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Electric vehicles (EVs) are fast evolving and their technological advancement is taking at a rapid pace. The performance usually depends upon two basic parameters for an EV, the range of the vehicle and energy consumption per kilometre for the vehicle. Drive cycles (DCs) play a major role in designing EVs. Many DCs are currently used such as the Indian drive cycle (IDC), New European Drive Cycle (NEDC), Worldwide Harmonised Light Vehicle Test Procedure (WLTP) to check the performance of vehicle in term of their emissions and working standards. This paper compares an electric two‐wheeler scooter with these standard DCs for range and energy consumption estimation and found out that the range obtained using NEDC drive cycle was 130 km in comparison with the IDC which was about 95 km. The paper also highlights the importance of good infrastructure of roads in India to optimize the driving range of the electric vehicle and also stresses the use of good cooling techniques of batteries for range enhancement of EVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is the world's top producer of two-wheelers, which are frequently used in our daily lives. However, after a few years of service, the engine loses its efficiency and can no longer meet the environmental protection regulations. If these scooters could be transformed into electronic scooters, they could be used for a longer period of time. In this paper, an ordinary two-wheeled Honda Activa Scooter model powered by a two-stroke gasoline engine was converted into an electric vehicle. To increase efficiency, a novel approach known as regenerative braking was implemented. Regenerative braking temporarily conserves kinetic energy during deceleration and then uses it again as kinetic energy, thereby reducing fossil fuel consumption. When braking, a large amount of energy is typically lost as heat, but the regenerative braking system recovers this energy. With this system, the electric motor uses the vehicle's momentum to recover the energy lost while braking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A spate of high-profile battery fires is sabotaging India's attempt to be one of the leaders in electric vehicles, especially in the 2-wheeler sector that employs the nation's traffic-obstructed streets. The Electric Vehicle (EV) industry and its clients are battling the likely fallout, myths, and fake news. For what reason do EV batteries burst into flames?—the paper responds to this fundamental but pressing question by profoundly delving into several aspects, such as the EV battery working conditions, EV components quality, temperature and external entity effects. This review focuses on the reasons, risks, ramifications and remedies of EV fires from an Indian perspective. An account of the EV fires of 2022 in India has been taken as the focal point of discussion in the paper. Many misconceptions, such as extreme weather and poor thermal management, have been refuted with valid arguments and factual results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce emission of greenhouse gases, electric vehicle is a good option. During recent time in India, there is emergence of electric vehicle start‐ups. This paper predicts purchase intention of the consumer on electric cars with mediation role of attitude. A questionnaire was framed to collect the data from all ages with 173 valid samples. SmartPLS 4 and SPSS were used to test hypotheses and research model. The secondary data helped in understanding the concept of electric vehicles and consumer preferences for them. The findings showed that price perception, government support and environmental concern significantly influence consumer attitude on electric cars except relative product advantage and range anxiety. Result shows mediating role of attitude between independent variables (Price perception and environmental concern) and purchase intention. Study highlights the role of relative product advantage, range anxiety, government support, environmental concern, and price perception in electric vehicle (car) adoption but it has limitations that the study were conducted in Haryana state (India). The opinions and perceptions of the respondents may also limit the study. In practical, the market of EVs is continuously growing in India. The present study encourages the different stakeholders to go with plan that actually work. At present, driving electric cars in India is luxury for people due to its high prices. There were very less discussion on consumer perception toward EVs in previous literatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following years, electric vehicles (EVs) are promising technology for shifting scattered exhaust emissions in mega‐cities to integrated power plants in rural areas, especially in urban areas. Transport sector electrification and increased popularity of EVs make scientists and researchers, search for charging stations. The ideal position, charge scheduling, and developed charging infrastructure are the primary concern for the large‐scale deployment of EVs. This paper describes the possible demand for EVs charging station infrastructure and challenges in the Indian situation. Along these lines, this study also provides the research community with the latest developments and research findings of charging infrastructure for EVs in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric Vehicle (EV) standardization is of paramount importance in the rapidly evolving automotive landscape, playing a pivotal role in ensuring interoperability, safety, and global harmonization. This review delves deep into the multifaceted challenges and pillars of standardizing EVs, the FAME I, FAME II schemes initiated by the Indian government. With the advent of EVs, the convergence of technologies from these traditionally distinct sectors has brought forth unique challenges, from communication protocols to global harmonization and safety concerns. The paper sheds light on the prevailing international standards set by bodies such as IEC, IEEE, UL, BIS, CHAdeMO, Standardization Administration of China (SAC), SAE and ISO. Moreover, the status of Indian standards and worldwide standards are discussed. The voltage levels and maximum charging capacity of the different chargers are discussed. Furthermore, it elucidates the advantages of EV and PV charging stations and impact of charging stations on grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The automobile sector is a promising avenue for enhancing energy security, economic opportunity, and air quality in India. Before penetrating a large number of electric vehicles (EV) into the power grid, a thorough investigation and assessment of significant parameters are required, as additional nonlinear and EV loads are linked to the decentralized market. Many automobile companies have already invested in electric vehicle research; hence, a detailed analysis on range anxiety and grid connectivity concerns are the important factors affecting the future of the electric vehicle industry. In this paper, the initial review is about the decentralized market in India and sustainable aspects of electric mobility based on the Indian context, as it is a developing nation with an enormous resource and scope for EV markets. With recent literature from the last three years, the substantial constraints observed in benefits and challenges are reviewed. The financial stability aspects and the incentives to overcome the barriers to EV adoption are briefly discussed. From the review, it has come to the limelight that infrastructure availability, technology, load demand, and consumer behaviour are all major obstacles in the electric vehicle ecosystem. For the overall design and study of the vehicle to grid (V2G) infrastructure, this paper also provides insight into the representation of electric vehicles in different energy-efficient models and their categorization while connecting to the grid. The methodology adopted for energy-efficient models includes lifecycle emissions, economy, smart charging, real-time optimization, aggregated EV resource modelling, and a support vector machine (SVM)-based method. This paper gives a positive impact on EV fleet integration and electric mobility in general, as it critically reviews the influential parameters and challenges. This classification depends on crucial parameters that are at the frontline of EV grid integration research. This review is a solution to enhance grid stability in regard to new EV models. With the advanced electric motors development and renewed battery technology models, longer-distance automobiles are now available on the market. This paper investigates the constraints of EV grid integration and analyzes different EV models to ease the grid stability for a decentralized market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is a biggest threat to the globe. The policymakers worldwide are encouraging the usage of electric and CNG vehicles at the faster pace. India is the third largest emitter of CO2 in the world. As per the report published by The Economic Times, more than 40% of the car buyers are looking for other means of fuel than petrol and diesel. As per the 2022 Global Automotive Consumer Study by Deloitte, the demand for electric vehicles remains low in the market, as more consumers prefer options like hybrids and CNG. The global market for alternate fuel is estimated to surpass $892.57 billion mark by 2026 growing at an estimated CAGR of more than 12.9% during the forecast period 2021 to 2026. The research paper mainly concentrates on the factors that influence the decision of the consumers to adopt for alternative fuel vehicles in India. It also highlights the preparedness of the consumers for the adoption of these vehicles. The study will be useful for the policy makers and for the car manufacturers as it gives them the direction to understand the psychology of the consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The automobile industry in India has taken a major role in the growth of the Indian economy. In India, we find different modes of transportation either in the form of public transportation or in the form of private transportation. It has come to the conclusion that without the transportation service nothing can be done and if for some reason the transportation service is stopped then the life of Indians is unimaginable as well as the impact of the above problem is going to hit the entire nation. The major challenge in the automotive industry is the fuel that our country needs to import from others. The resource of the fuel is getting emptied day by day. Now it has come to a situation where we have to go for such an automobile industry which uses the alternative fuelling system. Today a lot of research work is going on electric vehicles and the Indian system is planning to switch over to the electric vehicles. This paper introduces a new model for charging electric two-wheelers using solar energy. The paper contains the different types of two-wheelers and their charging system is studied. After studying the charging system of the two-wheelers the common charging system for all those types is proposed. This solar charger is considered as a solar fuelling center where the two-wheeler gets the shelter during the sunny day as well as the battery system can be charged during the parking time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research and development concerning the electrification of the easily affordable two-wheel vehicle segments operating at low power capacity are significant for a highly populated country like India to attain sustainable transportation. Hence, a novel approach is proposed in this paper focussing on the investigation of bi-directional quasi-Z source inverter (BD-qZSI) using a modified shoot through hysteresis current control (STHCC) loop for brushless direct current (BLDC)-motor-based low power electric vehicle (EV) applications to address this issue. The practical vehicle dynamics, without the computational burden of the complete drive cycle. are suitably established in this research work by achieving different speed and torque conditions with the inclusion of five different modes of operations consisting of three motoring modes (eco, coast, and wrap) and two regenerative braking modes (soft regen and hard regen). The combination of the closed loop speed control of BLDC motor involving PI control in cascade with modified STHCC for the operation of BD-qZSI is analysed in MATLAB/Simulink environement. The performance of the bidirectional power transfer in a single stage including regenerative braking is examined. The results confirm the validity of the proposed system for low-power EV applications. The modified STHCC is easy to implement with quick response compared to other control methods. The performance of single stage BD-qZSI is superior to the conventional two stage converter topologies and to that of Z source inverters. The commutation ripple observed in the torque profile is insignificant in low-power BLDC drive applications. The overall drivetrain efficiency of 84.82% is achieved at rated load condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The total number of vehicles is expected to be 2.5 billion by the year 2050. To stabilize the impact on environment, the automobile sector has shown various innovations by shifting from conventional vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs). However, there is less acceptance of electric cars in India, so this research paper explores the various factors affecting EV adoption intention. The key factors studied are price, environmental concern, infrastructure requirement, and knowledge of EV. This paper also shows that government policies act as a mediator between factors like price, knowledge of EV, and infrastructure requirement on adoption intention of EVs. This research paper presents insights for the decision-makers to understand the determinants and design the strategies for increased adoption intention of EVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposed modeling, designing and battery management system for a three-wheeled electric vehicle for the Indian road under different conditions. The system consists of a lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide cell-based lithium-ion battery with a managing system known as battery management system (BMS) described here. The process for modeling the vehicle, choosing the motor, developing the controller with a programmable circuit and developing the DC–DC buck converter, and battery pack of the lithium-ion cell with an effective BMS is discussed. According to the study, a prototype programmable controller circuit board, including the PWM-controlled driver circuit, is built for the proper flow of electricity on urban roads in India and has been tested successfully on road. This developed electric prototype travels the range of 100 km with an average speed of 32 km/h, while the maximum current drawn from the battery is 30_amp. The efficiency increased by 2% compared to the market-available PWM square wave controller. MATLAB simulation is done to compare the effectiveness of the modeled system with the suggested prototype control system. To verify the system, a small-scale prototype is developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expectation of a huge number of Electric Vehicles (EVs) into the market creates multiple technical problems. The power system is at risk due to the unsecured and unreliable operation resulting from unplanned charging and discharging. The unplanned EV charging and discharging change the load profile of the electric grid. Hence, it is required to develop an effective scheduling scheme for charging and discharging EVs. This research focuses on the minimization of the charging cost of a large number of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in a residential area and parking station. When a huge number of EVs are aggregated in the residential and parking stations, charging and discharging power should be a significant and viable contributor to the power grid. V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) technology offers additional potential benefits to improve power quality and also system reliability. EVs can also supply G2V (Grid-to-Vehicle) power through the discharge of the battery, which benefits both EV owners and electric utilities. It is very difficult to schedule the configurations of EV charging and discharging in an optimized way so as to decrease the charging cost of EVs. The usage of renewable energy sources like solar Photovoltaic (PV) power, reduces the burden on the grid. The solar PV systems are likely to have significant surplus power during the daytime. In this research, optimal charging and discharging scheduling schemes for EVs are developed and the proposed work is carried out under the MATLAB environment with and without Photovoltaic (PV) systems. The realistic load data is collected from Transmission Corporation of Andhra Pradesh (APTRANSCO), India and the solar data is taken from the Indian Solar Resource Data website. The effectiveness of the scheduling scheme is rated according to its capability to reduce the total cost. Extensive simulation studies have been performed on the distribution system under consideration and the results have been presented. The results demonstrate that the charging cost of EVs can be reduced significantly with the use of solar PV power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the current depletion of fossil fuels and its price hikes, the need of the hour is an alternative source of energy for the vehicles. Electric Vehicles are the solution for the industry as well as for the environment in India. However, the current market penetration of electric vehicles is rather low. There is a need to study the factors influencing the consumer's acceptance of such electric cars. Various factors that influence the purchase decision of car buyers are based on individual perception of dimensions like environmental issues, cost, trust, technological advancement, infrastructure and societal acceptance. The results of the study show that positive environmental effects associated with electric cars along with the no costs of fuel involved happen to be the biggest motivators for the consumer when it comes to purchasing electric cars. On the contrary, cost of the electric car and lack of charging infrastructure happen to be the factors which demotivate adoption of electric cars. Thus, to promote the sales of electric cars the government has to play a leading role by developing satisfactory infrastructure, creating environmental policies, subsidizing the cost of the electric vehicles and providing financial incentives like lower interest rate on car loans and tax reductions on the purchase of electric cars. Through this paper, the potential scope of electric cars in the city of Kolkata will be studied and the consumer perception for same will be analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their low CO2 emissions, uncomplicated maintenance, and low operating costs, plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are currently acquiring popularity in the automotive industry. The charging infrastructure is crucial to the sustained expansion of the electric vehicles (EVs) market. In this paper, all aspects of the rapidly expanding Indian market for EV charging infrastructure are examined. Furthermore, for the Indian market, the available charging specifications, such as charging level, charging mode, charging point category, hardware, and software, are reviewed. Moreover, different organizations evaluate the standards and regulations of charging stations and EV integration into the grid for Indian consumers. In India, the current status of the charging infrastructure and prospective expansion plans are analyzed. The initiatives of the central and state governments for the expansion of charging infrastructure and support for EV consumers are examined. For Indian society, the strong actions that can be taken to develop charging infrastructure are analyzed. Moreover, the obstacles to EV charging network expansion and the role and current status of the key aggregators in expanding the charging infrastructure are also analyzed by considering the Indian market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles (EVs) have significant potential and sustainability in the future transportation sector due to their less pollution and low operating cost. The uncoordinated charging of these EVs may push the power delivery system towards lower performance and even at the risk of damaging the power system equipment. The proper scheduling and coordination of EVs with the system may lessen the negative impact. In this paper, a multi-objective scheduling approach for individual candidate-based EVs is proposed to relieve the distress in power delivery in the best possible way. Minimization of average demand deviation and system unbalance reduction are selected as the objectives to restore the power delivery performance. The proposed approach has been verified on a realistic three-phase power distribution infrastructure. A simple linear regression model is employed to predict the near future number of EVs in the test region. An optimizitaion algorithm based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique is operated to find the finest solution satisfying EV charging constraints. The stochastic nature of load demands at the node points of the test network is analyzed with the help of a probabilistic demand model and it is further incorporated into the optimization framework. It is possible to reduce the system's average demand deviation and unbalance level by 53.74% and 51.36%, respectively, with the proposed EV scheduling approach. A comparative study with the existing methods further claims the efficacy of the proposed approach. Framework for home charging schedule of distinct EVs Compliance with multi-objective power supply efficiency Probabilistic modeling of load demand from real collected data Optimization-driven solution for a test case in Mysore city in India [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) is being widely used by governments across the world as a policy tool to mitigate the catastrophic effects of global warming and climate change. However, the demand for EVs has been slow in many large automotive markets, including India. To increase the uptake of EVs in India, the central government has introduced a new consumer incentive program and a special tax rate for EVs. In this paper, we estimate the cost-effectiveness of these EV promotion programs in achieving CO2 emission reduction for each State in India. We use emission data of the chosen vehicle and CO2 emission intensity data of each State's power grid for computation. The results are then compared to other benchmark investments in climate change mitigation. The findings indicate that subsidizing EVs may not be the most cost-efficient method to achieve CO2 reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major problem faced by the Indian Economy is a balance of payment. India is always having the Current Account Deficit (USD 7.6 billion Q3 2020). This is because of the large presence of crude oil in the import basket of the nation. The lion share of the petroleum used by the transportation sector. India imports 96% of its oil consumption. The current electric vehicle penetration of the market is around 5 % in India. This paper tries to find out the effect on the balance payment and current account if half of the transportation sector is converted to the electric segment especially bikes, Cars, utility vehicles (UVs), and three-wheelers. This research trying to find out whether electric vehicles can make a huge impact on India's sustainable development and balance of payment of the nation and also find out whether it will be a huge burden on the Electric Grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India has seen some of the most damaging social and environmental effects of air pollution in recent times. It has also committed at the COP 21 in Paris to help reduce global warming. Following this voluntary agreement, India plans to increase the share of electric vehicles to 30% of total vehicles sold by 2030 to reduce air pollution. This paper studies the major financial incentives and policy measures undertaken since 2015 as part of the EV policy and views it through the lens of the Environmental Policy Framework, which considers five major types of instruments: Regulations and Standards, Green Taxes, Incentives, and Subsidies, Carbon Credits and Voluntary Negotiations. Another instrument called 'Information Dissemination Measures' is added to this framework to help evaluate the current EV policy. We find that while there are good financial incentives, to begin with, charging infrastructure and research in battery technology needs to be increased in India. There is also an urgent need to improve communication and awareness about EVs and their role in the reduction of pollution to help overcome the hesitancy in adopting this new technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Launch of electric vehicles have seen a substantial rise for the past few years in emerging economies like India. In countries like India, the growth and penetration of the electric vehicles in the Indian automotive industry specifically for the two-wheeler segments are driven by the demand surge where cost and motor metrics have a substantial deciding factor. The in-wheel hub-motor, which is the prime mover for the two wheelers, decides the comfort zone of the customer in various metrics such as efficiency, torque, speed range, charging, and hence the distance covered. This paper addresses the design formulation of achieving a high torque Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) conventionally known as the hub-motor, explicitly for electric two-wheeler application. The hub-motor is aimed for the defined D and L (280 × 30 mm) of volumetric constraints to deliver the rated torque of 50 Nm at the spinning speed of 400 rpm. The hub-motor design is aimed for distance range of 108 km/charge, at the vehicle speed of 54 km/hr for the designed diametric and volumetric constraints. This will lead to a typical cost-effective e-vehicle system since the required distance range of 108 km is achievable at the defined rim size and geometry with an enhanced efficiency greater than 90%. The design is carried out by Finite Element Analysis (FEA) using the electromagnetic software MotorSolve. The results computed are analyzed and validated for the optimal loading conditions for the ambient temperature of 50°C. The results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed design formulation and methodology for achieving the high power density hub-motors for satisfying the customer's comfort zone in establishing the performance metrics of the electromagnetic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainability is gaining traction as a result of decreasing fossil fuel supplies combined with a climate problem, and electric vehicles (EVs) are emerging as the new face of this industry. However, electric cars will only be practicable if they are powered by sustainable energy sources such as solar and wind. This review paper discusses a solar powered charging station for electric vehicles, which offers a fuel-saving and pollution-reducing alternative. Using electric vehicles (EVs) for transportation is an environmentally friendly and sensible alternative for developing countries such as India to save their stored energy. As a tropical nation, India is well-known for its plentiful sun radiation. By utilising this vast amount of renewable energy, we can solve the current power crisis. In India, electric vehicles (EVs) are now limited to bikes, scooters, and cars. Although these vehicles appear to be environmentally beneficial, they contribute to pollution because they require grid power. The best solution in this situation will be to set up a solar charge station for electric automobiles. It reduces environmental pollution since charging EVs immediately relieves additional demand on the grid [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The ever-growing environmental concerns caused due to fossil fuel depletion and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has paved way for consumers to consider Electric Vehicles (EV) as a rapidly emerging operational alternative to vehicles that run on fossil fuels like petrol, diesel and CNG. The paper aims to identify the possible factors in consumers’ intention of Electric Vehicle adoption. A quantitative approach is adopted and the data is collected from 172 respondents from Bengaluru through an online survey method using snowball sampling method. A robust statistical method, such as exploratory factor analysis is conducted using IBM SPSS 23 to identify the factors. The study identified factors such as Financial Barriers, Vehicle Performance Barriers, Lack of charging infrastructure, Environmental Conservation, Societal Influence, Social Awareness of Electric Vehicles as influencers towards electric vehicle adoption. The outcome of the study helps the policymakers to modify the current policy with respect to electric vehicle in the emerging nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental pollution is a global concern at present. One of the primary air pollutants is toxic emissions from internal combustion engines. Electric vehicles are being aggressively promoted around the world in order to alleviate the effects of fossil-fuel emissions and address environmental issues. Different governments encourage people to switch to electric vehicles by encouraging a change. Evidence of the high costs of the electric car, the lack of charge infrastructure, the need for time and distance are obstacles to consumer acceptance. Earlier studies showed that by 2030, the India government wants to replace all conventional vehicle to clean energy vehicles only be used. This article is contemporary and examines the various factors affecting the adoption of a consumer EV. Here, A number of journal papers have been reviewed and we tried to find out different factors influencing EV purchasing behaviour in India. A strong mediator was the attitude, influencing electric cars' adoption. Although electric vehicles are on the market, consumer acceptance is less than traditional vehicles. Consequently, this study becomes significant in identifying factors influencing electric vehicle adoption in India. Some of the factors / barriers investigated in literature are social and technological barriers such as limitations in the electric battery spectrum, less charging stations, unsuitable government policies, sustainability, consumer reactions, etc. The impact of each factor in adoption can be established with statistical methods. A case analysis can be performed using qualitative and quantitative methods. Therefore main factors / inhibitors and related steps for successful electric vehicle adoption can be identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Distributed energy resources (DERs) are a better option for fulfillment of load demand near the load centers. Optimal location and rating of DERs plays a vital role in the enhancement of distribution system performance in terms of power loss reduction, voltage profile enhancement, environmental friendliness, increasing reliability, and postponement of system upgrading. This paper addresses the Gbest‐guided artificial bee colony (GABC) optimization technique for the optimal integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) and electric vehicles (EVs) in distribution feeder to improve the power loss reduction, voltage level, cost reduction, and emissions reduction under load demand uncertainty. In this work, mathematical models of RESs, that is, wind turbine generation system (WTGS) and photovoltaic generation system (PVGS), are employed to determine the generated output power. The foremost aim of this research work is simultaneous abatement of total active power loss, entire cost, and emissions generation; therefore a multiobjective‐based fitness function is formed. Moreover, the impact of charging/discharging behavior of EVs on the distribution grid has also been considered in this study. The proposed methodology is applied on two test systems: (a) 28‐bus practical rural distribution network located at Kakdwip zone in the province of West Bengal, India, and (b) standard 69‐bus distribution feeders. Finally, from the achieved numerical outcomes, it is analyzed that, GABC algorithm generates better outcomes as compared to other optimization techniques. This indicates the viability and effectiveness of the proposed methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollution levels in major cities in India are increasing exponentially. According to Air Visual, 22 of the world's 30 most polluted cities are in India. Therefore, there is a need to find an alternative way to operate the conventional vehicles. Recently, the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020 was notified by the Government of India (GoI) to address the environmental challenges posed by conventional motor vehicles and boost the production of reliable, affordable and efficient Electric Vehicles (EVs). Without a charging infrastructure, electric vehicles are supposed to charge the battery in the home. The EV charger is required to charge the batteries. The charger is basically a non-linear device. This paper analyses harmonics generated by electric vehicles and the determination of the total harmonic distortion (THD) at different nodes of the residential distribution network. Decoupled Harmonic Power Flow (DHPF) was developed for residential distribution system to assess the harmonic effects of EV loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity generation in developing countries is dependent on fossil fuel–based thermal power plants, and the introduction of electric vehicles will only shift the threat of emissions from the operation stage to the energy generation stage. India is one of the developing countries in South Asia where fossil fuel–based power plants make major contributions to electricity generation. In this paper, a detailed review of the challenges faced by electric vehicles is discussed, and an analysis was conducted on the equivalent C emissions from electric vehicles by considering 3 scenarios in India: 1) current electricity generation, 2) power generation considering the installed capacity, and 3) Vision 2022. Based on these 3 scenarios, the main objectives of this work are to understand the potential of electric vehicles to reduce the overall C emissions after considering the indirect C emissions from electricity generation and to highlight the importance of emission control techniques. Experimental investigations of the conversion efficiency of diesel oxidation catalysis (DOC) systems have been conducted for comparative studies. The results of the analysis showed that the indirect C emissions from electric vehicles are higher than the C emissions from internal combustion engines for scenarios 1 and 2. In scenario 3, the C emissions from electric and fossil fuel–powered vehicles are found to be in the same range. The DOC system had an average conversion efficiency of 56% for hydrocarbons and 59% for particle number emissions. The posttreatment emission control systems in internal combustion engines will be the best possible solution, compared to electric vehicles, for reducing overall vehicular emissions until renewable energy sources have a major share in electricity generation. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:234–244. © 2019 SETAC KEY POINTS: Introduction of electric vehicles in countries relying on fossil fuel for electricity generation will only shift the threat of emissions from the operation phase to the energy generation phase.Indirect C emissions from electric vehicles were evaluated for 3 different energy mix scenarios in India to understand their potential to reduce overall C emissions.Experimental investigation on conversion efficiency of diesel oxidation catalysis system was conducted on multicylinder diesel engine, and results showed that it has average conversion efficiency of 56% for hydrocarbons and 59% for particle number emissions.The development of posttreatment engine emission control techniques would be the best alternate solution to reduce overall C emissions until power generation from renewable energy sources has taken control over fossil fuel–based power generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By considering the weight penalty of batteries on payload and total vehicle weight, this paper shows that almost all forms of land-based transport may be served by battery electric vehicles (BEV) with acceptable cost and driving range. Only long-distance road freight is unsuitable for battery electrification. The paper models the future Indian electricity grid supplied entirely by low-carbon forms of generation to quantify the additional solar PV power required to supply energy for transport. Hydrogen produced by water electrolysis for use as a fuel for road freight provides an inter-seasonal energy store that accommodates variations in renewable energy supply. The advantages and disadvantages are considered of midday electric vehicle charging vs. overnight charging considering the temporal variations in supply of renewable energy and demand for transport services. There appears to be little to choose between these two options in terms of total system costs. The result is an energy scenario for decarbonized surface transport in India, based on renewable energy, that is possible, realistically achievable, and affordable in a time frame of year 2050. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the nexus between socioeconomic indicators and the diffusion of electric vehicles (EVs), with a specific focus on India's transition to electric mobility amidst its distinct challenges and opportunities as a developing nation. Utilizing the Rogers framework of diffusion of innovation, the study examines fifteen socioeconomic indicators across 36 countries to discern their influence on EV adoption. The findings underscore the inadequacy of replicating diffusion models from developed economies for India, advocating instead for tailored strategies aligned with its unique socioeconomic context. Drawing insights from China's successful EV market, characterized by dedicated manufacturing hubs and forward-looking policies, the study recommends a nuanced approach addressing affordability, infrastructure, and incentives to ensure a seamless transition. However, the research acknowledges limitations due to the examination's narrow scope, prompting future investigations to expand the range of indicators and countries considered for a more comprehensive understanding. Ultimately, this study contributes practical recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders, emphasizing the importance of aligning EV transition strategies with India's socioeconomic realities to foster a sustainable and economically viable transportation landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India's power system has been evolving rapidly through multiple structural and operational reforms. The evolution is driven by multiple factors, including deregulation of the power system and ambitious government programs to increase Renewable Energy (RE) in the power generation portfolio and provide energy access in rural India. The use of RE and Electric vehicles (EVs) introduces its own set of challenges to the network operator. With the promotion given to RE and EVs in India, the Demand Response (DR) can become a key part of the puzzle that can help the Indian power sector for its smooth working. The importance of DR is because of its potential to alleviate network congestion, improve reliability, and be cost-effective while maintaining demand-supply balance. This paper presents the potential that DR has in the Indian power sector as well as the challenge preventing proper utilization of DR in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles (EVs) have gradually gained traction in India over the past decade, driven by advancements in battery and electric powertrain technologies, affordable battery prices, improved charging infrastructure, and a shift in consumer preference. However, despite this progress, there are still obstacles-both technical and psychological-hindering the widespread adoption of EVs. This research aims to address these challenges by focusing on the acceptance of standardized battery packs (SBP) for battery swapping. A descriptive research survey was conducted among key stakeholders in India's ecosystem. The survey utilized a simple random sampling method and employed various statistical tools, including ANOVA, Chi-square, Correlation, and Regression, using the IBM SPSS statistical tool. The results of this research shed light on the potential for growth in battery swapping technology using SBP within the electric vehicle segment. This growth has the potential to alleviate range anxiety and will support the expansion of battery swapping infrastructure, further promoting the adoption of EVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart grids are the future of Indian power sector and would go a long way in reducing environmental impact and tackling the major challenges faced like technical and commercial losses, chronic supply-demand gap and frequent blackouts. Transforming the existing electric infrastructure through a smart grid is the way forward to ensure efficient and reliable power supply, and achieve sustainable development. The Government of India has identified and initiated a number of remarkable steps towards a more reliable, resilient, cost-effective and interactive power grid. This paper aims at providing a detailed view of the background and current status of the major smart grid initiatives and projects in India, along with a few suggestions for the successful way ahead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban sprawl in context to transportation is a matter of serious concern. It creates unusual environmental challenges for an emerging economy like India, known for geographical spread, population, and use of fossil fuel-based automobiles on road. Indian automotive sector is often held responsible for the emission of greenhouse gasses causing serious environmental deterioration. Government at both central and state levels is dealing with this challenge in two ways-adding more infrastructure for public transport and encouraging electrical vehicles (EVs). Adoption of EVs for public mobility is eco-friendlier and economic. But it is observed that EV penetration in many pockets is not growing and is yet to mature for usage. Regardless of subsidies, it is not picking up as expected and needs to be investigated. Earlier research mainly focused on reporting barriers and did not guide EV penetration enablers. This study bridges the research gap and offers useful insights about EV penetration phenomenon and makes use of both qualitative and quantitative treatments. Accordingly, it models thirteen enablers, guides about tangling interrelationships using an interpretive structural modeling (ISM), and validates it using best worst method (BWM) approach. The study reports six key enablers, which are-developing high-capacity batteries with short recharge time, improving service support, framing promotive government policies, lowering electricity tariffs using sustainable and reliable sources, and reducing dependence on imported raw materials. These enablers need an urgent attention from the industries and researchers for successful EV penetration in Indian context. Authors hope the findings will be useful for other developing countries as well and will influence both researchers and practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper assesses the potential impact of the national electric vehicle (EV) subsidy scheme and the cost-effectiveness of the allocation of the subsidy for different vehicular segments in reducing carbon dioxide equivalent emissions. The results show that even though the impacts are positive, most of the allocated subsidy is spent on switching the most-efficient mode into electric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rising temperatures across the world is posing a serious challenge to the longevity of earth's natural cycle. Use of private and conventional cars is growing year by year as standard of living continues to increase and affordability remaining no more of an issue for a significant proportion of the population. However, there has been a growing voice from segments of the society for a behavioural shift towards more sustainable modes of transport like usage of electric vehicles (EVs), mobility sharing and rental services and public transportation powered by electricity. One of the biggest importers of foreign crude oil, India, is reeling under immense pressure to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions and thereby contributing to environment protection. In India, the statistics or stock of EVs continues to remain poor when compared to its counterparts like China. Hence, this study is conducted to predict the influence of factors on purchase intention of consumers with respect to EVs in the Indian context. A questionnaire was prepared and circulated in New Delhi region to gather the responses people hold about this new technology based on the diffusion of innovation framework. The data of 225 respondents was analysed with the help of SPSS and AMOS software. Structural equation modelling technique was applied to test the hypotheses of this research. The results indicate that attitude has the most influential impact on purchase intention followed by related advantages but consumers also believe EVs to be complex in terms of their usability, limited availability and the absence of required public charging infrastructure. The mediating role of attitude between determinants of diffusion and purchase intention was also established except in the case of complexity. This study is contemporary and adds to the limited literature available on EV adoption in the Indian market by integrating attitudinal factor within the DOI framework. It also provides suitable insights to further the development of EVs in the domestic and global market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As technology keeps developing, India has become an emerging market in the world in consuming lithium-ion battery (LIB) in numerous applications such as portable electronics, energy storage system (ESS) and the latest into electric vehicles. The high-end consumption of such batteries would generate a significant quantity of end-of-life batteries in coming seven to eight years. Currently, there is no dedicated legislation or infrastructure to handle such waste stream, which could be beneficial economically, environmentally and socially. The present review explains the current situation of LIB recycling in India, the challenges and possibilities to adopt a recycling business in India. In addition, information about the importance of waste as a resource and the current government legislation about battery disposal and various process methodologies to recover the economically valuable metals in the discarded batteries are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India's expanding population has necessitated the development of alternate transportation methods with electric vehicles (EVs) being the most indigenous and need for the current scenario. The major hindrance is the undue influence on the power distribution system caused by incorrect charging station setup. Renewable Energy Sources (RES) have a lower environmental impact than the non-renewable sources of energy and due to which Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) charging stations are installed in the highest-ranking buses to facilitate their effective placements. Based on meta-heuristic optimization, this study offers an effective PHEV charging stations allocation approach for RES applications. The primary objective of the developed system is to create a charging network at a reasonable cost while maintaining the operational features of the distribution network. These troublesare handled by applying meta-heuristic algorithms and optimum planning based on renewable energy systems to satisfy the outcomes of the variables. As a result, by adding charging station parameters, this research proposes to conceptualize the distribution of optimal charging stationsas multiple-objectives of the problem. Furthermore, the PHEV RES and charging station location problem is handled in this study by deploying a novel hybrid algorithm termed as Atom Search Woven Aquila Optimization Algorithm (AT-AQ) that includes the ideas of both Aquila Optimizer (AO) and Atom Search Optimization (ASO) Algorithms. In reality, Aquila Optimizer is a unique population-based optimization approach energized by Aquila's behaviour when seeking prey and it solves the problems of slow convergence and local optimum trapping. According to the findings of the experiments, the proposed model outperformed the other methods in terms of minimized cost function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India ranks third globally in overall greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with power and transportation first and third, respectively, in terms of India's sectoral GHG contributions. Motivated by India's Nationally Determined Contribution goals and stated intent to drive renewables growth and vehicle electrification, this paper explores the connections between India's power and road transportation sectors by investigating the benefits of flexible electric vehicle (EV) charging on a set of hypothetical 2037 Indian power grid infrastructures. Using two production cost models, one simulating optimal unit commitment and hourly dispatch of available generation, the other simulating subhourly real-time dispatch operations, we examine the impact of flexible and inflexible EV charging regimes and vehicle-to-grid integration on generation profiles, peak load shaving, energy storage utilization, and overall emissions. Our techno-economic analysis shows that a number of future grid infrastructure scenarios, despite not specifically accounting for EV growth scenarios, may meet annual and hourly peak demand when combined with flexible EV charging; in contrast, inflexible EV charging, particularly during the early morning, will lead to substantial need for additional generation capacity. Coupled sectoral decarbonization remains tied to the grid generation mix, highlighting the need for continued policy focus on decarbonization of the rapidly growing power sector. • Flexible charging, grid decarbonization policies critical for EV adoption benefits. • Scenario analysis highlights pathways to efficiency gains + emissions reductions. • We quantify net CO 2 emissions from power + road transport with increasing EV load. • V2G reduces unserved reserves, prevents price spikes during extreme power outages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of this research is the evaluation of electric cars and the choice of car that best meets the set research criteria. To this end, the criteria weights were determined using the entropy method with two-step normalization and a full consistency check. In addition, the entropy method was extended further with q-rung orthopair fuzzy (qROF) information and Einstein aggregation for carrying out decision making under uncertainty with imprecise information. Sustainable transportation was selected as the area of application. The current work compared a set of 20 leading EVs in India using the proposed decision-making model. The comparison was designed to cover two aspects: technical attributes and user opinions. For the ranking of the EVs, a recently developed multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) model, the alternative ranking order method with two-step normalization (AROMAN), was used. The present work is a novel hybridization of the entropy method, full consistency method (FUCOM), and AROMAN in an uncertain environment. The results show that the electricity consumption criterion (w = 0.0944) received the greatest weight, while the best ranked alternative was A7. The results also show robustness and stability, as revealed through a comparison with the other MCDM models and a sensitivity analysis. The present work is different from the past studies, as it provides a robust hybrid decision-making model that uses both objective and subjective information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles have attracted the attention of India's policy makers as clean technology alternatives due to their multiple advantages like higher efficiency and lower air pollution in short to medium term and reduced CO 2 emissions as electricity gets decarbonized in the long-run under low carbon scenarios. This paper uses an energy system model ANSWER-MARKAL to analyse the role of electric vehicles (EV) in India. The modelling assessment spans the period 2010 to 2050 and analyses future EV demand in India under three scenarios: i) a ‘Reference’ scenario which includes the continuation of existing EV policies as outlined in India's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC); ii) a ‘EV policy’ scenario which, in line with India's INDCs, follows targeted supply-side push policies for EVs, but without the budget constraints; and iii) a ‘low carbon’ scenario which uses an exogenous price for CO 2 in line with the global target of 2 °C temperature stabilization. The scenarios analysis delineates penetration of EVs and their co-benefits as well as co-costs. The co-benefits relate to local air quality, national energy security and CO 2 emissions in India whereas the co-costs (risks) are related to sourcing of raw materials for batteries and battery reprocessing and disposal. The findings show that: i) in the reference scenario, the EVs 2-wheelers will achieve a significant share by 2050. Electric 4-wheelers though would have a small share even in 2050; ii) EV push policies though lead to significant diffusion of electric 2- wheelers in India by 2030. These policies enhance diffusion of electric 4-wheelers only if financial incentives are sustained in the long-term, iii) the application of global carbon price on the Indian economy in the 2° C stabilization scenario increases competitiveness of EVs and results in near total share of electric 2-wheelers by 2030 and a sizable share of electric 4-wheelers by 2050. The high and rising carbon price in low carbon scenario cause deep decarbonisation of electricity and enables EVs to deliver deep cut in CO 2 emissions. The results show asymmetry in the impacts of national and global policies on co-benefits from EV. The EV supply-push policies deliver moderate benefits vis-à-vis air pollution and energy security indicators but make insignificant contribution CO 2 emissions reduction. On the other hand, the global carbon price in the global 2° C stabilization scenario delivers sizable co-benefits vis-à-vis all three indicators. This asymmetry reveal important policy insights: i) the policy sequencing is vital to gain co-benefits, ii) EV technology push policies are good for creating early domestic market for a clean vehicle technology but they may not deliver sizable co-benefits vis-à-vis CO 2 emissions which are global externalities, and iii) implementing strong climate policies early would lead to EVs delivering high co-benefits, in case of India, vis-à-vis all three indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]