26 results
Search Results
2. Hurting Stalemate or Spiral of Escalation: Competitive Coadaptation as an Explanation for War Continuation.
- Author
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Garrison, Steve R.
- Subjects
- *
CIVIL war , *WAR & society , *INTERVENTION (International law) - Abstract
Abstract Existing studies of civil wars concentrate on either the prospects for termination or the effect of foreign intervention. These studies, however, do not provide an account of how civil wars develop out of political protest. This paper focuses on the dynamic interaction of the two actors--challenger and regime--in a civil war. Competitive coadaptation, or the notion of each actor adapting to the war at the same rate, is suggested as an explanation for civil war origin. In order to provide a more comprehensive account of civil war termination, a model of civil war origin is developed based on this premise. The model is tested against interval level data from four conflicts: Colombia, El Salvador, Peru, and United States. These results suggest that coadaptation is present in the Colombian, Salvadoran, and American conflicts. The presence of coadaptation indicates that each side is able to escalate its activity levels from one time period to the next and thus there is an increasing incentive for continuing the war. Until this spiral of escalation is broken either through a change in the political will of the participants or the access to resources a hurting stalemate will not develop and the war will continue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2002
3. Using Competition Law to Link Regulation and Development.
- Author
-
Gutiérrez, Juan David and Suárez, Andrés Felipe
- Subjects
ANTITRUST law ,SEMI-structured interviews - Abstract
Regulatory processes and debates are often informed by competition assessments issued by antitrust agencies, who advocate against potentially anticompetitive governmental regulations. While these opinions are usually not binding for regulators, the participation of antitrust agencies may have significant influence over the outcome of regulatory processes. This article examines whether antitrust agencies use their competition assessments to link regulation and development. The research addresses two research questions: first, do antitrust agencies consider development, directly or indirectly, as a guiding criterion in their competition assessments of regulatory projects? And second, what does development mean for these agencies in the context of competition assessments? A case study approach was used to answer the research questions, analyzing the cases of three countries of Latin America: Argentina, Colombia, and El Salvador. Based on the examination of over 300 competition assessments published by the antitrust agencies and on the semi-structured interviews of antitrust agencies' former and current officials, we report four main findings: (i) the studied agencies frequently used the term "development" in their competition assessments to explain the policy context, the objectives of the regulatory proposals, and the potential benefits of competitive markets.; (ii) the meaning of "development" that prevailed among the three cases studies corresponds to a narrow understanding of "economic development" (e.g. a synonym of economic growth); (iii) the case of Colombia stands out because some of the competition assessments explicitly recognize the importance of broader conceptions of development, including sustainability; and, (iv) competition advocacy was used by the studied agencies to link regulation and development through their reports and recommendations on regulatory projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Overlooked forms of non-democracy? Insights from hybrid regimes.
- Author
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Balderacchi, Claudio
- Subjects
DEMOCRACY ,INCUMBENCY (Public officers) ,STATE, The ,POLITICAL violence - Abstract
In the last two decades, significant advances have characterised the study of hybrid political regimes. Yet, when distinguishing democratic from non-democratic varieties, this field has apparently been affected by the tendency to largely focus on the role of incumbents and the state. Drawing on the Colombian, El Salvadorean and Guatemalan examples, I argue that, because of this bias, a category of countries sharing distinctively non-democratic features has been incorrectly considered democratic, thus affecting the recognition of forms of democracy and non-democracy. In these countries, actors other than the state and the government have blatantly violated the fairness of elections through well-known practices generally considered problems of low democratic quality, such as vote-buying, political violence, and illegal campaign financing. I maintain that, when associated with certain conditions, such problems are in fact symptoms of a non-democratic regime. To describe these unrecognised non-democracies, I propose the concept of non-state electoral autocracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Impact of Armed Conflicts on Education and Educational Agents: A Multivocal Review
- Author
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Cervantes-Duarte, Luisa and Fernández-Cano, Antonio
- Abstract
This paper investigates the short and long-term pernicious impact of armed conflicts on education and educational agents (students, teachers and students' parents), using a multivocal review by means of the integration and qualitative analysis of 60 research reports (voices) found in two databases: Web of Science and PROQUEST in the period between 1995 -date of the first founding paper- until 2014. Through the analysis of source data (voices) and taking the "multivocal review" as a method, the voices have been combined in nine categories, namely: a) Refusal and impediments to a return to education; b) Educational infrastructure damaged or destroyed; c) Cuts in or withdrawal of spending on education; d) Loss of the educational and protective functions of the family; e) Loss of the academic community; f) Non-qualified teaching staff; g) Drastic loss of skills; h) Abandoning school (population movements, destruction of networks and social environment); i) Behavioural problems: traumas, pedagogical roles and self-victimization. These categories have highlighted the serious consequences arising from conflicts, infringing as they do the most basic human rights and in particular the right to a sound education during childhood.
- Published
- 2016
6. Hiding in Plain Sight: Victim Participation in the Search for Disappeared Persons, a Contribution to (Procedural) Justice.
- Author
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Jones, Briony, Ott, Lisa, Rauschenbach, Mina, and Sanchez, Camilo
- Subjects
DISAPPEARED persons ,WAR ,HUMAN rights violations ,PROCEDURAL justice ,PARTICIPATION - Abstract
Enforced disappearance is a human rights violation and crime widely used in repression and armed conflict contexts. The families of the forcibly disappeared are left in a state of ambiguous loss as they search for the disappeared to satisfy their right to truth and achieve healing and closure. However, there is limited knowledge of the obstacles that hinder the search in practice and of how families can best be supported when mobilizing in search processes. Taking a multi-disciplinary approach, using insights from procedural justice research and qualitative interviews undertaken with families and other actors involved in supporting search processes in Colombia and El Salvador, we enhance and expand the scholarship that acknowledges the importance of victim participation and victims as key justice stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. The adoption of non-pharmaceutical interventions and the role of digital infrastructure during the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia, Ecuador, and El Salvador.
- Author
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Gozzi, Nicolò, Comini, Niccolò, and Perra, Nicola
- Subjects
DIGITAL technology ,COVID-19 pandemic ,COMMUNICABLE diseases ,INFECTIOUS disease transmission ,CITIES & towns - Abstract
Adherence to the non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) put in place to mitigate the spreading of infectious diseases is a multifaceted problem. Several factors, including socio-demographic and socio-economic attributes, can influence the perceived susceptibility and risk which are known to affect behavior. Furthermore, the adoption of NPIs is dependent upon the barriers, real or perceived, associated with their implementation. Here, we study the determinants of NPIs adherence during the first wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Colombia, Ecuador, and El Salvador. Analyses are performed at the level of municipalities and include socio-economic, socio-demographic, and epidemiological indicators. Furthermore, by leveraging a unique dataset comprising tens of millions of internet Speedtest® measurements from Ookla®, we investigate the quality of the digital infrastructure as a possible barrier to adoption. We use mobility changes provided by Meta as a proxy of adherence to NPIs and find a significant correlation between mobility drops and digital infrastructure quality. The relationship remains significant after controlling for several factors. This finding suggests that municipalities with better internet connectivity were able to afford higher mobility reductions. We also find that mobility reductions were more pronounced in larger, denser, and wealthier municipalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Women Are Survivors: Public Services Announcements on Violence Against Women in Latin America.
- Author
-
Mensa, Marta and Grow, Jean M.
- Subjects
VIOLENCE prevention ,GOVERNMENT regulation ,GENDER ,INTIMATE partner violence ,ADVERTISING ,SELF-efficacy ,EXPERIENCE ,STEREOTYPES ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,CONTENT analysis ,VICTIMS ,DATA analysis software ,WOMEN'S health ,STORYTELLING - Abstract
This study considers the role that public service announcements (PSAs) play in addressing violence against women (VAW) in Latin America. Using content analysis, the study examines 407 PSAs about VAW from 20 Latin American countries. The results show that 62.3% of the PSAs encourage bystanders to denounce violence while portraying women as victims in 48.8% of the PSAs. However, 71.7% of PSAs did not include a helpline or how to report the crime, only 11.8% of the PSAs have non-narrative, or factual information, about VAW, and just 6.4% engage in compelling narrative messaging or storytelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Why Children Matter: Investing in Early Childhood Care and Development.
- Author
-
Bernard Van Leer Foundation, The Hague (Netherlands)., Cohn, Ruth, and Chetley, Andrew
- Abstract
This publication reflects the philosophy and support of the Bernard van Leer Foundation for early childhood care and development. It highlights different approaches to early childhood care and development and explains why the foundation believes that investing in early childhood is one of the best ways of building a brighter, better future. The publication seeks to assist policy makers and program planners in their search for realistic, effective, and affordable ways to enhance early childhood care and development. The various approaches to early childhood interventions included in this document are run by a variety of partner organizations in the countries concerned: local and national governments, nongovernmental organizations, universities, and community agencies. They are given as examples of programs that build on local culture and local realities. Eight chapters cover the following topics: (1) why children matter; (2) the importance of the early years; (3) why parents are important; (4) involving parents; (5) involving the community; (6) benefits of early childhood interventions; (7) quality and cost; and (8) developing an agenda for action. Fourteen examples included as sidebars in the chapters profile efforts of several countries or address special topics. Contains 37 references. (TJQ)
- Published
- 1994
10. El porque de la importancia de la ninez: Dedicando esfuerzos a la atencion y desarrollo de la primera infancia (Why Children Matter: Investing in Early Childhood Care and Development).
- Author
-
Bernard Van Leer Foundation, The Hague (Netherlands)., Cohen, Ruth, and Chetley, Andrew
- Abstract
This Spanish-language publication reflects the philosophy and support of the Bernard van Leer Foundation for early childhood care and development. It highlights different approaches to early childhood care and development and explains why the foundation believes that investing in early childhood is one of the best ways of building a brighter, better future. The publication seeks to assist policy makers and program planners in their search for realistic, effective, and affordable ways to enhance early childhood care and development. The various approaches to early childhood interventions included in this document are run by a variety of partner organizations in the countries concerned: local and national governments, nongovernmental organizations, universities, and community agencies. They are given as examples of programs that build on local culture and local realities. Eight chapters cover the following topics: (1) why children matter; (2) the importance of the early years; (3) why parents are important; (4) involving parents; (5) involving the community; (6) benefits of early childhood interventions; (7) quality and cost; and (8) developing an agenda for action. Fourteen examples, included as sidebars in the chapters, profile efforts of several countries or address special topics. Contains 37 references. (HTH)
- Published
- 1994
11. Towards an Approach for an Accessible and Inclusive Virtual Education Using ESVI-AL Project Results
- Author
-
Amado-Salvatierra, Hector R. and Hilera, Jose R.
- Abstract
Purpose: This paper aims to present an approach to achieve accessible and inclusive Virtual Education for all, but especially intended for students with disabilities. This work proposes main steps to take into consideration for stakeholders involved in the educational process related to an inclusive e-Learning. Design/methodology/approach: The paper pays particular regard to accessibility in Virtual Education. This work is based on the activities prepared from years 2012 to 2015 within the initiative called ESVI-AL. This initiative was carried out in conjunction with Latin American and European Universities; for this paper, experiences and best practices from the initiative were used to prepare the proposed approach. Findings: The aim of ESVI-AL initiative was to offer products that can help in the development of an accessible and inclusive e-Learning education. Among the main results were reports, case studies, practical guidelines, training courses and software to install virtual campuses with accessibility features. Social implications: Nowadays, few countries have laws promoting and enforcing accessibility for e-Education and e-Society. This work aims to sensitize educators from different countries and raise awareness on the importance of working together toward an inclusive society based on accessible e-Learning. Originality/value: Based on a literature review and ESVI-AL initiative results, a descriptive overview was prepared as a starting point for the four identified main actors of an educational project, namely, educators, technical staff, quality auditors and students, with special emphasis on students with disabilities.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Understanding Latin America's Educational Orientations: Evidence from 14 Nations
- Author
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Osiobe, Ejiro U.
- Abstract
Latin American countries have evolved over the years. Still, after years of military reign, socioeconomicinstability, and civil wars, the region has been known for its anti-hegemonic economic growth (educationalpolicies) strategies. Central and South America's educational system has long been under investigation by researchers both theoretically and empirically. The transition of its education system through the introduction of centralized, liberalized, and populist ideology has sparked many researchers' interest. This paper aims to understand and compare 14 Latin American countries' education orientation. The study uses a matrix table to visualize the qualitative finding.
- Published
- 2020
13. Positive Racial Identity of Black Brazilian and Colombian Adolescents Amidst Systems of Educational Oppression.
- Subjects
RACIAL identity of Black people ,COLOMBIANS ,RACE identity ,SOCIAL mobility ,PERCEIVED discrimination ,HIGH school seniors - Abstract
Contrary to popular discourse on racial harmony in Latin America, research links educational inequality to physical appearance, particularly in countries with national ideologies emphasizing multiculturalism, such as Brazil and Colombia (Marteleto et al., Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 2012, 30, 352; Telles, Pigmentocracies: Ethnicity, Race, and Color in Latin America, 2014, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC). This study used PVEST to explore how social processes influence adolescent self‐identities and perceptions of educational access. Mixed methods research conducted among 737 high school seniors in Salvador, Brazil and Cartagena, Colombia, revealed that socioeconomic status significantly related to race and skin tone, and Black and darker skinned Brazilian participants reported the highest rates of perceived discrimination; however, perceptions of socioeconomic mobility varied by the type of school students attended (i.e., public vs. private) rather than by their race or skin tone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Macroeconomic determinantsof workers' remittances: Hostversus home country's economic conditions.
- Author
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Vargas-Silva, Carlos and Huang, Peng
- Subjects
MACROECONOMICS ,REMITTANCES ,INCOME ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
This study examines the determinants of worker's remittances. Variance decompositions, impulse response functions and Granger causality tests derived from a vector error correction model are used to test if remittances are affected by the macroeconomic conditions of the host (remittance sending) or home (remittance receiving) country. Data from Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Mexico and the US are used. The results indicate that remittances respond more to changes in the macroeconomic conditions of the host country, than to changes in the macroeconomic conditions of the home country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Incidencia de las comisiones de la verdad en reformas al sector seguridad en Latinoamérica.
- Author
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Bahamón Jara, Martha Lucía, Cujabante Villamil, Ximena Andrea, Durán Montaño, Alex Camilo, and Prieto Venegas, Jair Camilo
- Subjects
TRUTH commissions ,SECURITY sector ,COMPARATIVE method ,CASE studies ,SUPERVISION ,LIBERATION theology - Abstract
Copyright of Revista Científica General José María Córdova is the property of Escuela Militar de Cadetes General Jose Maria Cordova and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Cause-Lawyering in Violent Contexts.
- Author
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Lemaitre, Julieta and Rodriguez-Garavito, Cesar
- Subjects
- *
CAUSE lawyers , *JUSTICE administration , *SOCIAL movements , *ACTIVISM - Abstract
How is cause-lawyering different in violent contexts? Certainly, insofar as cause-lawyering around the world addresses injustice and deprivation, all cause lawyering contexts are violent. However in some countries it often also means assuming the very real risk of physical harm and assassination. Furthermore lawyering- related activities, such as litigation, shaming and consciousness raising campaigns are often engaged in producing a truth that is denied by power-holders. But violent contexts are not only dangerous, they are also inherently confusing and secretive, and representation is constantly challenged. Lawyering in these circumstances means assuming risks; it also ups the stakes of siding with a particular organization, community or even individual victims who might have hidden agendas. Forums for activism and allies then must be carefully chosen; trust is hard to come by, and the interpretations of events, as well as the events themselves are contested. This paper explores these issues in the context of our research on social movements and movement organizations in Latin America, particularly Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador and Colombia. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
17. THE GUERRILLA TAMER.
- Author
-
Gugliotta, Guy
- Subjects
RESISTANCE to government ,GUERRILLAS ,MILITARY policy ,INSURGENCY ,NEGOTIATION ,DIPLOMACY - Abstract
Discusses the strategies used by Colombian President Belisario Betancur in promoting peaceful negotiations between the government and the guerilla forces. Persistent idea in Latin America, particularly among armed forces, that negotiating with armed Marxist-Leninist insurgents is a waste of time; Botanic's success in stopping a guerilla insurgency without altering Colombia's political system; Profile of Betancur's political career; Lessons that El Salvador President Jose Napoleon Duarte can learn from the strategies used by Betancur to achieve social peace.
- Published
- 1985
18. Communicating the Homeland's Relationship with its Diaspora Community: The Cases of El Salvador and Colombia.
- Author
-
Bravo, Vanessa and De Moya, María
- Subjects
DIASPORA ,COUNTRY of origin (Immigrants) ,DIPLOMACY ,POLITICAL science - Abstract
This article explores the official communication of the governments of El Salvador and Colombia to, and about, their diaspora communities. Through a qualitative content analysis of news releases, speeches, factsheets and other public information material, the themes used to 'construct' the image of the diaspora are explored, as well as the issues that these governments traditionally associate with their expatriates. The study also analyses the type of relationship described (that is, communal versus exchange), with its findings suggesting a typology of government-to-diaspora communication and a new category of relationship ('hybrid' relationships), which is detailed herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Correlates of Terrorist Attacks in Latin America, Comparative Results from El Salvador and Colombia.
- Author
-
Hendrickson, James and Dugan, Laura
- Subjects
TERRORISM ,DEMOCRATIZATION ,SOCIAL problems - Abstract
Background: El Salvador and Colombia have long histories of social conflict and accordant policy attention from the United States government. Data and Measures: This analysis evaluates several known correlates of terrorist activity in Latin America; including small arms importation, governance type, ethnic fractionalization, drug exports, terrorist ideology, government legitimacy measures, and urbanization using 7,013 attacks committed by named terrorist organizations in these two countries between 1975 - 1992 and 1994 - 1997 from the combined Global Terrorism and World Homicide Data. Results: For both countries, preliminary results imply that democracy, local political party legitimacy, percent urban and ethnic tensions are all positively related to terrorist attack frequency. On the other hand, government autocracy seems to reduce the number of terror strikes. Finally, the percentage of groups with a communist ideology appears inconsistently related to the number of terrorist attacks. Discussion and Conclusion: The statistical results are limited by constrained variance and non-random data selection methods. A discussion of how each country's specific socio-historical circumstances contribute to terrorism is included. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
20. Looking Beyond Violent Militarized Masculinities.
- Author
-
Dietrich Ortega, LuisaMaria
- Subjects
MASCULINITY ,VIOLENCE ,GUERRILLA warfare ,RADICALS ,GENDER - Abstract
This article moves beyond stereotypical portrayals of the connections between hyper-masculinity and violence in militarized contexts and identifies expressions of insurgent masculinities different from the imagery of ‘heroic guerrilla fighter’. Based on conversations with fifty female and male former insurgent militants in Peru, Colombia and El Salvador, this comparative analysis explores patterns within gender regimes created in insurgent movements. This contribution shows that ‘gender’ is not merely a ‘side contradiction’, but that guerrilla movements invest considerable efforts in creating and managing gender relations. The construction of insurgent masculinities is not based on the rejection or devaluation of women in general, but requires diluting gendered dichotomies, enabling not only alternative role models functional for armed struggle, but also female–male bonding, prioritizing comrade identity over gender-binary consciousness. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. The Private Sector and Peace in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Colombia.
- Author
-
Rettberg, Angelika
- Subjects
PRIVATE sector ,PEACE ,LABOR policy ,ECONOMIC policy ,LABOR economics ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
The private sector plays a fundamental role in peace negotiations and in the implementation of agreements, as comparison between El Salvador, Guatemala and Colombia indicates. However, private sector involvement in peace negotiations varies: Conflict cost perceptions, degrees of unity of the pro-peace business faction, and varied access to the peace policymaking process account for important differences across the cases. Thus this article points to the need to tine-tune our understanding of private sector behaviour in the context of armed conflict and peace and underscores how private sector characteristics and business-state relations affect the emergence of peace negotiations and shape resultant outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Exploring Child Maltreatment and Its Relationship to Alcohol and Cannabis Use in Selected Latin American and Caribbean Countries
- Author
-
Longman-Mills, S., Gonzalez, W. Y., Melendez, M. O., Garcia, M. R., Gomez, J. D., Juarez, C. G., Martinez, E. A., Penalba, S. J., Pizzanelli, E. M., Solorzano, L. I., Wright, M. G. M., Cumsille, F., De La Haye, W., Sapag, J. C., Khenti, A., Hamilton, H. A., Erickson, P. G., Brands, B., Flam-Zalcman, R., Simpson, S., Wekerle, C., and Mann, R. E.
- Abstract
Objectives: Research from developed countries shows that child maltreatment increases the risk for substance use and problems. However, little evidence on this relationship is available from developing countries, and recognition of this relationship may have important implications for substance demand reduction strategies, including efforts to prevent and treat substance use and related problems. Latin America and the Caribbean is a rich and diverse region of the world with a large range of social and cultural influences. A working group constituted by the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission and the Center for Addiction and Mental Health in June, 2010 identified research on this relationship as a priority area for a multinational research partnership. Methods: This paper examines the association between self-reported child maltreatment and use in the past 12 months of alcohol and cannabis in 2294 university students in seven participating universities in six participating countries: Colombia, El Salvador, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama and Uruguay. The research also considers the possible impact of religiosity and minimal psychological distress as factors contributing to resiliency in these samples. Results: The results showed that experience of maltreatment was associated with increased use of alcohol and cannabis. However, the effects differed depending on the type of maltreatment experienced. Higher levels of religiosity were consistently associated with lower levels of alcohol and cannabis use, but we found no evidence of an impact of minimal psychological distress on these measures. Conclusions: This preliminary study shows that the experience of maltreatment may increase the risk of alcohol and cannabis use among university students in Latin American and Caribbean countries, but that higher levels of religiosity may reduce that risk. More work to determine the nature and significance of these relationships is needed. (Contains 2 tables.)
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Comparing Work-Life Balance in Spanish and Latin-American Countries
- Author
-
Carlier, Sandra Idrovo, Llorente, Consuelo Leon, and Grau, Marc Grau
- Abstract
Purpose: This paper aims to determine the level of awareness and implementation of family-responsible parameters: policies, enablers, practices, and culture, in Spanish and Latin-American companies, and how they impact work-life balance. Design/methodology/approach: The study uses data from different national IESE's Family-Responsible Employer Index surveys in Spain (1,000 companies) and five Latin-American countries (1,155 companies), Brazil, Chile, Colombia, El Salvador and Peru, done between 2006 and 2008. This is a structured questionnaire that assesses the stage of development the organization is in regarding four main family-responsible parameters: policies, enablers, practices, and culture. Findings: Latin-American countries get a slightly higher number of companies that are fully supportive of work-family balance environment than Spain, but with lesser formal policies implemented and a stronger presence of enablers and practices. Policies are important but might not be as effective if not accompanied by the example of managers and staff as well as by a deep understanding of the cultural value placed by them on work, family and personal life. Research limitations/implications: The survey-based data used limits insight into causal relationships. Qualitative and longitudinal studies are needed in order to clarify motives for individual and organizational decisions regarding work-life initiatives. Data collected are from one source only: employer's management. Multi-source studies must follow and include the public sector. Originality/value: This is the first comparison between Spanish companies and companies from five Latin-American countries regarding work-family policies, enablers, practices and culture with such an ample number of companies. Findings will aid HRD practitioners in developing work-family initiatives and help researchers to address new questions in cross-cultural comparisons. (Contains 1 figure and 6 tables.)
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Child Maltreatment and Its Relationship to Drug Use in Latin America and the Caribbean: An Overview and Multinational Research Partnership
- Author
-
Longman-Mills, Samantha, Gonzalez, Yolanda W., Melendez, Marlon O., Garcia, Monica R., Gomez, Juan D., Juarez, Cristina G., Martinez, Eduardo A., Penalba, Sobeyda J., Pizzanelli, Miguel E., Solorzano, Lucia I., Wright, Gloria, Cumsille, Francisco, Sapag, Jaime, Wekerle, Christine, Hamilton, Hayley, Erickson, Patricia, and Mann, Robert
- Abstract
Child maltreatment and substance abuse are both international public health priorities. Research shows that child maltreatment increases the risk for substance use and problems. Thus, recognition of this relationship may have important implications for substance demand reduction strategies, including efforts to prevent and treat substance use and related problems. Latin America and the Caribbean is a rich and diverse region of the world with a large range of social and cultural influences. To date, relatively little work has addressed the link between child maltreatment and substance use in the region. A working group constituted by the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD) and the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) in June, 2010 identified this area as a priority area for a multinational research partnership. This paper summarizes existing information on drug use and child maltreatment in six participating countries, Colombia, El Salvador, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama and Uruguay, and considers the implications of child maltreatment prevention for demand reduction strategies to address substance use issues. A CICAD/CAMH-sponsored multinational research partnership has been formed, which will involve research on the link between child maltreatment and substance misuse, expertise exchange and resource sharing.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Exploring child maltreatment and its relationship to alcohol and cannabis use in selected Latin American and Caribbean countries.
- Author
-
Longman-Mills S, González WY, Meléndez MO, García MR, Gómez JD, Juárez CG, Martínez EA, Peñalba SJ, Pizzanelli EM, Solórzano LI, Wright MG, Cumsille F, De La Haye W, Sapag JC, Khenti A, Hamilton HA, Erickson PG, Brands B, Flam-Zalcman R, Simpson S, Wekerle C, and Mann RE
- Subjects
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Alcohol Drinking psychology, Child, Child Abuse psychology, Colombia epidemiology, El Salvador epidemiology, Female, Humans, Jamaica epidemiology, Male, Marijuana Abuse psychology, Nicaragua epidemiology, Panama epidemiology, Religion, Risk Factors, Self Report, Students statistics & numerical data, Universities, Uruguay epidemiology, Young Adult, Alcohol Drinking epidemiology, Child Abuse statistics & numerical data, Marijuana Abuse epidemiology
- Abstract
Objectives: Research from developed countries shows that child maltreatment increases the risk for substance use and problems. However, little evidence on this relationship is available from developing countries, and recognition of this relationship may have important implications for substance demand reduction strategies, including efforts to prevent and treat substance use and related problems. Latin America and the Caribbean is a rich and diverse region of the world with a large range of social and cultural influences. A working group constituted by the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission and the Center for Addiction and Mental Health in June, 2010 identified research on this relationship as a priority area for a multinational research partnership., Methods: This paper examines the association between self-reported child maltreatment and use in the past 12 months of alcohol and cannabis in 2294 university students in seven participating universities in six participating countries: Colombia, El Salvador, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama and Uruguay. The research also considers the possible impact of religiosity and minimal psychological distress as factors contributing to resiliency in these samples., Results: The results showed that experience of maltreatment was associated with increased use of alcohol and cannabis. However, the effects differed depending on the type of maltreatment experienced. Higher levels of religiosity were consistently associated with lower levels of alcohol and cannabis use, but we found no evidence of an impact of minimal psychological distress on these measures., Conclusions: This preliminary study shows that the experience of maltreatment may increase the risk of alcohol and cannabis use among university students in Latin American and Caribbean countries, but that higher levels of religiosity may reduce that risk. More work to determine the nature and significance of these relationships is needed., (Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. A new technique to estimate infant mortality with an application for El Salvador and Colombia.
- Author
-
Palloni A
- Subjects
- Birth Rate, Colombia, El Salvador, Humans, Infant, Methods, Models, Theoretical, Infant Mortality
- Abstract
The paper presents new estimates of infant mortality for Colombia and El Salvador for the years 1950--1970. These estimates are obtained by using a technique which improves on Brass's method in that it suppresses the assumption of constant mortality and introduces instead assumptions about linear and nonlinear changes in mortality risks affecting various cohorts of individuals.
- Published
- 1979
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