agreement with measurements if the thermal conductivity of tuff from UNI 10351 is assumed for calcarenite. Conversely, the value provided by UNI EN ISO 10456 for light sedimentary rocks induces to overestimate substantially the thermal conductance of calcarenite stone walls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penalty methods approximate a constrained variational or hemivariational inequality problem through a sequence of unconstrained ones as the penalty parameter approaches zero. The methods are useful in the numerical solution of constrained problems, and they are also useful as a tool in proving solution existence of constrained problems. This paper is devoted to a theoretical analysis of penalty methods for a general class of variational–hemivariational inequalities with history-dependent operators. Unique solvability of penalized problems is shown, as well as the convergence of their solutions to the solution of the original history-dependent variational–hemivariational inequality as the penalty parameter tends to zero. The convergence result proved here generalizes several existing convergence results of penalty methods. Finally, the theoretical results are applied to examples of history-dependent variational–hemivariational inequalities in mathematical models describing the quasistatic contact between a viscoelastic rod and a reactive foundation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a survey of the history of max-plus algebra and its role in the field of discrete event systems during the last three decades. It is based on the perspective of the authors but it covers a large variety of topics, where max-plus algebra plays a key role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to provide a viewpoint of the development of the field of Discrete Event Systems (DES). Necessarily incomplete, because of the breath of topics and richness of research results, this paper is mainly presented from a System Theory-Automatic Control (AC) perspective. Written with a certain emphasis at the dawn of the discipline, the following five articles of this special section of the journal provide essential complements on its evolution along the four last decades. Starting with the identification of three basic threads along which many developments took place, the multidisciplinary and dynamic character of DES and the diversity of formalisms and techniques that are used are stressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the results of an investigation into changes in body shape anthropometry over the past several decades and discusses the impact of those changes on seating in transport, especially airliners. Changes in some body shape dimensions were confirmed in a sample of students at TU Delft; several of the changes, e.g. hip breadth, seated, are relevant to the ongoing design of seating. No change in buttock knee length was observed. The fit between current user anthropometry and current airline seat design, especially regarding seat width, was investigated. A comparison of the average current seat breadth with global anthropometric data suggests that accommodation may be problematic, with less than optimal width for passengers' shoulder and elbow widths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control is the most common control approach used in industrial and commercial mechatronics products. The PID control has been relevant across history since it is useful and intuitive in practical implementations. The selection of three parameters involving the present, past, and future of the system makes it simple and efficient. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) such as quadrotors have become very common and helpful in many tasks such as surveillance, mapping, and inspection, among others. Quadrotors present highly nonlinear and coupled dynamics that can be stabilized using four control inputs. These facts have prompted the attention of many control practitioners and theoretical specialists. The literature reveals that PID control has been the natural choice to stabilize quadrotor UAVs since its simplicity and robustness. The advantages of the PID control have been considered to perform combinations with other techniques. This paper surveys applications of PID control structures in quadrotor UAVs paying attention to linear, nonlinear, discontinuous, fractional order, intelligent and adaptive schemes. Future directions of PID control are also discussed, and open problems are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural assessment of historical buildings is a complex and articulated problem based on different activities. This paper describes the different phases of an integrated approach to obtain an accurate knowledge of the structural damage and seismic performance of two masonry Baroque churches located in Northern Italy and hit by the 2012 Emilia earthquake. The activities involved historical research, laser scanning survey, diagnostic investigation and structural analysis. The historical research, based on the analysis of written documents and historical maps, aimed at understanding previous structural problems and major changes in the structure over the centuries. The geometrical survey of the churches was performed by means of a laser scanner technique in order to very precisely determine the geometry of the two churches. Experimental tests and visual inspections allowed identifying location and extent of cracks, construction techniques, presence of voids and defects in structural masonry walls, as well as some characteristics of masonry. Based on this information, detailed three-dimensional finite element models of the two churches were developed and non-linear dynamic analyses were performed. The numerical simulations led to the determination of damage distribution and the identification of the most vulnerable elements, highlighting the main structural deficiencies of the churches when subjected to different levels of seismic actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1869 Berthelot had already reported to have produced oil from coal, but only around 1910, in Germany (for cogent reasons), the subject was taken up in earnest. First Bergius, and then Pier (of the BASF, not fortuitously either) developed what was eventually called the Bergius-Pier process, a two-stage process for the liquefaction of coal. It was Matthias Pier who developed the catalysts for the second stage in which the primary products of the first coal-hydrogenation step needed to be upgraded. When he was done, by the late 1940s, many of the hydrotreating (HT), and some of the hydrocracking catalysts we are familiar with had seen the light of day: Co/Ni/Mo/W (mixed) sulphides, supported on alumina, Al 2 O 3 :F, or amorphous silica-alumina. The alumina-based catalysts were obviously ready-made for the hydrotreating of petroleum fractions as well, and therefore they were the catalysts of choice when this family of processes took off after WW II, and they also underwent, of course, further development. But it was only in the 1960s that people really started to imagine how these HT catalysts were structured and how they might function, giving rise to a variety of catalyst models under the impact of new spectroscopic techniques, and eventually leading to the Topsøe model and all that. Now, the question before us is: did the greatly increased knowledge of the catalysts affect in any substantial way their further development? Or is it rather the case that fundamental knowledge only started to be acquired when HT catalysis was already almost mature? This paper, then, has two parts: first, the essential features of catalyst development in the pre-Molecular-Aspects era will be reviewed, and then some salient aspects of the modern (so-to-speak) era will be discussed with a view to assess whether or not catalyst development can be seen to be changing, as it was often claimed, from an art to a science in the latter era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The progressive version of public relations history present it as a by-product of pluralist political systems or a democratic dividend. It has been claimed that public relations thrives within open media systems and market economies but struggles in highly controlled governmental systems (dictatorships, juntas, and closed economies). This paper considers how political history and political systems affected the formation of public relations practices in regions of Europe that, after 1945, were under military dictatorships (Spain and Portugal), a military junta (Greece) and were contained in the Soviet bloc. Using comparative history methodology, the notion that public relations operates solely in democracies is challenged, although it is conceded that practice thrived in post-war Western Europe but struggled to develop in parts of southern and eastern Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No direct evidence documents exactly how Jane Seymour gave birth on October 12, 1537. Several later commentators have raised cesarean birth as an option. This paper tries to establish the probable cause of Jane Seymour's death in accordance with present-day knowledge of obstetrics and whether or not a cesarean section could have been actually performed in sixteenth-century England. It appears almost certainly that there were no obstetrical indications that would have led the Queen's physicians to operate on her, a surgeon was not present at her delivery, cesarean section on a living woman was not regularly performed in England in 1537, puerperium events do not support surgery, and the existing pro-cesarean confirmation was politically motivated. Therefore, the most likely mode of Jane Seymour's delivery was vaginal rather than cesarean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes three applications of Rasmussen's idea to systems engineering practice. The first is the application of the abstraction hierarchy to engineering specifications, particularly requirements specification. The second is the use of Rasmussen's ideas in safety modeling and analysis to create a new, more powerful type of accident causation model that extends traditional models to better handle human-operated, software-intensive, sociotechnical systems. Because this new model has a formal, mathematical foundation built on systems theory (as was Rasmussen's original model), new modeling and analysis tools become possible. The third application is to engineering hazard analysis. Engineers have traditionally either omitted human from consideration in system hazard analysis or have treated them rather superficially, for example, that they behave randomly. Applying Rasmussen's model of human error to a powerful new hazard analysis technique allows human behavior to be included in engineering hazard analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jens Rasmussen's multifaceted legacy includes cognitive work analysis (CWA), a framework for the analysis, design, and evaluation of complex sociotechnical systems. After considering the framework's origins, this paper reviews its progress, predictably covering experimental research on ecological interface design, case studies of the application of CWA to human factors and engineering problems in industry, and methods and modelling tools for CWA. Emphasis is placed, however, on studying the nexus between some of the recent results obtained with CWA and the original field studies of human problem-solving that motivated the framework's development. Of particular interest is a case study of the use of CWA for military doctrine development, a problem commonly regarded as lying outside the fields of human factors and engineering. It is concluded that the value of CWA, even for such diverse problems, is likely to result from its conceptual grounding in empirical observations of patterns of human reasoning in complex systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following analysis of morphological (including dendrochronological and sedimentological) aspects of buried stem and coarse root structures of eight mature P. nigra individuals located within two sites along the middle to lower Tagliamento River, Italy (Holloway et al., in press), this paper introduces information on the historical processes of vegetation development and river flow and links this to the form of these eight trees. Aerial images and flow time series are assembled to reconstruct the flood history, potential recruitment periods, and vegetation cover development in the vicinity of the studied trees. This information is combined with previous morphological evidence to reconstruct the development history of each tree via three-element summary diagrams showing (i) a time series of floods, aerial imagery dates, and potential recruitment periods, with colour-coded bars indicating likely key stages in the development of the tree; (ii) colour-coded overlays on an SfM photogrammetric model of each tree; and (iii) colour-coded text boxes providing explanatory annotations. The combined morphology-process analysis reveals complex three-dimensional underground structures, incorporating buried stems, shoots, and adventitious roots that are sometimes joined by grafting, linking the standing tree with the buried gravel surface on which it was recruited. Analysis of process data provides a firm basis for identifying and dating influential flow disturbance events and recruitment windows and shows that a relatively small number of flood events have significantly impacted the studied trees, which are mainly but not exclusively the largest floods in the record. Nevertheless, we stress that all suggested dates are best estimates in the light of the combined evidence. There is undoubted potential for building different interpretations of belowground woody structure development in light of such evidence, but we feel that the form and timing of the developmental trajectories we have proposed are reasonable and give balanced insights into the many possible ways in which this hidden component of riparian trees may develop. Our results are relevant to river research and management issues concerning riparian woodland, fluvial wood dynamics, and wood budgets, as they indicate (i) a large hidden volume of wood that is often ignored; (ii) complex, deep, coarse anchorage structures that have relevance for rates of fluvial wood recruitment associated with lateral bank erosion/stability or wind throw; and (iii) a wood element that may significantly affect wood transport and retention within fluvial systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of the Philippines is one of colonial struggle. It is no wonder that the indelible marks of three and a half centuries of Spanish colonization followed by five decades of American occupation are still intensely palpable in every aspect of Philippine society. The aftermath of centuries of domination is no more pronounced than in the education of its citizens. This paper aims to trace the evolution of Philippine public relations education, examine its influences and critically evaluate the content and status of the public relations curriculum using a post-colonial lens. Public relations is one of the Philippine imports from the United States after the Second World War. This study interrogates how this Western transplant is addressing the dueling interests of multiple stakeholders and the competing priorities of a developing country steeped in the traditions of a colonial past. Through a primary analysis of 20 Philippine undergraduate and graduate programs, personal interviews and secondary research, the historical analysis revealed private, mostly Catholic, universities as key providers of PR education. The study also found that Philippine PR education is still nascent, elitist, and requires a research culture to help professionalize practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper describes the history of Incremental Sheet Forming (ISF) focusing on technological developments. These developments are in general protected by patents, so the paper can also be regarded as an overview of ISF patents in addition to a description of the early history. That history starts with the early work by Mason in 1978 and continues up to the present day. An extensive list of patents including Japanese patents is provided. The overall conclusion is that ISF has received the attention of the world, in particular of the automotive industry, and that most proposed or suspected applications focus on the flexibility offered by the process. Only one patent has been found that is explicitly related to the enhancement of formability. Furthermore, most patents refer to TPIF (Two-Point Incremental Forming) as a process. Besides simply presenting a historical overview the paper can act as an inspiration for the researcher, and present a rough idea of the patentability of new developments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: “Man does not have a nature but a history.” – Ortega de Gasset The paper suggests that the idea of public relations, once regarded as a-theoretical, is actually more a-historical. The history of public relations has been either ignored or distorted, due in part to the theory of symmetry that confuses the science of evolution with a belief in evolution. Symmetry theory has both caused and resulted in historical distortions like the inflated historical significance of P.T. Barnum, and ethical oversimplifications like the dissociation of public relations from propaganda. As a corrective, this paper offers an alternative, cultural perspective. Expanding upon the critical historiography of J.W. O’Malley, a religious historian, public relations is reframed as cultural styles that reflect distinctive historical sensibilities, as well as manners of perception and expression. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper reviews the development of ecological economics in Australia and New Zealand since its beginnings in the late 1970s. A historical account is presented that focuses particularly on the activities of the Australia New Zealand Society for Ecological Economics and key ecological economics research activities. Achievements of ecological economics in Australia and New Zealand are assessed, using a range of quantitative and qualitative data. The main areas of expertise developed by Australian and New Zealand ecological economists were found to be: theoretical foundations and visions for ecological economics; biodiversity and resilience; input–output analysis; heterodox valuation approaches; analysis of economy–environment interactions; sustainability indicators; sustainable agriculture, fisheries and oceans; and energy/thermodynamics. Both countries are ranked at the top (or near the top) of the world rankings in terms of per capita ISEE membership and publication rates in Ecological Economics. A defining feature of ecological economics in Australia and New Zealand has also been its practical and problem-solving focus and the level of end-user engagement. The paper concludes by discussing the challenges that face the future development of ecological economics in Australia and New Zealand. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study examines the long-run effect of the 1981–1993 Punjab insurgency on the educational attainment of adults who were ages 6–16 at the time, using the 2005 India Human Development Survey. We find a substantial and statistically significant negative effect of terrorism on female educational attainment through a triple differences specification. We find that our main effects are robust to two separate placebo tests, fertility checks, selection bias and migration checks, caste fixed effects and alternative ways of measuring conflict. Additionally, we carry out a unique parallel short-term analysis of the effect of conflict on education for boys and girls. This analysis makes use of micro-level expenditure data from a farmer-level data set and sheds light on household investments during the insurgency. Results from this analysis are consistent with the long-term effects found in the first part of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A roly-poly toy is considered as one of the oldest toys in history. People, both young and old, are fascinated by its unique ability to right itself when pushed over. There exist different kinds of roly-poly toys with various shapes. Most of them share a similar bottom which is a hollow hemisphere with a weight inside. However, it is not an easy task to make an arbitrary model to swing like a roly-poly due to the delicate equilibrium condition between the center of mass of the roly-poly toy and the shape of the hemisphere. In this paper, we present a computer-aided method to help casual users design a personalized roly-poly toy and fabricate it through 3D printing with reduced material usage and sufficient stability. The effectiveness of our method is validated on various models. Our method provides a novel easy-to-use means to design an arbitrary roly-poly toy with an ordinary 3D printing machine, extricating amateurs from the dilemma of finding extra weight to balance the shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the creation of the Polish Genetic Database of Victims of Totalitarianism and the first research conducted under this project. On September 28th 2012, the Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin and the Institute of National Remembrance-Commission for Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation agreed to support the creation of the Polish Genetic Database of Victims of Totalitarianism (PBGOT, www.pbgot.pl). The purpose was to employ state-of-the-art methods of forensic genetics to identify the remains of unidentified victims of Communist and Nazi totalitarian regimes. The database was designed to serve as a central repository of genetic information of the victim's DNA and that of the victim's nearest living relatives, with the goal of making a positive identification of the victim. Along the way, PGBOT encountered several challenges. First, extracting useable DNA samples from the remains of individuals who had been buried for over half a century required forensic geneticists to create special procedures and protocols. Second, obtaining genetic reference material and historical information from the victim's closest relatives was both problematic and urgent. The victim's nearest living relatives were part of a dying generation, and the opportunity to obtain the best genetic and historical information about the victims would soon die with them. For this undertaking, PGBOT assembled a team of historians, archaeologists, forensic anthropologists, and forensic geneticists from several European research institutions. The field work was divided into five broad categories: (1) exhumation of victim remains and storing their biological material for later genetic testing; (2) researching archives and historical data for a more complete profile of those killed or missing and the families that lost them; (3) locating the victim's nearest relatives to obtain genetic reference samples (swabs), (4) entering the genetic data from both victims and family members into a common database; (5) making a conclusive, final identification of the victim. PGBOT's first project was to identify victims of the Communist regime buried in hidden mass graves in the Powązki Military Cemetery in Warsaw. Throughout 2012 and 2013, PGBOT carried out archaeological exhumations in the Powązki Military Cemetery that resulted in the recovery of the skeletal remains of 194 victims in several mass graves. Of the 194 sets of remains, more than 50 victims have been successfully matched and identified through genetic evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Except for sleep, humans spend more of their lifetimes on work than on any other activity. Many people take for granted the centrality of work in society, conceiving the prevailing 40 h workweeks in high-income countries as a 'natural' configuration of time. However, work and working time have been fiercely contested phenomena and have taken many different forms throughout history as they were reshaped by technological development, social struggle, and changing cultural values. Drawing on insight from history, anthropological research, and time use studies, this paper attempts to broaden the frames harnessing current debates about the future of work. First, we examine evolving conceptions of work in different cultures. Second, we review patterns of working time throughout history, contrasting some widely held assumptions against the background of the long durée. Finally, we present ideas and principles to rethink dominant conceptions about the meaning, purpose, volume, content, distribution, and remuneration of work along ecological economic principles of sustainability and justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898), the “Iron Chancellor” and master-statesman of Victorian Europe, has been viewed as one who took an appropriately rigid view of public communication activities and most especially media management. Does he have a partial claim to the title deeds of what later became public relations? This paper examines Bismarck's approach to managed public communication and the extent of its application as propaganda. We conclude that Bismarck's techniques are a part of the legacy of modern public relations as practiced by Governments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Analyzing the historical and social path of an occupation using the sociology of professions and the perspective of scientific knowledge promotes an understanding of the origin of physical therapy in Brazil and of discussions of the profession in its contemporary context. Objective: The aim of this paper was to discuss the professionalization process of physical therapy in São Paulo. The authors tried to analyze bath therapy, massage therapy, and physical therapy as occupations involving distinct expertise and as part of the group of occupations that evolved into the profession of physiotherapy in the first half of the twentieth century. Method: The analysis undertaken was a qualitative study based on an analysis of historical documents. Eighty-six professional records from the Service of Inspection of Professional Practice in the state of São Paulo and healthcare legislation from the 1930s and 1940s were analyzed. Results: The distinction between physical therapy practitioner and profession of physiotherapy can be seen by examining registration requirements for rank-and-file nurses with expertise in interactions; this distinction suggests the emergence of specialized expertise that was clearly a part of neither medicine nor nursing and contributed to expertise in physical therapy since the 1950s. Conclusion: The regulation of physiotherapy practices, the recognition of expertise, the accreditation of practical nurses by the State, and the institutionalization of a course for physical therapy practitioners in 1951 are key elements of the professionalization process for the physical therapy profession in Brazil [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay focuses on thinking about thinking about PR history. The space between history and sociology encompasses theoretical and conceptual frames and can be drawn upon to consider PR in time, across times and between times. It reflects upon the purposes and practices of historical sociology and foregrounds themes relevant to public relations, its histories and methodological approaches. The paper, which is methodological at the strategic rather than the technical level, argues that public relations historians can usefully engage with theoretical issues and problems delineated in historical sociology and historical theory. Evolutionary, functionalist and typological approaches and the cultural logics of historical periodization are discussed and contextualized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the Public Relations Institute of Australia's introduction in 1991 of a national accreditation programme for university courses. Drawing on an analysis of previously unstudied industry archives, it identifies four themes significant for industry perspectives of education: public relations knowledge; industry expectations and experience; public relations curricula; and academic legitimacy. While university education was perceived by institute members to demonstrate the professional standing of public relations, the findings reveal divergent understandings of its role and content and identify considerable resistance to the institutionalisation of public relations knowledge. At the same time, the expansion and marketisation of higher education led to the introduction of new, vocational courses such as public relations. The significance of this study is it offers new insights into the development of Australian public relations education and the role of the professional association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional public relations histories begin in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This study expands public relations history to the early 1800s by analyzing the use of public relations methods and tactics in an American anti-slavery movement, The American Colonization Society. In focusing on the American Colonization Society and backlash against it from abolitionist groups, this paper finds the use of newspapers to promote a cause, promotion of high profile endorsements, attempts to persuade a key public, creation of publications, efforts to lobby legislatures, and hired agents to found auxiliaries, all beginning in the early 1800s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conflict casualties refer to those individuals who are lost due to military conflict or war. The involvement of forensic archaeologists and anthropologists in the legal search, recovery, documentation, identification, and repatriation/reburial of conflict casualties is well known. Internationally, there are a number of professional organisations who ethically recover and identify these individuals. However, at the same time, some organisations and individuals have raised significant concerns about working in other countries, understanding specific laws and protocols, and how the whole recovery and identification process should be undertaken. Through this special issue, Forensic Science International is interested in promoting these investigative good-practice procedures, illustrated with case studies, and ethical and legal considerations when undertaking and disseminating these humanitarian missions to the wider forensic community. This Special Issue focuses primarily on the First and Second World Wars, yet other conflicts are covered, and includes the views and perspectives from different organisations within specific countries in the format of original papers, commentaries, and case reports. Specifically, these papers include the legislative regulations, information regarding the authorities to be consulted on and who deal with human remains, the organisations and professionals who are involved with the recovery and analysis of human remains, the process of identification, and how this information is disseminated to the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Joint Casualty and Compassionate Centre Commemorations team (JCCC), part of the British Ministry of Defence, is responsible for managing the identification of human remains from British casualties who fell during WWI and WWII primarily. With this task in mind, the work to identify and rebury the historic battle casualties is at the heart of this team's work. In addition, the team also considers new evidence regarding possible identification of an individual buried as "unknown" and they administer the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986. This paper provides an insight into the work undertaken by this Team, identifying and commemorating the remains of WWI and WWII British casualties. The paper also includes several case studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In May 2012, two major earthquakes occurred in Emilia Romagna region in Northern Italy, causing widespread damage. The hypocentre of the second one, strokes Mirandola where is located the Gesù Church investigated in this research. The church has a long and important annex to the south built during the same period of the church. This paper addresses how the important annex influenced the seismic response of this historical church and how, more generally, this kind of asymmetric mass can influence the behavior of historic churches. The final considerations are based on the comparison between the structural damage pattern survey and modal and seismic FE analysis. A FE model was constructed considering four different configurations: (i) isolated church, (ii) the church with the presence of the real annex with a perfect connection, (iii) the church with the presence of the same annex but with an interface between the church and the annex and (iv) this last configuration with the stiffness degradation of the interface. Firstly the dynamic modal analysis and subsequently the seismic spectral analysis were performed. The results indicate that the annex’s presences play a significant role in the dynamic response of the church and affect the distribution of damages for the whole building. The results of the seismic simulation are in agreement with the observed damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Fluvial geomorphology has been the largest single subdiscipline within geomorphology for many decades. Fluvial geomorphic expertise is integral to understanding and managing rivers and to developing strategies for sustainable development. This paper provides an overview of some of the significant advances in fluvial geomorphology between 1960 and 2010 with respect to: conceptual models; fluvial features and environments being studied; tools used by fluvial geomorphologists; geomorphic specialty groups within professional societies; journals in which fluvial geomorphic research is published; and textbooks of fluvial geomorphology. During this half century, fluvial geomorphology broadened considerably in scope, from a focus primarily on physical principles underlying process and form in lower gradient channels with limited grain size range, to a more integrative view of rivers as ecosystems with nonlinear behavior and great diversity of gradient, substrate composition, and grain size. The array of tools for making basic observations, analyzing data, and disseminating research results also expanded considerably during this period, as did the diversity of the fluvial geomorphic community. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Blue-and-white porcelain is a kind of famous underglaze color porcelain in Chinese ceramic history. In this paper, 13 pieces of blue-and-white porcelain shards collected in Beijing were adopted as samples. Microstructure characteristics and distributions of chemical elements were investigated. Quartz and mullite were the main crystalline phases in blue-and-white porcelain bodies. The column-like crystals in the glaze were anorthite crystals. Microstructures of interaction layers in the blue decorations could be divided into two categories with morphologically distinctive microstructures: column-like and flower-like structures. The coloring elements surrounded by dense anorthite crystals mainly concentrated in the center of interaction layers, and the cobalt blue pigments were identified as cobalt aluminate (CoAl2O4). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper sets space tourism in its historic setting, while looking ahead to where it may lead, and it underlines the significance of the new space tourism services to the overall future of the utilization of space, whether for commercial or governmental purposes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses (Batten disease) collectively constitute one of the most common groups of inherited childhood onset neurodegenerative disorders, and have also been identified in many domestic and laboratory animals. The group of human neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses currently comprises 14 genetically distinct disorders, mostly characterised by progressive mental, motor and visual deterioration with onset in childhood or adolescence. Abnormal autofluorescent, electron-dense granules accumulate in the cytoplasm of nerve cells, and this storage process is associated with selective destruction and loss of neurons in the brain and retina. The present paper outlines nearly 200years of clinical, neuropathological, biochemical and molecular genetic research, gradually leading, since 1995, to the identification of 13 different genes and over 360 mutations that underlie these devastating brain disorders and form the basis of a new classification system. These genes are evidently of vital importance for the normal development and maintenance of cerebral neurons. Elucidation of their functions and interactions in health and disease is a prerequisite for the identification of possible therapeutic targets, but may also further our understanding of the basic mechanisms of neurodegeneration and ageing. An account is also given of the development of international cooperation and free access electronic resources facilitating NCL research. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses or Batten Disease. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In 1913 J.J. Thomson constructed his famous positive-ray parabola apparatus at Cambridge and discovered two isotopes of neon. He subsequently discovered other isotopes. His work confirmed the concept of isotopes and provided an explanation for deviations of atomic weights determined through chemical techniques from the “whole number rule”. This achievement marks the beginning of the field of mass spectroscopy which is celebrating its 100th anniversary in 2013. His student Aston extended this work by constructing an instrument that we properly term a mass spectrometer and contributed significantly to our first glimpses into the binding energy of the nucleus. Independently, Dempster constructed a similar instrument at the University of Chicago also provided contributions to our knowledge of nuclear masses. The birth of this field of measurement has its roots in nuclear physics and chemistry. It has grown to be the driver of a huge international industry and is utilized as a tool in almost every field of science. This paper will recount the early days of the field. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This research examines the use of public relations by the casino gaming industry in Las Vegas, NV. Many are familiar with Las Vegas's extraordinary growth into a tourist destination and cultural icon, but few realize that public relations played a significant part in promoting this growth. Based on archival research, this paper identifies ways in which public relations activities – even when not identified by that particular title – played a role in advancing Las Vegas's casinos into the modern era of corporate ownership and international prominence. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The academic approach to measurement and evaluation has long favoured social science methodologies (Broom & Dozier, 1990; Michaelson & Stacks, 2011; Stacks, 2002), but there has been persistent, widespread practice use of advertising value equivalence (AVE) to express the economic and financial value of public relations activity. This paper investigates the evolution of AVE and discusses whether it arose from clippings agencies, press agentry or other influences on public relations, such as advertising and product promotion. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Documentary evidence is employed to present the history of tornadoes in the Czech Lands (recently Czech Republic) in AD 1119–2010. Based on contemporaneous descriptions of events, tornadoes are categorised as proven or probable. They are analysed collectively in terms of their spatio-temporal changes, annual variation, specific features, and impacts according to the Enhanced Fujita (EF) scale. The first documented tornado, on 30 July 1119, did great damage to Vyšehrad Castle in Prague (EF3). Only three other tornadoes were recorded before AD 1500. In the following three centuries, the number fluctuated between 11 and 16 events per century. Documented tornado frequency increased significantly from the 19th century onwards, reaching peaks in 1931–1940 (44 tornadoes) and particularly in 2001–2010 (56 tornadoes); this rise, however, reflects the availability of relevant sources as well as increased social awareness and advances in communication technology. A total of 264 tornado days and 307 tornadoes were documented for the Czech Lands in 1119–2010. Although they are relatively homogeneously extended over the territory of the Czech Republic, tornadoes tend to occur more frequently at lower and medium altitudes. The highest frequency of tornadoes is recorded for the summer half-year (mainly from June to August), although they may develop between March and October. Probable tornadoes have also been recorded in the winter months. The strongest tornadoes in the Czech Lands may be classified as EF3, largely with significant damage to buildings and trees, but 13 related deaths have also been recorded. The paper presents not only a new chronology and climatology for Czech tornadoes but is also an important contribution to the study of tornadoes in Europe. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Nearly a century ago A.J. Lotka provided fundamental formulations for population modeling; less appreciated are his explorations of the underlying material (elemental) basis of life and its implications for ecology and evolution. This paper describes recent developments in ecological and biological stoichiometry that unify these aspects of Lotka''s work. Stoichiometrically explicit versions of the Lotka–Volterra equations capture key missing aspects of food web interactions, such as the effects of food quality and nutrient recycling feedbacks, and encompass a richer, and potentially more realistic, set of dynamics than non-stoichiometric models. These stoichiometric models are now being further extended to include the recently discovered effects of excess dietary nutrient content on consumer performance. The multi-dimensional capacity of stoichiometric models is likely to be of particular value given the pressing need to anticipate the ecological effects of globally dynamic perturbations of multiple chemical elements (e.g. C, N, and P) due to human actions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The paper describes the genesis of the idea, the term and the concept of sustainable development. The driving forces of sustainable development were fundamental crises, which were essentially crises of the energy system. The idea originated during the energy crisis of the medieval agrarian solar energy system in the 14th century. The term originated when the agrarian solar energy system could no longer satisfy the growing energy demands of the emerging industrial age and reached its ecological boundaries at the end of the 18th century. The concept originated at the end of 20th century, when the fossil energy system reached its ecological limits and society was in search of a concept reconciling ecological, economic, and social goals for present and future generations. Currently, we are witnessing a slow transition to a new, probably post-fossil, energy age. All experience from history shows that we have reason to assume that the as yet visionary new solar energy system will also face new problems and limitations. Managing the present and future in a sustainable way is a task that will accompany humanity on its way into the future and will therefore necessitate the further development of the concept of sustainable development. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The measurement and evaluation of public relations effectiveness has long been a major professional and research issue. In the first half of the 20th century, there were two research methods applied, opinion polls and basic media analysis. These were used to plan campaigns and monitor progress of media relations activities. In the second half of the century, as the practices of public relations expanded, greater emphasis was given to media analysis but the evidence of many practitioner studies was that measurement and evaluation was more discussed than undertaken. In the final 25 years of the century, the academic voice began to become more prominent in the discussion and development of methodologies and in nationally-based education programmes aimed at practitioners. The Internet and social media also began to change practices. There were mixed results from this clamour: more practitioners began to evaluate public relations activity (but many still applied discredited measures) whilst new techniques began to be introduced. Document analysis has prepared a timeline of the development of public relations measurement and evaluation. This paper explores the academic and professional themes that have characterised the development of this important public relations practice over the past 110 years. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: With a growing interest for rocket technology and space travel after WW II a number of new “space societies” were formed in the period 1948–1951 in addition to the ones already existing in Germany, the UK and the US since before WW II. Soon came the need for a common international platform for exchange of information and experience, and the concept of an international federation of astronautical societies emerged. Sweden was one of the 8 countries to sign the original declaration to create an International Astronautical Federation on October 2, 1950 in Paris at the 1st International Astronautical Congress. The Swedish Society for Space Research (Svenska Sällskapet för Rymdforskning) was formed a few days after the historical event in Paris. The name was soon to be changed to the Swedish Interplanetary Society (Svenska Interplanetariska Sällskapet, SIS). Sweden was one of the 10 countries to sign the IAF foundation in 1951 in London and in the following year the first Constitution of IAF in Stuttgart. The SIS quickly grow to a membership of several hundred persons and its membership in IAF promoted an intensive exchange of journals, and the annual participation at the IAC gave growth to start study projects on spacecraft and sounding rockets, and the publication of astronautical journals in Swedish. In 1957 the first Swede was elected vice-president of IAF. Not too long after the IAF foundation the idea of an international body of distinguished individuals emerged, in addition to the body of "member societies" (IAF). Upon the initiative of Theodor von Karman, Eugen Sänger and Andrew Haley the IAF council approval of an International Academy of Astronautical was given on August 15, 1960 during the 11th IAC in Stockholm. This IAC in Stockholm gave a large publicity to space research and astronautics in Sweden, and put the activities of the SIS in the focus of the general public. This paper presents the Swedish involvement in the foundation of IAF and IAA. It also gives an overview on the positive influence of these two organisations on the work and progress of the Swedish Interplanetary Society and the diffusion of astronautics to the general public in Sweden. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Ten thousand years ago, no-one on Earth was living a “civilized” life. What has happened since is remarkable and impossible to fully comprehend; yet, everyone has ideas about civilization, and how the world came to be as it is. Such understandings of civilizations on Earth inevitably influence speculation about extraterrestrial civilizations, in two ways. First, sometimes a specific Earth civilization or historical experience is explicitly used as a basis for inferences about extraterrestrial civilizations. Second, more general assumptions about the development and functioning of Earth''s societies shape conjectures about alien societies. This paper focuses on the latter, general assumptions, with the aim of considering how we can use multidisciplinary approaches, and our knowledge of Earth''s civilizations, to our best advantage in SETI. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Compared to temperature, the development of pressure as a tool in the research field has emerged only recently (at the end of the XIXth century). Following several developments in Physics and Chemistry during the first half of the XXth century (in particular the synthesis of diamond in 1953–1954), high pressures were applied in Food Science, especially in Japan. The main objective was then to achieve the decontamination of foods while preserving their organoleptic properties. Now, a new step is engaged: the biological applications of high pressures, from food to pharmaceuticals and biomedical applications. This paper will focus on three main points: (i) a brief presentation of the pressure parameter and its characteristics, (ii) a description of the pressure effects on biological constituents from simple to more complex structures and (iii) a review of the different domains for which the application of high pressures is able to initiate potential developments in Biotechnologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the historic development of the conceptualization of ecosystem services and examines critical landmarks in economic theory and practice with regard to the incorporation of ecosystem services into markets and payment schemes. The review presented here suggests that the trend towards monetization and commodification of ecosystem services is partly the result of a slow move from the original economic conception of nature''s benefits as use values in Classical economics to their conceptualization in terms of exchange values in Neoclassical economics. The theory and practice of current ecosystem services science are examined in the light of this historical development. From this review, we conclude that the focus on monetary valuation and payment schemes has contributed to attract political support for conservation, but also to commodify a growing number of ecosystem services and to reproduce the Neoclassical economics paradigm and the market logic to tackle environmental problems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper explores and analyzes the intellectual debate and discussion about the slow reveal of public relations and both the perceived threat to journalism and the corruption of public opinion in American life as it appeared in the periodicals in the early twentieth century. Despite Edward L. Bernays complaint that a “conspiracy of silence” prevailed in the mass media about the growing field of public relations prior to 1930, this review found more than a hundred essays and articles about public relations. The topics ran the gamut from historical explanations and explorations of what were essentially the early beginnings of our contemporary information society to discussions, debates, and warnings about the ramifications of public relations in the commercial, governmental, political, and social areas of life. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Although Israel’s constructed wall in the West Bank has been discussed in a voluminous literature, some basic questions have largely remained unanswered. This paper tackles two such questions: Firstly, what is the relationship between Zionism and the conception of the wall? This question follows an assumption that the wall’s idea is neither new, nor was it solely triggered by immediate security considerations. Secondly, why do European countries (in addition to the U.S.) oppose the imposition of sanctions against Israel for breaching international law by building the wall? A post-colonial perspective has been employed to discuss the role that borders (particularly hard ones) have assumed in the colonial encounter in the stages of expansive and contraction colonialism. Moreover, through this perspective, the common experience of Israel and the European colonial heritage with regard boundaries is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]