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2. Regional Development, Innovation, Skill Needs and Training: A Pilot Study in the Shire of Gannawarra, Victoria. Working Paper No. 55
- Author
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Monash University, Centre for the Economics of Education and Training, Selby Smith, Chris, and Ferrier, Fran
- Abstract
This project, conducted by the Centre for the Economics of Education and Training (CEET) during 2003, set out to investigate the relationship between innovation and the provision of appropriate education and training in regional Australia. The project was designed as a pilot study with two main purposes: (1) To test whether and how the issues could be investigated, with the aim of using the findings as a basis for larger and more comprehensive studies in the future; and (2) To collect and analyse information about innovation and the provision of relevant education and training in some specific regions that would advance understanding of the major concerns and issues, both within the particular area and more generally in regional Australia. The Gannawarra Shire of northern Victoria was chosen for this pilot study because contacts made in the Shire indicated considerable support for investigating the issues and offered opportunities for access to local government, enterprises and training providers. Preliminary discussions and examination of published material also indicated substantial innovation in the region. The project comprised a search for sources of information about the Gannawarra region including geography, population, industries and employment; analysis of this material to gain an understanding of the major characteristics of the region; consultations with relevant people and organisations within and outside the region; and a survey of individuals and enterprises on the Gannawarra Business Register. Opportunities for presenting the preliminary and final survey results within the Shire to local enterprises and training providers enabled the findings to be discussed and contributed to ongoing refinement of the conclusions. Key findings include: (1) Considerable innovation is occurring in the industries and enterprises of Gannawarra, contributing to changes in the types of training being sought; (2) A balance of formal and informal provision of education and training in Gannawarra, although further investigation is recommended to determine that the balance is optimal to needs; and (3) Establishment of Local Learning and Employment Networks (LLENs) by the Victorian Government has been successful in strengthening relationships between educational providers, communities and industry in Gannawarra. Two attachments are included: (1) Regional Development, Skill Needs and Training Questionnaire; and (2) Initiatives of the LLENs in Gannawarra Shire. (Contains 10 figures and 40 tables.)
- Published
- 2004
3. Selected Papers on Education Surveys: Papers Presented at the 1996 Meeting of the American Statistical Association. Working Paper Series.
- Author
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National Center for Education Statistics (ED), Washington, DC. and Kasprzyk, Dan
- Abstract
The 11 papers in this volume were presented at the 1996 American Statistical Association (ASA) meeting in Chicago (Illinois), August 4 through 8. This is the fourth collection of ASA papers of particular interest to users of National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) survey data published in the "Working Papers" series. The following are included: (1) "Teacher Quality and Educational Inequality" (Richard M. Ingersoll); (2) "Using Qualitative Methods To Validate Quantitative Survey Instruments" (John E. Mullens and Daniel Kasprzyk); (3) "Revisiting the NCES Private School Survey: A Method To Design a Systematic Classification of Private Schools in the United States" (Sylvia Kay Fisher and Daniel Kasprzyk); (4) "An Analysis of Response Rates of SASS (Schools and Staffing Survey) 1993-94" (Sameena M. Salvucci, Fan Zhang, Mingxiu Hu, and David Monaco); (5) "An Overview of NCES Surveys Reinterview Programs" (Valerie Conley, Steven Fink, and Mehrdad Saba); (6) "Estimating Response Bias in an Adult Education Survey" (J. Michael Brick and David Morganstein); (7) "Optimal Periodicity of a Survey: Extensions of Probable-Error Models" (Wray Smith, Dhiren Ghosh, and Michael Chang); (8) "Estimating the Variance in the Presence of Imputation Using a Residual" (Steven Kaufman); (9) "Where Will It All End? Some Alternative SASS Estimation Research Opportunities" (Steven Kaufman and Fritz Scheuren); (10) "Estimating State Totals from the Private School Universe Survey" (Easley Hoy, Beverley Causey, Leroy Bailey, and Steven Kaufman); and (11) "Effect of High School Programs on Out-Migration of Rural Graduates" (Gary Huang, Michael P. Cohen, Stanley Weng, and Fan Zhang). Each chapter contains references. (Contains 3 figures and 22 tables.) (SLD)
- Published
- 1997
4. 1991 and 1995 National Household Education Survey Questionnaires: NHES:91 Screener, NHES:91 Adult Education, NHES:95 Basic Screener, and NHES:95 Adult Education. Working Paper Series.
- Author
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National Center for Education Statistics (ED), Washington, DC.
- Abstract
The National Household Education Survey (NHES) is a data collection system of the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), which has as its mission the collection and publication of data on the condition of education in the United States by providing information on those issues that are best addressed by contacting households rather than educational institutions. The NHES is a telephone survey of households. This document contains the telephone interview guides for several components of the NHES in 1991 and 1995. The NHES:91 Screener interview, the screening items for the Adult Education survey and those for the Household Characteristics portion of the survey are presented. The 1991 Adult Education interview is also included. For the 1995 NHES, the Basic Screener is included, and the following areas of the 1995 Adult Education interview are presented: (1) Initial Background; (2) English as a Second Language; (3) Basic Skills and GED Preparation; (4) Credential; (5) Apprenticeship; (6) Career or Job Related Activities; (7) Other Formal Structured Activities; (8) Computer-Only or Interactive Video-Only Instruction on the Job; (9) Remaining Background; and (10) Household Characteristics. (SLD)
- Published
- 1997
5. Questionnaire Translation and Questionnaire Validation: Are They the Same?
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Griffee, Dale T.
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The purpose of this paper is to give evidence for the thesis that if teachers using a questionnaire as a data collection instrument have the questionnaire items translated from one language into another, they cannot assume that the translated items are valid simply because they were translated. Even if the original questionnaire items were validated, this does not change the situation because the validity is context specific and is not an abstract notion that transfers from instrument to another. A questionnaire written in one language and translated into another is not an equivalent survey instrument. Meaning and intention are part of what makes a questionnaire valid, and they are not as easily translated from language to another as the words are. The cultural context of the second language is different, and so the meaning and intention of the word will be understood differently to some degree. It is concluded that any questionnaire translated into another language must again be subjected to further analysis and pilot studies to confirm its validity anew. (Contains 16 references.) (KFT)
- Published
- 2001
6. Mitigating Errors of Representation: A Practical Case Study of the University Experience Survey
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Whiteley, Sonia
- Abstract
The Total Survey Error (TSE) paradigm provides a framework that supports the effective planning of research, guides decision making about data collection and contextualises the interpretation and dissemination of findings. TSE also allows researchers to systematically evaluate and improve the design and execution of ongoing survey programs and future investigations. As one of the key aims of a TSE approach is to find a balance between achieving a survey with minimal error and a survey that is affordable, it is unlikely that a considerable number of enhancements to regular programs of research can be made in a single cycle. From an operational perspective, significant alterations to data collection processes and procedures have the potential to create more problems than they solve, particularly for large-scale, longitudinal or complex projects. Similarly, substantial changes to the research approach can have an undesired effect on time series data where it can become difficult to disentangle actual change from change due to methodological refinements. The University Experience Survey (UES) collects feedback from approximately 100,000 undergraduate students at Australian universities each year. Based on previous reviews of the UES, errors of measurement appeared to make less of a contribution to TSE than the errors of representation that were associated with the survey. As part of the 2013 and 2014 collections, the research design was modified to directly address coverage errors, sampling errors and non-response errors. The conceptual and operational approach to mitigating the errors of representation, the cost effectiveness of the modifications to the research design and the outcomes for reporting will be discussed with practical examples from the UES. A bibliography is included.
- Published
- 2014
7. Questionnaire Research in Higher Education.
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Inoue, Yukiko
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The objective of this paper is to discuss the survey as a research method based on three questionnaire surveys developed and administered in educational settings: (1) a survey exploring the status aspiration and gender awareness of undergraduate women completed by 62 respondents; (2) a survey of computer-assisted instruction completed by 111 undergraduate women; and (3) a Diversity and Multiculturalism Questionnaire to determine faculty attitudes completed by 104 teachers. These surveys were developed for different research purposes but they reveal common issues and concerns, especially the issues of designing surveys, measuring survey reliability and validity, and reporting on surveys. (SLD)
- Published
- 2003
8. Lessons from Recent Web Surveys at Harvard University
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Cheskis-Gold, Rena, Loescher, Ruth, Shepard-Rabadam, Elizabeth, and Carroll, Barbara
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This paper provides an overview of the entire process necessary to developing a university-wide web survey, from the community-building process for creating support for the survey and determining the questions, to the specific tasks necessary for designing and administering an efficient web product. (Contains 17 tables.)
- Published
- 2004
9. Effects of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on Nigerian Educational System: A Case Study of Kogi State University, Anyigba
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Baba, Pauline A. and Odiba, Isaac A.
- Abstract
This research paper examines the effects of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on Nigerian educational system with a focus on Kogi State University (KSU), Anyigba. The study employed the survey method, choosing 40 academic staff, five library staff, 5 management staff and 250 students randomly from the seven (7) faculties at KSU. A questionnaire containing 39 questions was administered using mean (X) and standard deviation (SD) and t-test to analyze the data. The hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance and a coefficient of 0.85 was established using the statistical tool of Pearson product moment correlation coefficient. The result among other things showed that (1) lack of ICT professional, resources, infrastructure and management support affects effective teaching and learning and research development in Nigerian schools, (2) common challenges include but not limited to poor funding, lack of infrastructure, lack of technical support and lack of professional development in ICT use and integration into curriculum. It is the recommendation of this study among other things, that the government and her agencies should support their own ICT policy by providing funding to schools and to also look at curriculum changes that encourages ICT integration.
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- 2015
10. Blunders and Missed Opportunities in Survey Research.
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Johanson, George, Green, Suzy, and Williams, James
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Errors in methodology occur regularly in the conduct of surveys for educational research. This paper discusses some of these errors and alternatives. In the area of survey design, errors are common in: (1) missed opportunities in attitude scale planning; (2) blunders in item construction; (3) missed opportunities in item construction; (4) blunders in scale revision; and (5) missed opportunities in scale revision. In the area of survey analysis, there are blunders and missed opportunities in outlier disposition, as there are in nonresponse. With regard to the interpretation of survey results, blunders in causal conclusions and missed opportunities with true experiments are common. This list is far from complete, but it does expose some of the more blatant errors in survey research. A researcher cannot adequately correct earlier errors with later procedures, and so should be attentive throughout the entire survey research process. (Contains 17 references.) (SLD)
- Published
- 1998
11. Making the Whole More than the Sum of the Parts: Challenges in a Mixed Method Study of Inclusion.
- Author
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Marquart, Jules M.
- Abstract
The methodology of using a mixed qualitative and quantitative research design to evaluate 16 "inclusive" preschool programs in a continuing study is detailed. The qualitative approach was used to understand the general phenomenon and integrated with more quantitative, structured, and precise measures in an iterative, sequential process to develop repeated data collection activities and expand data interpretation. At each site, five children with disabilities, two typically developing peers, the children's families, direct service providers, and administrators and policy makers were involved in the study. The qualitative phase involved participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and document analysis. Quantitative measures encompassed survey questionnaires and measures of child behavior, friendship patterns, and the educational context. The process of data reduction, comparison, and integration for both qualitative and quantitative phases is detailed. Systematic comparison of information from interviews and survey data is illustrated in a table. Comparison involved the following themes: (1) how and why the child was placed in the program; (2) the program's appropriateness for the child; (3) the meaning of inclusion; (4) peer relationships; (5) helpful and non-helpful players; and (6) the child's participation in family and community activities. (DB)
- Published
- 1997
12. Pushing Back the Margins: Power, Identity and Marginalia in Survey Research with Young People
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Muddiman, Esther, Lyttleton-Smith, Jen, and Moles, Kate
- Abstract
The study of marginalia has not been widely discussed in social sciences research and occupies a marginal space in terms of methodological legitimacy. We highlight the value of paying attention to the ways in which participants "speak back" to the researcher. This paper draws on marginalia found in surveys written or drawn by young people in classrooms across South Wales, demonstrating how various notes and marks made spontaneously by participants can tell us something important and worthwhile about how young people engage with research. We position marginalia as a manifestation of complex power dynamics in the research process that illuminate participants' negotiation of complex and multiple subjectivities in the literal margins and between the lines of the survey pages. Whilst the sensitive and rigorous analysis of marginalia is fraught with ethical and methodological challenges, we argue that paying closer attention to marginalia presents an opportunity for deeper engagement with participants when undertaking survey research.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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13. Surveying LEP Populations: Issues Explored through an Example.
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Chang, Lu
- Abstract
Issues unique to survey research among limited-English-proficient (LEP) populations are discussed, with illustrations drawn from one recent doctoral study. The research in question was on language, culture, and ethnicity in five Chinese-language schools in northern California. Its aim was to investigate the role of the schools in maintaining Chinese language, culture, and ethnicity in a multilingual/multicultural society. The survey of 800 administrators, teachers, parents, and students was carried out by questionnaire, provided in both English and Chinese versions (students' were in English only). Data for this analysis are drawn from the survey of one of the five schools. In developing the questionnaire, these issues were encountered and addressed: writing translatable English; maintaining the original meaning in the translation; significant cultural issues; and reconciling differences and similarities in English and Chinese responses. Each is discussed, and interpretations of and resolutions to specific problems in the survey are examined. It is concluded that as U.S. demographics change, it is increasingly important to gain some understanding of issues in surveying LEP populations. (MSE)
- Published
- 1994
14. Survey Research with Preliterate Adult Populations in Post Conflict Situations Using Researcher-Assisted Self-Completion Questionnaires
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Lee, Jung-Sook, Bartolomei, Linda, and Pittaway, Eileen
- Abstract
This paper presents an innovative and effective approach for conducting surveys with preliterate adults in a context of limited infrastructure in post conflict Burundi, Africa. We conducted surveys with parents/carers of children with a disability and community members, as a component of mixed methods research with children and adults to provide baseline data for Handicap International in developing programs to prevent sexual abuse among children with a disability. To meet the challenges of conducting surveys on the sensitive topic in such field conditions, we developed specifically adapted researcher-assisted self-completion questionnaires (RASCQ) using images and verbal guidance. RASCQ allowed researchers to provide respondents with supports needed to complete surveys and the privacy and confidentiality needed to encourage honest answers. This paper discusses the development process, details of survey implementation, and quality of data obtained. RASCQ proposed in the current study can be used in various studies with marginalised groups and people in developing countries.
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- 2016
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15. Issues in the Analysis of Focus Groups: Generalisability, Quantifiability, Treatment of Context and Quotations
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Vicsek, Lilla
- Abstract
In this paper I discuss some concerns related to the analysis of focus groups: (a) the issue of generalisation; (b) the problems of using numbers and quantifying in the analysis; (c) how the concrete situation of the focus groups could be included in the analysis, and (d) what formats can be used when quoting from focus groups. Problems with respect to generalisation are discussed; types of generalisation are presented which can be used in focus group research. Arguments are made against using a primarily quantitative perspective in the evaluation of focus group data. It is argued that the situation of the particular group discussion should be taken into account in the analysis. A scheme for analysis that has been developed by the author is presented. Suggestions are made for the characteristics of the quotations in the analyses. (Contains 14 footnotes.)
- Published
- 2010
16. Evaluating the Impact of Distance Learning Support Systems on the Learning Experience of MBA Students in a Global Context
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Bentley, Yongmei, Shegunshi, Anjali, and Scannell, Mike
- Abstract
This paper reports the findings from an investigation into the distance learning support systems of a UK University's overseas MBA programme. This programme is provided to several countries around the world in alliance with the overseas' local higher educational institutions (HEIs), and is delivered primarily via online courses, but also with periods of face-to-face teaching by both UK and local staff. The aim of the research was to evaluate the learning support mechanisms that are used to deliver this programme overseas, and to determine their impact on the learning experience of the MBA students. The primary research method was questionnaire surveys which were conducted over two periods: April-July 2008, and January-March 2009. The first survey showed a high level of satisfaction with the MBA programme as delivered, but also indicated areas that could see further improvement. The impacts of programme changes were examined in the second survey which revealed students' improved satisfaction with the programme after the implementation of the changes in the programme support systems. The outcomes of this research have not only helped improve the learning support systems and enhanced the quality of this particular programme, but could also help provide guidelines for other HEIs that offer, or intend to offer, blended learning courses globally. (Contains 12 tables and 2 figures.)
- Published
- 2010
17. Users' Information Behaviour--A Gender Perspective
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Steinerová, Jela and Šušol, Jaroslav
- Abstract
Introduction: The paper is based on the study of library users in Slovakia as part of a larger research project on the use of information. Method: A large-scale questionnaire survey was conducted in 2002 in sixteen academic and research libraries with 793 subjects, especially students and educators. Analysis: The data were analysed with the use of statistical package SPSS. Gender differences are analysed with regard to ways of information seeking, use of electronic resources and publishing. Results: Results indicate that men prefer individual information seeking and women apply collaborative information use. By sorting user types it was found out that women tended to manifest a pragmatic way of information use (the S type). Men confirmed analytic information processing (the A type). Women declared less experience in the use of electronic resources and publishing. Differences in orientation, collaboration and feelings have been noted. Conclusion: Gender as a variable can be productive for better understanding of cognitive and social background of human information processing. Findings can inform design of services and systems and information literacy policies.
- Published
- 2007
18. The Use of Microcomputers to Improve the Reliability and Validity of Content Analysis in Evaluation.
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Frisbie, Richard D.
- Abstract
This paper provides an understanding of the conceptual and operational relationships between evaluation, content analysis, and microcomputers so that evaluation practitioners can better address applied content analysis problems used in their work. The first section presents a general model for conducting an evaluation effort that focuses on information, actions, and standards of quality. This framework: (1) highlights key components of evaluation and content analysis information in terms of their underlying relationships; (2) identifies basic actions used to develop evaluation and content analysis information; (3) discusses different standards of quality that have emerged for judging the information and related processes; (4) presents working definitions of evaluation and content analysis; (5) consolidates these concepts into the presented model; and (6) discusses content analysis tasks related to the model's basic actions that can be implemented with the use of microcomputers. The second section describes an experimental study in which microcomputers were used to help pre-service and practicing educators perform a content analysis of responses to an open-ended survey question used in a simulated evaluation effort. This two-part experimental study focuses on the reliability and validity of developing a new content analysis category system, and coding responses based on an established category system. (PN)
- Published
- 1986
19. The Much-Maligned Mail Survey Reexamined: A Comparative Analysis of Procedures and Techniques to Increase Response Rates.
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Cote, Lawrence S.
- Abstract
Although the mail survey has been widely criticized as a viable research methodology, it remains the most feasible approach for retrieving data from large, widely-dispersed populations. This paper suggests that there exists a readily accessible body of pragmatic recommendations which, if adhered to throughout the instrument design and data collection phases, may dramatically increase response rates where mail surveys are employed. The paper employs a content analysis of three recent studies of diverse higher education topics. Each achieved a high rate of return from dissimilar respondent groups located in divergent geographical locations. (Author)
- Published
- 1984
20. Questionnaire Surveys: Four Survey Instruments in Educational Research.
- Author
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Inoue, Yukiko
- Abstract
This paper presents four questionnaire surveys administered in educational research. Each of the questionnaires is followed by a brief research report with an abstract and summary statistics. The first survey, "Guam Undergraduate Women Questionnaire," explores the status aspiration and gender awareness of undergraduate women in Guam. Responses of 11 women provide a profile of female undergraduates, but do not show significant differences between Chamorro (Guam ethnic group) and non-Chamorro women. The second questionnaire, the "Computer-Assisted Instruction Questionnaire," was developed in 1995 to identify and prioritize the factors influencing a university faculty's use of computer-assisted instruction in Singapore. Responses of 62 faculty members show the inhibitors and facilitators of using computer assisted instruction. The third questionnaire, the "Diversity and Multiculturalism Questionnaire," was developed in 1999 to determine the attitudes of the faculty of the University of Guam toward multicultural education, with a focus on diversity, ethnicity, and pluralism. Responses from 104 faculty members showed no significant differences among teachers of various ethnic groups toward multicultural education. The final questionnaire, the "Multicultural Education Questionnaire," was developed in 2000 to analyze the theory and practice of multiculturalism in higher education in Guam, focusing on faculty strategies in incorporating multicultural pedagogic strategies at an American Pacific island university. Sixty-five faculty members responded, with most expressing support for and interest in multicultural education. (SLD)
- Published
- 2001
21. Selecting a Targeting Method to Identify BPL Households in India
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Alkire, Sabina and Seth, Suman
- Abstract
This paper proposes how to select a methodology to target multidimensionally poor households, and how to update that targeting exercise periodically. We present this methodology in the context of discussions regarding the selection of a targeting methodology in India. In 1992, 1997, and 2002 the Indian government identified households that are below the poverty line (BPL) and in updating the 2002 methodology, alternative methods have been proposed and vigorously debated. A fourth BPL method was published and a corresponding Socio Economic Caste Census (SECC), implemented. Using the third National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), this paper illustrates how a BPL targeting method using SECC variables might be calibrated to a multidimensional poverty measure. This paper compares the fit between a benchmark measure of multidimensional poverty and several plausible targeting methods to determine which method(s) approximate it--as well as related measures--most closely. We find a ten-item binary scoring method, which uses variables already available in the SECC questionnaire, provides a strong proxy. The emphasis of this paper is to illustrate how a particular targeting method can be justified, rather than to advocate any particular solution.
- Published
- 2013
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22. Management Science/Industrial Engineering Techniques to Reduce Food Costs.
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Greenberg, Murray
- Abstract
This paper examines the contributions of Industrial Engineering and Management Science toward reduction in the cost of production and distribution of food. Food processing firms were requested to respond to a questionnaire which asked for examples of their use of various operations research tools and information on the number of operations research people employed by them. Replies came only from large firms--with sales volume above $300 million annually. Another questionnaire, addressed to Directors of Industrial Engineering in food related companies, yielded responses from businesses with annual sales ranging from $85 million to $2.4 billion. Results of the questionnaire show a variety of approaches are being utilized in attacking the problems associated with food costs and availability. Although most of the work cited has been done by large businesses, the basic principles and techniques of methods improvement, work simplification, cost reduction and logical methods of problem analysis and development of solutions are applicable to small businesses as well. (BT)
- Published
- 1975
23. Practice Makes Perfect? Skills Gained in Seven Years of Questionnaires.
- Author
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Austin Independent School District, TX. Office of Research and Evaluation., Jackson, Elaine E., and Schuyler, Nancy B.
- Abstract
Based on seven years of surveying students, parents, and educators, the following conclusions were reached: (1) preliminary telephoning of graduates to verify addresses did not produce higher returns from those contacted; (2) cover letters printed on more expensive colored-letterhead stationary did not produce a higher return rate than the same letter photocopied all in black; (3) no differences were found in return rates from graduates whose surveys were mailed to arrive on Wednesday and those whose questionnaires were to arrive on Saturday; (4) fewer responses were received from graduates who received "cute" reminders than from those whose reminders were more businesslike; (5) no difference was found in return rate on parent questionnaires when half were mailed first class and half bulk rate; (6) on computer-printed teacher questionnaires, half of the teachers who returned questionnaires did not respond to the free-response items; and (7) free-response items where blank spaces were left for responses were completed more often by administrators than those where lines were printed in. Additional post hoc findings and an optical-scan form on which to print unique questionnaires are also described. (BW)
- Published
- 1984
24. Institutional Research at Predominantly Black Colleges and Universities.
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North Carolina Central Univ., Durham. and Brown, Charles I.
- Abstract
One of the youngest of the professions belonging to higher education is institutional research. But younger still has been the incursion of institutional research onto the campuses of predominantly black institutions. This group of papers attempts to lend a truer perspective to the burgeoning institutional research function at predominantly black institutions. The papers cover: (1) a poll conducted among institutional researchers at predominantly black colleges and universities; (2) the origin of institutional research in North Carolina at public-supported institutions, the sameness which marks the institutional research function at both black and white campuses, the necessity to relate research at black institutions to black students; (3) the need for a total information gathering and reporting system, the role an office of institutional research should play as a part of the total information and reporting system, institutional benefits as whole or partial derivatives of an office of institutional research; (4) assessment of student attitudes as measured by College Student Questionnaires data; and (5) an analysis of the sex, socioeconomic status, educational background, and concern for grades of North Carolina Central University students, and pairs these findings with the liberality of their political views. (Author/KE)
- Published
- 1970
25. 'Did You Pay Your Taxes?' How (Not) to Conduct Tax Evasion Surveys in Transition Countries
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Gerxhani, Klarita
- Abstract
Gathering large-scale data on tax evasion is an undisputable challenge in and of itself. Doing so in a country in transition from a communist to a democratic system is even more difficult. This paper discusses the challenges and presents a case study to show how they can be dealt with effectively. One important implication of the paper is that such a sample survey can be successful if it combines a careful sample design, research method and questionnaire design, and explicitly takes country-specific institutional and cultural features into account.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
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26. Comparing Data Collected by Computerized and Written Surveys for Adolescence Health Research
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Wu, Ying and Newfield, Susan A.
- Abstract
Background: This study assessed whether data-collection formats, computerized versus paper-and-pencil, affect response patterns and descriptive statistics for adolescent health assessment surveys. Youth were assessed as part of a health risk reduction program. Methods: Baseline data from 1131 youth were analyzed. Participants completed the questionnaire either by computer (n = 390) or by paper-and-pencil (n = 741). Results: The rate of returned surveys meeting inclusion requirements was 90.6% and did not differ by methods. However, the computerized method resulted in significantly less incompleteness but more identical responses. Multiple regression indicated that the survey methods did not contribute to problematic responses. The two survey methods yielded similar scale internal reliability and descriptive statistics for behavioral and psychological outcomes, although the computerized method elicited higher reports of some risk items such as carrying a knife, beating up a person, selling drugs, and delivering drugs. Conclusions: Overall, the survey method did not produce a significant difference in outcomes. This provides support for program personnel selecting survey methods based on study goals with confidence that the method of administration will not have a significant impact on the outcome.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
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27. Seven Survey Sins
- Author
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Gehlbach, Hunter
- Abstract
As pressure builds to assess students, teachers, and schools, educational practitioners and policy makers are increasingly looking toward student perception surveys as a promising means to collect high-quality, useful data. For instance, the widely cited Measures of Effective Teaching study lists student perception surveys as one of the three key measures of teachers' efficacy and describes these measures as a source of potentially valuable feedback for teachers (Cantrell & Kane, 2013). When one factors in the low cost with their prospective utility in assessing teachers and fostering teaching effectiveness, it seems clear that surveying students will increase dramatically in the coming years. Within this context, researchers who survey early adolescents must navigate the confluence of three tensions. First, responding to survey items requires an array of cognitive skills that early adolescents are still mastering (Downer, Stuhlman, Schweig, Martínez, & Ruzek, 2014). Second, unlike national, public opinion surveys, school-based surveys need to provide accurate data for small samples. For instance, a middle school teacher may have 100 students divided between her sixth, seventh, and eighth-grade science classes; an elementary school teacher may only have 20 students total. Third, for the full promise of surveys to be realized as a tool for improving schools, the survey scales need to be practitioner friendly: short, easy to administer, and straightforward to interpret (Hamre & Cappella, 2015, Kosovich, Hulleman, Barron, & Getty, 2014). In most cases, it should be relatively straightforward to adhere to the scientifically grounded best practices described in this article. In the coming years, surveys administered to early adolescents are likely to proliferate. Thus, there is an urgent need for research on the best approaches to designing surveys for this unique and important population to keep pace. In the meantime, the sins described here and the ideas for redressing them provide researchers with some low-cost approaches to improving their measures in most situations.
- Published
- 2015
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28. Generic Survey Procedures.
- Author
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Matross, Ron and Roesler, Jon
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Hints on conducting surveys appropriate for university use are outlined, and sample checklists and forms are provided. The following research elements concerning generic surveys are covered: sequences of events for surveys conducted by mail (15 weeks) and telephone (11 weeks); algorithms for estimating materials costs and quantities; a catalog of stock demographic items for surveys; a file of stock Likert rating scale formats; stock letters and followups for mailed surveys; standardized procedures for tracking returns and addresses; standardized sequence of data analyses; standardized report format; worksheet for writing the report; and sample report paragraphs. The major steps in survey research are identified as follows: research design; procedure development; cost estimation; questionnaire development; data collection; coding, editing, and keypunching; data analysis, and report writing. A mailed survey returns tracking flowchart is provided, and response rate considerations are identified. In addition to sample letters/followup notes, cartoon enclosures are included. After identifying questionnaire design principles, examples of instruments and a checklist on questionnaire wording are presented. Finally, information/examples on report formats are provided, along with a bibliography. (SW)
- Published
- 1983
29. Attitudes of Elementary Teachers toward Valuing Education in the Classroom.
- Author
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Metsker, Carol J.
- Abstract
Methods and results are described of a study to determine if elementary classroom teachers in Colorado (1) have knowledge of the valuing education process; (2) have a preference for teaching values as opposed to values clarification, other valuing processes, or moral reasoning; and (3) can define the terms values and valuing. Ninety-two teachers participated in the survey, for which a special questionnaire was developed. The questionnaire was designed to obtain information on teacher background, definition and preference of the terms values and valuing, agreement or disagreement with ten statements representing possible teaching strategies about values, and identification of significant researchers such as Kohlberg, Simon, Shaftel, and Olsen and Parsley. Results indicate that respondents have little knowledge of currently well-developed conceptual approaches to teaching valuing and of the names of theorists working in the area of values education with the exception of values clarification. However, 79% believe children should be taught values; 84% believe children should have knowledge of a valuing process; and 92% believe children should be helped to clarify values. One limitation of the study was the emphasis on memorized facts in the questionnaire. That aspect may not have allowed respondents to indicate knowledge of methodology in the field of values education. The questionnaire is included as an appendix. (Author/AV)
- Published
- 1976
30. A Delphic Exploration of the Future of Educational Media.
- Author
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Spitzer, Dean R.
- Abstract
The Delphic Technique utilizes a survey format with multiple rounds of questionnaires, sequential statistical feedback, and respondent anonymity. The principal objective is to use expert opinion to refine predictions about the occurrence of future events. An open-ended questionnaire was sent to 200 subjects selected from the membership of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology. They were asked to identify the trends in educational media and technology they felt would be significant in the next 25 years. Four rounds of questionnaires were generated and analyzed. From the results it is difficult to derive substantive information concerning the future of educational media and technology. Opinion converged toward the view that hardware trends are more likely to occur, and software trends are more important. The technique and the results obtained had many limitations which were noted. (CH)
- Published
- 1976
31. A Consistently Successful Follow-up Survey.
- Author
-
Boser, Judith A.
- Abstract
As part of the evaluation of the College of Education at the University of Tennessee, an annual survey is conducted to obtain principals' ratings of graduates who are certified beginning teachers. This survey has enjoyed a response rate in excess of 90 percent. The survey is conducted by mail, with one mail followup, and occasional telephone followups. The first step is to identify the specific school locations of the teaching graduates. Then the survey forms and cover letters are mailed to the principals. One followup letter and another copy of the questionnaire are sent to those 15 to 29 percent who have not responded after four weeks. Telephone calls are also made, but such calls have not exceeded three in any of the three years discussed. Five different introductory cover letters are used, as well as personal individualized letters when indicated. Return envelopes are provided, and the letters are prepared on high quality letterhead stationery. These procedures are satisfactory in producing a high response rate. The three-page questionnaire, which is appended, includes demographic information, a rating scale of teacher effectiveness, and a check list of factors which influenced the principal to hire this teacher. (GDC)
- Published
- 1985
32. Data Collection Techniques in Vocational Education Research: A Comparative Analysis. A Symposium Conducted for the American Vocational Education Research Association (Atlanta, Georgia, December 7, 1985).
- Author
-
Heath-Camp, Betty
- Abstract
This document consists of four symposium papers each providing a critical examination of a particular data collection technique in vocational education research. Texts of the following presentations are provided: "Mail Survey Research," by Betty Heath-Camp; "The Telephone Interview as a Data Collection Technique," by James P. Key; "The Personal Interview as a Data Collection Technique," by Maureen E. Kelly; and "The Audio Cassette Tape as a Data Collection Technique," by Ismail bin Yahya. (MN)
- Published
- 1985
33. A Methodology in Studying Higher Education Affiliated Cable Television Stations.
- Author
-
Dudt, Kurt P. and Lamberski, Richard J.
- Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present a developed, methodological approach for the study of cable television stations affiliated with higher education institutions, and also to present significant findings detailing the operational problems of higher education-affiliated cable television stations. Based on a literature search which identified over 100 variables, four critical areas of concern for higher education-affiliated cable television stations were selected: organization; budget; personnel; and equipment. A questionnaire which addressed these areas was administered via telephone to 92 directors or chief executives of college- and university-affiliated cable stations. Data analysis of 87 completed interviews identified the following trends and problems: (1) inadequate equipment and personnel funding by most colleges and universities; (2) lack of financial commitment from cable companies; (3) lack of sufficient release time for station directors; (4) dependence upon student assistants; (5) inadequate professional development opportunities; (6) overutilization and insufficient stock of equipment; (7) lack of adequate physical plant; and (8) little or no strategic planning for equipment update. A list of references and sample questionnaire complete the document. (JB)
- Published
- 1986
34. Everything They Ever Wanted to Know: Gathering Information for Public School Decision Makers.
- Author
-
Austin Independent School District, TX. Office of Research and Evaluation. and Jackson, Elaine E.
- Abstract
The Austin (Texas) Independent School District's Office of Research and Evaluation revised its surveying procedures in 1982. To reduce the demands on teachers and administrators, various surveys were consolidated and administered on a regular basis. Teachers and administrators were surveyed every fall and spring, high school students in winter, and parents and graduates occasionally. Computers were used to sample subgroups and compile questionnaire items for each respondent. The information needs of administrators, the superintendent, and board members were solicited. Results were delivered on a computerized printout, and responses were positive. Procedures for producing answer sheets and coding the data were improved. It was also possible to quickly compile information needed for administrative planning. Items from the teacher survey and some copies of the Questions for Students questionnaire are appended. (GDC)
- Published
- 1986
35. The Effectiveness of Express Mail as a Response Stimulator in Mail Surveys of Difficult Populations.
- Author
-
Anderson, John F.
- Abstract
Many different techniques have been used to increase response rates to surveys. In this study, Federal Express overnight service was used to test the effectiveness of express mail in stimulating response to a mail survey of 132 physicians. The sample was randomly split into two groups. One group received the initial mailing by Federal Express while the other group received the survey by regular first class mail. The average cost per complete survey for Federal Express was $27.07, and for first class mail $21.63. Although Federal Express was more expensive, the results showed that the Federal Express mailing achieved a higher response rate and that people responded faster to the survey delivered by Federal Express. (JAZ)
- Published
- 1987
36. Studies on Academics and Modes of Inquiry.
- Author
-
Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor. Center for the Study of Higher Education. and Blackburn, Robert T.
- Abstract
Six papers are presented from an American Educational Research Association symposium. The symposium explored the kind of research needed for increasing understanding of college and university faculty and examined the manner in which different scholarly techniques can contribute. The symposium objective was to open for discussion four modes for acquiring knowledge about U.S. academics and to assess the kinds of truth and the degree of truth each can contribute to issues confronting faculty. The papers and contributors are as follows: "Liberalism and the Professoriate," by Wagner Thielens, Jr.,; "Studying the Academic Profession: Comparative Perspectives," by Philip G. Altbach; "Theory and Practice in the Use of Survey Methods: The Case of the Academic Profession," by Gerald M. Platt; "Case Studies of the Academic Profession," by Robert T. Blackburn; "Studying Faculties: The Historian's Contribution," by Walter P. Metzger; and "The Academic Profession: New Directions of Research," by Burton R. Clark. (SW)
- Published
- 1978
37. Contrasting Concepts of Learning and Contrasting Research Methodologies: Affinities and Bias
- Author
-
Hodkinson, Phil and Macleod, Flora
- Abstract
This paper analyses the conceptual significance of different methods of researching learning. Based largely upon our own experiences, we briefly compare the use of mini-ethnography, life history, cross-sectional surveys and existing panel survey data. We argue that there are strong affinities between each of these methods and significantly different ways of understanding the nature of learning: mini-ethnographies with learning as participation, life history with learning as construction and both types of survey with learning as acquisition. Three things follow. The first is that decisions about how to research learning are related to decisions about how to conceptualise and theorise learning. The second is that there is no foolproof empirical way to adjudicate between different conceptualisations of learning, though empirical evidence can and should play a significant part in informing such decisions. The third is that though mixing methods (including mixing more than one different qualitative approach) can bring advantages, the integration of the findings of mixed methods in relation to learning requires careful and sometimes difficult conceptual work. (Contains 2 notes.)
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Measuring Teacher Effectiveness: Some Methodological Reflections
- Author
-
Muijs, Daniel
- Abstract
Teacher effectiveness is an issue that has received increased attention in recent years, as researchers have become aware of limitations in models that see the school as the key arena for improving pupil learning outcomes. This renewed interest makes it timely to look again at the methods used in teacher effectiveness research. This article presents an overview of some key issues in researching teacher effectiveness from a process-product perspective. The choice of outcome measure is a first key area. Traditionally most teacher effectiveness research has utilised externally published standardised tests. However, it will be argued that this is too limited in the light of societal demands on education. Actually measuring teacher factors is an issue the difficulty of which has often been underestimated. Classroom observation, surveys of teachers and students, and qualitative methods such as interviews have been most frequently employed. The advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed. In the final section, the main analysis methods suitable for teacher effectiveness research are outlined.
- Published
- 2006
39. Strategies for Enhancing the Learning of Ecological Research Methods and Statistics by Tertiary Environmental Science Students
- Author
-
Panizzon, D. L. and Boulton, A. J.
- Abstract
To undertake rigorous research in biology and ecology, students must be able to pose testable hypotheses, design decisive studies, and analyse results using suitable statistics. Yet, few biology students excel in topics involving statistics and most attempt to evade optional courses in research methods. Over the last few years, we have developed a tertiary-level unit to create a positive, inquiry-based, learning environment for teaching survey methods and statistics to environmental science students. This paper reports the success of incorporating a staged sequence of learning and assessment tasks into an ecological research methods unit. To gauge reactions to the strategies incorporated into the unit, all students completed a questionnaire and several students were interviewed while the lecturer involved was interviewed. Overall, students demonstrated acquisition of fundamental research skills, enhanced understanding of the subtleties of the scientific method, and improved confidence in their use of inferential statistical procedures. Further, they recognised the value of interactions with their colleagues and the need for flexibility in research design to compensate for variable environmental conditions. Skills in statistics and survey design appear best taught using learning and assessment tasks that are integrated into the teaching sequence so that they emulate the steps involved in conducting "real-life" scientific research. (Contains 2 tables and 2 figures.)
- Published
- 2004
40. Interpersonal and Small Group Communication Research in 1977: Review and Commentary.
- Author
-
Wood, Julia T.
- Abstract
A review of more than 100 articles and papers in interpersonal and small group communication (ISG) research done in 1977 and a survey of active researchers revealed that it was difficult to identify significant trends in content and methodology as well as to note specific advances and problems reflected in the research. However, six issues or themes emanating from 1977 ISG research are: researchers are increasingly concerned about the lack of adequate theoretical foundations for ISG research, many researchers are concerned about the tendency to exceed the conceptual boundaries of human communication, many researchers are disappointed by the quality of questions that are addressed, many ISG researchers remain concerned by the prevalence of the "law of the hammer" (the tendency of social scientists to inflict an available methodology on phenomena regardless of the appropriateness of that methodology), ISG researchers recognize the lack of adequate focus and clear conceptualization reflected in recent research, and ISG researchers appear eager for and in need of extended and thoughtful exchanges among themselves. (A bibliography of 1977 ISG articles and the questionnaire used in the survey are appended.) (TJ)
- Published
- 1978
41. Recent Research on Teacher Beliefs and Its Use in the Improvement of Instruction.
- Author
-
Mayer, Robert
- Abstract
This paper reviews significant literature on teachers' beliefs, offers support for the contention that current research is moving in a more utilitarian direction than in the past, and argues that continuing research into teachers' beliefs could be useful in improving teaching practice. The review focuses on five areas: (1) the different ways that teachers' beliefs have been defined and described; (2) the methodologies used to examine the beliefs of teachers; (3) the nature of the beliefs that teachers hold; (4) the relationship between what teachers believe and what they do; and (5) the attempt to define a teacher-effectiveness dimension based on the beliefs that teachers hold (or do not hold). The examination indicates that research is needed to clarify how a knowledge of teachers' beliefs can improve their practice; a methodology appropriate to such questions is suggested. The paper concludes with a discussion of how current knowledge of the relationships between teachers' beliefs and practices can inform inservice and preservice education. A bibliography is included. (TE)
- Published
- 1985
42. Using an Electronic Spreadsheet to Cut Costs in Evaluation.
- Author
-
Young, Robert and Steele, Sara
- Abstract
A microcomputer spreadsheet software package can be used for a variety of tasks to manage a program or research project and to cut costs in evaluation. LOTUS 1 2 3 is a versatile, commonly available, and well-known electronic spreadsheet package. Spreadsheets were originally designed to emulate financial ledgers and balance sheets. They are useful for estimating projected costs and for simplified budgets. Subtotals and totals for a number of categories are automatically updated when an amount is changed. Similar techniques may be used to collect, code, sort, and analyze research data--a particularly useful technique for tabulating questionnaire responses. It is also possible to enter questionnaire responses into the spreadsheet while conducting a telephone interview. Several commands may be chained together into a macro, in order to simplify data entry at the terminal. LOTUS can be programmed to perform statistical procedures, and can sort and graph data. Data are stored on a floppy diskette and may be transferred to a mainframe computer, word processor, or software package. The amount of data which can fit into a spreadsheet is limited by the amount of memory capacity of the hardware system and the ease of moving around many screens of data. (GDC)
- Published
- 1984
43. Research on Teletraining: Student Acceptance, Learning Effectiveness and Cost Benefits in the Corporate Environment.
- Author
-
Chute, Alan G.
- Abstract
The Sales and Marketing Education organization of AT&T Communications conducts ongoing research to monitor the impact of their National Teletraining Network (NTN) programs for professional sales personnel on: (1) learning, (2) student acceptance of courses and instructors, and (3) student willingness to take additional teletrained programs. During 1984, comparisons were made between face-to-face courses and a teletrained delivery mode; no significant differences were found at the .05 level of significance between the two methods in either the course relevance and design or the quality of instruction categories. A short questionnaire was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the teletraining programs; 91.6% of the students who responded indicated they would participate in future teletraining courses. Cost benefit analysis substantiates the fact that teletraining is a cost-effective alternative to face-to-face delivery of training. Additional benefits include: the ability of the medium to reach remote, low density areas; the ability to add multiple locations to a training session; the flexibility to increase the number of students who can be reached at one time; the ability to quickly disseminate information to an entire sales force; and the ability to share limited instructor resources. It is pointed out that without the NTN, much of the current update training would not be attempted due to various constraints, e.g., the high cost of travel and travel time. Two data tables and two graphs are provided. (JB)
- Published
- 1986
44. Adult Education in the Public Education System, States Summaries, 1968-69 and 1969-70, Theory, Design, and Method for the Survey.
- Author
-
National Center for Educational Statistics (DHEW/OE), Washington, DC. and Okes, Imogene E.
- Abstract
The question, "How many people are enrolled in public school adult education?" is presented. The current survey on Adult Education in the Public Education System is one of several surveys. Adult education is defined here as "organized instruction to meet the unique needs of persons beyond compulsory school age who have interrupted or completed their formal full-time schooling." In this survey, each state was asked to complete separate forms for adult education administered by departments of education and for those by community colleges. A list of federally funded adult education programs was compiled for comparison purposes. Data requests were limited to two items: numbers of students and numbers of teachers. Respondents were asked to rate the adult education programs for which they provided data to indicate whether the purpose was primarily or secondarily for basic education, high school diploma, occupational training, general or college subjects, or other. By a comparison of this survey with other surveys, figures are obtained. (CK)
- Published
- 1972
45. A Survey of the Effectiveness of Management Development Programs.
- Author
-
Civil Service Commission, Washington, DC. Bureau of Training. and Spautz, Michael E.
- Abstract
This paper summarizes the results of a survey of recent unpublished research studies, conducted in private industry and business, on the effectiveness of a variety of programs designed to develop management abilities. The purpose of the survey was to obtain information about private industry training evaluation practices which might be used or adapted for use by Federal agencies. Out of a total survey sample of 244, 17 studies were located that were substantial enough to be included in the report. The summaries are organized into two major categories defined in terms of the type of criteria against which the programs are evaluated: (1) external criteria; and (2) internal criteria. In addition, the criteria used in a particular study are classified into four levels of sophistication: (1) participants' reactions; (2) learning; (3) behavior change; and (4) results. Some general conclusions, recommendations, and the questionnaire used in the study are also presented. (CL)
- Published
- 1971
46. Evaluation Study of NCEC Information Analysis Products: Final Report. Volume I. Description of Study Methodology and Findings.
- Author
-
System Development Corp., Falls Church, VA. and Wanger, Judith
- Abstract
The quality and utility of NCEC information analysis products, including ERIC clearinghouse products, PREP reports, and EMC bibliographies, are evaluated. The chapters in this volume of the evaluation study are as follows: I. Introduction, which describes the NCEC information analysis products, issues to be addressed, study approach, and report organization; II. Summary, which provides an overview of the entire study in capsule form; III. Review of Survey Methodology, which presents a detailed account of the survey methodology; IV. Description of the Respondent Populations, which describes the survey respondent populations by their various user characteristics; V. Survey Findings on Respondents' Familiarity with NCEC Information Analysis Products, which presents and discusses data concerning familiarity levels of respondent populations; VI. Comparison of the Two Samples in the General Field Survey, which is a simple comparative display of the overall evaluations of substantive papers; VII. Report on the Evaluation Data of NCEC Information Analysis Products, which provides several aggregated data analyses; and VIII. Summary Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations, which are organized by study objectives and issues. Seven appendixes provide the following: Listing of Documents in Product Sample; Forms Used in Obtaining Level-of-Effort and Level-of-Visibility Data; Tabulations on Semi-Professional/Clerical and Non-Labor Costs; Complete Questionnaire Packages; Documentation of Sampling Procedures; Additional Analysis Tables; and Glossary. (For related document, see ED 064 528.) (DB)
- Published
- 1972
47. Life Style Patterns: A New Dimension for Mass Communication Research.
- Author
-
Plummer, Joseph T.
- Abstract
In measuring the characteristics of mass-communication audiences, three dimensions are frequently used: demographics, social class, and psychological characteristics. The author proposes a fourth, "life style," which offers reliable data, is more colorful than demographics and more useful than psychological characteristics. This dimension is designed to answer questions about people in terms of their activities, opinions, and interests (AOI's). To date, data for these studies has come from adults who are members of national mail panels. Information on AOI's, demographics, media usage, media preferences, and product or brand usage is obtained. The data is then analyzed in one of two ways. Correlational analysis indicates the difference in life styles between users and nonusers of a product or readers of one magazine versus those of another magazine. Cluster analysis divides the sample by life style and relates those life styles to product use or media preference. Examples from previous life style studies illustrate the two techniques. The life style dimension has been of use in advertising and marketing and should be useful in mass communication research. (JK)
- Published
- 1971
48. Cross-Cultural Research in Ethnolinguistic Communities: Methodological Considerations.
- Author
-
Metoyer-Duran, Cheryl
- Abstract
Discusses methodological issues in cross-cultural studies of diverse communities, including language problems, data collection and analysis, sample size, and dissemination of findings. A study of the information-seeking behavior of ethnolinguistic gatekeepers in several communities in California is described. Suggestions are given for public libraries conducting community analysis surveys. (52 references/notes) (EA)
- Published
- 1993
49. Survey Research in Technical Communication: Designing and Administering Questionnaires.
- Author
-
Plumb, Carolyn and Spyridakis, Jan H.
- Abstract
Introduces the process of survey research, focusing specifically on the questionnaire method. Lists and discusses eight essential steps in the process, reviews the relevant literature, and ends with the hope that readers will become better consumers of research and possibly researchers themselves. (SR)
- Published
- 1992
50. Theoretical Bases for Research in Media.
- Author
-
Torkelson, Gerald M.
- Abstract
This paper (1) presents observations about the major paradigms and assumptions that have historically shaped media research; (2) encapsulates the activities, thinking, and paradigms of the present; and (3) reports on a study in which 100 theoreticians and researchers were asked to respond to 50 hypothetical statements about media in the learning process as a way to sample current points of view. From the 42 responses, frequency data were determined for each of seven categories on a "valid to not valid" scale and for the choices of whether a particular statement was important or not important for research. Most of the statements that were regarded as valid and important for research followed the research paradigm that is looking for a match between the coding (critical elements in media) and the repertoire of the learner. Also provided are the Questionnaire on Theories about Media and Learning and the study data for the 42 respondents. (LMM)
- Published
- 1984
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