14 results
Search Results
2. Differences in Breast Cancer Presentation at Time of Diagnosis for Black and White Women in High Resource Settings.
- Author
-
Osei-Twum, Jo-Ann, Gedleh, Sahra, Lofters, Aisha, and Nnorom, Onye
- Subjects
- *
CINAHL database , *MEDICAL information storage & retrieval systems , *BLACK people , *SYSTEMATIC reviews , *EARLY detection of cancer , *DEMOGRAPHY , *WHITE people , *MEDLINE , *BREAST tumors , *WOMEN'S health - Abstract
This paper provides a narrative review of the existing literature on differences in demographic and biological features of breast cancer at time of diagnosis between Black and White women in Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States. Electronic database searches for published peer-reviewed articles on this topic were conducted, and 78 articles were included in the final narrative review. Differences between Black and White women were compared for eight categories including age, tumour stage, size, grade, lymph node involvement, and hormone status. Black women were significantly more likely to present with less favourable tumour features at the time of diagnosis than White women. Significant differences were reported in age at diagnosis, tumour stage, size, grade and hormone status, particularly triple negative breast cancer. Limitations on the generalizability of the review findings are discussed, as well as the implications of these findings on future research, especially within the Canadian context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. How assessment websites of academic libraries convey information and show value.
- Author
-
Clunie, Simone and Parrish, Darlene Ann
- Subjects
- *
ACADEMIC libraries , *CONSUMER attitudes , *CREATIVE ability , *NEEDS assessment , *QUALITY assurance , *SECURITY systems , *WORLD Wide Web , *INTRANETS (Computer networks) , *ACCESSIBLE design of public spaces - Abstract
Purpose As libraries are required to become more accountable and demonstrate that they are meeting performance metrics, an assessment website can be a means for providing data for evidence-based decision making and an important indicator of how a library interacts with its constituents. The purpose of this paper is to share the results of a review of websites of academic libraries from four countries, including the UK, Canada, Australia and the USA.Design/methodology/approach The academic library websites included in the sample were selected from the Canadian Association of Research Libraries, Research Libraries of the United Kingdom, Council of Australian University Libraries, Historically Black College & Universities Library Alliance, Association of Research Libraries and American Indian Higher Education Consortium. The websites were evaluated according to the absence or presence of nine predetermined characteristics related to assessment.Findings It was discovered that “one size does not fit all” and found several innovative ways institutions are listening to their constituents and making improvements to help users succeed in their academic studies, research and creative endeavors.Research limitations/implications Only a sample of academic libraries from each of the four countries were analyzed. Additionally, some of the academic libraries were using password protected intranets unavailable for public access. The influences of institutional history and country-specific practices also became compelling factors during the analysis.Originality/value This paper seeks to broaden the factors for what is thought of as academic library assessment with the addition of qualitative and contextual considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. The Diffusion of Failure: Targeted Employment Policies in the U.S. and the U.K.
- Author
-
Johnson, Kimberley
- Subjects
- *
WELFARE state , *EMPLOYMENT tax credit , *EMPLOYMENT policy , *TAXATION - Abstract
Restructuring the Welfare State: Tax Expenditures, Welfare Reform, and Employment Policy in the US and UKThis paper explores the similarities as well as difference in one aspect of the USA's and the UK's welfare reform effort: the use of employment tax credits. In the case of the USA, this is the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and the Welfare to Work Tax Credits (WOTC/WtW). In the case of the UK, this is the Working Family Tax Credit (WFTC). The first section of this paper traces the common elements of the political context from which this policy choice emerged. The second section traces the key differences between the countries in terms of implementation and outcomes. The final section of the paper assesses the degree to which preexisting institutional and organizational commitments and structures shapes the both the adoption as well as the outcomes of new ideas and policy tools. This analysis offers the chance to explore how not only welfare reform, but also the politics of welfare state transformation played out in different political and institutional settings and thus offers greater levergae into debates over the transformation of the welfare state. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
5. Poachers Turned Gamekeepers: British and American Legislators with Previous Professional Lobbying Experience.
- Author
-
McGrath, Conor and Thomas, Clive S.
- Subjects
- *
LOBBYING , *LOBBYISTS , *LEGISLATORS , *STATESMEN - Abstract
Considerable attention has been paid to former legislators who have moved on to lobbying jobs. This paper looks at the reverse situation - professional lobbyists who then became legislators, in both the United States and the United Kingdom. One of the oddities of this phenomenon is that while the majority of the relevant literature is from America, there is actually a higher proportion of lobbyists-turned-legislators in the UK. We report here on the results of a pilot study which we undertook, the results of which have encouraged us to complete a fuller study which is currently ongoing. The paper considers the lobbying, electoral and legislative phases of our respondents' careers. It has become clear from the pilot study that the US and UK respondents will need to be surveyed in different ways, but nonetheless the responses which were obtained throw some light on a relatively unusual group of public officials. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
6. Progress on Freedom of Religion or Belief?: An Analysis of European and North American Government and Parliamentary Initiatives.
- Author
-
Toft, Monica Duffy and Christian Green, M.
- Subjects
- *
FREEDOM of religion , *HUMAN rights , *LEGISLATIVE bodies - Abstract
Threats to and violations of freedom of religion or belief (FoRB) have been increasing around the world for the last two decades. This has prompted governments to implement initiatives to promote FoRB and to condemn violations. Drawing on data and findings of the Commonwealth Initiative for Freedom of Religion or Belief (CIFoRB), this article presents an analysis of recent legislative, parliamentary, and executive branch initiatives in the U.S., Canada, U.K., and Norway to prioritize FoRB, for the lessons they afford on effective policy action. After an overview of these states' initiatives, this paper concludes with an assessment of their success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Market managers and market moderators: Early childhood education and care provision, finance and regulation in the United Kingdom and United States.
- Author
-
McLean, Caitlin
- Subjects
- *
CHILD welfare , *TAXATION , *FAMILIES , *NONPROFIT organizations , *GOVERNMENT policy , *GOVERNMENT programs , *GOVERNMENT regulation , *ADULT day care - Abstract
Market-based approaches to service provision are heterogeneous. The point is often lost in comparative welfare state research due to the dominance of the welfare regime approach, which emphasizes the prevailing locus of provision (state, market or family) over other dimensions of a mixed economy: finance and regulation. Comparing the cases of the British and American approaches to early childhood education and care, this paper argues that these broadly similar ‘liberal’ welfare regimes exhibit qualitatively different approaches to market-based service provision – market manager (UK) versus market moderator (US) – through the state’s role as financier and regulator. Evidence is drawn from a variety of primary and secondary sources, including prior academic studies, national policy documents, and national and international statistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. What's in a Name? Social welfare agencies' engagement with government beyond 'religious', 'faith-based' and 'secular' terminology.
- Author
-
Hynd, Douglas
- Subjects
- *
SOCIAL services , *NONPROFIT organizations , *HUMAN services - Abstract
Government contracting with not-for-profit agencies, particularly those characterised as 'religious' and 'faith-based', to deliver social welfare has been the subject of substantial research in the United States and the United Kingdom in recent years. In contrast, attention to the role of 'religious' and 'faith-based' agencies in service delivery in Australia has been relatively limited. This paper explores conceptual issues relating to research into the impact on 'church-related' not-for-profit social welfare agencies in Australia of engagement in government contracting. It commences with a critical analysis of typologies in recent US and UK literature that use the terminology 'religious', 'faith-based' and 'secular', and identifies why this terminology is not analytically helpful. An alternative conceptual approach is developed, to guide research into the engagement of these agencies with government focusing on issues of governance, identity and mission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
9. THE JOURNALISM “CRISIS”.
- Author
-
Young, Sally
- Subjects
- *
AUSTRALIAN newspapers , *JOURNALISM , *OWNERSHIP of mass media , *BUSINESS models , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
Australia is facing many of the same trends in journalism that are occurring in other countries with mature media industries including declining numbers of journalists, fragmenting audiences, a loss of advertising revenue for media organisations and other challenges to their traditional business models including shifting patterns of news consumption, new competitors for old media and new technologies that demand more time from audiences. However, Australia is also in a unique position. It has a small population and unusually concentrated media ownership; recent newspaper circulation declines have not been as large as in the United States or United Kingdom; and Australia's major media organisations have “colonised the Web” to a larger degree than in many other countries. This has led to suggestions that Australian journalism will be immune from many of the most damaging international trends. Yet other evidence suggests Australia is already in the midst of an economic and professional crisis in newspaper journalism and that this is even more advanced than in other countries such as the United States and United Kingdom. This paper tests these competing propositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. The migration of nurses: trends and policies.
- Author
-
Buchan, James and Sochalski, Julie
- Subjects
- *
INTERNAL migration , *EMIGRATION & immigration , *NURSES , *EMPLOYMENT in foreign countries , *LABOR supply - Abstract
This paper examines the policy context of the rise in the international mobility and migration of nurses. It describes the profile of the migration of nurses and the policy context governing the international recruitment of nurses to five countries: Australia, Ireland, Norway, the United Kingdom, and the United States. We also examine the policy challenges for workforce planning and the design of health systems infrastructure. Data are derived from registries of professional nurses, censuses, interviews with key informants, case studies in source and destination countries, focus groups, and empirical modelling to examine the patterns and implications of the movement of nurses across borders. The flow of nurses to these destination countries has risen, in some cases quite substantially. Recruitment from lower-middle income countries and low-income countries, as defined by The World Bank, dominate trends in nurse migration to the United Kingdom, Ireland, and the United States, while Norway and Australia, primarily register nurses from other high-income countries. Inadequate data systems in many countries prevent effective monitoring of these workforce flows. Policy options to manage nurse migration include: improving working conditions in both source and destination countries, instituting multilateral agreements to manage the flow more effectively, and developing compensation arrangements between source and destination countries. Recommendations for enhancements to workforce data systems are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
11. Issue Framing and the Domestic Salience of International Environmental Norms: Climate Policy in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany.
- Author
-
Cass, Loren
- Subjects
- *
CLIMATE change , *CLIMATOLOGY , *GLOBAL temperature changes , *GOVERNMENT policy - Abstract
This paper is a draft of a chapter that will be included in the forthcoming edited volume entitled, "The Social Construction of Climate Change." The chapters in the volume present a number of potentially fruitful avenues for analyzing the "social construction of climate change." This paper focuses on the early framing of climate change as a political problem at the international level and the associated normative debates that emerged related to how states should respond to the threat. It then evaluates how the international framing of the problem and the normative debates were translated into the domestic political processes of Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The early domestic framing of the problem had profound effects on the political debates in all three countries and played a major role in shaping the degree to which emergent international norms were translated into the domestic policy debates. The paper seeks to explain how and why the political framing of climate change evolved at the international and domestic political levels and explores the consequences of these changes for climate policy in the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
12. An analysis of qualitative and mixed methods abstracts from Japanese, UK and US primary care conferences.
- Author
-
Kaneko, Makoto, Aoki, Takuya, Ohta, Ryuichi, Inoue, Machiko, and Modi, Rakesh N.
- Subjects
- *
CONFERENCES & conventions , *GROUNDED theory , *MEDICAL research , *GENERAL practitioners , *PRIMARY health care , *QUALITATIVE research , *THEMATIC analysis , *CROSS-sectional method - Abstract
Background: As research in family medicine covers varied topics, multiple methodologies such as qualitative research (QR) and mixed methods research (MMR) are crucial. However, we do not know about the difference in the proportion of QR or MMR between Japan, the UK and the US. This knowledge is needed to shape future research within countries with developing primary care such as Japan and other Asian countries. This study aims to describe the use of QR and MMR in Japanese primary care and compare this to the UK and US; then to make informed recommendations for primary care research. Methods: A repeated cross-sectional study (2012–2016) based on the abstracts submitted to the annual conferences of the Japanese Primary Care Association in Japan, the Royal College of General Practitioners in the UK, and the North American Primary Care Research Group in the US and other North American countries. The proportions of QR/MMR among all the posters and paper presentations for each of these three conferences were assessed. Also examined were trends and types of qualitative techniques for all three countries and participants/settings for Japan. Results: There were 1080 abstracts for Japan, 575 for UK and 3614 for US conferences. QR/MMR proportions were 7.5%, 15.1% and 28.1%, respectively. Japan's proportion was lower than that of UK and US (p < 0.001). The proportion was increasing over time for the UK (p = 0.02). Steps for coding and analyses was most popular for Japan, thematic analysis for the UK and grounded theory for the US. Primary care doctors and hospitals were the commonest contexts for Japan. Conclusions: QR and MMR were not as popular in primary care in Japan compared to the UK and the US, whereas their use was increasing in the UK. Approaches, participants and settings may differ among these countries. Education and promotion of QR/MMR and multi-disciplinary collaborations need to be recommended in Japan with developing primary care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. The Political Economy of High-Skilled Immigration Policies.
- Author
-
Cerna, Lucie
- Subjects
- *
IMMIGRATION law , *SKILLED labor , *CAPITAL , *PROFESSIONAL associations , *LOBBYING - Abstract
The article focuses on the study describing the high-skilled immigration (HSI) policies of Great Britain and the U.S. It cites the differences in their policies that are caused by varying coalitions between sectors of high-skilled labor, low-skilled labor, and capital. The study shows that Great Britain is fairly open towards HSI which is described by an organized capital, and the U.S. has become more restrictive due to increased lobbying efforts of professional associations.
- Published
- 2008
14. A Comparison of U.S. and U.K. Inquiries into Intelligence Failure: Mining the Iraq Case.
- Author
-
Lamanna, Lawrence J.
- Subjects
- *
WEAPONS of mass destruction , *IRAQ War, 2003-2011 , *MILITARY intelligence , *INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
Before the invasion of Iraq in the spring of 2003, the British and American governments each produced estimates of the state of Saddam Hussein's programs to develop weapons of mass destruction. After the invasion, both governments ordered investigations into the prior estimates and their respective intelligence processes. The partial publication of the original estimates on Iraq and the subsequent investigative reports provides a unique comparative opportunity. An examination of these materials provides direct and public evidence for significant differences between British and American concepts, methods, structures, and philosophies of intelligence. Central to several of these differences are the British Joint Intelligence Council and the American system of distributed political power in the national government. The British tendency towards thick description and the American practices of assigning explicit levels of confidence to intelligence findings and of issuing controverted estimates with dissenting opinions included are also documented. This paper adds to the intelligence studies literature by documenting these observations in a replicable way with directly comparable data from two different nations. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.