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This paper investigates how Japanese mathematics teachers produce and share didactic knowledge together. It is a case study of a post-lesson reflection meeting so-called "open lesson." The crucial idea of this study is the dialectic between the "specific" and "generic" level of "foci" of the participants' reflections about the observed teaching practice; namely, about applied teacher's specific didactic technique for achieving a specific mathematical goal, and more general pedagogical issues such as realisation of the objectives of mathematics education. This dialectic is mediated by the "meso"-level notion of "mathematical activity," described in the guidelines for Japanese national curriculum. The application of the "scale of levels of didactic co-determination," provided by the "anthropological theory of the didactic" into the analysis shows in what way the dialectic interplay between the teachers' comments with focus of the specific and generic levels influences the development and establishment of the Japanese teachers' shared professional scholarship.

The goal of character building in east Asian countries is often presented as a shared cultural construct and positioned within an east-west dichotomy. However, it is not at all clear that east Asian forms of character education are identifiable and distinct or that they always transcend national and cultural values. Jeynes (2008) has cautioned us to remember that cultural differences limit the extent to which we can learn lessons from another country, but how authoritative is this caution? The English Secretary of State for Education, Nicky Morgan, announced in December 2014 that she intended to secure England's place as a global leader by expanding the nation's provision and evidence base for character education. In this context, this article asks whether England shares any commonalities in the so-called east-west dichotomy on character education -- are they mutually exclusive or are they compatible. Is there a west--individual view and an east - collective view? Is the character education movement in east Asia more of an ideological and political movement? As the British government looks for policy solutions to new and challenging problems, including character education, what answers can it find from abroad? What can it learn, borrow or pinch from these east Asian countries and is there a convergence on policy goals for character education within and across these countries? The paper is based on the work (translated) of prominent east Asian academics and builds on the author's personal interface with officials in the Ministry of Education in Japan and Singapore as well as meetings and conferences with numerous academics in universities across east Asian countries to address these questions.

Calls to advance students' ability to engage in mathematical reasoning practices including conjecturing, generalising and justifying (CGJ) place significant new demands on teachers. This case study examines how Mathematics Studio provided opportunities for a team of U.S. middle school teachers to learn about these practices and ways to promote them in the classroom. Findings demonstrate how CGJ readings and focused discussions, coupled with repeated cycles of collaborative lesson planning, observation and debrief, supported the development of teacher knowledge, professional community, and teaching resources. In addition, this paper explores the role school leadership played in facilitating Math Studio to ensure these learning opportunities were realised. Documenting how Math Studio features and participants contributed to teachers' ability to implement CGJ focused lessons not only provides insights into the difficulties teachers have shifting instruction, but also adds to our understanding of school-embedded professional development more generally.

This paper is an ethnographic study of weekly intercultural meetings held at an alternative community space run by a large private university in Tokyo, Japan. Through a "team ethnography", the two authors of this paper illuminate ways in which alternative modes of learning were promoted and institutional boundaries were transgressed and unlearned. We argue that this was made possible by its spatial as well as organisational liminality. We begin with an explanation of Turner's notion of "liminality", which provides our conceptual framework. This is followed by a reflexive account of our methodological approach, which leads us to the ethnographic description of our field site and our engagement in the field. We then analytically situate our ethnography in the larger institutional and social context. Our analysis focuses on the transgression and "unlearning" of professional hierarchies, age-related, ethnic and linguistic boundaries that permeate the mainstream Aoba institution as well as how alternative, experiential learning is promoted at this liminal site.

The author offers tips on writing a scientific paper. He notes that according to retired plastic surgeon Joseph Murray, during his opening ceremony at the International Confederation of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Meeting held in Japan in 1995, scientists should remember three important words namely, curiosity, imagination and persistence. He describes curiosity as an emotion related to natural inquisitive behavior such as exploration, investigation and learning.

The author reports on the 24th annual meeting of the Japanese Division of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR). The meeting was held in Tokyo, Japan, from December 4, 1976, through December 5, 1976. A list of abstracts that were presented at the meeting is presented. One topic that was discussed at the meeting was alveolar clefts.

Since its beginning in 1992 in Japan, International Symposium on Semiconductor Manufacturing (ISSM) has provided unique opportunities to share the best practices of semiconductor manufacturing technologies for professionals. At the symposiums, semiconductor manufacturing professionals discussed the technologies developed to meet the worldwide requirements for advanced manufacturing. It is becoming crucial to re-examine semiconductor manufacturing in terms of fundamental principles to improve the performance of semiconductor devices. Moreover, utilizing artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies to improve semiconductor manufacturing have become a new challenge. These manufacturing technology challenges are showing the need for drastic revolutionary concept and stronger collaborative efforts to find solutions to the precompetitive challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents the list of authors of papers that received certificates as well as a supplementary prize at the Annual Meetings of the Botanical Society of Japan that were held in September 2001 and 2002.

The Group of 20 Summit (G20) in Osaka, which Japan chaired for the first time in June 2019 has created a tailwind for achieving universal health coverage (UHC) globally. In response to the rapid digitalization, the G20 leaders commenced negotiations for the Osaka Track framework to formulate international rules on data flow across borders and systematize the concept of 'Data Free Flow with Trust (DFFT).' The strategic harnessing of the power of data to strengthen the healthcare system can allow for rapid and affordable progress toward achieving UHC. However, world leaders have yet to discuss what data governance approaches the Osaka Track will follow, or even on what values it will seek to create and maximize. In this paper, we propose a people-centered, trust-oriented approach as the key principle of data governance toward achieving UHC, using Japan's experience as an example. We believe that this approach is compatible with other prevailing approaches (e.g. the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union), and can serve as a bridge to their conceptual differences. We hope that our proposed principles will be fully discussed in post-G20 Osaka Summit meetings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information about the meeting of Japanese and Unites States science educators under the auspices of the National Science Teachers Association in Washington, D. C. The main purpose of the meeting was to establish more effective information exchange between U. S. and Japanese science educators regarding research, development and practice in school science. Another purpose was to nurture the development of a small cadre of U. S. science educators who would become serious scholars regarding Japanese science education. There were seven Japanese and sixteen Americans who participated in the seminar. The leader of the Japanese team was Kunio Umeno of the National Institute for Educational Research in Tokyo. And the co-leaders of the U. S. team were James J. Gallagher and Floyd Mattheis.

Background: Pen-pal clubs (PPC) are used worldwide for students to learn about different cultures and other skillsets without the need for travel. Many medical students are interested in global health opportunities abroad but costs, scheduling, and other barriers allow few to participate in such experiences. It is important that medical students have nuanced global medical perspectives and can contribute to the global medical community. Objective: The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that an international medical student PPC improves medical students' perspectives of cultural competency and global health engagement. Methods: In 2021, a novel medical student PPC was established that began between an American and Japanese medical school. Following a shareholders meeting, it was decided that the number of medical schools involved globally be expanded through previous institutional affiliations and online presences. In total, the club connected 50 American medical students and 52 medical students from 17 high- and middle-income countries. The primary form of communication was online; pen-pals were encouraged to communicate monthly using provided topics, although frequency and way of communication was their discretion. In February 2022, American PPC members were emailed a qualitative survey to assess the PPC's impact. Results: The survey was completed by 42% of American PPC members, 95% of which were 22-26 years. Participants were preclinical medical students, 60% whom were female and the majority either white (47%) or Asian (43%). Overall, the PPC positively influenced American medical students' perception of global medicine, medical education, and their cultural competency after joining the PPC compared to prior (P = 0.004). Conclusion: PPCs encourage medical students to think from a global perspective and foster open-mindedness within varying social and cultural contexts. Having a global communication platform for students during medical school education may be an additional way to train aspiring global leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Taking the view that honorifics are indexes, this paper examines uses of referent honorifics in a committee meeting in a Japanese company. The ways in which referent honorifics occur in this committee meeting defy the explanation that honorifics are markers of politeness. The paper finds that most of the referent honorifics that occur in the meeting are used in the speech act of requests and descriptions of the third party not present in the speech context. Furthermore, the male participants use referent honorifics more than the female participants. The paper argues that neither Brown and Levinson''s politeness theory nor Ide''s notion of wakimae ‘discernment’ alone can adequately account for the usages of the referent honorifics in the committee meeting talk. This paper illustrates ways in which the participants discursively construct their institutional identity through the use of referent honorifics. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents information regarding the annual meeting of the Japanese Association for Dental Research that was held in Kobe, Japan, from November 27, 1999 through November 28, 1999. A list of people who took part in the event is presented, as are abstracts for research papers that were presented.

Highlights 41st annual meeting of the Japanese Society of Nuclear Medicine. Venue of the meeting; Citation of reports of the meeting; Organization of symposia in the meeting.

Introduction: This pilot randomized controlled trial assessed the effectiveness of a nurse–occupational therapist meeting on improving motor and social-cognitive functions, as well as motivation, in a subacute hospital setting. Methods: Participants were randomized to a weekly multidisciplinary team meeting group ('control', n = 20) or a nurse–occupational therapist meeting group ('intervention', n = 18). Medical care plans in both groups were discussed in the weekly meeting. In addition, the details of daily life problems for the intervention patients were discussed in the nurse–occupational therapist meeting. Outcome measures included motor and social-cognitive functions assessed by the Functional Independence Measure and motivation assessed by the Vitality Index. Assessment time points were at admission and discharge. Results: In the intervention group, additional improvements were found in the Functional Independence Measure cognitive (p = 0.048, r = 0.32) and the Vitality Index (p = 0.027, r = 0.36), whereas the Functional Independence Measure motor was improved in both groups (p ≤ 0.018, r ≥ 0.52). Conclusion: We found significant improvement in motor function in both groups and additional improvements in social-cognitive function and motivation in the intervention group. These observations suggest that collaborative practice between nurses and occupational therapists could improve functions underlying independent daily life in hospitalized elderly patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to characterize aspects of the relationship between members of parliament (Diet) and reporters in Japan. It focuses on the frequency of meetings between the political elite and the press, based on the results of a questionnaire that was distributed among Diet members. The findings show that there is a correlation between frequency of meetings and the number of times one has been elected to the Diet: frequency increases with parliamentary experience, but only up to a certain point. This research is part of a broader study being conducted in Japan on the relationship between politicians and the press. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the 81st annual meeting of the Japanese Dermatological Association. The meeting was held at the Tokyo Prince Hotel from April 2-4, 1982 and was attended by approximately 1,500 dermatologists and guests. Many physicians attended the 28 educational lectures, which covered all fields of dermatology. Informal discussions were held after each lecture. Two large halls were used for these educational lectures for the three-day conference. Each paper was read for 40 minutes and each presentation was followed by a five-minute discussion.

The International Committee of Dermatology met in Tokyo, Japan, in April, 1979 to examine the site and to discuss the organization and scientific aspects of the XVI International Congress of Dermatology. The committee members were highly impressed by the facilities demonstrated to them and the advanced planning and preliminary organization already performed by the Japanese organization committee. A committee for extracongressional matters was created which is to present thoughts on international actions for mutual help in dermatology.

Context: Although palliative care is rapidly being disseminated throughout Japan as a result of government policy, a systematic syllabus of palliative medicine for physicians has not been developed. Aims: This study aimed to develop a Japanese national consensus syllabus of palliative medicine for physicians. Design: We used a modified Delphi method to develop the consensus syllabus. Methods and Setting: We created a Delphi panel by selecting 20 expert eligible panelists consisting of Diplomate or Faculty of the Specialty Board of Palliative Medicine and certified by the Japanese Society for Palliative Medicine. We inducted external reviewers from 11 palliative care-related organizations. Results: Among 20 experts surveyed, 20 (100%) responded over all rounds. Ten (50%) participated in a panel meeting. In the first round, 179 of 179 (100%) learning objectives were judged to be appropriate and 5 of 179 (3%) learning objectives were judged to be too difficult. In the panel meeting, 25 learning objectives were excluded, three new learning objectives were added, and 15 learning objectives were reworded. In the second round, 18 of 18 (100%) learning objectives were judged to be appropriate. The final version of the syllabus developed consists of 157 specific behavioural objectives and 22 general instructional objectives across 22 courses. Conclusions: We have developed the first national consensus syllabus of palliative medicine for physicians in Japan. Based on this syllabus, a training program on palliative medicine will be established by training facilities in Japan, and physicians will be able to practice specific palliative care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid aging of the population necessitates improved collaboration among healthcare professionals. Unfortunately, interprofessional collaboration has yet to be implemented effectively in Japan. Therefore, we aimed to develop an interprofessional competency framework for Japanese healthcare professionals. The project was conducted as a four-step process, starting with initial categorization of potential competency domains, followed by guiding principle and prototype development, feedback on the prototype, and final consensus. First, authors (JH and MO) collected opinions about competency in interprofessional collaboration at two academic meetings of the Japan Association for Interprofessional Education (JAIPE) and then analyzed the data thematically. Second, a project team consisting of JAIPE and University representatives extracted the domains and statements as prototype 1. Third, seven representatives from professional organizations joined the project team and developed prototype 2. We then called for feedback on the revised prototype 2 at both an open symposium and via public comments. Following revision of prototype 2, a new project team including 20 university, professional organization and health practitioner representatives finally discussed prototype 3, developed the final draft and reached a consensus. In analysis after collecting the data, we extracted 11 themes. We developed four key principles which applied to six domains as prototype 1-3. Finally, our competency framework included two core domains of “Patient-/client-/family-/community-centered” and “Interprofessional communication”, and four peripheral domains of “Role contribution”, “Facilitation of relationships”, “Reflection” and “Understanding of others”. We developed an interprofessional competency framework in Japan which consists of two core and four peripheral domains. The interprofessional competency framework is likely to affect the understanding of “high-context” and “relationalism” in Japanese healthcare. We hope that our interprofessional competency framework will encourage the systematic implementation of interprofessional education and collaboration in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined factors leading to the successful implementation of behavioral programs by staff caring for children in a Japanese residential home. We used a multiple baseline design across 3 units of residential homes to assess the effects of 2 interventions. The primary dependent measures were staff verbal reports (e.g., descriptions of antecedents, behavior, and/or consequences) and action plans (instructions for intervention). Our results indicated that the use of quantitative data (e.g., frequency of behaviors) increased the percentage of time spent engaged in verbal reports, whereas the use of qualitative data (e.g., A-B-C recording) increased the percentage of action plans. In conclusion, our intervention promoted effective verbal reports and action plans. Using these tools, staff in residential housing facilities may be able to improve support delivered to children in Japanese residential programs. Future research may help to verify whether similar effects can be achieved in other settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the UK and Japan, there is concern regarding rising rates of annual new HIV infections among Men who have Sex with Men (MSM).Whilst in the UK and Europe, gay businesses are increasingly recognized as being important settings through which to deliver HIV prevention and health promotion interventions to target vulnerable populations; in Japan such settings-based approaches are relatively underdeveloped. This article draws on qualitative data from a recently completed study conducted to explore whether it is feasible, acceptable and desirable to build on the recent European Everywhere project for adaptation and implementation in Japan. A series of expert workshops were conducted in Tokyo, Nagoya and Osaka with intersectoral representatives from Japanese and UK non-governmental organizations (NGOs), gay businesses, universities and gay communities (n = 46). Further discussion groups and meetings were held with NGO members and researchers from the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare's Research Group on HIV Prevention Policy, Programme Implementation and Evaluation among MSM (n = 34). The results showed that it is desirable, feasible and acceptable to adapt and implement a Japanese version of Everywhere. Such a practical, policy-relevant, settings-based HIV prevention framework for gay businesses may help to facilitate the necessary scale up of prevention responses among MSM in Japan. Given the high degree of sexual mobility between countries in Asia, there is considerable potential for the Everywhere Project (or its Japanese variant) to be expanded and adapted to other countries within the Asia-Pacific region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses the statistical science which is growing rapidly in China because of its connectivity in industrial and commercial practices. He explains that at present old generation statisticians are being faded away by the young generation who are leading from the front in every aspect. He also informs about the Second Institute of Mathematical Statistics Asia Pacific Rim Meeting (IMS-APRM) which was held in Tsukuba, Japan in July 2012.

Information about several papers presented at the official groundbreaking ceremony of SuperKEKB, the next generation electron-positron collider experiment, at Kobayashi Hall in KEK (the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization), Japan, on November 18, 2011, is presented. The ceremony featured speeches from Hiroaki Aihara, Professor at the University of Tokyo, Michael Procario, from Office of High Energy Physics and Katsunobu Oide, Director, Accelerator Laboratory, KEK.

The article offers information on International Association of Music Libraries (AIML) Japanese Branch. The branch now has 61 individual members and 17 institutional members. It has gained some new members despite a number of members is decreasing. The annual activities of the branch include an annual meeting and three regular meetings, as well as the publication of three issues of its newsletter. The regular meetings would focus on copyright problems in the music libraries, development of professional music education in Japan in modern times, and the task of the IAML Japanese Branch. Its newsletter carries edited versions of papers given at the regular meetings and reports of annual international conference. Its homepage is updated to provide new information and carry newsletters.

The article offers information on three upcoming conferences. The 19th Annual Scientific Meetings of Australasian Sleep Association and Australian Sleep Technologists Association will be held from 5-7 October in Perth, Australia. The 5th International Sleep Congress of the World Federation of Sleep Research and Sleep Medicine Societies will be held in Cairns, Australia and the 32nd Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society of Sleep Research will be held from 7-9 November, 2007 in Tokyo, Japan.

Reports on the 30th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society of Sleep Research (JSSR) held June 2005. Increasing membership of the JSSR; Changes in Japanese sleep habits over three decades; Five symposia examining why sleep problems exist in Japanese society; Focus on the relationship between brain development and sleep.

Reports that the International Council of Nurses has announced the names of the speakers for the plenary sessions at the 16th Quadrennial Congress in Tokyo, Japan. Schedule for the said conference; Topics to be discussed at the conference; Names of speakers for the topics.

This article presents information related to dermatology. The next meeting of the Netherlands Association of Dermatology and Venereology will be held in the Dermatological Department of Leiden University on February 21, 1981. The 1st European Congress of Dermocosmetology will be held May 19-21, 1981. Topics include: structure and function of the stratum corneum, skin culture techniques, free communications and the exploration of the surface of the skin. On the occasion of the XVI International Congress of Dermatology in Tokyo, Japan, the Alfred Marchionini Prize founded in 1966 will again be awarded.

Information about several topics discussed at the KONA Symposium 2012 organized by Hosokawa Powder Technology Foundation and held at Hotel Nikko Kurashiki in Okayama, Japan on September 2-5, 2012 is presented. Topics include structural joining of ceramic nanoparticles, bio-inspired functional materials, and pores-synthesis and applications. The event also featured several speakers including Dr. Steven Mullens, professor Soshu Kirihara, and professor Olivera Milosevic.

The author discusses the Twelfth Frontiers of Electron Microscopy in Materials Science (FEMMS2009) held in Sasebo, Nagassaki, Japan from September to October 2009. He states that the conference aimed to provide international forum on advanced electron microscopy for materials science and to contribute to the progress in electron microscopy techniques. Main topics of the conference including the current advances in instruments and transmission electron microscopy are presented.

The article offers information on several congresses and conventions including the 78th Congress of the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society to be held in Kyoto International Conference Center in Kyoto, Japan on October 15-17, 2009 and the Society of Gastrointestinal Intervention (SGI) 2009 to be held in Lotte Hotel Jamsil in Seoul, South Korea on October 9-10, 2009.

Information about the 23rd Congress of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) held July 23-28, 2011 at the International Conference Center in Kyoto, Japan regarding thrombosis and hemostasis is presented. Topics include clinical trials in detecting venous thromboembolism and thrombotic issues in cardiology. The meeting featured the presentations of several people including Harry Buller, Sam Schulman, and Kenneth A. Bauer.

This conference report summarizes the contributions to, and discussions at, the 1st Asia-Pacific Transport Working Group Meeting held in Toki, Japan, on 14-17 June 2011. The topics of the meeting were organized under four main headings: momentum transport, non-locality in transport, edge turbulence and L-H transition and 3D effects on transport physics. The events which initiated this meeting are also described in this report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reflects on the 5th Asian Meeting on Ferroelectrics (AMF-5) that was held at Tokyo University of Science (TUS) on September 3-7, 2006 in Noda, Japan. They stress that the meeting was organized by the Asian Ferroelectric Association (AFA) which includes the presentation of 300 abstracts and 240 contributions as well as workshop that deals to the various issues on ferroelectrics. The authors points out that discussions on dielectrics and piezoelectrics were given.

Presents abstracts of articles presented at the 34th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society of Neuroradiology held February 10-12, 2005 in Nagoya, Japan. "Evaluation of the age-related changes in the white matter layers around the trigone of the lateral ventricle by diffusion weighted imaging," by S. Sugihara, S. Fujii, E. Matsusue, T. Kinoshita, T. Ogawa; "MR Parameters in Predicting Malignancy and Grading of High Grade Gliomas," by X. Yun, S. Higano, T. Kumabe, M. Watanabe, S. Mugikura, H. Tamura, S. Takahashi, A. Takahashi.

The Asian Development Bank (ABD)-sponsored conference on "Privatization Policies, Methods and Procedures" held in Manila under the chairmanship of Saburo Okita, former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Japan, concluded on February 1, 1985. The two-day conference provided a forum for informed discussion of the policy and procedural aspects of privatization of public enterprises. The conference also promoted a useful interchange on and critical review of privatization experiences and ideas from the Bank's developed and developing member countries. Inaugurating the conference, the ABD President, Masao Fujioka, welcomed the trend toward privatization where it could lead to greater operational efficiency and more efficient use of scarce financial and human resources. Fujioka, however, cautioned that, in the context of the several inhibiting factors, privatization was not an easy task in developing countries. While participants generally agreed on the need for identifying the weaknesses of public enterprises and for initiating appropriate remedial measures, varying views emerged on the degree of desirability and feasibility of privatization in developing countries. This reflected the differing perceptions of the participants and the differing socioeconomic objectives and policies of the countries represented at the conference.

The author reports on the 33rd annual meeting of the Japanese Association for Dental Research. The meeting was held in Gifu, Japan, from November 29, 1985 through November 30, 1985. A list of people who took part in the event is presented along with a list of abstracts that were presented at the meeting.

Based on 11 months of participation in a Japanese high-technology factory, our account follows the working lives of 11 engineers involved in the development, building, and servicing of wire bonding machines necessary for the production of semi-conductors. We examined how the technologies that structured time and space shaped the identities of the engineers. Despite crises of project development, the engineers sustained a group identity by participating in routines such as daily meetings, by the physical arrangement of the work site, and by team members' identification with the high-technology products they produced. In this system preoccupied with the construction of zero-defect machines, the engineers were vigilant in preventing the structures of work life from unraveling, We looked in detail at one project that linked wire bonder machines with other machines and found that problems with machines were related by the engineers to problems of group interaction. The engineers promoted an isomorphism between the structure of the group and the structure of technological design: the group was mirrored in the high technology it produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information about the proceedings and transactions of the 96th annual meeting of the Japanese Dermatological Association that was held from April 11-43, 1997 in Okayama, Japan. 13, 1997. The president of the meeting was Professor Jiro Arata of Okayama University. The meeting was successfully organized by Arata on the following basis, discussion of the origins of the field of dermatology, review of diagnosis and treatment focusing on past knowledge and presents progress in basic science and clinical research and discussion of the future prospects in dermatology. More than 2400 participants attended from all over Japan and many foreign countries. The presidential address was entitled "Staphylococcus Aureus in the Akin,' which is Arata's life work.

The article discusses the demand from the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology (JSOG) for the resumption of recommendations for vaccination after establishing systems to provide treatment for those suffering from different symptoms that occurred after HPV vaccine injection. It notes that recommendations for HPV vaccination must be resumed since HPV vaccine used in combination with cervical cancer screening including Pap test is indispensable to prevent cervical cancer.