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2. The Multinational Society: Papers of the Ljubljana Seminar.
- Author
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Mackey, William F. and Verdoodt, Albert
- Abstract
The Ljubljana seminar, whose background and working papers are presented in this volume, was an outcome of the United Nations' consideration of the problems of ethnic and linguistic minorities. The twenty-five papers cover topics such as the study of multinational societies; the protection of minorities and minority rights in Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Austria, the Soviet Union, India, Africa, Southeast Asia, Israel, Britain, and the Caribbean; cultural diversity; and immigrant problems. Chapters 1-3 are background papers, commissioned by the United Nations Secretariat in preparation for the seminar. Chapters 4-23 are working papers, contributed by the participants and presented in regional groups, starting with Central Europe and going on to include Asia, Africa, and North America. (Author/CLK)
- Published
- 1975
3. Integrating Lifelong Learning Perspectives.
- Author
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United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Hamburg (Germany). Inst. for Education. and Medel-Anonuevo, Carolyn
- Abstract
This publication is comprised of 43 papers on the topic of promoting lifelong learning. The papers in Part 1, Overcoming False Dichotomies, are "Lifelong Learning in the North, Education for All in the South" (Torres); "Practice of Lifelong Learning in Indigenous Africa" (Omolewa); "Gender and Information Societies" (Youngs); and "Lifelong Learning for a Modern Learning Society" (Somtrakool). Part 2, Scanning Developments in the Regions, consists of these papers: "Challenges of Lifelong Learning in Africa" (Tapsoba); "Promoting Community-Based Learning Centers in Asia-Pacific" (Oyasu); "European Union (EU) Memorandum on Lifelong Learning" (Smith); "Hungarian Response to the EU Memorandum on Lifelong Learning" (Istvan); "Regional Framework for Action for Adult and Youth Education in Latin America and the Caribbean (2001-10)" (Jauregui de Gainza); and "Lifelong Learning" (Essefi). Part 3, Promoting Democratization, contains these papers: "Learning in a Global Society" (Alexander); "Citizenship and Democracy in Socrates' and Grundtvig's Europe" (Ronai); "Education for Non-Discrimination" (Millan); "Lifelong Learning and Work in Developing Countries" (Pieck); "Globalization, Lifelong Learning, and Response of the Universities" (Peng); and "Combining the World of Work with the World of Education" (Romijn). The papers in Part 5, Making Lifelong Learning Work for Women, are "Gender Equality in Basic Education" (Messina); "Women as Lifelong Learners" (Benaicha); and "Lifelong Learning for Elimination of Violence Against Women" (Kuninobu). The papers in Part 6, Learning Across Generations, are "Achieving Youth Empowerment Through Peer Education" (Wissa); and "Role of Intergenerational Programs in Promoting Lifelong Learning for All Ages" (Ohsako). The papers in Part 7, Learning Across Cultures, are "Cultural Contexts of Learning: East Meets West" (Yang); "Building Community Through Study Circles" (Oliver); "Culturally-Based Adult Education" (Smith); and "Perspective of Lifelong Learning in South Asia" (Bordia). In Part 8, Laying Foundations and Sustaining Achievements Through Literacy and Nonformal Education, are "Literacy Linked Women Development Programs" (Usha); "Lifelong Learning Policy and Practices in the Laos People's Democratic Republic" (Mithong Souvanvixay); "Distance Learning and Adult Education" (Wilson, White); "Role of Partnerships in the Promotion of Lifelong Learning" (Lin); and "Toward the Eradication of Illiteracy Among Youth and Adults in China" (Guodong). Part 9, Creating Environments Conducive to Lifelong Learning, has these papers: "Learning Cities/Region in the Framework of Lifelong Learning" (Doukas); "Adult Education and Lifelong Learning in Sweden" (Salin); "Promoting Lifelong Learning in Beijing for a Learning Society" (Shuping); and "Reorienting Teachers as Lifelong Learners" (Tiedao). (YLB)
- Published
- 2002
4. More educated and more equal? A comparative analysis of female education and employment in Japan, China and India.
- Author
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Sinha Mukherjee, Sucharita
- Subjects
WOMEN'S education ,EMPLOYMENT ,GENDER inequality ,WOMEN'S employment ,COMPARATIVE studies ,RIGHT to education ,LABOR market ,GOVERNMENT policy -- Social aspects - Abstract
This paper attempts to explore the connections between expanding female education and the participation of women in paid employment in Japan, China and India, three of Asia's largest economies. Analysis based on existing data and literature shows that despite the large expansion in educational access in these countries in the last half century, women have lacked egalitarian labour market opportunities. A combination of social discouragement and individual choice largely explains the withdrawal, non-participation or intermittent female presence in the labour force, notwithstanding increased educational access. In taking stock of these issues and debates across these countries, it is argued that the parallel experiences of women in these countries can be traced back to persistent gender norms which, amongst other things, imply the centrality of marriage and non-market unpaid labour for women. The paper argues that there is a need for gender-sensitive public policy in order for increased education to translate to labour market gains for women, leading to sustainable development outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
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5. Dimensions of ethical business cultures: comparing data from 13 countries of Europe, Asia, and the Americas.
- Author
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Ardichvili, Alexandre, Jondle, Douglas, and Kowske, Brenda
- Subjects
BUSINESS ethics ,PERSONNEL management ,CROSS-cultural differences ,MULTIVARIATE analysis ,CORPORATE culture - Abstract
This paper reports the results of a survey-based study of perceptions of ethical business practices in 13 countries of Europe, Asia, and the Americas. Responses from more than 23,000 managers and employees were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance and post-hoc comparisons, aimed at identifying homogenous sets of countries. Anglo countries (US, UK, Australia, and Canada) clustered together, and were joined by India in most cases. Japan and Italy formed a homogenous subset significantly different from all other countries. Countries of continental Europe, China, Mexico, and Brazil formed various mid-range groupings. The paper discusses some salient differences between groups of countries and presents implications for human resource management (HRD) practice and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2010
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6. Globalization, English Language Policy, and Teacher Agency: Focus on Asia
- Author
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Hamid, M. Obaidul and Nguyen, Hoa Thi Mai
- Abstract
This paper focuses on English teachers in Asia in the context of globalization, the global spread of English and the emergence of English as an "Asian language." It highlights the dilemmas facing these teachers in meeting the growing social demands of English proficiency in a technology-influenced, managerial and neoliberal education environment with limited expertise, skills and policy support. We locate the paper in language policy and planning (LPP) within which the concept of micro-level agency provides a critical lens. We draw on insights from several Asian countries including Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Pakistan and Vietnam. We argue that while English teachers are found to exercise their agency to meet changing demands of English proficiency, this agency can be seen as the result of what we call "policy dumping" at the macro-level--i.e. education policymakers not paying due attention to the requirements of policy implementation but dumping down policies to educational institutions and English teachers for their implementation. We conclude the paper by suggesting implications for English language policies in Asian countries that respond to globalization and the dominant discourses of English in a globalized world.
- Published
- 2016
7. The rhizome of Gastrodia elata Blume – An ethnopharmacological review.
- Author
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Zhan, Hong-Dan, Zhou, Hai-Yu, Sui, Yun-Peng, Du, Xin-Liang, Wang, Wei-hao, Dai, Li, Sui, Feng, Huo, Hai-Ru, and Jiang, Ting-Liang
- Subjects
- *
ACTION potentials , *HERBAL medicine , *CHINESE medicine , *MEDLINE , *ONLINE information services , *SYSTEMATIC reviews , *PLANT anatomy , *MEDICAL quality control - Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance Gastrodia elata Blume ( Orchidaceae ) is commonly called Tian ma in Chinese and mainly distributed in the mountainous areas of eastern Asia, such as China, Korea, Japan and India. It is an extensively used traditional Chinese herbal medicine in the clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine, to treat headache, migraine, dizziness, epilepsy, infantile convulsion, tetany and so on. The present paper reviews the advancements in investigation of botany and ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and quality control of Gastrodia elata Blume. Finally, the possible tendency and perspective for future investigation of this plant are also put forward. Materials and methods The information on Gastrodia elata Blume was collected via piles of resources including classic books about Chinese herbal medicine, and scientific databases including Pubmed, Google Scholar, ACS, Web of science, ScienceDirect databases, CNKI and others. Plant taxonomy was validated by the databases “The Plant List”, and “Mansfeld’s Encyclopedia”. Results Over 81 compounds from this plant have been isolated and identified, phenolics and polysaccharides are generally considered as the characteristic and active constituents of Gastrodia elata Blume. Its active compounds possess wide-reaching biological activities, including sedative, hypnotic, antiepileptic, anticonvulsive, antianxietic, antidepressant, neuroprotective, antipsychotic, anti-vertigo, circulatory system modulating, anti-inflammationary, analgesic, antioxidative, memory-improving and antiaging, antivirus and antitumor effects. Conclusion Despite the publication of various papers on Gastrodia elata Blume, there is still, however, the need for definitive research and clarification of other bioactive compounds using bioactivity-guided isolation strategies, and the possible mechanism of action as well as potential synergistic or antagonistic effects of multi-component mixtures derived from Gastrodia elata Blume need to be evaluated. It is also necessary and important to do more quality control and toxicological study on human subjects in order to maintain its efficacy stable in the body and validate its safety in clinical uses. In addition, more investigations on other parts of this plant beyond the tubers are needed. Further studies on Gastrodia elata Blume will lead to the development of new drugs and therapeutics for various diseases, and how to utilize it better should be paid more attention to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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8. Questioning Centre-Periphery Platforms
- Author
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Postiglione, Gerard A.
- Abstract
How much is hegemony and how much is self-determination in the higher education systems in Southeast Asia? This paper argues that while the question of centre and periphery is still relevant to the analysis of international university systems, the analytical frameworks from which it has arisen may lose viability in the long term. Southeast Asian states are making use of higher education to act in ways that will contribute to the altering of their peripheral position in the global economic and political system. While changes in Southeast Asian higher education are closely tied to global markets and follow what sometimes appears to be a dependent pattern of adaptations driven by Western developed economies, the paper argues that there is also a significant amount of resistance. As Southeast Asian countries adapt in ways that help embed economic globalisation within their national landscape, the manner in which the adaptation occurs is more selective, open, and democratic than before. Moreover, while global communication with core (centre) university systems has been more open and transparent, the system is closed to direct intervention from the outside, making hegemony a less plausible explanation for the manner in which the system is reacting within the new global environment of financial interdependency.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
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9. The Kuznets Curve of Education: A Global Perspective on Education Inequalities. CEE DP 116
- Author
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London School of Economics & Political Science, Centre for the Economics of Education, Morrison, Christian, and Murtin, Fabrice
- Abstract
Education is recognized to be a key factor of economic development, not only giving access to technological progress as emphasized by the Schumpeterian growth theory, but also entailing numerous social externalities such as the demographic transition (Murtin, 2009) or democratization (Murtin and Wacziarg, 2010). If the evolution of world distributions of income and longevity over the last two centuries have been described by Bourguignon and Morrisson (2002), changes in the world distribution of education have remained unexplored until now, despite their major importance. How has global education inequality evolved over the twentieth century? How should it be measured? Up to now, existing studies on education inequality have had limited spatial and time coverage. For example, Castello and Domenech (2002) and Thomas et al. (2001) provide a descriptive analysis of years of schooling inequality for a broad panel of countries, but their study starts only in 1960. Also, they remain at the country level and do not consider the world distribution of years of schooling, which takes into account educational differences both within and between countries. In contrast, this paper depicts the world distribution of education over 140 years, improving and extending the database recently released by Morrisson and Murtin (2009), which focuses on average years of schooling. The authors provide both average years of schooling and the distribution of education as summarised up by four quantiles in each country. Importantly, this new database is cross-validated by historical data on illiteracy rates. Then, they describe average stocks of primary, secondary and tertiary schooling by region since 1870, and estimate world inequality in years of schooling, which has been dramatically reduced since 1870. Focusing on the measurement of education inequality, this paper raises an important methodological issue. The authors show that a substantial share of inequality in years of schooling can be mechanically explained by a single component of the distribution of education, namely the population that has not attended school, subsequently called the illiterate population. Actually, they find that the observed decrease in inequality in years of schooling over the XXth century is almost entirely explained by the decline in illiteracy. They believe that this result, derived both theoretically and empirically, could help to reconsider an empirical fact discussed in the literature on education inequality (see Berthelemy (2006)), namely the cross-country negative correlation between the average of and the inequality in years of schooling. This correlation mainly reflects the negative and mechanical correlation between average schooling and the illiteracy rate. In line with a recent macroeconomic literature (see for instance Hall and Jones (1999)), the authors then turn to human capital as defined by Mincer (1974), in order to confer a monetary dimension to education. They propose estimates of the world inequality in human capital, examining several definitions for human capital. They focus on one functional form in particular, which accounts for the existence of diminishing returns to schooling. It is the only one that can account for the cross-country negative correlation between Mincer returns to schooling and average years of schooling, as described by Psacharopoulos and Patrinos (2004). At the national level, they find that that human capital inequality within countries has increased then stabilized or even decreased in most regions of the world. When plotted against average years of schooling, human capital inequality within countries has clearly followed an inverted U-shape curve, namely a "Kuznets curve of education". At the global level, they also find that human capital inequality has increased from 1870 to approximatively 1970, then has decreased. They interpret these findings as a consequence of mass education and the existence of diminishing returns to schooling. (Contains 6 tables, 6 figures and 14 footnotes.)
- Published
- 2010
10. The Fate of Labor Politics across the North-South Divide: Union Responses to Global Pressures in India and Japan.
- Author
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Doherty, Eileen and Sil, Rudra
- Subjects
- *
LABOR laws , *GLOBALIZATION , *JOB security , *LABOR unions - Abstract
Labor everywhere is assumed to be under pressure as a result of shifts under way in the global economy. This pressure is manifested in the political marginalization of trade unions, the decline of union density, the significant reduction in job and income security, and changes in labor legislation intended to facilitate greater ?flexibility? in labor markets and social pacts. This paper is predicated on the assumption that the extent of, and responses to, these challenges vary significantly for organized labor in the North and South, with the more accelerated shrinking of the manufacturing base creating special problems for union recruitment in the North and the more accelerated growth of informal labor markets creating special difficulties for collective action in the South. The paper offers a paired comparison of the evolution of labor politics in two Asian economies, one of which, Japan, represents the North, and one of which, India, represents the South. Both societies have established formally democratic political institutions with some legal protection for trade union rights and labor standards. Both have made efforts to employ job security and generous enterprise-centered welfare benefits to reward the more privileged components of the workforce and thus maintain some semblance of labor peace in critical sectors (public sector employees in India and regular male workers in large corporations in Japan). Since the mid-1980s, unions in both countries have been facing mounting difficulties in rallying their members and applying meaningful political pressure, as laws and practices have steadily evolved in a direction that favors greater flexibility for business in terms of employment practices. Given the position of their constituencies within the national polity and the global economy, however, unions in the two countries have been responding to the challenges in quite different ways. In Japan, unions have sought to unite under a single umbrella organization (Rengo) with more militant unions left on the margins. Although internal splits have appeared, unification has permitted Rengo a chance to devise new strategies by reaching out to part-timers and temporary workers in order to regain the interest of the working classes. In India, unions remain deeply divided, with the two largest unions being more cooperative with a government committed to liberalization and the leftist unions steadfastly resisting further liberalization. With privatization occurring relatively slowly, there has been little incentive for unions to branch out into new sectors and recruit new categories of workers. However, while Japanese unions seem to be taking a more proactive approach to transforming their organizational structure and grassroots strategies, these changes also point to a fundamental difference in the overall perception of the legitimacy and power of organized labor in the two countries. Although representing a smaller segment of the workforce, India?s unions are better organized, retain ties to political parties that can make or break governing coalitions, remain capable of paralyzing the economy by virtue of their influence in crucial sectors such as the railroads, and still adhere to a discourse of labor relations that evinces clear consciousness of separate working class interests. In Japan, while leftist elements among the unions remain vocal about class interests, the steady shrinking of the manufacturing sector has had the effect of turning Rengo into more of a consultative body that orchestrates largely symbolic acts on the ground while accomodating demands for wage restraint. Thus, the relatively less fundamental transformation of Indian trade unionism reveals not resistance to change but somewhat greater political clout sustained by a still robust conception of class interest in an economy where the public sector and manufacturing still matter significantly. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
11. Cultural Conceptions of Flipped Learning: Examining Asian Perspectives in the 21st Century
- Author
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Skelcher, Shannon
- Abstract
The use of flipped learning as a pedagogical approach has increased in the 21st century. While there is an existing survey of literature regarding the development in American educational institutions--and fewer in an Asian context--there are some unique cultural considerations that may need to be examined regarding flipped learning's adoption and adaptation in Asia. This paper serves as a literature review focusing on several Asian nations with respect to three major considerations in comparison to the United States: geographical, educational, and cultural. After the comprehensive review, which comments on the number of relevant publications available per nation, this paper concludes that there is no significant barrier to the implementation of flipped learning in Asia beyond the existing considerations apparent in the United States (access, time, and institutional support). Additionally, the prevalence of flipped learning in Asia, and the purposes of various studies surveyed, indicate that cultural barriers, at least in this area, are becoming less notable or authoritative as national or historical distinctions are diminishing through Millennials' tendencies toward globalization.
- Published
- 2017
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12. An Overview of Management Education for Sustainability in Asia
- Author
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Wu, Yen-Chun Jim, Shen, Ju-Peng, and Kuo, Tsuang
- Abstract
Purpose: This paper aims to explore the holistic picture of sustainability curricula in Asian higher education. Design/methodology/approach: Content analysis was conducted based on Asian management education for sustainability in higher education. Online courses arrangement, teaching methods, instructors' educational background and cross-referencing data between triple bottom line and sustainability courses have been investigated. Findings: The paper provides empirical insights about the current state of sustainability education in Asia. The results show that there is an opportunity for interdisciplinary integration, as there are imbalanced sustainability courses offered by business, science and engineering schools. It also suggests that Asian universities should add an international connection and active promotion of sustainability education on their Web sites. Research limitations/implications: Findings are based on web-based sustainability-related courses. Future research could apply method of case study to do a deeper study. Practical implications: The paper provides an overview of Asian management education for sustainability and curricula analysis through our research, and that this will further assist in the development of interdisciplinary integration in Asian management education for sustainability. Originality/value: This paper is the first attempt to gain better understanding of sustainability-related courses offered in leading business/management colleges in Asia.
- Published
- 2015
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13. Librarians 2.0: Sowing Padi in (the) SEA
- Author
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Chew, Ivan
- Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to present an exploratory survey as part of a presentation for the Bridging Worlds 2008 conference. It seeks to understand how library institutions in the South East Asia (SEA) region have implemented Web 2.0 technologies--blogs, RSS feeds, wikis, or the use of services like Flickr, YouTube, de.lici.ous. Design/methodology/approach: Libraries surveyed were in: Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, People's Republic of China, Philippines, Singapore and Taiwan. The survey relied on references in published papers, internet searches and personal contacts. Findings: The survey found that more academic libraries than public libraries were using Web 2.0. technologies. Blogs and RSS feeds were the most common. Blogs were used mainly as web publishing tools rather than as a means to engage library users. Research limitations/implications: The survey is not comprehensive. The search relied mainly on English publications and keywords, while the native language of most countries surveyed was non-English. Future research could comprehensively cover each country, by the type of library or language. Practical implications: The paper contends that Web 2.0 does not rely on technology, but more on practice and participation. The emphasis should be on relationships rather than transactions. Suggestions are offered on how libraries can adopt a Library 2.0 mindset without focusing on technology. A call is made to establish an East Asian Librarians 2.0 directory. Originality/value: The paper offers a non-technological perspective to institutions and practising professionals who are reviewing their Web 2.0 implementation.
- Published
- 2009
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14. Sustainability Practices at Higher Education Institutions in Asia
- Author
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Leal Filho, Walter, Dinis, Maria Alzira Pimenta, Sivapalan, Subarna, Begum, Halima, Ng, Theam Foo, Al-Amin, Abul Quasem, Alam, Gazi Mahabubul, Sharifi, Ayyoob, Salvia, Amanda Lange, Kalsoom, Qudsia, Saroar, Mustafa, and Neiva, Samara
- Abstract
Purpose: It is still unclear how Asian universities incorporate the theory or practice of sustainable development (SD) in their research and education programmes. To address this gap, the purpose of this paper is to report on a study that has examined how universities in Asian countries handle and address matters related to SD. Design/methodology/approach: The study used a bibliometric analysis and an online survey-method. The online survey data were analysed through descriptive analysis and one-sample student's "t"-test. Findings: The study indicates that there is considerable variation among the Asian countries regarding sustainability practices in higher education institutions (HEIs). The HEIs in far eastern countries, such as Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand are perceived to demonstrate more sustainability practices. Research limitations/implications: Even though a substantial number of participants participated in the survey, it did not cover all Asian countries. The online survey was carried out over a limited period of time, and not all HEIs in the field may have received information about the study. Practical implications: Asia is the largest continent facing a number of sustainability challenges. In this context, the contribution of HEIs is very important. The findings of the current study may serve as a baseline for Asian HEIs to take more initiatives towards SD goals, as HEIs are responsible for the education and training of hundreds of thousands of students who will be occupying key positions in industry, government or education in the coming years. Originality/value: The study contributes to the existing literature in two distinct ways. First, it was possible to develop a comprehensive instrument to measure sustainability practices in HEIs. Second, this study has filled the gap of the scarcity of studies regarding sustainability practices in HEIs in Asia.
- Published
- 2022
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15. A Report to the Australian Development Assistance Bureau. Regional Symposium on Distance Teaching in Asia (Penang, Malaysia, May 1981).
- Author
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Office of Research in Librarianship, Wagga Wagga (Australia). and Reid-Smith, Edward R.
- Abstract
Reports and summaries of papers presented at the 1981 Regional Symposium on Distance Teaching in Asia are presented. The symposium, which was represented by 22 countries, was organized by the Universiti Sains (University of Science) Malaysia as part of the activities associated with the completion of 10 years of off-campus program facilities. The symposium was designed to promote information exchange among scholars involved in distance teaching, extension education, and external degree programs; to promote understanding of the problems involved in the teaching and learning process of self-learning programs; and to identify approaches to raise the effectiveness of distance teaching programs in the various countries. Reports on distance education in the following countries are presented: South Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Thailand, Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and Malaysia. Selected papers on the following topics are summarized: philosophy, goals, and objectives of distance educational systems; infrastructure, staff training, and educational technology; problems in distance education; research on distance education; and attainment of regional cooperation in Asia. Information on the University of Science Malaysia and the opening and closing sessions of the symposium are included. (Author/SW)
- Published
- 1981
16. Distance Education in Asia and the Pacific. Volume II. Proceedings of the Regional Seminar on Distance Education (Bangkok, Thailand, November 26-December 3, 1986).
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Asian Development Bank, Manila (Philippines).
- Abstract
The paper presented in this three-part conference report trace the growth and development of distance education in the Asian and Pacific region. Part 1 provides a general review. Part 2 contains the following case studies: "Distance Education in India" (S. P. Mullick); "Distance Education in Indonesia" (Professor Setijadi); "Distance Education in Pakistan" (Shaukat Ali Siddiqui); "Distance Education in the Republic of Korea" (Kwon Soonchan and Chandong Kim); and "Distance Education in Thailand" (Iam Chaya-Ngam). The following country papers are included in part 3: "Distance Education in Australia" (Vernon White); "Distance Education in Bangladesh" (K. M. Sirajul Islam); "Distance Education in Bhutan" (Zangley Dukpa); "Distance Education in Burma" (Kyaw Sein); "Distance Education in Fiji" (Hari Ram); "Distance Education in Hong Kong" (Michelangelo Pagliari and John Anthony Frost); "Distance Education in Japan" (Yoshiya Abe); "Distance Education in Malaysia" (G. Dhanarajan); "Distance Education in New Zealand" (Douglas Gunn and Peter McMechan); "Distance Education in Papua New Guinea" (John Paul and Howard Van Trease); "Distance Education in the Philippines" (Remigio Romulo); and "Distance Education in Sri Lanka" (D.A. Kotelawele). (MN)
- Published
- 1987
17. Asian Integration: An Economic Alliance.
- Author
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SETH, Aftab
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL economic integration ,INTERNATIONAL economic relations ,INTERNATIONAL trade ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
The article explores issues related to economic integration among countries in Asia. It relates the proposals of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) of Japan in its "Asian Economic and Environmental Community" (AEEC) paper. It discusses the ability of Japan in matters concerning conservation and sustainable lifestyles. It describes how Japan can share its technology yo help India in addressing its water supply shortage. India can lend its expertise in the use of information technology (IT) for ensuring the safety of electronic commerce.
- Published
- 2008
18. Equality of Opportunity and Treatment.
- Abstract
Aspects of women's employment and status, as well as equality of opportunity and wages, in various countries are examined. (SK)
- Published
- 1983
19. Exploring New Directions in Teacher Education. Experiments in the Preparation and Training of Teachers in Asia.
- Author
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United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Bangkok (Thailand). Regional Office for Education in Asia and Oceania. and Asian Centre of Educational Innovation for Development, Bangkok (Thailand).
- Abstract
The twenty case studies presented in these reports are examples of experiments in Asian nations which have been conducted as specific responses to local problems in teacher education. The materials, originally presented in a 1975 conference of the Asian Centre of Educational Innovation for Development, are organized into three basic subject areas: (1) linking teacher education to national development tasks; (2) linking teacher education to equalizing educational opportunities; and (3) institutional and professional development in teacher education. Participating authors presented studies from India, the Philippines, Thailand, Nepal, Iran, Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, and Japan. (MB)
- Published
- 1976
20. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (78th, Washington, DC, August 9-12, 1995). International Communications Division.
- Author
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Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication.
- Abstract
The International Communication section of the proceedings contains the following nine papers: "Mobile Satellite Communications--From Obscurity to Overkill" (Patricia T. Whalen); "Does Television Cultivate the Image of America in Japan?" (Shinichi Saito); "Linking International News to U.S. Interests: A Content Analysis" (Daniel Riffe); "Colonial Interventions and the Postcolonial Situation in India: The English Language, Mass Media, and the Articulation of Class" (Radhika E. Parameswaran); "Recent Developments in Freedom of Information in Great Britain: A Preliminary Appraisal of the Government's 'Code of Practice'" (Wallace B. Eberhard); "Insurgent Technology: The Political Ramifications of the Internet in Africa" (David N. Dixon); "Japan's Clouded Window: News on NHK and TBS Television, 1993" (Anne Cooper-Chen); "Media Imperialism Revisited: The Countercase of Asia" (Kalyani Chadha); and "Media and the Politics of Citizens' Press Movement in Korea, 1985-1993" (Yung-Ho Im). (RS)
- Published
- 1995
21. Can Asia lead? Power ambitions and global governance in the twenty-first century.
- Author
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ACHARYA, AMITAV
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations ,INTERNATIONAL cooperation ,PUBLIC goods ,IDEOLOGY - Abstract
Is the much hyped 'rise of Asia' translating into global public good? The leading Asian powers, China, India and Japan, demand a greater share of the decision-making and leadership of global institutions. Yet, they seem to have been more preoccupied with enhancing their national power and status than contributing to global governance, including the management of global challenges. This is partly explained by a realpolitik outlook and ideology, and the legacies of India's and China's historical identification with the 'Third World' bloc. Another key factor is the continuing regional legitimacy deficit of the Asian powers. This article suggests that the Asian powers should increase their participation in and contribution to regional cooperation as a stepping stone to a more meaningful contribution to global governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
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22. Japan, China, South Korea, and India: Why No Immunity from the Subprime Credit Crisis?
- Author
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Sharma, ShalendraD.
- Subjects
SUBPRIME loans ,SUBPRIME interest rate ,FINANCIAL crises ,ECONOMIC conditions in Asia, 1945- ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
When the subprime-induced financial crisis broke out in the U.S. housing sector in the summer of 2007 and mushroomed into a global financial crisis by September 2008, it was widely believed that the Asian economies, especially the 'big four'-Japan, China, South Korea, and India-would remain largely immune from the worst of the crisis. However, this assumption has proven to be false. All four countries have felt the negative impact of the financial contagion-albeit differently. Whereas China and India have been moderately impacted, Japan and South Korea have experienced heightened financial instability, sharp economic contraction, and a deep recession. What explains the big four's vulnerability to the crisis, and why have Japan and South Korea been affected more negatively than China and India? How have the four countries responded to the crisis, and what can they do to further insulate their economies from the vagaries of the global financial markets? In this article, the author addresses these interrelated issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
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23. The rise of Asian communication research: a citation study of SSCI journals.
- Author
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So, ClementY.K.
- Subjects
COMMUNICATIONS research ,COMMUNICATION education ,SCHOLARS ,PUBLIC relations ,CITATION analysis ,ASIAN authors - Abstract
This study addresses two research questions: whether interest in Asian communication has been growing over the past 20 years, and whether there is an increasing level of participation and growing contributions among Asian scholars in the field of communication. Using 23 communication journals in the SSCI database, we identify Asia-related journal article titles and count the number of authors of Asian origins. We find that both are clearly on the rise, especially in the fields of new media and public relations. China, Japan, and South Korea have the largest share of title references, followed by Israel, Taiwan, India, and Hong Kong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
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24. Volatility spillover effects amongsix Asian countries.
- Author
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Lee, Sang Jin
- Subjects
STOCK exchanges ,STOCKS (Finance) ,FINANCIAL markets - Abstract
This article examines the volatility spillover effects among six Asian country stock markets using bivariate vector autoregression-generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity [VAR(p)-GARCH(1,1)] model. The six Asian countries are India, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan, Singapore and Taiwan. This study found that there are statistically significant volatility spillover effects within the stock markets of these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Regionalization in East Asia.
- Author
-
Fouquin, Michel
- Subjects
HIGH technology industries ,HIGH technology services industries ,RESOURCE-based communities - Abstract
Institutional regionalization has come very late to East Asia compared with Europe, but its pace has dramatically increased since the mid-1990s. Many agreements, including bilateral ones such as those signed between Japan and Singapore, or pluri-lateral ones such as those between ASEAN countries, cover an ever increasing number of countries of the East Asian region, including Japan, India, and China. We first analyze Asian integration as a de facto, spontaneous, development of trade. Trade specialization in Asia has often been described as guided by the different levels of development of the countries participating in the regional integration. It constitutes a vertical division of labor between poor countries exporting natural resources and/or labor-intensive products to developed countries exporting machinery, sophisticated parts and components, and high-tech products. This trade structure is radically different from the European horizontal division of labor (exchange of different varieties of similar goods). Then we look at the micro-economic level how Japanese firms tend to integrate Asia into their international network, with Japanese partners being used as relays for Japanese export of semi-manufactured products. Last we present a simulation with the MIRAGE model of a scenario of general regionalization in which all the regions of the world develop preferential treatment for neighboring countries. These agreements are limited to industrial products with particular attention to the automotive sector. The main results are that Asia is the main winner in such a scenario, and within Asia it is Japan and Korea that will be the main winners. In fact, because developing Asia is one of the most protected regions of the world, the impact of liberalization is also the highest. Second, Japan and Korea are best placed to profit from these regional agreements, because other developed countries are excluded from the market of developing Asia. They also have superiority in manufacturing goods whereas countries like China might have problems upscaling their industrial production. Nevertheless our model did not take into account the voluntary pace of development chosen by China and that she will use her powerful state system to avoid being locked into low-tech, low-value-added products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. THE 21st CENTURY AS WHOSE CENTURY?
- Author
-
Scott, David
- Subjects
TWENTY-first century ,ECONOMIC development - Abstract
Macro-analysis and East-West encounter are shown through consideration of objective yet subjective constructed concepts for the international system and international economy in the 21st century. Three paradigms are considered, namely the 21st century as the 'Pacific Century', as 'China's Century' and as the 'Asian Century'. Overlaps are shown between these three paradigms, as also developments in time, and gradually shift in geographical location. The 'Pacific Century', and its associated Rimspeak, was the paradigm emerging in the late 1970s, knitting together America's West Coast and the Japanese economy. By the late 1980s this was already shifting to talk of the 21st century likely to be an 'Asian Century' model, mark-1, based on the Pacific Asia dynamism shown by the 'Asian Tigers' and Japan. However, the Asian financial crash of 1997-8, and the economic downturn in Japan, meant that such an 'Asian Century' seemed premature as the 21st century arrived. Instead, it was China's economic growth that seemed most evident, and with it the concept of the 21st century as 'China's Century'. However, in turn that has already been modified during the first decade of the century by India's arrival as a rapidly growing economy. Consequently the 21st century as 'China's Century' and as 'India's Century' has been combined into talk of an 'Asian Century', mark-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Public Relations in Three Asian Cultures: An Analysis.
- Author
-
Sriramesh, K., Kim, Yungwook, and Takasaki, Mioko
- Subjects
INDUSTRIAL publicity ,PUBLIC relations ,CULTURAL relativism ,MASS media & culture ,CULTURE - Abstract
The article presents an analysis of public relations in three dominant Asian cultures namely India, Japan and South Korea. In analyzing the public relations the authors described two types of metaresearch, arguing that "every communication researcher must do meta-research even though none of them is given any formal training in how to do it." Next, the authors review the literature in these three areas pertinent to this study. First, because they use the concept of culture and report on its impact on public relations in the three countries studied here, they review literature in the area of societal and corporate culture. Then, because they have used J. E. Grunig's models of public relations as the theoretical foundation for evaluating how public relations is practiced in the three countries, they briefly review literature on this widely written topic. Having identified the factors that cause the cultures of a society, it is important to understand how societal culture is manifested.
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. The Emergence of For-Profit E-Learning Providers in Asia
- Author
-
Jung, Insung
- Abstract
In recent years, local and global for-profit e-learning providers have expanded in Asia. A combination of factors has encouraged such development: The accelerating roll-out of technology, the availability of sophisticated learning management systems, and the high growth rates of Internet usage by the 510 million or so Asians who now represent 39% of the world's users (Internet usage in Asia, 2007) is leading to the belief that there is a huge un- or under-exploited market for e-learning. The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), a treaty of the World Trade Organization (WTO) that entered into force in 1995, has created increasing pressure for augmented efforts in opening up the existing education market (Jung, 2005a). Many Asian governments are eager to introduce market principles, constrain expenditures, widen access to higher education and professional development, and improve quality via competition. It is recognized that for-profit providers may better meet rapidly changing educational needs. This paper examines the emergence of new for-profit e-learning providers in Asia. (Contains 28 endnotes.)
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Affiliate Forum: Globalization of College Campuses--Enriching Our Lives
- Author
-
Marino, Judi
- Abstract
According to the Open Doors report from the Institute of International Education, more than a half million international students are currently studying in the United States. Over half of the international students are from Asia, both the subcontinent (India is the leading sending nation of students) and the Far East (China, Korea, and Japan leading in numbers sent). Following Asia, 13% of our international students are from Europe, 12% from Latin America, 6% from Africa, 6% from the Middle East, and 1 % from Oceania. Open Doors reports that international students contribute over $13 billion to the U.S. economy. The author believes that the contributions of these students are much more far-reaching than monetary, however. The author stresses that Americans are blessed to have their lives enriched by other cultures and their minds broadened by insightful students. People might have stories about compelling, perspective-changing experiences by or with international students. In this article, the author shares a few of the students that enrich the author's life every day.
- Published
- 2007
30. Asian Bond Markets Poised to Expand Their Role in 2009.
- Author
-
Wright, Chris
- Subjects
BOND market ,CAPITAL market ,FINANCIAL markets - Abstract
The article reports on the performance of the bond markets in Asia. Sean Henderson, head of debt syndicate for Asia Pacific at HSBC, says the stability of the local currency markets, which grew marginally in 2008 made them even more important in 2009. According to the article, the Indian rupee bond market is coming into its own in the wake of destructions in world markets. It adds that the Japanese market is one of the first pockets of the bond market which is expected to reopen in 2009.
- Published
- 2009
31. From Dependence to Autonomy. The Development of Asian Universities.
- Author
-
Altbach, Philip G., Selvaratnam, Viswanathan, Altbach, Philip G., and Selvaratnam, Viswanathan
- Abstract
A collection of works on the development of Asian universities is presented, focusing on an aspect of higher education not previously analyzed: the contemporary impact of Western academic systems in Asia. Eleven papers fall into three sections following the introduction, "Twisted Roots: The Western Impact on Asian Higher Education," (P. Altabach). The sections are: (1) The Non-Colonial Experience: "China's Universities and Western Academic Models" (R. Hayhoe); "Looking West and East: Thailand's Academic Development" (K. Watson); and "Independence and Choice: Western Impacts on Japanese Higher Education" (S. Nakayama); (2) The European Colonial Tradition: "The Western Impact on Philippine Higher Education" (A. Gonzalez); "The Origin of Modern Indonesian Higher Education" (W. Cummings and S. Kasenda); "Indian Higher Education: Colonialism and Beyond" (A. Basu); "Change Amidst Continuity: University Development in Malaysia" (V. Selvaratnam); and "University Education in Singapore: The Making of a National University" (S. Gopinathan); and (3) The Japanese Colonial Impact: "The Emergence of the Modern University in Korea" (S. Lee); and The Development of Higher Education in Taiwan" (W. Wu, S. Chen, and C. Wu). (SM)
- Published
- 1989
32. Working Conditions.
- Abstract
This series of articles cites a variety of sources and synthesizes a number of studies on the working conditions and the welfare of workers from several countries. (SSH)
- Published
- 1983
33. Teaching about Asia at the Secondary Level. Report of the Fifteenth Yale Conference on the Teaching of Social Studies.
- Author
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Yale Univ., New Haven, CT. and Bartlett, Beatrice S.
- Abstract
This conference booklet seeks to assist high school teachers who teach about Asia. Emphasis is upon providing a bibliography, with course outlines and background materials also offered. Four hundred annotated citations focusing on book, periodical, and other resource materials, published within the last decade, are provided for teachers working with advanced and able students who desire to investigate topics in depth. The bibliography is arranged into six main sections: China, India, Japan, Southeast Asia, general, and publishers addresses. In an effort to promote cultural understandings, three course outlines on China and two on India offer examples of differing teaching approaches for secondary grade levels. Four papers provide background readings on several ways of generalizing about Chinese culture and society, land settlement, Chinese ethnocentrism, and the politics of imperial China; the classical music of India; the search for relevance in Japanese history; and nationalism and communism in Southeast Asia. (SJM)
- Published
- 1969
34. Japan: HIV/AIDS Epidemic Galloping Ahead.
- Subjects
AIDS ,EPIDEMICS ,CONFERENCES & conventions - Abstract
To date, over 17 million people, are infected with HIV/AIDS from 14 million in 1993. And the scenario is expected to worsen, particularly in Asia where the epidemic is growing at an alarming rate. For example, estimated infections in Thailand have risen ten fold since early 1990. In India, they have tripled since 1992. "Fear, indifference and denial are the main enemies to prevention," said WHO Director-General Hiroshima Nakajima at the opening of the 10th International Conference on AIDS which gathered over 11,000 people from 128 countries in Yokohama, Japan.
- Published
- 1994
35. Is the fertility of Asian and Pacific Islander Americans converging to the U.S. norm?
- Author
-
Retherford RD and Levin MJ
- Subjects
- Americas, Asia, Asia, Southeastern, China, Culture, Demography, Developed Countries, Developing Countries, Economics, Asia, Eastern, Guam, Hawaii, India, Japan, Korea, Micronesia, North America, Pacific Islands, Philippines, Polynesia, Population, Population Characteristics, Population Dynamics, Samoa, United States, Vietnam, Emigration and Immigration, Ethnicity, Fertility, Socioeconomic Factors, Transients and Migrants
- Published
- 1989
36. Policy guidelines for collective bargaining and family planning.
- Author
-
Finnigan OD 3rd and Parulan D
- Subjects
- Asia, Asia, Southeastern, Economics, Asia, Eastern, Health Planning, India, Japan, Motivation, Family Planning Services, Socioeconomic Factors
- Published
- 1973
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. The changing PM2.5 dynamics of global megacities based on long-term remotely sensed observations.
- Author
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Zhang L, Wilson JP, MacDonald B, Zhang W, and Yu T
- Subjects
- Asia, China, Cities, Environmental Monitoring, Europe, Humans, India, Japan, New York, Particulate Matter analysis, Air Pollutants analysis, Air Pollution analysis
- Abstract
Satellite observations show that the rapid urbanization and emergence of megacities with 10 million or more residents have raised PM2.5 concentrations across the globe during the past few decades. This study examines PM2.5 dynamics for the 33 cities included on the UN list of megacities published in 2018. These megacities were classified into densely (>1500 residents per km
2 ), moderately (300-1500 residents per km2 ) and sparsely (<300 residents per km2 ) populated areas to examine the effect of human population density on PM2.5 concentrations in these areas during the period 1998-2016. We found that: (1) the higher population density areas experienced higher PM2.5 concentrations; and (2) the megacities with high PM2.5 concentrations in these areas had higher concentrations than those in the moderately and sparsely populated areas of other megacities as well. The numbers of residents experiencing poor air quality is substantial: approximately 452 and 163 million experienced average annual PM2.5 levels exceeding 10 and 35 μg/m3 , respectively in 2016. We also examined PM2.5 trends during the past 18 years and predict that high PM2.5 levels will likely continue in many of these megacities in the future without substantial changes in their economies and/or pollution abatement practices. There will be more megacities in the highest PM2.5 pollution class and the number of megacities in the lowest PM2.5 pollution class will likely not change. Finally, we analyzed how the PM2.5 pollution burden varies geographically and ranked the 33 megacities in terms of PM2.5 pollution in 2016. The most polluted regions are China, India, and South Asia and the least polluted regions are Europe and Japan. None of the 33 megacities currently fall in the WHO's PM2.5 attainment class (<10 μg/m3 ) while 9 megacities fall into the PM2.5 non-attainment class (>35 μg/m3 ). In 2016, the least polluted megacity was New York and most polluted megacity was Delhi whose average annual PM2.5 concentration of 110 μg/m3 is nearly three times the WHO's non-attainment threshold., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. A review of aerosol chemistry in Asia: insights from aerosol mass spectrometer measurements.
- Author
-
Zhou W, Xu W, Kim H, Zhang Q, Fu P, Worsnop DR, and Sun Y
- Subjects
- Aerosols, Asia, China, Environmental Monitoring, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, Air Pollutants, Particulate Matter
- Abstract
Anthropogenic emissions in Asia have significantly increased during the last two decades; as a result, the induced air pollution and its influences on radiative forcing and public health are becoming increasingly prominent. The Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) has been widely deployed in Asia for real-time characterization of aerosol chemistry. In this paper, we review the AMS measurements in Asia, mainly in China, Korea, Japan, and India since 2001 and summarize the key results and findings. The mass concentrations of non-refractory submicron aerosol species (NR-PM
1 ) showed large spatial distributions with high mass loadings occurring in India and north and northwest China (60.2-81.3 μg m-3 ), whereas much lower values were observed in Korea, Japan, Singapore and regional background sites (7.5-15.1 μg m-3 ). Aerosol composition varied largely in different regions, but was overall dominated by organic aerosols (OA, 32-75%), especially in south and southeast Asia due to the impact of biomass burning. While sulfate and nitrate showed comparable contributions in urban and suburban regions in north China, sulfate dominated inorganic aerosols in south China, Japan and regional background sites. Positive matrix factorization analysis identified multiple OA factors from different sources and processes in different atmospheric environments, e.g., biomass burning OA in south and southeast Asia and agricultural seasons in China, cooking OA in urban areas, and coal combustion in north China. However, secondary OA (SOA) was a ubiquitous and dominant aerosol component in all regions, accounting for 43-78% of OA. The formation of different SOA subtypes associated with photochemical production or aqueous-phase/fog processing was widely investigated. The roles of primary emissions, secondary production, regional transport, and meteorology on severe haze episodes, and different chemical responses of primary and secondary aerosol species to source emission changes and meteorology were also demonstrated. Finally, future prospects of AMS studies on long-term and aircraft measurements, water-soluble OA, the link of OA volatility, oxidation levels, and phase state were discussed.- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. A systematic review of LDLR, PCSK9, and APOB variants in Asia.
- Author
-
Mahdieh N, Heshmatzad K, and Rabbani B
- Subjects
- Asia epidemiology, China, DNA Mutational Analysis, Humans, India, Iran, Japan, Mutation, Phenotype, Taiwan, Apolipoprotein B-100 genetics, Proprotein Convertase 9 genetics, Receptors, LDL genetics
- Abstract
Background and Aims: Genetic identification is a public health care concern for management of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) associated cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This study presents the spectrum and distribution of LDLR, APOB, PCSK9 gene mutations in Asia., Methods: Databases were searched for English papers from 1950 to 2019. The spectrum of the variants was investigated in 8994 FH families in 48 Asian countries. We determined the frequency of variants, zygosity, and clinical features., Results: Twenty countries have studied LDLR variants. A total of 629 mutations were reported and twenty variants were accounted as common variants in different populations. China, Japan, India and Taiwan constituted 68% of published articles. The most frequent mutation was reported in Japan but was not common in other countries. Other missense variants accounted for 50% of the mutations, frameshifts 19%, and nonsense 11%. The pooled frequency of variation was estimated in 1867 individuals. Approximately 67% of Iranian families were homozygous.,The common variant was p.Ser130Ter. p.Arg3527Trp in APOB was common among 184 heterozygous patients; the common variant of PCSK9 was p.Glu32Lys., Conclusions: This is the first systematic review of LDLR, APOB, PCSK9 mutations in FH patients in Asia. These findings underscore the need to fill in the gap of studies on different populations in Asia. It also underlies the importance of early detection and management to decrease atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk in different ethnicities., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declared they do not have anything to disclose regarding conflict of interest with respect to this manuscript., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Water consumption assessment in Asian chemical industries supply chains based on input-output analysis and one-way analysis of variance.
- Author
-
Shafiei M, Moosavirad SH, Azimifard A, and Biglari S
- Subjects
- Analysis of Variance, Asia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Water Supply, Chemical Industry, Drinking
- Abstract
Chemical sector contributes extensively to the economic development of countries, however, it is one of the main water-consuming industries. Considering that the corporate water accounting along complete SCs can help companies in improving their sustainable water managements along their value chains, this paper aims to study the water consumption in the entire supply chain of the chemical industry from a multi-regional input-output perspective. In this regard, six Asian countries including Indonesia, Taiwan, China, Japan, South Korea and India are selected to be studied based upon the availability of their data. In the following, the direct water consumed by themselves and the indirect water used by their suppliers are measured for each country using input-output analysis method. Moreover, to draw on the conclusions of selected Asian countries, the amount of consumed water in their supply chains is compared with each other using one-way analysis of variance method. The results from input-output analysis show that the indirect water consumption in the chemical SCs of Indonesia, China, India and South Korea are 20.66, 4.62, 1.37 and 1.08 times greater than their direct water use, while the indirect water consumption for Japan and Taiwan are 0.73 and 0.13 times less than their direct values. The final results from one-way analysis of variance indicate that direct and indirect amount of water consumptions in the chemical supply chains of the selected countries do not follow the same trend over 15 years. However, India and China are the top two countries in terms of both direct and indirect amounts of water consumption due to their higher population. This study presents valuable information for authorities and policymakers in terms of proper water consumption management in chemical industry and other industrial sectors. In this matter, technology-based or production-related actions are beneficiary for affecting direct water use, while consumption-based or end-use actions are more appropriate for affecting indirect water consumption.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Review: Dupuytren's disease in Asia and the migration theory of Dupuytren's disease.
- Author
-
Slattery D
- Subjects
- Adult, Age Distribution, Age of Onset, Asia epidemiology, China epidemiology, Female, Humans, Incidence, India epidemiology, Japan epidemiology, Male, Middle Aged, Sex Distribution, Dupuytren Contracture diagnosis, Dupuytren Contracture epidemiology, Emigration and Immigration
- Abstract
Background: The presentation of a Chinese patient with unilateral Dupuytren's disease (DD) prompted a literature search and a review of the epidemiology of DD in the Asian population as it has never been cumulatively reported. The purpose of this paper is to review all the reported cases of DD in the literature and aetiological links to DD elsewhere., Methods: The literature was searched with a wide variety of terms, and subsequent references were analysed and further references investigated for other reported cases of DD in the Asian population., Results: This review found 595 cases and has shown that DD is present to a variable extent in China (96 cases), Thailand (19 cases), Vietnam (one case), India (15 cases) and Japan (474 cases). A total of 54% had bilateral disease. Risk factors (diabetes, trauma, epilepsy, alcoholism, manual labour) were reportedly present in 65% of the patients, and a positive family history was reported in 9%. The average patient age was 67 years., Conclusion: This review shows that there is a low but significant incidence of DD across Asia, which supports the hypothesis of a widespread genetic susceptibility to the disease. Therefore, the prevalence of DD in this community is not likely due to sporadic genetic mutation as previously presumed but rather individual genetic susceptibility and that risk factors play a major role in the expression of DD in this population.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Asian models of excellence in psychiatric care and rehabilitation.
- Author
-
Akiyama T, Chandra N, Chen CN, Ganesan M, Koyama A, Kua EE, Lee MS, Lin CY, Ng C, Setoya Y, Takeshima T, and Zou Y
- Subjects
- Asia, Community Mental Health Services organization & administration, Humans, India, Japan, Mental Disorders rehabilitation, Models, Psychological, Psychiatry statistics & numerical data, Psychotic Disorders rehabilitation, Rehabilitation, Vocational statistics & numerical data, Rural Health Services organization & administration, Mental Disorders therapy, Psychotic Disorders therapy
- Abstract
In Asia, like other regions, the circumstances for psychiatric care and rehabilitation impose various limitations on us. However, committed professionals have been creating innovative models of excellence, which are culturally appropriate and clinically effective. In this paper, seven innovative models of psychiatric care and rehabilitation are presented. The Nitte project in India provides a comprehensive free rural psychiatric service, while transforming the 'brain drain' problem to 'brain circulation' cooperation. Through Social Enterprises in Hong Kong recovered clients are trained and employed. Senior Peer Counselling in Singapore emphasizes the relief of emotional distress by psychological methods and the primacy of communication in the healing or therapeutic relationship. Seoul Mental Health 2020, an epoch-making project in Korea, has increased the coverage rate of community mental health centres remarkably. Yuli Psychiatric Rehabilitation Model in Taiwan helps long-term inpatients to get reintegrated into the community. In Japan, models of excellence for community-based psychiatry have been developed at local government, hospital and community/NGO levels. Chinese Psychiatry Online, an excellent website, provides public education, resource searching, self-testing and consultation services for the public along with various contents for professionals. We must disseminate information about models of excellence which provide great benefit to the people who suffer from psychiatric illness without high expenses.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. The distribution of urban population and income: explorations using six Asian cases.
- Author
-
Chakravorty S
- Subjects
- Asia, Asia, Southeastern, China, Demography, Developed Countries, Developing Countries, Asia, Eastern, India, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Population, Population Dynamics, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Economics, Geography, Income, Population Density, Socioeconomic Factors, Time Factors, Urban Population, Urbanization
- Abstract
"Urban concentration (or primacy) and inequality (in size distribution of income) are expected to follow bell shaped curves through the development process. Spatial convergence (through investments in transportation etc.) is expected to precede income convergence. Using longitudinal data from six Asian countries (Japan, Taiwan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and India) this paper shows that (i) the bell shapes for urban concentration and income inequality generally hold, and (ii) the temporal relationship between the curve peaks is determined by geographical factors (for urban concentration); income inequality is seen to be more policy amenable.", (excerpt)
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Some models for patterns of urbanization, migration and development.
- Author
-
Yadava KN, Kushwaha SN, and Yadava GS
- Subjects
- Age Factors, Asia, Demography, Developed Countries, Developing Countries, Emigration and Immigration, Asia, Eastern, Geography, India, Japan, Population, Population Characteristics, Urban Population, Age Distribution, Economics, Population Dynamics, Urbanization
- Abstract
"This paper aims to study the pattern of urbanization and the evolution of [the] relationship between rural-urban migration and the degree of economic development taking Gross National Product...into consideration. Intercensal age-specific rural net out-migration rates are also estimated from [tabulations] of the proportion of rural population of India by age through a recently developed procedure based on generalized stable population by Stupp (1989). A comparative study is also made between [the] survival column of India with a developed nation like Japan.", (excerpt)
- Published
- 1992
45. Political economy of population growth.
- Author
-
Mehta S and Mehta HS
- Subjects
- Asia, China, Demography, Developed Countries, Developing Countries, Asia, Eastern, Fertility, India, Japan, Population, Research, Social Sciences, Birth Rate, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Economics, Politics, Population Dynamics, Population Growth, Public Policy, Social Planning, Socioeconomic Factors
- Abstract
Tracing the origin of political economy as a class-science, this paper focuses on the political economy of population growth. Exposing the limitations of Malthusian ideas and their invalidity even for the capitalist economies, it discusses the subsequent revival of the Malthusian model during the period of de-colonization and the misinterpretation of the relationship between population growth and development in the developing and developed countries. Taking India, China, and Japan as some case studies, the paper examines the relationship between birth rate levels and some correlates. It elaborates on the Indian experience, emphasizing the association of population growth with poverty and unemployment and lays bare some of the hidden causes of these phenomena. The authors examine some interstate variations in India and identify constraints and prospects of the existing population policy. The paper proposes outlines of a democratic population policy as an integral part of India's development strategy which should recognize human beings not simply as consumers but also as producers of material values. It pleads for 1) restructuring of property relations; 2) bringing down the mortality rates and raising of the literacy levels, especially among females; and 3) improving nutritional levels, as prerequisites for bringing down birth rates.
- Published
- 1987
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