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Selecting appropriate mapping units is vital for landslide susceptibility mapping as well as pattern investigation, given that various units-based analyses extensively control the prediction performances. This paper investigated the landslide development through the interpretation and field surveys along the Yunling–Yanjing segment of the Lancang River in southeastern Tibet, and fulfil LSM with the consideration of 15 conditioning factors. Two grid unit methods (single-point and multi-point patterns) and two slope unit methods were comparatively analyzed for model training and mapping of landslide susceptibility via machine learning algorithms. The results suggest that the landslides are preferentially distributed in an elevation range of 2000–4000 m, in a slope range of 20–40°, a local relief range of 1000–2500 m, and southwest-oriented slopes. The data extracted by the multi-point method denotes a higher representation of landslide development features. All models possessed positive prediction ability for landslide susceptibility, and the multi-point method based on grid unit performed the best with the AUC exceeding 0.9. The best-performing models indicated that zones of high and very high susceptibility mainly distributed adjacent to the mainstem and some tributaries of the Lancang River. Furthermore, the distribution of "safety islands" (the slopes less prone to landslides) along National Highway G214 was reasonably illustrated as well, which provides a hazard predictability for such an important transportation corridor along the deeply-incised valley in the Lancang River. This study demonstrates a theoretical basis for the regional disaster prevention and mitigation for human activity, and provides methodological references for landslide susceptibility evaluation in similar mountainous areas over the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the statistics of cloud cover at night from 2016 to 2018 above the Ali observatory has been summarized, using the meso-scale numerical model and the cameras (Canon and AllSky-340 Camera). Above the western Tibetan Plateau, in the area of 200 km × 200 km centred at the Ali site, the average cloud cover during night was basically less than 30 per cent in 2016, and the Ali site was located in the zone with small value around 20 per cent; large cloud cover always occurred in summer, with mean value above 50 per cent in most parts of this area; while in winter, the smallest cloud cover was basically below 10 per cent; in other seasons, the cloud cover was mostly less than 30 per cent, and the Ali site located in the zone with cloud cover below 10 per cent in autumn and below 20 per cent in spring. At each monitored field of view from 90° to 45°, the cloud cover varied little; the proportion of clear nights with cloud cover below 10 per cent was close to 60 per cent of total observable nights per year, and the less cloudy nights with cloud cover below 40 per cent accounted for more than 70 per cent, besides, the observable nights with cloud cover below 70 per cent was around 80 per cent every year. Generally, the cloud cover condition at the Ali observatory above the western plateau is excellent, there are always abundant observable nights, while a bit worse just in July and August. Meanwhile, the numerical model has been proved to be a reliable tool to estimate cloud cover conditions above the Tibetan Plateau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing multidimensional relative poverty is one of the important issues in the current global poverty governance field. This article takes 12 ethnic regions in China as the research object and constructs a multidimensional relative poverty measurement system. The calculated multidimensional relative poverty index is decomposed according to provinces, cities, dimensions, and indicators. Then, the Dagum Gini coefficient and convergence analysis are used to analyze spatiotemporal heterogeneity and convergence characteristics. The results show that the multi-dimensional relative poverty situation of various provinces in ethnic minority areas has improved from 2012 to 2021, among which Tibet province is the most serious and Shaanxi is the best. According to the analysis of convergence, it was observed that there is no σ-convergence of multidimensional relative poverty in ethnic areas in general, and there is absolute β-convergence in general and in the southwest and northwest regions, and there is no absolute β-convergence in the northeast region. Based on this, policy recommendations for reducing multidimensional relative poverty are proposed at the end of the article. Compared with previous studies, this article focuses on ethnic regions that are easily overlooked. Starting from the dimensions of economy, social development, and ecological environment, the poverty measurement system has been enriched. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the tribes of Arunachal Pradesh, the Adis, lacked the skill to produce finished goods they used, yet they obtained them from Tibet by means of long-distance trade. Tibetan material culture adopted by the Adis was borrowed directly through cross-border trade and indirectly from the neighbouring tribes. The exotic goods had multitude of functions in the Adi society. The use of such goods in the Adi society had no relation with the purpose they were actually produced for. Some had different values in terms of utility. The cultural value of such goods got inculcated in Adi society due to their meaning-based application. In due course of time, some got indigenised and carried face value as wealth of the Adis. This paper aims at understanding the hegemony of the Tibetan material culture in Adi society. Focus shall be shed on the overview of the dynamism of material culture with an illustration which is prevalent at present too. It brought changes in the belief and socio-economic life of the Adis. It is significant to bring it to light because the appropriation of exotic materials played a vital role in the historical trajectory of the Adis. The study here is empirical as well as historical. Primarily, oral narratives of the persons who have witnessed this process during the second half of the twentieth century are considered in data collection. In addition, available written accounts are taken into account to theme out this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subduction of the Bangong–Nujiang Ocean is important in the geological evolution of the Tibetan Plateau. In this paper, we report new zircon U-Pb age and Lu-Hf isotopic data and whole-rock elemental and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic data for Early Cretaceous dacites from the Rena-Co area (RCA) in the southern Qiangtang Terrane (QT), central Tibet and use these data to better understand the tectonic evolution of the Bangong–Nujiang suture. LA–ICP-MS dating of zircons yields ages of 109.5 ± 0.6 Ma to 109.6 ± 0.8 Ma for the dacites from the RCA. Geochemically, these dacites are medium-K calc-alkaline and show high SiO2 contents of 64.79–70.37 wt.%, high Sr contents of 517–598 ppm and low Y contents of 8.45–10.7 ppm, similar to those of typical adakites. Additionally, all the rocks are strongly enriched in light rare earth elements and some large ion lithophile elements (e.g. Rb, U, K and Cs) but significantly depleted in high-field-strength elements (e.g. Nb, Ta and Ti), consistent with the geochemical characteristics of arc-type magmas formed in the subduction zone. Moreover, these adakite-like dacites show whole-rock initial (87Sr/86Sr)i ratios of 0.705119 to 0.705491, (206Pb/204Pb)i ratios of 18.489 to 18.508, (207Pb/204Pb)i ratios of 15.591 to 15.612, (208Pb/204Pb)i ratios of 38.599 to 38.686, ϵ Nd (t) values of −0.28 to +1.25 and single-stage Nd model ages of 642 to 818 Ma, as well as significantly positive zircon ϵ Hf(t) values of 3.9–13.1, with young Hf-depleted mantle ages of 331 to 923 Ma. These geochemical and isotopic data indicate that they are most likely derived from the juvenile thickened mafic lower continental crust, which contains partial melts of metasomatized peridotite and subduction-related fluids in the magma source region. Based on previous studies and our new data, we propose that the RCA adakite-like dacites are most likely a result of the northwards subduction of the Bangong–Nujiang Ocean lithosphere beneath the southern QT during the Early Cretaceous and that a slab rollback model could explain the formation of the RCA adakite-like dacites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthquake moment tensors and centroid locations in the catalogue of the Global CMT (gCMT) project, formerly the Harvard CMT project, have become an essential resource for studying active global tectonics, used by many solid-Earth researchers. The catalogue's quality, long duration (1976–present), ease of access and global coverage of earthquakes larger than about Mw 5.5 have transformed our ability to study regional patterns of earthquake locations and focal mechanisms. It also allows researchers to easily identify earthquakes with anomalous mechanisms and depths that stand out from the global or regional patterns, some of which require us to look more closely at accepted interpretations of geodynamics, tectonics or rheology. But, as in all catalogues that are, to some extent and necessarily, produced in a semi-routine fashion, the catalogue may contain anomalies that are in fact errors. Thus, before re-assessing geodynamic, tectonic or rheological understanding on the basis of anomalous earthquake locations or mechanisms in the gCMT catalogue, it is first prudent to check those anomalies are real. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate that necessity in the eastern Himalayas and SE Tibet, where two earthquakes that would otherwise require a radical revision of current geodynamic understanding are shown, in fact, to have gCMT depths (and, in one case, also focal mechanism) that are incorrect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligent prospecting and prediction are important research foci in the field of mineral resource exploration. To solve the problem of the performance degradation of deep convolutional neural networks, enhancing the attention to target information and suppressing unnecessary feature information, this paper proposes a new prospecting prediction method based on a two-dimensional convolutional neural network (CNN2D). This method mainly uses known Cu deposits as the positive sample labels, adopts the sliding window method for data enhancement, and uses the window area as a unit to extract spatial variation features. It is important to supplement squeeze-and-excitation networks (SENets) to add an attention mechanism to the channel dimension, assign a weight value to each feature layer, and finally make prospecting predictions by matching the features of the known deposit window area and the features of the unknown window area. This method allows the neural network to focus on certain characteristic channels and realizes prospecting prediction in the case where there are few known deposits so that the deep learning method can be more effectively used for the prospecting prediction of mineralization. Based on geological data, geochemical exploration data of water system sediments, and aeromagnetic data, and via this method, this study carried out prospecting prediction of Cu deposits in the Zhunuo area of Tibet and predicted 12 favorable Cu prospecting prediction areas. Combined with previous research results and field exploration, the predicted result is consistent with the established mineralization and prospecting pattern and has good prospects for Cu deposit prospecting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the northward subduction and final closure of the Neo-Tethyan oceanic crust, the Indian and Eurasian plates finally collided together and underwent a strong collision orogenic event, resulting in large-scale crust–mantle magmatic interactions. In order to clarify the controversies about tectono-magmatic activities after the Indian–Eurasian continental collision, we report the newly dated Eocene Qiongduojiang gabbro explored in the Tethyan–Himalaya belt, southern Tibet. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating shows that the crystallization age of the Qiongduojiang gabbro is 46.1 ± 1.7 Ma. The whole-rock major and trace elements, as well as Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, and Pb isotopic data results, show that the Qiongduojiang gabbro is apparently depleted in Nd isotopes, is enriched in Pb isotopes, and has maintained a consistent 87Sr/86Sr(t) value. This paper argues that the E-MORB-like Qiongduojiang gabbro originated from asthenosphere upwelling caused by slab breakoff of the Neo-Tethyan oceanic plate. This event caused large-scale magmatic activities, a magmatic mixing process between ancient crust and deep mantle, and wild distribution of Eocene Gangdese plutons along the Yarlung–Tsangpo Suture Zone, and it rendered the subduction-modified Tibetan lithosphere fertile from the Gangdese porphyry Cu deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current limited approaches to calculating hillslope erosion rate hamper the study of the relationships among the rates of hillslope erosion, river incision, and tectonic uplift and hence the discussion of steady-state landscape evolution. In this paper, we use remote sensing and geochronological methods to calculate the upper and lower bounding hillslope erosion rates in the Qilian Shan range, Tibet. Our analysis focuses on five convex landslide sediment units derived from the weathered hillslopes at Qingyang Mountain on the tectonically active northeastern Tibetan Plateau. These sediment units range in thickness from 5.5 to 12.8 m and in volume from 119 × 103 to 260 × 103 m3. Based on field observations, measurements extracted from high-resolution DEMs, and optical stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages on fluvial terraces, we obtain lower and upper bounding rates of 0.13 ± 0.03 and 0.21 ± 0.04 mm/yr, respectively. Finally, we calculate incision rates, ranging from 0.21 ± 0.02 to 0.39 ± 0.01 mm/yr, from heights of a dated fluvial terrace above the present river and the time of abandonment of the associated bedrock strath estimated from OSL ages. The rates of hillslope erosion and river incision at Qingyang Mountain and the tectonic uplift of the Qilian Mountains are estimated to be within a factor of two over the past 117 ka, suggesting that a state of dynamic equilibrium has likely existed on this timescale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal infrared data of Fengyun 4A (FY-4A) geostationary meteorological satellite can be used to retrieve hourly land surface temperature (LST). In this paper, seven candidate algorithms are compared and evaluated. The Ulivieri (1985) algorithm is determined to be optimal for the algorithm of FY-4A LST official products. The refined algorithm coefficients for distinguishing dry and moist atmosphere were established for daytime and nighttime, respectively. Then, FY-4A LST official products under clear-sky conditions are produced. The validation results show that: (1) Compared with in-situ measured LST data at the HeBi crop measurement network, the root mean square errors (RMSE) were 2.139 and 2.447 K. Compared with in-situ measured LST data at Naqu alpine meadow site of Tibet plateau, the RMSE was 2.86 K. (2) When compared with the MODIS LST product, the RMSE was 1.64, 2.17, 2.6, and 1.73 K in March, July, October, and December, respectively. By the bias long-time change at a single site, RMSE of the XLHT (city) and GZH (desert) sites were 2.735 and 2.97 K, respectively. Overall, the preferred algorithm exhibits good accuracy and meets the required accuracy of the FY-4A mission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With an average elevation of more than 4500 m, northern Tibet, known as the "roof of the world roof", serves as the main body of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau's ecological security barrier. However, the alpine grassland ecosystem in northern Tibet has suffered considerable alterations as a result of both climate change and overgrazing, and there is a degradation trend in some regions. In 2009, one ecological engineering, the Protection and Construction Project of Ecological Security Barrier in Tibet (hereafter referred to as the "Project") was implemented to preserve the alpine ecosystem and restore service functions in the plateau. Water conservation is one of the most important service functions in alpine grassland ecosystem in northern Tibet, where is one part of the Asian Water Tower. To clarify the specific ecological benefits of the Project, this paper utilized the InVEST model to evaluate the variation trend of the water conservation function of alpine grasslands in northern Tibet before and after the implementation of the Project from 2000 to 2020, and contribution rate of climate change and the Project was also quantified. Results showed that: (1) Although the water conservation capacity of different grassland types in northern Tibet were varied, their water conservation function all altered dramatically after implementation of the Project. Specifically, the water yield has increased by 10.07%, and the water source supply service has increased by 8.86%. Among these grasslands, the alpine meadow had the highest increasing rate, water conservation capacity increased from –1.84 mm yr–1 to 2.24 mm yr–1 Followed by the alpine desert steppe and the alpine steppe, the rate of water conservation function were decreased significantly due to the Project. (2) Although climate is still the primary factor affecting the water conservation function of alpine grasslands in northern Tibet, the Project has effectively promoted the local water conservation function, with contribution rates of 13.99%, 8.75%, and 3.71% in the alpine meadow, alpine steppe and alpine desert steppe regions respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth history of the Tibetan Plateau provides a valuable natural laboratory to understand tectonic processes of the India–Asia collision and their impact on and interactions with Asian and global climate change. However, both Tibetan Plateau growth and Asian paleoenvironments are generally poorly documented in pre-Pliocene times and reflect limited temporal coverage for different parts of the plateau. In this paper, the 238 m thick Cenozoic sediments in the Hongzhuang section of the Xunhua Basin were tested and analyzed via paleomagnetic and environmental magnetic methods. The formation age was determined, and the evolution history of the regional climate environment was analyzed. The magnetostratigraphy study shows that the sediments record a continuous sequence of geomagnetic polarity changes from C5ACn to C10r, which spans an interval of approximately 30~14.3 Ma from the early Oligocene to the middle Miocene. The magnetic susceptibility of the Hongzhuang section is basically similar to the deep-sea oxygen isotope fluctuation, indicating that the monsoon climate change indicated by the magnetic susceptibility is affected by global temperature. It is worth noting that at ~27 Ma and ~15 Ma, there is a negative correlation between magnetic susceptibility and deep-sea oxygen isotope, and magnetic susceptibility lags behind the increase in deep-sea oxygen isotope. Combined with the change in the sedimentary rate curve, we explain the asynchrony between the magnetic susceptibility and the deep-sea oxygen isotope around ~27 Ma and ~15 Ma. As the uplift of the plateau leads to the enhancement of the East Asian summer monsoon, the soil formation in the region is strengthened, resulting in an increase in magnetic susceptibility. At the same time, the rapid uplift of the plateau caused the erosion of the surrounding mountains to strengthen, and the input of near-source materials may promote the increase in magnetic susceptibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is of great significance to study the spatial differentiation of surface gravel in northern Tibet Plateau for regional ecological environment restoration. In this paper, the particle size and spatial position of the surface gravel are studied. On the basis of the impact factors of topography, vegetation, land use, meteorology, soil, social economy, etc., the quantitative attribution of the gravel particle size is studied in the geomorphological type areas of the northern Tibetan Plateau by using geographic detector and regression analysis. The experimental conclusions are as follows: Firstly, the explanatory power of each impact factor to gravel particle size and the coupling degree between factors are different in different geomorphological types. Among the impact factors, NDVI and land use types are the dominant factors that determine the spatial heterogeneity of gravel particle size. However, in extremely high mountain areas, the explanatory power of altitude factor gradually increases with the increase of topographic relief. Secondly, two-factor interaction is helpful to enhance the explanatory power of spatial heterogeneity of gravel particle size. Except for the interaction of altitude factor in the high relief but extremely high-altitude mountains, the interaction of NDVI and other important factors is mostly found in other regions. Among them, the interaction between NDVI and land use type is the most significant. Thirdly, the areas with high gravel particle size identified by the risk detector are mainly areas with high vegetation coverage and weak external erosion, such as shrubbery, wooded land, and high-coverage grassland. Therefore, the specific conditions of different regions should be fully considered in the study of the spatial heterogeneity of gravel size in the northern Tibetan Plateau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hermetic pressurized buildings have been developed to reduce the effects of high altitude. The behavior and effect of fire in this new type of building have not been studied before. Unlike common buildings, the inside pressure in this new type of building is maintained at around standard atmospheric pressure, which is significantly higher than the outside environment pressure in high altitude regions. In addition, at the early stage of a fire, the oxygen required to maintain combustion in the sealed building is supplied by mechanical vents (if in operation) instead of opening windows or doors as in common buildings. This paper presents a case study on the behavior of fire in a sealed pressurized hotel building located in Tibet. Fire dynamics simulator (FDS) is used to study fire behavior under different design fire scenarios. Available evacuation time under different fire scenarios are obtained by analyzing oxygen concentration, gas content, temperature, visibility and other indicators. Based on this, a fire protection design scheme is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying the hydrogeochemical characteristics of hot springs provides essential geochemical information for monitoring earthquake precursors and understanding the relationship between fluids, fractures, and earthquakes. This paper investigates the hydrogeochemical characteristics of hot springs along the Tingri–Nyima Rift (TNR) in southern Tibet, a seismically active zone at the collision front of the Indian and Asian-European plates. The major elements, hydrogen, and oxygen isotopes of seven thermal springs were analyzed from July 2019 to September 2021. The findings indicate that Mount Everest's meteoric water, which has a recharge elevation of roughly 7.5–8.4 km, is the main source of recharge for the hot springs. The water samples have two main hydrochemical types: HCO3-Na and Cl-Na. The temperature of the geothermal reservoir is between 46.5 and 225.4 °C, while the circulation depth is between 1.2 and 5.0 km based on silica-enthalpy mixing models and traditional geothermometers. Furthermore, continuous measurements of major anions and cations at the Yundong Spring (T06) near Mount Everest reveal short-term (8 days) seismic precursor anomalies of hydrochemical compositions before an ML4.7 earthquake 64.36 km away from T06. Our study suggests that seismicity in the northern section of the TNR is controlled by both hydrothermal activity and tectonic activity, while seismicity in the southern section is mainly influenced by tectonic activity. In addition to magnitude and distance from the epicenter, geological forces from deep, large fissures also affect how hot springs react to seismic occurrences. A fluid circulation model is established in order to explain the process of groundwater circulation migration. The continuous hydrochemical monitoring of hot springs near Everest is critical for studying the coupling between hot springs, fractures, and earthquakes, as well as monitoring information on earthquake precursory anomalies near Everest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper considers Chinese Communist Party policies in Tibet from Confucian, Daoist, and Buddhist perspectives. I first explain how these three traditions are unified in the sanjiao heyi, but I contend that this practice has been neglected in favor of state repression. I then elucidate Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism with respect to their general principles and application in Tibet. I conclude that a fuller embrace of the sanjiao heyi where Confucian tenets are balanced by insights from Daoism and Buddhism would cultivate an anti-oppressive response to governmental control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Obnovljeni zivot is the property of University of Zagreb, Society of Jesus and Faculty of Philosophy & Religious Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For all developing countries, how to coordinate the interaction of industrial production and environmental protection in the process of economic development is a common challenge. In the past few decades, the Chinese government has realized that rapid economic development has brought about environmental pollution issues. Therefore, during the 12th and 13th Five-Year Plan period (2011–2015 and 2016–2020), a series of objectives and tasks on improving the quality of the atmosphere, water, soil, and ecological environment have been formulated by the Chinese government, which made solid progress. Based on the entropy weight TOPSIS (technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution) method and the coupling and coordination degree model (CCD model), this paper selected 14 indicators of the ecological environment and the economic system to evaluate the coordinate development of 30 provinces in China (except Tibet) from 2013 to 2019. The results show that in the past few years, the coordinated development in most regions has continued to improve, but still maintained in the transitional state of coordinated development, because the current effectiveness of China's battle against pollution is not stable, and the industrial structure dominated by heavy industry and chemical industry, and the energy structure dominated by coal have not fundamentally changed. Based on this conclusion, we provided some suggestions for the national and provincial institutes to reduce pollutants and carbon emissions, and continuously improve the quality of the ecological environment by adhering to the strategy of green and low-carbon development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a depth-averaged numerical model is proposed to simulate the propagation of debris flows. To understand the dynamical features of debris flows, the granular-liquid mixture model is employed, where the resistance of liquid constituent consisting of water and fine particles is described by Herschel-Bulkley rheology, and the resistance of granular constituent involving the coarse particles is formulated by the Voellmy model. An Eulerian leapfrog finite difference scheme is employed to numerically solve the governing equations of debris flows. Several idealized dam break problems are numerically implemented to test the accuracy and stability of the numerical scheme, and good agreement with the analytical solutions is found. Furthermore, the experiment carried out by Iverson (2010) is numerically implemented in this study to validate the proposed model, and the results are in good agreement. Then, a typical debris flow in Tianmo gully in Tibet, China, is numerically analyzed based on the proposed model. The results show that several details of the motion of debris flows over a real terrain can be accurately predicted by the proposed model. The comparisons between the basal Coulomb friction model and the Voellmy model show that the mobility of debris flows can be overestimated when only the Coulomb friction model is employed. An analysis based on the unsteady motion of a uniform mass indicates that Voellmy resistance can rescue the issue in regard to the absence of resistance of the granular component due to fully liquefied states. Finally, the influence of the rheology of liquid slurry on the motion of debris flows is analyzed, and the results demonstrate that the basal resistances caused by the liquid slurry were very small relative to the basal resistances caused by granular constituent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the construction of a 0.25° × 0.25° daily soil temperature (TS) data set at six soil depths (i.e., 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 40 cm) based on a homogenized TS at more than 2,000 meteorological stations across mainland of China for 1960–2017. First, at each station, the observed TS is split into a daily climatology of 1981–2010 and a daily anomaly for 1960–2017. Then, they are respectively interpolated to 0.25° × 0.25° horizontal resolution by using the thin‐plain spline and the angular distance weight interpolation methods. Finally, a gridded multilayer TS data set is constructed from the sum of the above two gridded products. Latitude, longitude, and high‐resolution digital elevation models are explicitly incorporated into the interpolation processes. Selectivity tests indicate that the optimal interpolation distance for the TS anomaly field is 500 km, where the gridded data set may have maximum coverage of the entire Chinese mainland. The results show that the gridded TS climatology is slightly lower than the station observations. The differences between gridded and the station‐based TS varies ±3°C, with relatively large in SW and TIBET. For the gridded anomaly fields, the cross‐validation shows that the mean absolute errors between gridded and station‐based TS are generally less than 0.6°C in the YZ, SW, and SC, but they are above 1.0°C in the NW and TIBET due to the sparse station distribution and large topographic relief. From 1961 to 2016, the seasonal variability of the gridded TS is generally consistent with that of the surface air temperature. The gridded TS over the majority of land displays significantly positive trends in both summer and winter (p > 95%), indicating an overall warming land surface in China. The long‐term gridded TS data not only preserves the spatial features represented in the station observations, but also provides a spatio‐temporal continuous long‐term product of mainland China. Thus, it may be used in future studies, for example, evaluation of land surface model simulations, validation of satellite retrievals, land‐atmosphere interactions, and climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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As a typical orogenic gold deposit in Tibet, Shangxu gold deposit is located at the Bangong Lake–Nujiang River Metallogenic Belt in the south of Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. In this paper, zircon U‐Pb dating, trace elements and Hf isotopic analysis were performed on Au‐bearing quartz veins in the Shangxu gold deposit. Zircons from Au‐bearing quartz veins can be divided into three types: detrital, magmatic, and hydrothermal zircons. There are two age peaks in detrital zircons: ca. 1700 Ma and ca. 2400 Ma. There are two groups of concordant ages including 157 ± 4 Ma (MSWD = 0.69) and 120 ± 1 Ma (MSWD = 0.19) in magmatic zircons, in which εHf(t) value of ca. 120 Ma from the magmatic zircons range from +8.24 to +12.9. An age of 119 ± 2 Ma (MSWD = 0.42) was yielded from hydrothermal zircons, and their εHf(t) values vary between +15.7 and +16.4. According to sericite Ar‐Ar age, this paper suggests that an age of 119 ± 2 Ma from hydrothermal zircons represent the formation age of the Shangxu gold Deposit, and its mineralization should be related to the collision between Lhasa Block and Qiangtang Block. The metallogenic age is basically the same as the diagenetic age of Mugagangri granite, and εHf(t) value of hydrothermal zircon is significantly higher than that of the contemporaneous magmatic zircon, which indicates that there is a genetic relationship between the gold mineralization and the deep crust‐mantle magmatism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is a characteristic Tibetan folk medicine in China named Corydalis hendersonii Hemsl. (CH) has been used for treatment of cardiovascular related diseases, called "plethora" in Tibetan medicine. Previous studies demonstrated that ethanol extract of CH showed anti-acute myocardial infarction (AMI) effect through inhibiting fibrosis and inflammation. Rich alkaloids fraction (RAF) is isolated from CH, but whether RAF possessing an equivalent effect with the CH ethanol extract and by which mechanism it protects against AMI has not yet reported. The paper aimed to study the potential role of RAF on myocardial injured mice and its underlying mechanism. Materials and methods: Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry-ion trap-time of flight (LCMS-IT-TOF) was used to analyze the chemical profile and isolate pure compounds. The ligation of left anterior descending (LAD) of coronary artery in mice was used to evaluate the in vivo anti-AMI effect, by dividing into eight groups: Sham, Model, Fosinopril (10 mg/kg, i.g.), total extract (TE, 400 mg/kg, i.g.), poor alkaloids fraction (PAF, 300 mg/kg, i.g.), and RAF (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, respectively, i.g.) groups. Echocardiography was used to evaluate mice heart function through the index of left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVEDs), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDd), fractional shortening (FS) and ejection fraction (EF). We detected the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) in the serum and the plasma level of angiotensin II (AngII). The apoptosis of mice myocardial tissue was verified by TUNEL assay. The expression of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK), Bcl-2 and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) were detected through immunofluorescence staining, qRT-PCR and western blot in mice heart tissue and H9c2 cells. Results: Echocardiography data indicated that the values of LVEDd and LVEDs were reduced and the values of FS and EF were improved by TE and RAF significantly. RAF also decreased the levels of LDH, CK-MB and AngII and significantly inhibited inflammatory cells in the marginal zone of myocardial infarction. The TUNEL assay results showed that RAF significantly attenuated cell apoptosis. Immunofluorescence and qRT-PCR assay showed that RAF inhibited p38 MAPK, Bax, and Bcl-2 proteins in mice myocardium. Western blot results validated that the expressions of key proteins were inhibited by RAF. Also, the apoptotic cells and apoptosis-related proteins were dramatically reduced by RAF in vivo and in vitro. Besides, RAF and PAF were analyzed by LCMS-IT-TOF to identify the main compounds and to demonstrate the difference between them. The results showed that a total of 14 alkaloids were identified, which indicated that the isoquinoline alkaloids were the main ingredients in RAF may contributing to the cardioprotective effect in mice. Conclusions: RAF improves cardiac function by inhibiting apoptosis via p38 MAPK signaling pathway, and RAF contributes to the effect against myocardial ischemic injury of TE in mice, which provides a substantial reference for the clinical application against ischemia heart disease and quality control of CH. Highlights: The total extract of Corydalis hendersonii Hemsl. (CH) and the rich alkaloids fraction (RAF) of CH showed significant cardioprotective effect on mice following acute myocardial infarction. RAF improved cardiac function by inhibiting apoptosis via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK) signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. The results of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry-ion trap-time of flight (LCMS-IT-TOF) showed that the 14 isoquinoline alkaloids in RAF as the main ingredients contribute to the cardioprotective effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Daliang Shan is a tectonic unit that connects the active southeastern Tibetan Plateau with the stable South China block. As a newly generated (formed later than the Xianshuihe–Xiaojiang active fault system) seismotectonic zone induced by the Tibetan tectonics, the detailed constraints of the crustal deformation are central to the understanding of the kinematics and dynamics of the Tibetan expansion. This paper establishes and analyses a high-spatial resolution global positioning system (GPS) velocity field from a dense GPS network in this region. Our modelling results indicate that, in contrast to the equivalent sinistral strike-slip rate of approximately 5 mm yr–1 on the Anninghe–Zemuhe and Daliangshan faults, their inferred interseismic locking depth varies within a large range. The southern segment of the Anninghe Fault and the middle segment of the Daliangshan Fault have deep locking depths of ∼13 km, indicating that the seismic risk is high in these areas. In addition, the detectable counter-clockwise rotation rate of 0.35 ± 0.12° Myr–1 of the Mabian block makes a significant contribution of ∼50 per cent to the strike-slip motion on its boundary faults. This counter-clockwise rotation may be induced by a left-lateral shear gradient with southeastward motion relative to the South China-fixed reference frame, indicating the significance of a simple-shear pattern in exploring the kinematics of the encroachment of the Tibetan tectonics upon a stable block (craton). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-collisional potassic-ultrapotassic volcanic rocks are widely developed in the Lhasa block, Qinghai-Tibet region. In this paper, it was observed for the first time that dilute alkali elements–Li, Rb, and Cs–exhibit supernormal enrichment in the research data of numerous potassic-ultrapotassic volcanic rocks in the Lhasa block. At the same time, there are few studies on the genesis of enrichment. Currently, 568 sets of published volcanic rock data and 8 sets of measured data in the Lhasa block are sorted in detail, and the genesis of dilute alkali element enrichment is explained by means of geochemical research methods. It is believed that the high degree of magmatic fractionation of potassic-ultrapotassic volcanic rocks in the Lhasa block is the main reason for the abnormal enrichment of dilute alkali elements such as Li, Rb, and Cs. The abnormal enrichment area is mainly located in the central and western parts of the Lhasa block with an age range of 25–13 Ma. The discrimination range of Zr/Hf and Nb/Ta with a high degree of differentiation of potassic-ultrapotassic volcanic rocks in the Lhasa block is divided by analogy with the research results of highly fractionated granites, which provides a reference for the study of the supernormal enrichment of dilute alkali elements in potassic-ultrapotassic volcanic rocks in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Qulong porphyry copper deposit in Tibet is located in the Tethis–Himalaya metallogenic domain, one of the three major porphyry metallogenic domains in the world. At present, the mining area is mainly used for surface mining. The depth revealed by the drilling project is less than 2 km. The potential for deep resources is unknown. Based on an analysis of the geochemical characteristics of the primary halos around the No. 16 prospecting line, deep extension is discussed in this paper. Studies show that the metallogenic elements are Cu and Mo; the near-ore halo elements are Co, Au, Ag, and W; the supra-ore halo elements are Pb, Zn, Mn, and As; and the sub-ore halo elements are Sn and Bi. According to Gregorian's zoning index and the barycenter method, the primary halo zoning of the No. 16 exploration line from shallow to deep is Mn–P–Pb–Ni–Zn–V–As–Hg–Co–Au–Cu–W–Ag–Mo–Sb–Sr–Cd–Sn–Ti–Bi. This sequence has a distinct "reverse" zoning feature, indicating that there may be a blind ore body deep in the mine. The geochemical parameter evaluation index based on the element content contrast coefficient suggests that there may be a hidden ore body in the deep. The relative hydrothermal mineralization in the center position of the section may be located deep below the north side of borehole ZK1601-1 in the middle of the section. The ore body erosion parameter model shows that the bottom of the drilling engineering control is the middle tail of the ore body, and there is a certain amount of extension in the deep part. The ideal superimposed model of the primary halo reflects the ore body trend of the 16th line section. The ore body is inclined to the north as a whole; the ore fluid flows from the deep to the southern side of the north side, and the deep part of the northern side of the ore body has a downward trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Thermo-chemical modeling and chemical data suggest that the genesis of arc melts commonly involves re-melting of older intrusions, triggered by the injection of mantle-derived melts, followed by magma mixing. Remelting and mixing may lead to complex zircon populations, which can be used to gain insights into the conditions of mixing. This paper investigates a case where such processes can be studied through the compositional and thermal record provided by zircons preserved in a diorite dyke swarm that remelted host rock tonalites in the Gangdese Batholith in Tibet. Autocrystic zircons from the diorite yield consistent ages of 46 to 47 Ma even though they can be altered, having highly enriched trace elements, reaching ~1 wt % in Fe, Ca, Y, U, Th, and anomalously high values of LREE and Ti. Granitic magmas derived from the tonalite, back-veined the dykes and mixed with the dioritic mush, transferring small quantities of 77–79 Ma zircon xenocrysts. The xenocrysts are euhedral with little evidence for resorption, indicating that they were apparently stable during the process of tonalite anatexis and transfer to the diorite magma. This requires that: (i) tonalite melting occurred at low temperatures with minimal zircon dissolution, and (ii) the diorite either cooled rapidly before significant resorption of the grains or was already saturated in zircon when mixing occurred. Zircon saturation temperatures of the diorite are relatively low, indicating that xenocrystic zircons were transferred to a highly crystalline dioritic mush. This requires either liquefaction by injection of the back-veining felsic magma to allow for mixing, or pervasive throughflow of the diorite mush by the felsic magma leaving behind zircon xenocrysts. The findings suggest that the dykes triggered low-T, water-fluxed melting of the host tonalite and that these anatectic melts invaded the diorite mush initially through the interstices leading to mixing. This may have caused the breakdown of the crystalline framework leading to liquefaction and renewed magma flow. Dyking and assimilation of wall-rock through back-veining as recorded in these rocks could be common in transcrustal arcs. However, this process could be hidden due to a combination of the similarity in the isotopic and chemical nature of arc rocks and resorption of zircon xenocrysts during mixing. This process may explain some complex chemistry of arc magmatic rocks and their minerals that are not easily explained by endmember models, such as pure re-melting of older arc rocks or fractional crystallization of mantle-derived melts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The remnant Comei igneous province in SE Tibet has been recognized as a product of early Kerguelen mantle plume activity. In this paper, we investigate mafic dykes and sills intruded into Lakang Formation in the southeastern Tethyan Himalaya. Based on new whole-rock geochemical, Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic and SHRIMP zircon U-Pb geochronological data, these rocks can be divided into three groups. Group 1 is composed of OIB-like mafic dykes and sills with lower εNd(t) (+1.78-+2.55) and dated at 124.8 ± 1.7 and 133.3 ± 1.5 Ma. Group 2 consists of N-MORB-like mafic dykes and sills with lower TiO2 and P2O5 contents. Group 3 has geochemical compositions transitional between Group 1 and Group 2, with εNd(t) ranging from +1.98 to +2.24 and an age of 125.1 ± 2.1 Ma. We interpret Group 1 as being derived from an OIB-like source related to a mantle plume. Groups 2 and 3 are considered to have been generated from melts of the asthenosphere and the lower crust, with some involvement of melts from the upper crust. Considering the oldest (ca. 147 Ma) and the youngest (ca. 125 Ma) ages of the OIB-like mafic dykes and sills related to the Kerguelen mantle plume and their palaeogeographic location, we suggest that the Kerguelen mantle plume head had reached the lithosphere during the late Jurassic and was later directly underneath the Cona area. We propose a new model to describe the early activity of Kerguelen mantle plume, which put the mantle plume below the mid-ocean ridge and can well explain the long-lived magmatism related to Kerguelen mantle plume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geothermal heat flow is an essential parameter for the exploration of geothermal energy. The cost is often prohibitive if dense heat flow measurements are arranged in the study area. Regardless, an increase in the limited and sparse heat flow observation points is needed to study the regional geothermal setting. This research is significant in order to provide a new reliable map of terrestrial heat flow for the subsequent development of geothermal resources. The Gradient Boosted Regression Tree (GBRT) prediction model used in this paper is devoted to solving the problem of an insufficient number of heat flow observations in North China. It considers the geological and geophysical information in the region by training the sample data using 12 kinds of geological and geophysical features. Finally, a robust GBRT prediction model was obtained. The performance of the GBRT method was evaluated by comparing it with the kriging interpolation, the minimum curvature interpolation, and the 3D interpolation algorithm through the prediction performance analysis. Based on the GBRT prediction model, a new heat flow map with a resolution of 0.25°×0.25° was proposed, which depicted the terrestrial heat flow distribution in the study area in a more detailed and reasonable way than the interpolation results. The high heat flow values were mostly concentrated in the northeastern boundary of the Tibet Plateau, with a few scattered and small-scale high heat flow areas in the southeastern part of the North China Craton (NCC) adjacent to the Pacific Ocean. The low heat flow values were mainly resolved in the northern part of the Trans-North China Orogenic belt (TNCO) and the southmost part of the NCC. By comparing the predicted heat flow map with the plate tectonics, the olivine-Mg#, and the hot spring distribution in North China, we found that the GBRT could obtain a reliable result under the constraint of geological and geophysical information in regions with scarce and unevenly distributed heat flow observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precise earthquake locations and InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) deformation observation are the major methods to understand the earthquake occurrence and disaster-causing process. This paper proposes a processing framework for analyzing strong earthquake mechanisms from one-dimensional velocity inversion to precise earthquake locations combined with InSAR deformation observation, and discusses earthquake-generating fault and dynamic mechanisms of tectonic deformation. We analyzed the Menyuan Ms 6.9 earthquake in 2022 and discuss the historical seismic activities and corresponding stress adjustment processes in the research region. To analyze and study the seismogenic structure and mechanism of the earthquake, we investigated the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the Menyuan earthquake sequence and analyzed the InSAR coseismic deformation field. We obtained the precise locations of the main shock and aftershocks and the coseismic InSAR deformation field of the main shock. It was confirmed that the Ms 6.9 earthquake was a shallow sinistral strike-slip earthquake, which led to the sequential activation of the Tuolaishan and Lenglongling faults. The main seismogenic fault of the mainshock was the northwestern end of the Lenglongling fault, and the earthquake rupture was segmented. It can be inferred that the earthquake was a stress-adjusted event triggered in the Qilian-Haiyuan tectonic belt caused by the northeasterly push of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The risk of moderate to high earthquakes in the region remains high in the future, requiring enhanced seismic observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main contradictions in Chinese society have changed as China enters a new era, and the people's pursuit of the better life has become more intense. This study explores how energy poverty can be addressed from a digital perspective in the context of the booming digital economy. This study analyzed the impact of mobile phone use on energy poverty by constructing an OLS model using micro data from Tibetan farming and pastoral areas. We also conduct tests for endogeneity, robustness, heterogeneity, and influence mechanisms. The results indicate that mobile phone use has a significant negative impact on energy poverty, and the results remain robust after instrumental-variable regression. In terms of economic utility, mobile phone use reduces energy poverty by increasing household consumption or off-farm income. In terms of social utility, mobile phone use can also alleviate energy poverty by raising social capital. Heterogeneity analysis shows that mobile phone use contributes to energy poverty alleviation in a way that benefits the poor and the less educated. The authors investigate the impact of mobile phone use on Energy Poverty, a topic that has previously been little addressed in academia. The findings of this paper enrich the literature on the digital technology and energy poverty and provide a new perspective for alleviating energy poverty in rural areas and improving farmers' well-being. Finally, this paper offers some policy recommendations. • The use of mobile phones by farmers and herdsmen can alleviate energy poverty. • mobile phone use contributes to energy poverty alleviation in ways that benefit the poor and the less educated. • The social and economic utility brought by the use of mobile phones can help farmers and herdsmen alleviate energy poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accessibility of mountain tourist attractions is a prerequisite to enhancing the attractiveness of tourist attractions and driving the well-being of local residential areas, which increases people's prosperity and the sustainable development of tourist attractions, and achieves the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This paper focuses on the accessibility of typical mountainous areas in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, and uses the cost distance and OD distance methods under the guidance of core-edge theory to explore the changes of accessibility of traffic nodes, tourist attractions, and residents with the future enrichment of the traffic road network. The results show that: (1) The change in accessibility will highlight the location advantages of some tourist attractions, which can be prioritized in the context of similar tourist attractions; (2) Regional accessibility improvements require a combination of traffic modes to maximize impact; (3) Residents of different multi-core circles could choose various industrial development patterns based on the accessibility of tourist attractions and residential areas; (4) Group development according to the spatial location and accessibility of tourist attractions can facilitate the virtuous drive among tourist attractions, which achieves the goal of integrated tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is one of the most complex natural hazards. Therefore, precise drought monitoring and forecasting are the biggest tasks for hydrologists and environmentalists. Under grid data structure, this paper provides a new drought index—the adaptive standardized precipitation index (ASPI), for the evolution of drought, inferring its spatio-temporal patterns and detecting trends. The methodology of the proposed index is based mainly on dynamic time warping clustering algorithm and dynamic principal components. Historical simulated precipitation data from the Australian community climate and earth-system simulator model of coupled model intercomparison project 6 of 727 grid points scattered around the Tibet Plateau has been considered. Results show that as the time scale increases, the severe and extreme drought trends have increased significantly. Further, the significant decreasing magnitude in ASPI reveals the persistence of future drought in the Tibet Plateau region. From a data mining point of view, the outcomes associated with this research recommend the endorsement of ASPI for effective and precise drought monitoring under grid data structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep underground rock tunnels and caverns in mountainous areas are often subjected to the coupling impacts of high geo-stresses and high-ground temperature that can threaten the stability of rock masses. This paper presents an experimental study of strength, deformation, and failure as well as energy evolution characteristics for rockburst potential evaluation of granite under the influence of coupled high confining pressure and ground temperature using a series of triaxial compression tests with samples drilled from a borehole about 1000 m in the depth of a mountain tunnel in Tibet area. Three representative confining pressures (20, 40, and 60 MPa) and four typical temperatures (30, 60, 90, and 120 ℃) around the engineering range were inspected according to the previous tunnel site investigations. The strength and deformability of the granite samples were analyzed under the influence of coupled high confining pressure and temperature. An energy storage index is introduced to discuss rockburst potential of the granite under thermal–mechanical coupled conditions. It is found that high-ground temperature leads to degradation of mechanical properties of the granite samples, while high pressure increases its strength and deformability. In addition, the high pressure and ground temperature couplings increase both the energy storage capacity and rockburst potential, with 60–90 ℃ being the strengthening range. The findings are beneficial to understanding the behavior of surrounding rock masses, the evaluation of its stability, and rockburst potential for deep underground tunnels in areas with high in-situ stress and ground temperature. Highlights: Mechanical and energy evolution behaviors of granite were reported under thermal-mechanical coupled conditions. Rockburst potential of granite under thermal-mechanical coupled conditions was evaluated by an energy index. Granite strength decreased with increasing temperature with 60–90 ℃ being the strengthening range of rock potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several large-scale porphyry copper deposits (PCDs) with high economic value have been excavated in the Duolong ore district, Tibet, China. However, the high altitudes and harsh conditions in this area make traditional exploration difficult. Hydrothermal alteration minerals related to PCDs with diagnostic spectral absorption features in the visible–near-infrared–shortwave-infrared ranges can be effectively identified by remote sensing imagery. Mainly based on hyperspectral imagery supplemented by multispectral imagery and geochemical element data, the Duolong ore district was selected to conduct data-driven PCD prospectivity modelling. A total of 11 known deposits and 17 evidential layers of multisource geoscience information related to Cu mineralization constitute the input datasets of the predictive models. A deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN) model was applied to mineral prospectivity mapping, and its applicability was tested by comparison to conventional machine learning models, such as support vector machine and random forest. CNN achieves the greatest classification performance with an accuracy of 0.956. This is the first trial in Duolong to conduct mineral prospectivity mapping combined with remote imagery and geochemistry based on deep learning methods. Four metallogenic prospective sites were delineated and verified through field reconnaissance, indicating that the application of deep learning-based methods in PCD prospecting proposed in this paper is feasible by utilizing geoscience big data such as remote sensing datasets and geochemical elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Old Uyghur developed on the basis of religious and non-religious literature. While non-religious literature constitutes civil documents related to daily life, religious literature mainly constitutes the translation of literary sources related to circles such as Buddhism, Manichaeism and Nestorian Christianity. Among these, Buddhism has the largest place when it comes to the translation of religious literature. In fact, Buddhism does not take place among the Uyghurs with a single school. Northern Buddhism, or Mahāyāna school, in other words, and many schools, whether they originated in India or not, are traced in Buddhist Uyghur literature. Tibetan Buddhism is also a school that has a place in the Buddhist Uyghur literature, whose existence was witnessed especially in the last period of the Qocho Uyghur Khanate [850-1250] with its literary sources. Tibetan Buddhism, which is essentially based on Vajrayāna or Tantric Buddhism and blended with the Tibetan local religion Bön, has found its place in Tibet and Mongolia today. At this point, Sitatapatrādhāra?ī, which is also the subject of this paper, is a text written in this tradition. In this paper, three fragments identified as belonging to the Old Uyghur Sitātapatrādhāra?ī and preserved today in the Berlin Turfan Collection with archival numbers U 2250 (T I [544]), U 2251 (T I [545]) and U 2252 (T I [546]) will be examined. The philological edition of these fragments, which have not been published until now, will be carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The land surface temperature obtained from remote sensing was widely used in the simulation of permafrost mapping instead of air temperature with the rapid development of remote sensing technology. The land surface freezing and thawing index (LFI and LTI), which is commonly regarded as the ground surface freezing and thawing index (GFI and GTI), can produce certain errors in the simulation of permafrost distribution on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. This paper improved the accuracy of the thermal condition of the surface soil in the Qinghai–Tibet Engineering Corridor (QTEC) by calculating the LFI (or LTI) and N-factors. The environmental factors affecting the spatial distribution of the GFI and GTI were detected by the GeoDetector model. Finally, the multiple linear relationships between the GFI (or GTI) and the environmental factors were established. The results from 25 monitoring sites in the QTEC show that the Nf (ratio of GFI to LFI) is 1.088, and the Nt (ratio of GTI to LTI) is 0.554. The explanatory power of the interaction between elevation and latitude for the GFI and GTI is 79.3% and 85.6%, respectively. The multiple linear regression model with six explanatory variables established by GFI (or GTI) has good accuracy. This study can provide relatively accurate upper boundary conditions for the simulation of permafrost distribution in the QTEC region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper took the Nyingchi area in southeastern Tibet Autonomous Region of China as the research area, and selected five indicators of elevation, slope, slope direction, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and water body as the evaluation system based on the current situation of domestic and foreign research and field investigation. The indicators were analyzed by the AHP method for weighting, and then an ArcGIS overlay analysis was applied. The results show that the ecological sensitivity of the Nyingchi region is generally increasing from the south of Nyingchi to the north of Nyingchi. The northern, western and southwestern parts of Nyingchi are extremely sensitive or highly sensitive, while the southern part is mostly insensitive or mildly sensitive ecologically. The proportions of areas for each sensitivity level are: not sensitive 54.81%, light sensitive 11.97%, moderately sensitive 10.34%, highly sensitive 8.65%, and extremely sensitive 14.23%. The results indicate that the overall ecological sensitivity of the Nyingchi region is low and this region is performing well with respect to ecological environmental protection. This study can provide some suggestions for targeted improvements of the ecological environmental protection in the Nyingchi region and even in the Tibetan Plateau region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present mineralogical, whole-rock geochemical, Sr and Pb isotopic, and zircon trace elemental and U–Pb geochronological data for the newly-discovered Pengco listvenite in central Tibet, in an attempt to probe the petrogenesis of listvenite and the tectonic environment. The listvenite is composed of magnesite, quartz and minor dolomite and Cr-spinel. Chemistry of abundant protogenetic Cr-spinel in the Pengco listvenite as well as the whole-rock Cr and Ni concentrations and low rare-earth element contents indicates the harzburgite protolith. Addition of Ca and K and redistribution of Si at sample scale suggest that the formation of Pengco listvenite was not an isochemical process. Serpentinization could partly accounts for the enrichments in some fluid mobile elements before listvenitization. The εHf(t) values of xenocrystic zircons in the Pengco listvenite are dominantly negative, suggesting a continental crustal source. The zircon age spectra and high whole-rock initial 87Sr/86Sr values (0.7094–0.7107, and one up to 0.7193) and high 207Pb/204Pb (15.750–15.759), 208Pb/204Pb (39.145–39.215) and 206Pb/204Pb (18.542–18.567) of the Pengco listvenite are similar to those of the Qiangtang continental sediments/upper crust, indicating the terrigenous source of reactant fluids and fluid-assisted solid-state transfer during the formation of listvenite. The Pengco listvenite is likely formed in the forearc extensional environment of the Bangong Meso-Tethyan ocean during the Late Jurassic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The East Kunlun Orogenic Belt is considered as one of the important gold mineralization regions in the Tethys tectonic domain. These orogenic gold deposits are related to intermediate-acid intrusions formed at the end of Paleo-Tethys evolution, but the petrogenesis is controversial. This paper presents a new study on the geochemistry of zircon U-Pb, O, S, and Pb isotopic compositions of Asiha quartz diorite, granite porphyry, and sulfides. The geochemical features of quartz diorite and granite porphyry are consistent with the modern adakite, with high content of Sr but low content of Y, Yb, and MgO. Magmatic zircons from these two types of intrusion yielded U-Pb ages of 238.4 ± 1.4 Ma and 240 ± 1.7 Ma, respectively. The high O isotopic composition of Asiha complex may reflect that crust or crustal derivates were incorporated into the magmatic melt, and the Pb isotope characteristics indicates a lower crust origin. The δ34S values of pyrites range from 4.9‰ to 11.6‰. This study infers that the Asiha complex perhaps formed by partial melting of the Paleo-Tethys subducted oceanic crust with seafloor sediments and is markedly different from the traditional adakite. Asiha deposit is an orogenic gold deposit related to adakite-like rocks, which formed in Triassic in the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we used experimental ecology methods and third-generation transcriptome sequencing to see the differences in growth, development, and reproduction of three strains of Daphniopsis tibetana Sars, 1903 from different locations in Tibet (Lake Namukacuo, NMKC; Lake Pengcuo, PC; and Lake Zigetangcuo, ZGTC). We also wanted to determine if the genes had changed after seawater-domesticated D. tibetana was reared in a laboratory. The results showed that at 15–16 ppt salinity and 15 ± 0.5 °C, the NMKC strain exhibited the highest survival rate of 26 d, and the ZGTC strain had the lowest survival rate at 53 days of culture. The body length was observed in NMKC (153.6 ± 12.1%), followed by PC (136.4 ± 16.1%), and then ZGTC (86.2 ± 7.6%). Combined, wild-type and seawater-acclimated D. tibetana produced 7252 DEGs, of which 4146 were up-regulated and 3106 were down-regulated. DEGs were subjected to gene ontology enrichment analysis. The DEGs were mainly enriched in single-organism localization, transporter activity, macromolecule localization, and organic substance transport. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis was also performed and revealed that the RNA transport, protein digestion and absorption, and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum pathways were highly enriched. The data mined can provide a reference for follow-up research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the botanical explorations in Eastern Himalaya region of Xizang in China during the period 2020 to 2021, seven orchid species, Bulbophyllum gamblei, B. trongsaense, Dendrolirium ferrugineum, Taeniophyllum javanicum, Nervilia macroglossa, Trachoma rhopalorrhachis and Uncifera lancifolia, are reported as new records for China. Trachoma Garay is a newly recorded genus in China. Detailed descriptions and photographic illustrations of each species are provided in this paper to facilitate identification. Additionally, B. xizangense has been revised as a synonym for B. linzhiense. Further, a new combination is made in accordance with current orchid taxonomy, Dendrolirium pachyphylla (≡Pinalia pachyphylla). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A detailed study of the ancient caravan routes connecting Mongolia and Tibet has yet to be established. This paper describes the results of initial investigations on the identification of caravan traces through Mongolia from historical sources, fieldwork, and remote sensing reconnaissance. Recreating the Roerich Central Asian Expedition of 1927, we identify several artifacts and locations that support our belief that these routes contributed to the movement and exchange of people, ideas, and commerce across the desert landscapes of Inner Asia and helped shape cultural and religious identities that still exist to this day. Moreover, we argue the Mongolia to Tibet caravan routes were part of the greater network of ancient Silk Roads and should be considered as such: an important, intangible cultural heritage worthy of further exploration, preservation, and scholarly study. • Mongolia-Tibet caravan routes were pivotal in shaping Inner Asian identities but are often overlooked in Silk Roads research. • Evidence of these routes include tracks, cairns, temples, and forts, signifying their role as well-traveled trade paths. • These routes were part of the broader Silk Roads network and merit attention for their intangible cultural heritage value. • Inclusive Silk Roads heritage acknowledges diverse cultural contributions and fosters understanding and conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glacial debris flows occurring on the Tibetan Plateau consistently result in significant property damage and loss of human life. A comprehensive field investigation was conducted in Tianmo valley along the Sichuan‐Tibet Highway to reveal the dynamics of a debris flow that occurred on 11 July 2018. Furthermore, a depth‐averaged multiphase debris flow model was proposed and employed to reconstruct the characteristics of the debris flow. The model derivation, implementation, evaluation, and application were presented to demonstrate its performance. The Voellmy model was chosen because it adequately accounts for both basal frictional effects and the entrainment phenomenon. The entrainment processes, the ice melting, and the lubrication effect, were also taken into consideration. Based on the numerical results combined with field investigation data, the kinetic characteristics of the glacial debris flow were analyzed. The Tianmo valley has a small area, but the volume and erosion rate of debris flows were much larger than that of two‐phase debris flows in the same location due to ice melting. The simulation results demonstrated that the glacial debris reached a peak velocity of 20 m/s. Additionally, the volume of the debris flow increased by 50% due to the erosion over a short runout distance of approximately 4,000 m. This increase was a result of the high velocity and abundant entrainment sources on the slope. This study aims to improve understanding of the high velocity and destructive potential of debris flows in the Tianmo valley. Plain Language Summary: Debris flows frequently affect people or infrastructure due to their large volumes and high velocities. A detailed field investigation was taken in Tianmo valley, Tibet Plateau, China in this paper to reveal the dynamics of debris flow hazard chains. In addition, an optimized numerical model was proposed and used to analyze the kinetic characteristics of a glacial debris flow that occurred on 11 July 2018. The basal friction, debris erosion, and ice melting were taken into account in the numerical simulation. Based on the numerical results combined with field investigation data, the kinetic characteristics of the glacial debris flow were obtained. Simulated results indicated that the movement process of a glacial debris flow moved approximately 4,000 m, reaching a maximum velocity of 20 m/s and 50% more materials through erosion along its path. It is expected that this study can help to better understand the significant destructive force in the Tianmo valley and establish evacuation and rescue plans for communities in Tibet Plateau. Key Points: The kinetic characteristics of a glacial debris flow in Tibet were investigatedAn optimized depth‐averaged multiphase debris flow model was derived, implemented, and evaluatedThe Tianmo debris flow exhibited high velocity, large volume, and high erosion rates due to ice melting and sufficient entrainment sources [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in patterns of meteorological parameters, like precipitations, temperature, wind, etc., are causing significant increases in various extreme events. And these extreme events, i.e., floods, heatwaves, hurricanes, droughts, etc., lead to a shortage of water resources, crop failures, wildfires, and economic losses. However, Global Circulation Models (GCMs) are considered the most important tools for quantifying climate change. Therefore, we selected 20 different GCMs of precipitation in our research, as the frequency of extreme events, like drought and flood, is highly related to changes in precipitation patterns. However, this research introduced a new weighting scheme — MCFSAWS-Ensemble: Monte Carlo Feature Selection Adaptive Weighting Scheme to Ensemble multiple GCMs, whereas, Monte Carlo Feature Selection (MCFS) is one of the most popular algorithms for discovering important variables. However, the proposed weighting scheme (MCFSAWS-Ensemble) is mainly based on two sources. Initially, it evaluates the prior performance of each GCM model to define their relative importance using MCFS. Then, it computes value by value difference between the observed and simulated model. In addition, the application of this paper is based on the monthly time series data of precipitation in the Tibet Plateau region of China. In addition, we used twenty GCMs from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) to analyze the implications of the MCFSAWS-Ensemble. Further, we compared the performance of the MCFSAWS-Ensemble scheme with Simple Model Averaging (SMA) through Mean Average Error (MAE) and correlation statistics. The results of this research indicate that the proposed weighting scheme (MCFSAWS-Ensemble) is more accurate than the SMA approach. Consequently, we recommend the use of advanced machine learning algorithms such as MCFS for making accurate multi-model ensembles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding of the geodynamic evolution of the Tethyan realm cannot be complete without paleogeographical reconstructions of the North Qiangtang Block (NQB) that occupies a central position in Tibet. However, the reliability of such a reconstruction for the Paleozoic still requires substantial improvement. In this paper, we present paleomagnetic results obtained from the Middle Permian limestones and Upper Permian volcanic rocks in the Tanggula area, aiming to provide precise constraints on the NQB kinematics during the geodynamic evolution of the Tethys realm. Combined with other available paleomagnetic data from the NQB, our results suggest that the block was stably located at ~24°S for a long time before the Middle Permian, started to drift rapidly northward in the Middle Permian, and reached ~8.4°S in the Late Permian. The NQB continued drifting rapidly northward during the Triassic until merging with the southern margin of Eurasia in the Late Triassic. We reviewed new and available paleomagnetic and geological data and proposed a revised model for the tectonic evolution of the eastern Tethys realm. The NQB likely belonged to a ribbon-like separate continental archipelago in the middle of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean during the early--late Paleozoic. The Cimmerian continent, including the South Qiangtang Block (SQB), rifted away from the northern margin of Gondwana and drifted northward to ~22°S in the Middle Permian. The continent approached or partially collided with the NQB, resulting in the rapid northward movement of the NQB and the formation of the Longmuco--Shuanghu suture between the NQB and SQB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On October 11 and November 3, 2018, two large landslides occurred at the same location in Baige Village, eastern Tibet, China. These landslides pose a serious threat to both upstream and downstream areas, raising great concerns in China and worldwide. Currently, the influencing factors and fundamental mechanism of the Baige landslide are questioned, and further research is needed. Multiple methods, including comprehensive field investigation, satellite remote sensing, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) 3D imaging, and geographical information systems, are used to analyze the main characteristics, influencing factors, and fundamental mechanism of the Baige landslide. The results reveal that the occurrence of the Baige landslide is closely related to deep-seated gravitational slope deformations (DSGSDs); tectonic activity, river incision, earthquakes, and rainfall are also responsible for the formation of the event. From a long-term perspective, DSGSDs, active tectonic deformation, repetitive seismic activities, rapid river incision, and sustained rainfall infiltration all interact with each other and finally trigger catastrophic landslides. The damage deformation process of the Baige landslide can be divided into three stages: epigenetic deformation, time-dependent deformation, and failure. Some unstable rock masses still exist in the source area, and thus, successive deformation monitoring and timely mitigation measures should be implemented to reduce the residual risks. The research in this paper is meaningful for further research on such large-scale landslides along the Jinsha River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tibet Autonomous Region has a complex topography, and there are many difficulties in extracting its large-scale surface deformation. Traditional time-series Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) approaches are time-consuming and difficult to handle the massive growth of data in a timely manner. In this paper, a refined parallel stacking InSAR workflow for large-scale deformation fast extraction is proposed. The burst images of Sentinel-1 data were first extracted, and a series of procedures were introduced to improve accuracy, including using a short spatial baseline to mitigate topographic error, using a polynomial to fit and remove the small-scale atmospheric error, and using the joint polarization stacking method to reduce random noise. The workflow was deployed to a supercomputing system for parallel processing to improve efficiency. Using 1638 Sentinel-1 acquisitions, the surface deformation rate of the entire Tibet Autonomous Region was obtained and in good agreement with the Global Positioning System (GPS) data, with a Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 3.27 mm/ year, indicating high accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]