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Much of the literature surrounding 'generation rent' has been criticized for neglecting socio-economic inequalities, stimulating an emergent body of work addressing intersections between age and class in shaping housing opportunities. Despite this, two key conceptual and empirical gaps remain under-explored: the manifestation of housing outcomes beyond a binary owner-renter tenure framework, and the drivers of inequalities aside from exclusion from homeownership. In addressing these omissions, this paper compares shifts in tenure (restructuring of rental sectors), housing conditions (affordability and precarity), and alternative housing situations (parental co-residence), between income groups in two contexts: Australia and the Netherlands. Findings illuminate increasingly multifaceted housing pressures faced by young adults, remarkable differences between private-renters and occupants of other tenures, and growing socio-economic disparities within the private-rental sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the aspirations and strategies of self-builders of owner-occupied homes in a facilitated self-build scheme. It draws on a qualitative case-study of the Homeruskwartier in Almere, the Netherlands, one the largest assisted self-build schemes in present-day Europe, which caters to lower- and middle-income households. The study problematizes the notion that self-building necessarily leads to the pursuit of use values over exchange values. This questions the positive benefits attributed to self-building. The aspirations of self-builders are not only framed by social and material conditions, but are also being reframed in the action process. The paper stresses the contingent nature of aspirations and strategies and emphasizes the experimental nature of the self-building process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Dutch housing market suffered more than many other West-European housing markets from the global financial crisis. After some stimulation measures at the beginning of the crisis, the market was hit hard by several government policies in both the rented and the owner-occupied sectors. Against this background this paper pays attention to the disfunctioning of the Dutch housing market and to current housing issues which are high on the political agenda. The paper argues that the contemporary Dutch housing market serves as an engine for social inequality and leads to sharp divisions and instability in society, in social, political and in economic terms. The paper then offers some solutions for these significant housing market problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across countries, the position of young adults on the housing market has worsened over the past decade. Young adults' decreasing access to homeownership has garnered particular attention. Most studies analysing young adults' housing market entry focus on micro‐level determinants or national‐level patterns and trends. This paper adds an important perspective by focusing on spatial variations within a single country, unravelling pronounced inter‐municipal differences in homeownership across age and class. Our case is the Netherlands, where we use full‐population register data for the 2011–2018 period to analyse spatial patterns and trends using a range of quantitative spatial methods. Our findings highlight a notable decrease in owner‐occupancy among young adults in the Netherlands over the period. Such overall declines, however, belie clear class divisions, with decreases particularly concentrated among low‐income young adults. Untangling spatial dynamics reveals both important geographic commonalities and clear divergences. Declining young homeownership was found across 87% of municipalities, suggesting a common experience. Analyses also reveal stark spatial disparities, with the strongest decreases in the most urbanised regions, particularly large cities. Spatially divergent patterns of housing market exclusion are furthermore highly classed: widespread among young adults with a low income, while more spatially concentrated among those with a high income. Finally, using advanced spatial regression modelling, we explore municipal characteristics, revealing how local housing and population factors may explain pronounced differences in changing young adult homeownership entry. The analyses particularly emphasise links between housing unaffordability and competition as determinants of worsening homeownership opportunities for young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The private rental sector (PRS) is making a surprising comeback. A central argument in our paper is that we see the rise of PRS and the associated stagnation of homeownership as springing from the contradictions inherent to financialized homeowner societies. Rather than a feature of either mature or late homeowner societies, contradictions of the promotion of homeownership through the expansion of mortgage markets paved the way for a revival of the PRS. Our case is the Netherlands, but our argument has a wider remit. We sketch the dominant trends in Dutch housing policy and present an overview of the rise of PRS and Buy-To-Let in Dutch cities. We identify how housing policies and realities have driven a shift from a debt-driven to a wealth-driven model of financialization, in which the demand for PRS as an investment class and as a place to live has become central. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efforts by European countries to disperse refugees across the country often implicitly presuppose permanent settlement in dispersal locations. Migrant (re)settlement theories, however, suggest that onward mobility after (social) housing allocation is a more likely outcome. This paper explores refugees' onward residential trajectories after dispersal in the Netherlands, including possible onward international mobility. We follow refugees who entered the municipal registers in 1998 and 1999 (N = 13,490) over a ten‐year period after taking up residence in the first private dwelling. We find that residential trajectories are related to the household situation and vary considerably across origin groups. In general, 'stable trajectories', with a continuation of the type of initial location after dispersal (rural, suburban or urban), are most common. About half of the refugees who stayed in the Netherlands did not leave the municipality of allocation during their a private housing trajectory. Yet, those who were allocated to rural municipalities have in the majority of the cases relocated over time. We find some evidence that social networks and transitions to home ownership are associated with rural to urban movement. Recent policy changes that allow for more participation in the housing allocation procedures of the refugees themselves may reduce resettlement needs and costs for refugees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When asked to explain how they acquired a home middle-class households often forward a series of coincidences. This paper shows that what is experienced as sheer luck may actually be explicable by taking into account the various forms of capital people command. In this paper theories of Bourdieu and De Certeau are applied to the housing market and are used to explore the strategies and tactics people apply to acquire a home. For this study I draw on in-depth semi-structured interviews carried out in Copenhagen, Denmark and Amsterdam, the Netherlands among middle-class households. This paper shows that in order to explain access to housing it is necessary to investigate housing market practices and include other forms of capital than merely financial, such as for example social networks, embodied taste, and knowledge of the legal and institutional context. It is suggested that the way in which class is spatially produced tends to be working differently for various fractions of the middle class. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper documents the consequences of the first living arrangements of young adults after leaving the parental home (without a partner, cohabiting, or married) for their housing situation, whether they rent independently, share accommodation, or own their own homes, both immediately after leaving home and in the first eight years after leaving. Data are analysed from two retrospective life-course surveys conducted in the Netherlands in the 1990s, using multinomial logistic regression models. The paper finds a strong influence of the timing and pathway of leaving on the housing situation immediately after leaving: those nest-leavers who make stronger commitments in their household careers (by cohabiting, or by marrying) are more likely to own a home and less likely to share. Although through the years after leaving home this influence decreases, it remains discernible and significant even eight years after leaving. This is remarkable, given the fluidity of the housing careers of nest-leavers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the cross‐country dimension of financial cycles for six euro area countries using wavelet analysis. Estimated wavelet cohesions show that cycles in equity prices and interest rates display stronger synchronization across countries than real output cycles, whereas credit variables and house prices show lower cross‐country synchronization. We propose a wavelet‐based extension to the spectral envelope that is similar to a frequency‐based time‐varying principal component analysis. The country loadings show that, contrary to all other variables, cycles in loans to households and house prices in Germany and the Netherlands are negatively or less strongly correlated with the common cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an examination is made of the accessibility of the homeownership market using measures that include both supply and demand characteristics of regional housing markets. These measures are applied empirically on an extensive dataset that covers the Dutch housing market. The analysis quantifies the extent to which the position of first-time buyers on the homeownership market has weakened over time and identifies the driving factors of this change. It is found that smaller portions of the housing market are becoming affordable due to financial constraints of young households. However, more importantly, first-time buyers today need to contend with a much larger group of competing bidders on every house that suits their financial situation, than ever before. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Current housing finance systems are mostly a poor reflection of the government's policy priorities. This paper explains how the current Dutch housing finance system works, and analyses its weaknesses against the backdrop of a well-functioning housing market and national policy goals. It specifically looks at recent proposals and some building blocks for future housing finance reform in the Netherlands. The paper ends with conclusions on the potential relevance of the analysis for other European countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the experience of households in two adjacent countries, Germany and the Netherlands, both of which have relatively modest levels of home ownership but significantly different housing systems. Population growth is slowing down in Germany, while it is still increasing in the Netherlands. German house prices are stable while Dutch prices have been rising considerably for 25 years now. The central question is whether people in these two different contexts, which are both faced with globalization and social security reforms, have similar perceptions of the securities and insecurities of home ownership. The paper is based on institutional studies and 20 interviews among home owners and ten interviews among tenants in both countries. The central issues here are the perceptions of (in)security and equity. The paper concludes that in both countries home ownership is perceived as a nest-egg and a 'pension in stone'. However, it is also associated with insecurity. In Germany many households saw house prices as a source of insecurity. This can be explained by strong fluctuations in house prices in Germany and the fear that the declining population might adversely affect the situation and hence the 'pension in stone'. In the Netherlands a policy change - particularly a change in tax relief for mortgage-holders - was the main worry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Western countries, the scale of second home ownership increased enormously in the last decades. Yet, the outcomes of this development on spatial patterns and behaviour are unclear. In this paper we focus on two issues that arise from this trend: first, the impact of the residential environment of the primary dwelling on second home ownership and, second, the impact of second homes on travel. The paper is based on two empirical studies carried out in the Netherlands and in Germany. In the Netherlands, the owners of second homes frequently compensate for the lack of leisure opportunities at home or in close vicinity of their home in urbanised areas in which they primarily live. The same is true for allotment owners in Germany. However, Dutch non-mobile caravan owners and German owners of second homes do not follow any compensation strategies. In both countries the use of the private car is dominant although in Germany travel distances are larger than in the Netherlands. Based on a typology of second homeowners a sketch of future developments will be given. Some recommendations for housing and transportation policies will be formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amsterdam's housing market is dominated by the social-rented sector. It comprises 56 per cent of the total housing stock, while home ownership comprises only 19 per cent, lower than anywhere else in the Netherlands, and among the lowest in the world. Central government policy is currently seeking to increase the share of home ownership in the Netherlands from 53 per cent (2001) to 65 per cent in 2010. This paper will summarise recent national and local (Amsterdam) housing policy developments, focusing on the recent practice of selling social housing in Amsterdam. Unlike the Right to Buy scheme in Britain, the Netherlands employs an 'offer to buy' strategy. Sales, however, have been disappointing so far. Two factors were found to be crucial in this regard: (1) the sluggish change in 'policy mentality' and bureaucracy and (2) the high prices in the home ownership market. By way of conclusion, the paper reflects on the desirability of shifting the tenure structure from tenancy to ownership and on the risks that an (over-) emphasis on home ownership may bring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lower levels of homeownership among immigrant populations have frequently been related to the particular financial constraints that immigrant households can face. Various problems have been raised with this explanation for the ethnic gap in homeownership rates. This paper responds to these criticisms by sensitizing the financial constraints explanation to the possibility of differential effects of ethnicity depending upon level of income. The hypothesis that the ethnic gap is stronger for lower income groups is tested through logistic analyses of the housing tenure of Turkish and Moroccan immigrants and a comparison group of native citizens in the Netherlands. High-income Turks are revealed to have comparable rates of homeownership to high-income natives, whereas in low-income groups a large ethnic gap exists. The ethnic gap in homeownership among low-income groups could not be explained by other financial constraints (education, couple’s earning status, parental resources). Housing preferences and discrimination are possible explanations for this ethnic gap among low-income households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses the impact of homeownership on neighbourhood safety and neighbourhood satisfaction, using a unique panel dataset for the city of Rotterdam. The results show that there are significant, but economically small, effects of homeownership on safety and satisfaction. Moreover, the relation between ownership and satisfaction is significantly moderated by neighbourhood safety. The paper examines whether the marginal impact of increases in homeownership on external effects diminish once ownership levels are higher. According to the data, this seems to be the case. The results are robust to alternative specifications. The findings provide insights for the evaluation of housing market policies that subsidise or stimulate homeownership. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Homeownership is influenced by resources, household context and characteristics of the family of origin. Using the Netherlands Kinship Panel Study, this paper investigates this influence and to what extent it differs between men and women in couples and between single men and women. The results for couples show that the earning potential of the male partner, indicated by the level of education, is much more important to housing tenure than the earning potential of the female partner, whereas the impact of the current income is similar for both sexes. Single women are less likely to be homeowners than single men. Moreover, the earning potential has a greater effect on homeownership for single men than for single women. Some evidence is also found for a greater effect of the father's socio-economic status on women's than on men's homeownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to explain the repeated empirical finding that homeowners have shorter unemployment durations than tenants, even though Oswald's hypothesis predicts longer unemployment durations for homeowners. The search models that have been proposed to motivate Oswald's thesis have difficulties in providing an explanation for the reverse of the Oswald effect. The model proposed in this paper is close to the ones proposed earlier, in that it also studies search behaviour, but contains a richer set of effects of homeownership on search behaviour. In our model, homeowners may have a higher intensity of job search (and hence shorter unemployment durations) when their housing expenses are-all other things being equal-higher than those of tenants. Some studies have indeed found that the shorter unemployment durations occur especially among highly leveraged homeowners. We show that, in the Netherlands, many homeowners have higher housing costs than otherwise comparable tenants. The model developed in this paper is therefore able to explain the existing evidence of shorter unemployment durations for Dutch homeowners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between home ownership of Dutch elderly households and age is strongly negative. Other studies suggest that this age gradient should be attributed to a cohort effect. In this paper, we investigate where those cohort effects come from. We also observe that mortgage ownership among elderly home owners increased considerably during the nineties. Using panel data, we estimate models explaining home and mortgage ownership by age, cohort, and time effects, as well as other factors. Cohort and time effects are modelled explicitly using macro economic and housing market related variables. We find that the level of GDP per capita when the household head was young is the main factor explaining generation effects in home ownership among the elderly. After accounting for cohort effects it also appears that home ownership decreases slightly with age. Mortgage ownership among elderly home owners rose considerably during the nineties due to house price increases and due to financial innovation in the mortgage market. Cohort effects are also important. A supplementary analysis suggests that those cohort effects are due to the fact that the accidental bequest motive is becoming less important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that home ownership has an impeding effect on migration. However, the strong increase in home ownership in the Netherlands since the Second World War has not led to a decrease in migration. In this paper three factors are identified which may counterbalance the expected negative effect of increasing home ownership on migration. First, the composition of the population of homeowners has changed towards younger, more mobile households. Second, home ownership has become more common, possibly leading to greater dynamics within the owner-occupied segment of the housing market. And third, macro factors such as economic growth may have led to more migration. Using the Housing Demand Surveys and logistic regression analysis, we investigated to what extent the effect of home ownership on migration changed in the Netherlands during the 1980s and 1990s. We find – contrary to what we expected – that during the research period the negative effect of home ownership on migration seems to have strengthened somewhat. Within the research period, however, this negative effect was compensated by a general rise in migration for both owning and renting households, possibly attributable to macro factors affecting migration, such as economic growth and changes in the housing market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In March 2001 the Dutch parliament discussed and approved the Housing Memorandum 'What people want, where people live'. This policy document gives a broad picture of housing policy for the next decade. It stresses individual freedom of choice, sets ambitious homeownership targets, analyses the changing demands for housing and concludes that a large change in the housing stock is necessary. This is to be partly achieved by the sale of more than 500,000 social rented dwellings and by reducing the role of housing associations. Their part of the total housing stock will diminish from 36 per cent at this time to 25 per cent in the year 2010. The question is whether this must be seen as an attack on the position of housing associations or as an inevitable adjustment to changes in housing demand. Will the social rented sector be marginalized or residualized? This paper explores these questions and argues that this is unlikely, and that policy change is not going to 'attack' housing associations. Conclusions indicate that the social sector surely has nonetheless to change to meet the demands of today and tomorrow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parental support, in both financial and non-financial ways, is important in explaining the residential trajectories of young people leaving home. For instance, the influence of parental support on the ability to leave home or enter homeownership is well established. This study adds a dimension by investigating how inequalities in terms of parental background – particularly assets – are spatially articulated. More specifically, we study whether parental background influences the types of neighbourhoods young people leaving home move to. Drawing on the case of Amsterdam, we show that these ‘fledglings’, despite their generally very modest income, disproportionally move to gentrification neighbourhoods. Moreover, fledglings with wealthy parents are even more likely to move to both early gentrifying and expensive mature-gentrification neighbourhoods. Gentrification research should therefore also take into account the importance of middle class social reproduction strategies as well as the potential intergenerational transfer of (financial) resources – rather than merely personal financial situation – in shaping housing outcomes and spatial inequalities of young people leaving home. Drawing on parental support, young people may be able to outbid other households and hence exclude them from gentrifying neighbourhoods. Consequently, parental wealth and other resources can thus contribute to gentrification and exclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Both scientists and politicians increasingly emphasise the importance of well-being as an indicator for economic performance, next to purely financial indicators such as national income and product accounts. There is an ongoing discussion about the most appropriate indicators to measure well-being. In this paper we use the set of eight 'life situation indicators' used by the Netherlands Institute for Social Research, and concentrate on the regional dimension of well-being, by comparing the spatial variation in well-being in the Netherlands with the spatial patterns of the separate life situation indicators, that have been shown in this years' series of The Netherlands in Maps, in the successive issues of TESG's 2011 volume. We conclude that the highest levels of life satisfaction are reported for regions where the levels of good health and home ownership are high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which examines the threat of crime-money to the real estate sector and the lack of evidence coming forward from research and law enforcement in the Netherlands. It states that it is not sufficient to look at the hypothetical total sum of money to assess the relationship between crime-money and the real estate sector. According to the author, criminals did spent money on buying houses, sometimes big villas and a few of them had more property which was let, however, the small financial criminal elite was widely spread over time and space.

The article examines the welfare effects of the current tax-favored treatment of home ownership in the Netherlands. The authors compare the current system with a neutral arrangement of owner-occupied housing and estimate the average subsidy at 20% of the imputed rental value of the house. Furthermore, the welfare costs of the subsidy associated with distortions in housing consumption and employment are estimated between 1.7 and 6.7 billion euro. In conclusion, the authors states that the elasticity in the country is probably small due to strict spatial constraints, which the effects are probably closer to 6.7 billion euro.

In the major Dutch cities, social rented housing in post-war neighbourhoods has been demolished and largely replaced by more expensive owner-occupied and rental housing. Through residential mobility, these measures can trigger substantial population changes. This paper studies residents' social capital in two recently restructured neighbourhoods in the city of Rotterdam. It distinguishes between the stayers, movers and newcomers. In a neighbourhood context, social capital refers to the benefit of cursory interactions, shared norms, trust and collective action of residents. Survey data show that social capital is not only an asset of long-term stayers, but that in particular newcomers are relatively rich in social capital. Factors associated with higher levels of social capital are a higher net income, presence of households with children, stronger place attachment, higher perceived neighbourhood quality, homeownership and single-family dwellings. The expected future length of residence in the area appears of little importance for social capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This article investigates the interplay between social policies, industrial relations, and housing regimes in order to explain the development of occupational pensions. The structure of statutory provisions and industrial relations of the Bismarckian “latecomer” Belgium make it appear a “most likely case” for a successful transition into “mature” multi‐pillarism. The continued importance of outright homeownership in the retirement package turns out to be a key in explaining that such a transition largely failed in Belgium. In the Netherlands, on the other hand, two financial crises have eroded the apparent advantages of securing the second‐tier function of retirement provisions by relying on prefunded occupational plans and a financialized housing regime. The crises provoked a drift away from the “high road” of second‐pillar pensions, and initiated a process that increases the importance of outright homeownership in the retirement package at the expense of generously funded occupational plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates how life course characteristics and housing market circumstances affect the formation and realisation of preferences to move into homeownership. Using a data set from the Netherlands in which data from three cross-sectional housing surveys are enriched with longitudinal register data for the period 1998-2008, we follow aspiring homeowners regarding their actual residential behaviour. We find that only 31 % of the aspiring homeowners became homeowners within 2 years, approximately 13 % moved to rental homes, and the vast majority did not move at all. Insufficient socioeconomic resources and a high house price-to-rent ratio hamper the realisation of preferences to move into homeownership. However, these hampering factors are at least as important as the extent to which individuals prefer to move into homeownership. This last finding suggests that housing tenure preferences cannot be viewed as 'pure' preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Home-ownership is transmitted between generations. Parental gifts form one of the mechanisms through which the intergenerational transmission of home-ownership takes place. Using the Netherlands Kinship Panel Study, we investigated the influence of parental and children's resources and other characteristics on financial support from parents to children. A major independent variable was parental home-ownership. As dependent variables, we distinguished between financial support towards buying a home, and financial support in the form of gifts of € 5,000 or more ever received. By making this distinction, we could test whether homeowner parents were particularly likely to help their children become homeowners rather than giving other types of financial help. The results did not indicate such specific gift-giving: parental home-ownership was just as important to other types of monetary support as to home-ownership support. However, the distance to the place where the adult child had grown up was negatively associated with receiving home-ownership support but not with receiving other financial transfers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A combination of the demographic trend of an ageing population and the increase in wealth in owner-occupied dwellings over the last decade raises a new research question in the Netherlands. How do the Dutch elderly spend their housing wealth and what can be predicted about their future behaviour? They may use their housing equity to provide an income in old age, or they may pass on their housing wealth to descendants. By compiling evidence available in the Netherlands, this article examines the use(s) to which the Dutch elderly put their housing wealth. The analysis is based on data, literature and information collected during interviews with elderly people. The main conclusion is that housing wealth will, for the greater part, keep on functioning as unused savings for the Dutch elderly for the foreseeable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a study that analyzes the ways changes in contingencies and institutions during 1990s have affected the financial management of housing corporations in the Netherlands. Housing corporations have faced uncertainty in the 1990s, becoming financially independent from the central government. There came the reduction of support for social housing and government policy focused on the promotion of home ownership. Because of the changes and economic pressures, corporations made several changes to their financial management that include treasury and solvency management, capital investment policy, customer relations and operational management. The study shows that the corporations made changes and watchful over the economic indicators because they are working on for more economic efficiency.

In most Western countries, home owners are much less likely to change residence than renters. In the last few decades, the rise in home ownership in the Netherlands has been spectacular. This would imply that the population has become less mobile, which has consequences for the functioning of the housing market--at least, if the relationship between home ownership and residential mobility has not changed. This research addresses the question of whether the effect of home ownership on the probability of residential mobility has changed over the last few decades and if so, how. Using data from the 1981-98 Netherlands Housing Demand surveys and logistic regression models, it is found that the difference between home owners and renters in residential mobility has changed over time. The results indicate a decrease in the effect of home ownership with an interruption in 1984-85. This finding might indicate stability in the effect of home ownership, except for periods of booms or busts on the housing market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sharp drop in prices on the home owner market is not only hard to predict but also the reason why many politicians would prefer to implement any tax changes gradually, if at all. Against this backdrop, the present study explores the relationship between a change in the personal income tax treatment of home ownership and a change in house prices. First, based on a literature study, it identifies the factors in the development of house prices. Then, using data from several European countries, it compares the effects of personal income tax reform on the development of house prices. As the comparison reveals, the method and timing of adjustments in the tax system have a strong influence on house price development. Furthermore, econometric modelling of the Dutch home owner market suggests that when the restrictions on tax concessions are less stringent, the real decline in house prices is not as steep and does not last as long. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]