Search

The growth of a global digital economy has enabled rapid communication, instantaneous movement of funds, and availability of vast amounts of information. With this come challenges such as the vulnerability of digitalized sociotechnological systems (STSs) to destructive events (earthquakes, disease events, terrorist attacks). Similar issues arise for disruptions to complex linked natural and social systems (from changing climates, evolving urban environments, etc.). This book explores new approaches to the resilience of sociotechnological and natural-social systems in a digital world of big data, extraordinary computing capacity, and rapidly developing methods of Artificial Intelligence. Most of the book's papers were presented at the Workshop on Big Data and Systems Analysis held at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis in Laxenburg, Austria in February, 2020. Their authors are associated with the Task Group “Advanced mathematical tools for data-driven applied systems analysis” created and sponsored by CODATA in November, 2018. The world-wide COVID-19 pandemic illustrates the vulnerability of our healthcare systems, supply chains, and social infrastructure, and confronts our notions of what makes a system resilient. We have found that use of AI tools can lead to problems when unexpected events occur. On the other hand, the vast amounts of data available from sensors, satellite images, social media, etc. can also be used to make modern systems more resilient. Papers in the book explore disruptions of complex networks and algorithms that minimize departure from a previous state after a disruption; introduce a multigrammatical framework for the technological and resource bases of today's large-scale industrial systems and the transformations resulting from disruptive events; and explain how robotics can enhance pre-emptive measures or post-disaster responses to increase resiliency. Other papers explore current directions in data processing and handling and principles of FAIRness in data; how the availability of large amounts of data can aid in the development of resilient STSs and challenges to overcome in doing so. The book also addresses interactions between humans and built environments, focusing on how AI can inform today's smart and connected buildings and make them resilient, and how AI tools can increase resilience to misinformation and its dissemination.

This open access two-volume set LNCS 10980 and 10981 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification, CAV 2018, held in Oxford, UK, in July 2018. The 52 full and 13 tool papers presented together with 3 invited papers and 2 tutorials were carefully reviewed and selected from 215 submissions. The papers cover a wide range of topics and techniques, from algorithmic and logical foundations of verification to practical applications in distributed, networked, cyber-physical, and autonomous systems. They are organized in topical sections on model checking, program analysis using polyhedra, synthesis, learning, runtime verification, hybrid and timed systems, tools, probabilistic systems, static analysis, theory and security, SAT, SMT and decisions procedures, concurrency, and CPS, hardware, industrial applications.

“Automatic Program Development” is a tribute to Robert Paige (1947-1999), our accomplished and respected colleague, and moreover our good friend, whose untimely passing was a loss to our academic and research community. We have collected the revised, updated versions of the papers published in his honor in the Higher-Order and Symbolic Computation Journal in the years 2003 and 2005. Among them there are two papers by Bob: (i) a retrospective view of his research lines, and (ii) a proposal for future studies in the area of the automatic program derivation. The book also includes some papers by members of the IFIP Working Group 2.1 of which Bob was an active member. All papers are related to some of the research interests of Bob and, in particular, to the transformational development of programs and their algorithmic derivation from formal specifications. “Automatic Program Development” offers a renewed stimulus for continuing and deepening Bob's research visions. A familiar touch is given to the book by some pictures kindly provided to us by his wife Nieba, the personal recollections of his brother Gary and some of his colleagues and friends.

This second book devoted on advances and applications of Dezert-Smarandache Theory (DSmT) for information fusion collects recent papers from different researchers working in engineering and mathematics.

'Machine Learning Algorithms Using Scikit and TensorFlow Environments assists researchers in learning and implementing these critical algorithms. Covering key topics such as classification, artificial neural networks, prediction, random forest, and regression analysis, this premier reference source is ideal for industry professionals, computer scientists, researchers, academicians, scholars, practitioners, instructors, and students'--

When it comes to writing efficient code, every software professional needs to have an effective working knowledge of algorithms. In this practical book, author George Heineman (Algorithms in a Nutshell) provides concise and informative descriptions of key algorithms that improve coding in multiple languages. Software developers, testers, and maintainers will discover how algorithms solve computational problems creatively.Each chapter builds on earlier chapters through eye-catching visuals and a steady rollout of essential concepts, including an algorithm analysis to classify the performance of every algorithm presented in the book. At the end of each chapter, youâ??ll get to apply what youâ??ve learned to a novel challenge problemâ??simulating the experience you might find in a technical code interview.With this book, you will:Examine fundamental algorithms central to computer science and software engineeringLearn common strategies for efficient problem solvingâ??such as divide and conquer, dynamic programming, and greedy approachesAnalyze code to evaluate time complexity using big O notationUse existing Python libraries and data structures to solve problems using algorithmsUnderstand the main steps of important algorithms

A friendly introduction to the most useful algorithms written in simple, intuitive English The revised and updated second edition of Essential Algorithms, offers an accessible introduction to computer algorithms. The book contains a description of important classical algorithms and explains when each is appropriate. The author shows how to analyze algorithms in order to understand their behavior and teaches techniques that the can be used to create new algorithms to meet future needs. The text includes useful algorithms such as: methods for manipulating common data structures, advanced data structures, network algorithms, and numerical algorithms. It also offers a variety of general problem-solving techniques. In addition to describing algorithms and approaches, the author offers details on how to analyze the performance of algorithms. The book is filled with exercises that can be used to explore ways to modify the algorithms in order to apply them to new situations. This updated edition of Essential Algorithms: Contains explanations of algorithms in simple terms, rather than complicated math Steps through powerful algorithms that can be used to solve difficult programming problems Helps prepare for programming job interviews that typically include algorithmic questions Offers methods can be applied to any programming language Includes exercises and solutions useful to both professionals and students Provides code examples updated and written in Python and C# Essential Algorithms has been updated and revised and offers professionals and students a hands-on guide to analyzing algorithms as well as the techniques and applications. The book also includes a collection of questions that may appear in a job interview. The book's website will include reference implementations in Python and C# (which can be easily applied to Java and C++).

This book offers a gentle motivation and introduction to computational thinking, in particular to algorithms and how they can be coded to solve significant, topical problems from domains such as finance, cryptography, Web search, and data compression. The book is suitable for undergraduate students in computer science, engineering, and applied mathematics, university students in other fields, high-school students with an interest in STEM subjects, and professionals who want an insight into algorithmic solutions and the related mindset. While the authors assume only basic mathematical knowledge, they uphold the scientific rigor that is indispensable for transforming general ideas into executable algorithms. A supporting website contains examples and Python code for implementing the algorithms in the book.

Build, test, and tune financial, insurance or other market trading systems using C++ algorithms and statistics. You've had an idea and have done some preliminary experiments, and it looks promising. Where do you go from here? Well, this book discusses and dissects this case study approach. Seemingly good backtest performance isn't enough to justify trading real money. You need to perform rigorous statistical tests of the system's validity. Then, if basic tests confirm the quality of your idea, you need to tune your system, not just for best performance, but also for robust behavior in the face of inevitable market changes. Next, you need to quantify its expected future behavior, assessing how bad its real-life performance might actually be, and whether you can live with that. Finally, you need to find its theoretical performance limits so you know if its actual trades conform to this theoretical expectation, enabling you to dump the system if it does not liveup to expectations.This book does not contain any sure-fire, guaranteed-riches trading systems. Those are a dime a dozen... But if you have a trading system, this book will provide you with a set of tools that will help you evaluate the potential value of your system, tweak it to improve its profitability, and monitor its on-going performance to detect deterioration before it fails catastrophically. Any serious market trader would do well to employ the methods described in this book.What You Will LearnSee how the'spaghetti-on-the-wall'approach to trading system development can be done legitimatelyDetect overfitting early in developmentEstimate the probability that your system's backtest results could have been due to just good luckRegularize a predictive model so it automatically selects an optimal subset of indicator candidatesRapidly find the global optimum for any type of parameterized trading systemAssess the ruggedness of your trading system against market changesEnhance the stationarity and information content of your proprietary indicatorsNest one layer of walkforward analysis inside another layer to account for selection bias in complex trading systemsCompute a lower bound on your system's mean future performanceBound expected periodic returns to detect on-going system deterioration before it becomes severeEstimate the probability of catastrophic drawdown Who This Book Is For Experienced C++ programmers, developers, and software engineers. Prior experience with rigorous statistical procedures to evaluate and maximize the quality of systems is recommended as well.

This book deals with the problem of finding suitable languages that can represent specific classes of Petri nets, the most studied and widely accepted model for distributed systems. Hence, the contribution of this book amounts to the alphabetization of some classes of distributed systems. The book also suggests the need for a generalization of Turing computability theory.It is important for graduate students and researchers engaged with the concurrent semantics of distributed communicating systems. The author assumes some prior knowledge of formal languages and theoretical computer science.

A decision procedure is an algorithm that, given a decision problem, terminates with a correct yes/no answer. Here, the authors focus on theories that are expressive enough to model real problems, but are still decidable. Specifically, the book concentrates on decision procedures for first-order theories that are commonly used in automated verification and reasoning, theorem-proving, compiler optimization and operations research. The techniques described in the book draw from fields such as graph theory and logic, and are routinely used in industry. The authors introduce the basic terminology of SAT, Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) and the DPLL(T) framework. Then, in separate chapters, they study decision procedures for propositional logic; equalities and uninterpreted functions; linear arithmetic; bit vectors; arrays; pointer logic; and quantified formulas. They also study the problem of deciding combined theories based on the Nelson-Oppen procedure. Thefirst edition of this book was adopted as a textbook in courses worldwide. It was published in 2008 and the field now called SMT was then in its infancy, without the standard terminology and canonic algorithms it has now; this second edition reflects these changes. It brings forward the DPLL(T) framework. It also expands the SAT chapter with modern SAT heuristics, and includes a new section about incremental satisfiability, and the related Constraints Satisfaction Problem (CSP). The chapter about quantifiers was expanded with a new section about general quantification using E-matching and a section about Effectively Propositional Reasoning (EPR). The book also includes a new chapter on the application of SMT in industrial software engineering and in computational biology, coauthored by Nikolaj Bjørner and Leonardo de Moura, and Hillel Kugler, respectively. Each chapter includes a detailed bibliography and exercises. Lecturers'slides and a C++ library for rapid prototyping of decision procedures are available from the authors'website.

'This book does the impossible: it makes math fun and easy!'- Sander Rossel, COAS Software Systems Grokking Algorithms is a fully illustrated, friendly guide that teaches you how to apply common algorithms to the practical problems you face every day as a programmer. You'll start with sorting and searching and, as you build up your skills in thinking algorithmically, you'll tackle more complex concerns such as data compression and artificial intelligence. Each carefully presented example includes helpful diagrams and fully annotated code samples in Python. Learning about algorithms doesn't have to be boring! Get a sneak peek at the fun, illustrated, and friendly examples you'll find in Grokking Algorithms on Manning Publications'YouTube channel. Continue your journey into the world of algorithms with Algorithms in Motion, a practical, hands-on video course available exclusively at Manning.com (www.manning.com/livevideo/algorithms-?in-motion). Purchase of the print book includes a free eBook in PDF, Kindle, and ePub formats from Manning Publications. About the Technology An algorithm is nothing more than a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem. The algorithms you'll use most often as a programmer have already been discovered, tested, and proven. If you want to understand them but refuse to slog through dense multipage proofs, this is the book for you. This fully illustrated and engaging guide makes it easy to learn how to use the most important algorithms effectively in your own programs. About the Book Grokking Algorithms is a friendly take on this core computer science topic. In it, you'll learn how to apply common algorithms to the practical programming problems you face every day. You'll start with tasks like sorting and searching. As you build up your skills, you'll tackle more complex problems like data compression and artificial intelligence. Each carefully presented example includes helpful diagrams and fully annotated code samples in Python. By the end of this book, you will have mastered widely applicable algorithms as well as how and when to use them. What's Inside Covers search, sort, and graph algorithms Over 400 pictures with detailed walkthroughs Performance trade-offs between algorithms Python-based code samples About the Reader This easy-to-read, picture-heavy introduction is suitable for self-taught programmers, engineers, or anyone who wants to brush up on algorithms. About the Author Aditya Bhargava is a Software Engineer with a dual background in Computer Science and Fine Arts. He blogs on programming at adit.io. Table of Contents Introduction to algorithms Selection sort Recursion Quicksort Hash tables Breadth-first search Dijkstra's algorithm Greedy algorithms Dynamic programming K-nearest neighbors

Python Algorithms, Second Edition explains the Python approach to algorithm analysis and design. Written by Magnus Lie Hetland, author of Beginning Python, this book is sharply focused on classical algorithms, but it also gives a solid understanding of fundamental algorithmic problem-solving techniques. The book deals with some of the most important and challenging areas of programming and computer science in a highly readable manner. It covers both algorithmic theory and programming practice, demonstrating how theory is reflected in real Python programs. Well-known algorithms and data structures that are built into the Python language are explained, and the user is shown how to implement and evaluate others.

ALGORITHM DESIGN and APPLICATIONS “This is a wonderful book, covering both classical and contemporary topics in algorithms. I look forward to trying it out in my algorithms class. I especially like the diversity in topics and difficulty of the problems.”ROBERT TARJAN, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY “The clarity of explanation is excellent. I like the inclusion of the three types of exercises very much.”MING-YANG KAO, NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY “Goodrich and Tamassia have designed a book that is both remarkably comprehensive in its coverage and innovative in its approach. Their emphasis on motivation and applications, throughout the text as well as in the many exercises, provides a book well-designed for the boom in students from all areas of study who want to learn about computing. The book contains more than one could hope to cover in a semester course, giving instructors a great deal of flexibility and students a reference that they will turn to well after their class is over.”MICHAEL MITZENMACHER, HARVARD UNIVERSITY “I highly recommend this accessible roadmap to the world of algorithm design. The authors provide motivating examples of problems faced in the real world and guide the reader to develop workable solutions, with a number of challenging exercises to promote deeper understanding.” JEFFREY S. VITTER, UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS DidYouKnow? This book is available as a Wiley E-Text. The Wiley E-Text is a complete digital version of the text that makes time spent studying more efficient. Course materials can be accessed on a desktop, laptop, or mobile device—so that learning can take place anytime, anywhere. A more affordable alternative to traditional print, the Wiley E-Text creates a flexible user experience: Access on-the-go Search across content Highlight and take notes Save money! The Wiley E-Text can be purchased in the following ways: Via your campus bookstore:Wiley E-Text: Powered by VitalSource®ISBN 9781119028796 •Instructors: This ISBN is needed when placing an order. Directly from: www.wiley.com/college/goodrich

Applicable to any problem that requires a finite number of solutions, finite state-based models (also called finite state machines or finite state automata) have found wide use in various areas of computer science and engineering. Handbook of Finite State Based Models and Applications provides a complete collection of introductory materials on fini

世界標準 MIT 教科書!! 原著は，計算機科学の基礎分野で世界的に著名な4人の専門家がMITでの教育用に著した計算機アルゴリズム論の包括的テキストであり，その第3版．前版までで既にアルゴリズムとデータ構造に関する世界標準教科書としての地位を確立しているが，より良い教科書を目指して再び全面的な記述の見直しがなされ，それを基に新たな章や節の追加なども含めて，大幅な改訂がなされている.

Able to propagate quickly and change their payload with each infection, polymorphic worms have been able to evade even the most advanced intrusion detection systems (IDS). And, because zero-day worms require only seconds to launch flooding attacks on your servers, using traditional methods such as manually creating and storing signatures to de

Many advances have recently been made in metaheuristic methods, from theory to applications. The community of researchers claiming the relevance of their work to the field of metaheuristics is growing faster and faster, despite the fact that the term itself has not been precisely defined. This book discusses theoretical developments in metaheuristics, adaptation of discrete metaheuristics to continuous optimization, performance comparisons of metaheuristics, cooperative methods combining different approaches, parallel and distributed metaheuristics for multiobjective optimization, software implementations, and real-world applications.

Computational experiments on algorithms can supplement theoretical analysis by showing what algorithms, implementations and speed-up methods work best for specific machines or problems. This book guides the reader through the nuts and bolts of the major experimental questions: What should I measure? What inputs should I test? How do I analyze the data? To answer these questions the book draws on ideas from algorithm design and analysis, computer systems, and statistics and data analysis. The wide-ranging discussion includes a tutorial on system clocks and CPU timers, a survey of strategies for tuning algorithms and data structures, a cookbook of methods for generating random combinatorial inputs, and a demonstration of variance reduction techniques. The book can be used by anyone who has taken a course or two in data structures and algorithms. A companion website, AlgLab (www.cs.amherst.edu/alglab) contains downloadable files, programs and tools for use in experimental projects.

Python Algorithms explains the Python approach to algorithm analysis and design. Written by Magnus Lie Hetland, author of Beginning Python, this book is sharply focused on classical algorithms, but it also gives a solid understanding of fundamental algorithmic problem-solving techniques. The book deals with some of the most important and challenging areas of programming and computer science, but in a highly pedagogic and readable manner. The book covers both algorithmic theory and programming practice, demonstrating how theory is reflected in real Python programs. Well-known algorithms and data structures that are built into the Python language are explained, and the user is shown how to implement and evaluate others himself.

Property testing algorithms are'ultra'-efficient algorithms that decide whether a given object (e.g., a graph) has a certain property (e.g., bipartiteness), or is significantly different from any object that has the property. To this end property testing algorithms are given the ability to perform (local) queries to the input, though the decisions they need to make usually concern properties with a global nature. In the last two decades, property testing algorithms have been designed for many types of objects and properties, amongst them, graph properties, algebraic properties, geometric properties, and more.

A Concise and Practical Introduction to Programming Algorithms in Java has two main goals. The first is for novice programmers to learn progressively the basic concepts underlying most imperative programming languages using Java. The second goal is to introduce new programmers to the very basic principles of thinking the algorithmic way and turning the algorithms into programs using the programming concepts of Java. The book is divided into two parts and includes: The fundamental notions of variables, expressions and assignments with type checking - Conditional and loop statements - Explanation of the concepts of functions with pass-by-value arguments and recursion - Fundamental sequential and bisection search techniques - Basic iterative and recursive sorting algorithms. Each chapter of the book concludes with a set of exercises to enable students to practice concepts covered.

Creating robust software requires the use of efficient algorithms, but programmers seldom think about them until a problem occurs. Algorithms in a Nutshell describes a large number of existing algorithms for solving a variety of problems, and helps you select and implement the right algorithm for your needs -- with just enough math to let you understand and analyze algorithm performance. With its focus on application, rather than theory, this book provides efficient code solutions in several programming languages that you can easily adapt to a specific project. Each major algorithm is presented in the style of a design pattern that includes information to help you understand why and when the algorithm is appropriate. With this book, you will:Solve a particular coding problem or improve on the performance of an existing solutionQuickly locate algorithms that relate to the problems you want to solve, and determine why a particular algorithm is the right one to useGet algorithmic solutions in C, C++, Java, and Ruby with implementation tipsLearn the expected performance of an algorithm, and the conditions it needs to perform at its bestDiscover the impact that similar design decisions have on different algorithmsLearn advanced data structures to improve the efficiency of algorithmsWith Algorithms in a Nutshell, you'll learn how to improve the performance of key algorithms essential for the success of your software applications.

Orginally published as Foundations and trends in information retrieval, 1554-0669, v. 3, issue 3 (2009), p. 225-331.

Originally published in Foundations and trends in networking, 1554-057X, v. 3, issue 1 (2008), p. 1-125.

Masterminds of Programming features exclusive interviews with the creators of several historic and highly influential programming languages. In this unique collection, you'll learn about the processes that led to specific design decisions, including the goals they had in mind, the trade-offs they had to make, and how their experiences have left an impact on programming today. Masterminds of Programming includes individual interviews with:Adin D. Falkoff: APLThomas E. Kurtz: BASICCharles H. Moore: FORTHRobin Milner: MLDonald D. Chamberlin: SQLAlfred Aho, Peter Weinberger, and Brian Kernighan: AWKCharles Geschke and John Warnock: PostScriptBjarne Stroustrup: C++Bertrand Meyer: EiffelBrad Cox and Tom Love: Objective-CLarry Wall: PerlSimon Peyton Jones, Paul Hudak, Philip Wadler, and John Hughes: HaskellGuido van Rossum: PythonLuiz Henrique de Figueiredo and Roberto Ierusalimschy: LuaJames Gosling: JavaGrady Booch, Ivar Jacobson, and James Rumbaugh: UMLAnders Hejlsberg: Delphi inventor and lead developer of C#If you're interested in the people whose vision and hard work helped shape the computer industry, you'll find Masterminds of Programming fascinating.

Originally published as Foundations and trends in theoretical computer science, 1551-305X, v. 3, issue 2-3 (2007), p. 93-263.

This volume on advances and applications of Dezert-Smarandache Theory (DSmT) for information fusion collects theoretical and applied contributions of researchers working in different fields of applications and in mathematics.

The?rst and foremost goal of this lecture series was to show the beauty, depth and usefulness of the key ideas in computer science. While working on the lecture notes, we came to understand that one can recognize the true spirit of a scienti?c discipline only by viewing its contributions in the framework of science as a whole. We present computer science here as a fundamental science that, interacting with other scienti?c disciplines, changed and changes our view on the world, that contributes to our understanding of the fundamental concepts of science and that sheds new light on and brings new meaning to several of these concepts. We show that computer science is a discipline that discovers spectacular, unexpected facts, that?nds ways out in seemingly unsolvable s- uations, and that can do true wonders. The message of this book is that computer science is a fascinating research area with a big impact on the real world, full of spectacular ideas and great ch- lenges. It is an integral part of science and engineering with an above-average dynamic over the last 30 years and a high degree of interdisciplinarity. The goal of this book is not typical for popular science writing, whichoftenrestrictsitselftooutliningtheimportanceofaresearch area. Whenever possible we strive to bring full understanding of the concepts and results presented.

This text closely examines ideas, analysis, and implementation details of data structures as a specialised topic in applied algorithms. It looks at efficient ways to realise query and update operations on sets of numbers, intervals, or strings by various data structures, including: search trees; structures for sets of intervals or piece-wise constant functions; orthogonal range search structures; heaps; union-find structures; dynamization and persistence of structures; structures for strings; and hash tables. Instead of relegating data structures to trivial material used to illustrate object-oriented programming methodology, this is the first volume to show data structures as a crucial algorithmic topic. Numerous code examples in C and more than 500 references make Advanced Data Structures an indispensable text.

This newly expanded and updated second edition of the best-selling classic continues to take the'mystery'out of designing algorithms, and analyzing their efficacy and efficiency. Expanding on the first edition, the book now serves as the primary textbook of choice for algorithm design courses while maintaining its status as the premier practical reference guide to algorithms for programmers, researchers, and students.The reader-friendly Algorithm Design Manual provides straightforward access to combinatorial algorithms technology, stressing design over analysis. The first part, Techniques, provides accessible instruction on methods for designing and analyzing computer algorithms. The second part, Resources, is intended for browsing and reference, and comprises the catalog of algorithmic resources, implementations and an extensive bibliography.NEW to the second edition:• Doubles the tutorial material and exercises over the first edition• Provides full online support for lecturers, and a completely updated and improved website component with lecture slides, audio and video• Contains a unique catalog identifying the 75 algorithmic problems that arise most often in practice, leading the reader down the right path to solve them• Includes several NEW'war stories'relating experiences from real-world applications• Provides up-to-date links leading to the very best algorithm implementations available in C, C++, and Java

Aimed at an audience of researchers and graduate students in computational geometry and algorithm design, this book uses the Geometric Spanner Network Problem to showcase a number of useful algorithmic techniques, data structure strategies, and geometric analysis techniques with many applications, practical and theoretical. The authors present rigorous descriptions of the main algorithms and their analyses for different variations of the Geometric Spanner Network Problem. Though the basic ideas behind most of these algorithms are intuitive, very few are easy to describe and analyze. For most of the algorithms, nontrivial data structures need to be designed, and nontrivial techniques need to be developed in order for analysis to take place. Still, there are several basic principles and results that are used throughout the book. One of the most important is the powerful well-separated pair decomposition. This decomposition is used as a starting point for several of the spanner constructions.

This book provides a good opportunity for computer science practitioners and researchers to get in sync with current state-of-the-art and future trends in the field of combinatorial optimization and online algorithms. Recent advances in this area are presented focusing on the design of efficient approximation and on-line algorithms. One central idea in the book is to use a linear program relaxation of the problem, randomization and rounding techniques.

Beginning Algorithms A good understanding of algorithms, and the knowledge of when to apply them, is crucial to producing software that not only works correctly, but also performs efficiently. This is the only book to impart all this essential information-from the basics of algorithms, data structures, and performance characteristics to the specific algorithms used in development and programming tasks. Packed with detailed explanations and instructive examples, the book begins by offering you some fundamental data structures and then goes on to explain various sorting algorithms. You'll then learn efficient practices for storing and searching by way of hashing, trees, sets, and maps. The authors also share tips on optimization techniques and ways to avoid common performance pitfalls. In the end, you'll be prepared to build the algorithms and data structures most commonly encountered in day-to-day software development. What you will learn from this book The basics of algorithms, such as iteration and recursion Elementary data structures such as lists, stacks, and queues Basic and advanced sorting algorithms including insertion sort, quicksort, and shell sort Advanced data structures such as binary trees, ternary trees, and heaps Algorithms for string searching, string matching, hashing, and computational geometry How to use test-driven development techniques to ensure your code works as intended How to dramatically improve the performance of your code with hands-on techniques for profiling and optimization Who this book is for This book is for anyone who develops applications, or is just beginning to do so, and is looking to understand algorithms and data structures. An understanding of computer programming is beneficial. Wrox Beginning guides are crafted to make learning programming languages and technologies easier than you think, providing a structured, tutorial format that will guide you through all the techniques involved.

This book is devoted to recent progress made in solving propositional satisfiability and related problems. Propositional satisfiability is a powerful and general formalism used to solve a wide range of important problems including hardware and software verification. The core of many reasoning problems in automated deduction are propositional. Research into methods to automate such reasoning has therefore a long history in artificial intelligence. In 1957, Allen Newell and Herb Simon introduced the Logic Theory Machine to prove propositional theorems from Whitehead and Russel's'Principia mathematica'. In 1960, Martin Davis and Hillary Putnam introduced their eponymous decision procedure for satisfiability reasoning (though, for space reasons, it was quickly superseded by the modified procedure proposed by Martin Davis, George Logemann and Donald Loveland two years later). In 1971, Stephen Cook's proof that propositional satisfiability is NP-Complete placed satisfiability as the cornerstone of complexity theory.

During the last years, scientific computing has become an important research branch located between applied mathematics and applied sciences and engineering. Highly efficient numerical methods are based on adaptive methods, higher order discretizations, fast linear and non-linear iterative solvers, multi-level algorithms, etc. Such methods are integrated in the adaptive finite element software ALBERTA. It is a toolbox for the fast and flexible implementation of efficient software for real life applications, based on modern algorithms. ALBERTA also serves as an environment for improving existent, or developing new numerical methods in an interplay with mathematical analysis and it allows the direct integration of such new or improved methods in existing simulation software.

This book presents the foundations, advances and some applications of a new theory of paradoxical and plausible reasoning developed by Jean Dezert and Florentin Smarandache, known as DSmT. This theory proposes a general method for combining uncertain, highly conflicting and imprecise data, provided by independent sources of information. It can be considered as a generalization of classical Dempster-Shafer mathematical theory of evidence, overcoming its inherent constraints, closely related with the acceptance of the law of the excluded middle. Refuting that principle, DSmT proposes a formalism to describe, analyze and combine all the available information, allowing the possibility for paradoxes between the elements of the frame of discernment. It is adapted to deal with each model of fusion occurring, taking into account all possible integrity constraints of the problem under consideration, due to the true nature and granularity of the concepts involved. This theory shows through the considered applications that conclusions drawn from it provides coherent results, which agree with the human reasoning and improves performances with respect to Dempster-Shafer theory.

The term “stringology” is a popular nickname for text algorithms, or algorithms on strings. This book deals with the most basic algorithms in the area. Most of them can be viewed as “algorithmic jewels” and deserve reader-friendly presentation. One of the main aims of the book is to present several of the most celebrated algorithms in a simple way by omitting obscuring details and separating algorithmic structure from combinatorial theoretical background. The book reflects the relationships between applications of text-algorithmic techniques and the classification of algorithms according to the measures of complexity considered. The text can be viewed as a parade of algorithms in which the main purpose is to discuss the foundations of the algorithms and their interconnections. One can partition the algorithmic problems discussed into practical and theoretical problems. Certainly, string matching and data compression are in the former class, while most problems related to symmetries and repetitions in texts are in the latter. However, all the problems are interesting from an algorithmic point of view and enable the reader to appreciate the importance of combinatorics on words as a tool in the design of efficient text algorithms.In most textbooks on algorithms and data structures, the presentation of efficient algorithms on words is quite short as compared to issues in graph theory, sorting, searching, and some other areas. At the same time, there are many presentations of interesting algorithms on words accessible only in journals and in a form directed mainly at specialists. This book fills the gap in the book literature on algorithms on words, and brings together the many results presently dispersed in the masses of journal articles. The presentation is reader-friendly; many examples and about two hundred figures illustrate nicely the behaviour of otherwise very complex algorithms.

Description based on print version record.

Concurrent and distributed processes occur everywhere: in embedded systems, in information networks and databases, and in the form of applets roaming around on the World-Wide-Web. This book presents and develops state-of-the-art validation techniques for detecting safety violations; the focus is on the correctness of techniques that suffice for fully automatic validation of key components of such systems. It builds on and extends the notion of types, popular in many sequential programming languages as a technique for catching certain kinds of errors already at program development time, by incorporating behaviours (or structured effects) that are able to track the information flow in the presence of procedures, channel based communication, and the dynamic creation of network topologies. The technical development is performed for a language based on Concurrent ML.

'What does your Master teach?'asked a visitor.'Nothing,'said the disciple.'Then why does he give discourses?''He only points the way - he teaches nothing.'Anthony de Mello, One Minute Wisdom During the last three decades there has been a growing interest in algorithms which rely on analogies to natural processes. The emergence of massively par­ allel computers made these algorithms of practical interest. The best known algorithms in this class include evolutionary programming, genetic algorithms, evolution strategies, simulated annealing, classifier systems, and neural net­ works. Recently (1-3 October 1990) the University of Dortmund, Germany, hosted the First Workshop on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature [164]. This book discusses a subclass of these algorithms - those which are based on the principle of evolution (survival of the fittest). In such algorithms a popu­ lation of individuals (potential solutions) undergoes a sequence of unary (muta­ tion type) and higher order (crossover type) transformations. These individuals strive for survival: a selection scheme, biased towards fitter individuals, selects the next generation. After some number of generations, the program converges - the best individual hopefully represents the optimum solution. There are many different algorithms in this category. To underline the sim­ ilarities between them we use the common term'evolution programs'.

Genetic algorithms are founded upon the principle of evolution, i.e., survival of the fittest. Hence evolution programming techniques, based on genetic algorithms, are applicable to many hard optimization problems, such as optimization of functions with linear and nonlinear constraints, the traveling salesman problem, and problems of scheduling, partitioning, and control. The importance of these techniques has been growing in the last decade, since evolution programs are parallel in nature, and parallelism is one of the most promising directions in computer science.The book is self-contained and the only prerequisite is basic undergraduate mathematics. It is aimed at researchers, practitioners, and graduate students in computer science and artificial intelligence, operations research, and engineering.This second edition includes several new sections and many references to recent developments. A simple example of genetic code and an index are also added. Writing an evolution program for a given problem should be an enjoyable experience - this book may serve as a guide to this task.