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This textbook makes a concerted effort to expose crimes committed by those wielding unfettered personal power and crimes by corporations, business and states, crimes against human and non-human species and the environment. It examines an increasingly complex interplay of issues which surely should be at the heart of any criminology programme. This text adopts a fresh and innovative approach to exposing the crimes of the powerful, situating and understanding crimes and victimisations as it does within a framework where questions of structural and personal power in society are key. Fourteen case studies are threaded throughout the book and this methodology is used as a teaching resource for studying and uncovering the crimes of the powerful. The first three chapters comprehensively contextualise the problems of crime and power and establish the importance of power to understanding crime and victimisation in society. The chapters within Part I and Part II of the book then explore individual and group power respectively. Each of these chapters explore a case study or case examples followed by ‘Pause for Thought'questions. Bigger ‘Go Further'study questions are posed at the close of these chapters challenging students to engage in their own case study research to investigate the dynamics of crime and power.

The problems related to the process of industrialisation such as biodiversity depletion, climate change and a worsening of health and living conditions, especially but not only in developing countries, intensify. Therefore, there is an increasing need to search for integrated solutions to make development more sustainable. The United Nations has acknowledged the problem and approved the “2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”. On 1st January 2016, the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the Agenda officially came into force. These goals cover the three dimensions of sustainable development: economic growth, social inclusion and environmental protection. The Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals comprehensively addresses the SDGs in an integrated way. The Encyclopedia encompasses 17 volumes, each one devoted to one of the 17 SDGs. This volume addresses SDG 10, namely'Reduce inequality within andamong countries', but also includes inequalities in income as well as those based on age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status within a country. The Goal also addresses inequalities among countries, including those related to representation, migration and development assistance. This volume contains the description of a range of terms, to allow a better understanding and foster knowledge about it.Concretely, the identified targets are:Progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the national averageEmpower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other statusEnsure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and action in this regardAdopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and progressively achieve greater equalityImprove the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and strengthen the implementation of such regulationsEnsure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision-making in global international economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and legitimate institutionsFacilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policiesImplement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, in accordance with World Trade Organization agreementsEncourage official development assistance and financial flows, including foreign direct investment, to states where the need is greatest, in particular least developed countries, African countries, small island developing states and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their national plans and programmesReduce to less than 3 per cent the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5 per centEditorial BoardMd. Mahmudul Alam, Olga Bialostocka, José Baltazar Salgueirinho Osório de Andrade Guerra, Narasimha Reddy Donthi, Ulla A. Saari, Daniele Vieira, Amanda Lange Salvia

This book is an account of the concept of equality from the perspective of both theory and practice, and presents methods of quantifying values. It considers both arguments and evidence, and tackles equality in its different forms, including economic equality, education, equality before the law, equality of opportunity, and gender equality. The book shows that inequality is a profoundly moral question, noting that there are good practical reasons for its adoption. It presents a consideration of classical theories from Aristotle to Hume, as well as contemporary approaches such as those offered by Rawls, Haidt, Temkin, and Parfit. It also contemplates issues such as the naturalistic fallacy, and considers what is different about the Goleman view of moral sensitivity and the ethical personality. The array of evidence includes the impact of climate and various plants such as sugar and cotton on the slave trade, the concept of Gaia, Darwinism, sex inequality, personality, culture, psychological issues, and the quantification of ethics. The book concludes with some practical suggestions for improving equality. It aims to raise awareness of the ways in which equality can be understood, and achieved. It will be relevant to students and scholars in philosophy, human rights, and law.

This open access book is unique in presenting the first oral history of individuals with an intellectual disability and their families in China. In this summary volume and the two accompanying volumes that follow, individuals with an intellectual disability tell their life stories, while their family members, teachers, classmates, and co-workers describe their professional, academic, and family relationships. Besides interview transcripts, each volume provides observations and records in real time the daily experiences of people with an intellectual disability. Drawing on the methodologies of sociology and oral history, the summary volume provides an unprecedented account of how people with intellectual disabilities in China understand themselves while also examining pertinent issues of public policy and civil society that have ramifications beyond the field of disability itself.

This open access book brings together oral histories that record the experiences of individuals with intellectual disabilities in Shanghai as they participate in their careers. Employees with intellectual disabilities describe their experiences seeking, attaining, and maintaining employment. Their managers, colleagues, and family members also provide keen insight into the challenges and opportunities these individuals have encountered in the process of securing employment. An appendix provides a compilation of employment policies related to people with intellectual disabilities, particularly with respect to Shanghai.

This open access book contains the oral histories that were inspired by the work of the Special Olympics in conjunction with the 50th anniversary of its founding. The foreword and prefatory materials provide an overview of the Special Olympics and its growth in the People's Republic of China. The sections that follow record interview transcripts of individuals with intellectual disabilities living in Shanghai. In addition to chronicling the involvement of these individuals and their families in the Special Olympics movement, the interview transcripts also capture their daily lives and how they have navigated school and work.

Der Band befasst sich mit der Analyse spezifisch ländlicher Sicherheitskulturen und den damit verbundenen Formen formeller wie informeller sozialer Kontrolle. Ländliche Regionen und Kleinstädte gelten im Alltag gemeinhin als relativ kriminalitätsarm und weitestgehend sozial integriert. Vergemeinschaftungsprozessen und informellen Kontrollmechanismen werden innerhalb dieser Deutungen eine herausragende Bedeutung zugeschrieben. Zugleich lässt sich zumindest für die Bundesrepublik feststellen, dass bisher weitgehend empirische Studien zum alltäglichen Sicherheits- bzw. Unsicherheitserleben in ländlichen und kleinstädtisch geprägten Milieus fehlen. Auf Grundlage der zwischen 2012 und 2015 im BMBF-Forschungsverbund „Sicherheitsmentalitäten im ländlichen Raum“ erhobenen Daten und rückgebunden an Diskussionen um das von Daniela Klimke entwickelte Konzept der Sicherheitsmentalitäten sollen die obengenannten Defizite aufgegriffen werden.

The study of racial and ethnic relations has become one of the most written about aspects in sociology and sociological research. In both North America and Europe, many'traditional'cultures are feeling threatened by immigrants from Latin America, Africa and Asia. This handbook is a true international collaboration looking at racial and ethnic relations from an academic perspective. It starts from the principle that sociology is at the hub of the human sciences concerned with racial and ethnic relations.

Dani� Joly brings together theoretical and empirical research on ethnic minorities in Eastern and Western Europe showing that their positions and the increased prejudices they encounter share many similarities throughout Europe. Whether racism and exclusion are related to exploitation and power relations, ideologies, or social status, they pervade interactions between the majority society and its ethnic minorities. The history of such ideologies, the upsurge of racism and xenophobia through the general crisis of Western Europe and the various'arenas'of racism in Germany are respectively studied by Eide, Alt and Blaschke, while Jarabova and Matei/Aluas examine prejudice and racism in the Czech lands and Romania. What international legal and theoretical instruments there are to counteract these trends are explored by Phillips and Rex, while Lloyd focuses on the social practice of anti-racist movements. Finally, Anthias theorises the different categories of disadvantage for ethnic minority women experience. Still looking at women, Campani, Vasquez and Xavier de Brito demonstrate how those establish themselves as social actors in the reception country.

All over Europe, asylum-seekers, immigrants and minorities are increasingly finding themselves under violent attack. Who are the perpetrators? What are their motives? To what extent are right-wing or neo-Nazi organizations involved? How do the authorities and the police respond? What are the roles of the media, the public opinion and anti-racist movements? What can be done to stop the violence? These are questions addressed in this volume by some of Europe's leading experts on racism and racist violence.

Based on interviews with black, Asian and white resigners from the police, this book analyses the ways in which mundane features of employment within constabularies racialize the work of officers and leads to a decision to resign. It is argued that the occupational culture of policing remains a key context for the racialization of relationships between officers from majority and minority ethnic groups. This book adds to sociological and criminological research by grounding racialized relations within the reality of day-to-day work.

This book offers critical reflections on the intersections between criminology and queer scholarship, and charts future directions for this field. Since their development over twenty-five years ago, queer scholarship and politics have been hotly contested fields, equally embraced and dismissed. Amid calls for criminology and criminal justice institutions to respond more effectively to the injustices faced by LGBTIQ people, criminologists have recently developed a Queer Criminology and turned to queer scholarship in the process. Through a sweeping analysis of critical criminologies, as well as issues as varied as shame and utopian thought, Matthew Ball points to the many opportunities for criminology to engage further with the more politically disruptive strands of queer scholarship. His analysis highlights that criminology and queer theory are'dangerous bedfellows', and that navigating the tension between them is central to confronting thesocial and criminal injustices experienced by LGBTIQ communities. This book will be of particular interest for scholars of criminology, criminal justice, LGBTIQ studies, gender studies and critical theory.

A comprehensive comparative study of the distinct ideas and political arguments that have shaped French and British policies towards their ethnic minorities, and the effects of these intellectual frameworks at local, national and European levels. Charting the politics and events that brought the respective institutional solutions together, the author sets out the divergent conceptualisations of citizenship, nationality, pluralism, autonomy, public order and tolerance that make up the national'philosophies'in the two countries - republican integration in France and multicultural race relations in Britain. This new edition, published in paperback, contains a new preface bringing the volume up-to-date in the light of new legislation and progress.

Informed by witness testimonies, Eurafrican Migration details how the perilous journeys undertaken by irregular migrants are enabled by complex networks of guides during the Sahara phase, and explores the relationship between migrants and the criminal groups who arrange for them to be transported across the sea to southern Europe.

Border Shifts develops a more complex and multifaceted understanding of global borders, analysing internal and external EU borders from the Mediterranean region to the US-Mexico border, and exploring a range of issues including securitization, irregular migration, race, gender and human trafficking.

Race debates have become more frequent at the national level, and the response to racism in the media and by politicians has shifted from denial to acknowledgment to action. Focusing on the experiences of communities from India's Northeast borderland, the author explores the dynamics of race debates in contemporary India.

Hong Kong's anti-corruption agency, ICAC, is hailed as among the world's best having almost completely purged systemic corruption within a decade of its inception. This book explains how Hong Kong maintains the myth of a clean city and examines the prevalence of white collar crime in the city's property sector.

Lewicki examines how current salient discourses of citizenship conceptualize democratic relations and frame the'Muslim question'in Germany and Great Britain. Citizenship is understood not as a static or monolithic regime, but as being reproduced through competing discourses that can facilitate or inhibit the reduction of structural inequalities.

This book analyzes the political and material conditions driving contemporary border control policies and discusses the processes that mediate popular and official understandings of border-related fatalities.

As racially-based inequalities and spatial segregation deepen, further strained by emergent problems associated with climate change, ever-widening differences between wealth and poverty, and the economic crisis, this book issues a timely call for just, sustainable development.

This book discusses the meaning and practice of British community cohesion policies, youth identities in racially-tense areas and the British government's attempts to'prevent violent extremism'amongst young Muslims.

This book provides a focused and critical international overview of the intersections between race, crime perpetration and victimization, and criminal justice policy and practice responses to crime perpetration and crime victimization.

This groundbreaking book provides a new perspective on equality by highlighting and exploring affective equality, the aspect of equality concerned with relationships of love, care and solidarity. Drawing on studies of intimate caring, or'love labouring', it reveals the depth, complexity and multidimensionality of affective inequality.

Recently, global and European migration in the post-Cold War world have received much attention. This edited collection is a comprehensive, up-to-date account of the social policies of European welfare states towards refugees and asylum seekers. It also examines the contested boundaries between refugees and asylum seekers and citizenship within European nation states and the European Union.

At a time when the gap between rich and poor has been increasing, Poverty, Riches and Social Citizenship provides an accessible introduction to current debates about inequality, exclusion and the nature of citizenship, while also presenting an innovative exploration of popular beliefs and values in Britain. The authors develop a series of conceptual models by which to understand the competing traditions which have informed ideas about citizenship, and the contradictory moral notions that currently inform popular expectations of the welfare state.

After 1948 many opponents of apartheid were forced out of South Africa. This accessible and readable account draws upon interviews with many of those involved to examine how those activists who came to the United Kingdom developed political organisations, social networks, ideologies and identities that supported their time in exile. It examines the Anti-Apartheid Movement and the African National Congress in exile and documents the violent attempts by the South African government to control exile activity. Finally, it investigates how exiles came to terms with the possibility that they might return.

A fascinating account which discusses the indigenous peoples at the Cape at the time of the Dutch colonisers'arrival through to the years of apartheid. This includes the colonial conquest of Zambia expanding upon the role played by venture capital and the demands of manufacturing capitalism in the colonisation of large parts of Africa. The place of women in both colonial settler society and indigenous society is also dealt with. Through all the chapters runs the thread of the lives of the common people, and how their interactions are circumscribed by social conditions.

This book brings together in a systematic manner three discrete areas of interest pertaining to refugees. Asylum is explored through studies on the evolution of legal instruments in Europe, the harmonisation process of European policies, and the broader spectrum of factors underpinning decisions on asylum. Reception and settlement of refugees are analysed through a comparative study of national programmes in France and Britain and in addition a survey of local authority policies. A typology for refugees is developed and tested by a comparison between Chilean and Vietnamese associations in France and Britain.

This book traces the rise of the French National Front and presents an analysis of the organisation's origins, structure and doctrine which concludes that the Le Pen phenomenon represents a modern and sophisticated form of fascism. The authors offer a critical assessment of how political parties and anti-racist organisations have responded to the National Front's exploitation of the immigration issue and examine the political arguments accompanying the reception of foreign workers and their families by French society during the twentieth century.

This book is concerned with the place of communication in the troubled relations between the police and young people. Ian Loader presents a forceful critique of managerialism and, from the perspective of critical theory, outlines an alternative way of thinking about policing. This is then employed to make sense of recent research with young people and police officers. Loader concludes by suggesting how a principle of'discursive policing'can improve police-youth relations and make the police more democratically accountable.

A collection of essays on the contemporary crisis and change in South Africa which considers the international political position, Afrikaner politics, South African economics, internal Black politics, The United Democratic Front, Black trade unions and constitutional change.