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Franchising occurred in Vietnam during the implementation of government policy for economic reform and openness in the mid-1990s. The Vietnam-specific franchise law was passed in January 2006 to create a stable growth in the franchise sector in Vietnam. The legal framework in Vietnam generally follows international legal frameworks. However, the legal framework of franchising businesses is still uncertain. This paper explores Vietnam's franchising law and displays a comparison to the legal framework of Thai franchising law and the Republic of Korea franchising law. The paper concludes that while Vietnam's franchising law generally conforms to international standards, some legal issues should be addressed for further development of the Vietnamese franchising sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of economic policies on the development of Vietnam's electronics industry. We identified, reviewed, evaluated and interviewed various stakeholders in the industry about the policies implemented by the Vietnamese government during the period 1986–2017. We argue that while the policy aiming at learning through technological spillover from foreign direct investment led to the specific level of the technological development, problems during its implementation, coupled with institutional failures brought about unintended consequences. We conclude that trade liberalisation alone did not deliver the desired technological upgrading for domestic firms in Vietnam. Our paper provides policy implications for technological development in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiscal policy is one of the most crucial areas of government economic policy, and it has the potential to influence the economic growth of any nation. According to traditional Keynesian and Ricardian theories, fiscal policy should not be pro-cyclical, and counter-cyclical fiscal policy is the most effective alternative. Furthermore, the periodicity of fiscal policy is also heavily influenced by the quality of political institutions and democracies. Thus, this paper examines the relationship between fiscal policy and economic cycle in Vietnam, a developing economy with dramatic change since 2000. The results support the causal relationship between the set of fiscal policy factors, such as public debt, government tax revenues, and government expenditures, by analyzing quarterly data over a twenty-year period beginning in 2000 by using the Vector Error-Correction Model (VECM). Therefore, the adaptation of fiscal policy to the phases of the economic cycle and the effective deployment of fiscal policy tools help the sustainability of public finances and stimulate economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies how return connectedness exhibits potential linkages among 17 economies over a 20-year period starting in 2001. We obtained three main results by employing the dynamic connectedness approach, which is based on vector auto-regression (VAR), to calculate generalized forecast error decompositions. First, although the financial crisis (2007–2008) experienced a high level of connectedness, the spillover index spiked during the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak. Second, the "return shock sender" is a community of countries that includes the United States, Australia, and European countries, while Vietnam is immune to financial linkages. Third, we discovered the predictive power of U.S. economic policy uncertainty and disease fear with market volatility for the Vietnamese return connectedness. As a result, our research identifies a range of relevant policies to mitigate spillover risks in the context of financial stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues how the features of Vietnam's political‐administrative system and their recent changes have affected economic reform, particularly reform of state‐owned enterprises. After the 12th Party Congress in 2016, the Party Secretary General Nguyen Phu Trong's administration has seemed to exaggerate its conservative and totalitarian‐looking rule in the political arena. In contrast, the economic reform policies introduced by Trong's administration seem more transformative and progressive. This paper suggests that this contradiction must indicate changes in the policies relating to the state management of economic entities and/or a disguised form of reform to retain state influence over economic management, both of which tend to end up with pervasive rent‐seeking practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manufacturing for export is gradually becoming the main pillar of economic growth in many developing countries, including Vietnam. Since 1986, Vietnam has adopted an open economic policy and promoted trade activities. Therefore, Vietnam's exports have significantly increased and contributed to economic development. The benefits of exports are undeniable, but Vietnam also faces serious environmental problems caused by these activities. This paper analyzes the impact of Vietnam's export activities on economics and the environment through comparison between carbon emissions and value-added embodied in exports using an input–output model, then provides some recommendations to adjust Vietnam's export strategy in the future. The main findings indicate that carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) embodied in exports have increased from 2006 to 2015. The carbon intensity of exports increases, while the value-added intensity decreases. As compared with production for the domestic market, production for domestic demand creates faster value-added and slower carbon emissions than production for exports. This study suggests that Vietnam should reform its export structure alongside technological improvements and other policy adjustments to curb Vietnam's growing CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tests empirically whether Aid-for-Trade has been working since its launch in the early 2000s. Using panel data consisting of 102 developing countries from 2002 to 2017, this paper finds that the Aid-for-Trade (AfT) initiative has been working conditionally. Specifically, AfT itself turns out to be effective in export promotion in developing countries, but more so only in a few countries with high growth rates. That is, AfT has greater effects in recipients with high state capacity and a sound economic environment. Additionally, the WTO-led AfT initiative, launched in 2005, has contributed to export promotion by aid recipients, indicating that more commitments from donor sides are essential for the effectiveness of AfT. These empirical findings are supported with evidence from the case of Vietnam, one of the largest recipients of both ODA and AfT, which illustrates the importance of the economic environment in which AfT initiative is implemented. Strategic economic policies implemented by the Vietnamese government have moved its centrally planned economy to a market-based economy, thus promoting integration with the global economy and creating a compatible environment for AfT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the role of financial structure in promoting economic growth in Vietnam using a number of econometric techniques. The results indicate that there is no strong relationship between stock market development and economic growth. In particular, the Granger causality tests suggest no causal effects between these variables. The impulse response tests and the variance decomposition analysis present evidence of the one-way impact from the stock market capitalization variable on the change of economic growth, however, this effect is marginal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial inclusion has generally been considered an effective mechanism to support economic growth and reduce Vietnam's poverty for the last decade. While the importance of financial inclusion to economic growth or macroeconomic stability has been widely examined, it appears that the degree of financial inclusion across Vietnam has not attracted attention from academics and policymakers. In particular, a convergence of financial inclusion across provinces in Vietnam has never been examined. This paper is conducted to examine the static and dynamic distributions of financial inclusion across provinces in Vietnam. The latest three biennial surveys from 2014 to 2018 and a novel approach known as the dynamic kernel density function are used in this study. Our results indicate that Vietnam's economic growth and development over the 2014–2018 period is relatively inclusive. The evidence also demonstrates that households provided with access to multiple sources of finance depend significantly on the provincial level of income. We also find that provinces located in the national key economic regions, including (i) the Northern region and (ii) the Southern region, appear to achieve a higher degree of financial inclusiveness. Our findings also confirm the catching-up from the financially disadvantaged provinces to financially advantaged provinces locating within the key economic regions. We argue that understanding the asymmetric effect of economic growth on financial inclusion will be helpful for the Vietnamese government in formulating and implementing economic policies promptly to secure the sustainable and inclusive goals of economic growth and development in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose -- The purpose of this paper is to posit that orthodox analysis of government-business and business-business organizations in Vietnam involves subtle constituency and "beneath-the-surface" relationships, largely ignored in reviews of the post-đổi mới economy, but are nevertheless worthy of inspection. Design/methodology/approach -- Following a review of the theoretical terrain regarding Vietnamese political-business-economy, the authors provide an alternative view showing how the business sector has developed net(work)s of cooperative mechanisms to work with the Vietnamese Government and its bureaucrats. Findings -- While a delicate interplay of politics can be identified in the net(work) relationships, such constituency politics do not seek to challenge the existing authority of the state or the ruling elite. Rather, the small-scale constituency politics are constructed to operate within the dominant polity and work with corporatist strategies to secure personal and group gain. The strategies used are unique in that they exhibit sympathy with socialism, yet succeed in exploiting the pro-entrepreneur characteristics of đổi mới. Originality/value -- This paper supports the analysis that the dominant political culture in Vietnam is, and will continue to be, dominated by the Communist Party of Vietnam machine. However, the authors have shed light on the "below-the-surface" political activity that exists and persists throughout the business--business and government-- business relationships in Vietnam and present evidence of the pluralist behaviors in these relationships that have hitherto been bypassed in orthodox state-qua-state analysis of Vietnamese polity. Taken as a whole, the existence and persistence of the net(work)s encourages a conclusion that the polity of Vietnam is a more complex process than previously thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluctuation of stock price in commercial banks in developing countries such as Vietnam will reflect the business health of bank system and the whole economy. Good business management requires us to consider the impacts of multi macro factors on stock price, and it contributes to promoting business plan and economic policies for economic growth and stabilizing macroeconomic factors. By data collection method through statistics, analysis, synthesis, comparison, quantitative analysis to generate qualitative comments and discussion; using econometric method to perform regression equation and evaluate quantitative results, the article analyzed and evaluated the impacts of seven (7) macroeconomic factors on stock price of a joint stock commercial bank, Sacombank (STB) in Vietnam in the period of 2014-2019, both positive and negative sides. The results of quantitative research, in a seven factor model, show that the increase in GDP growth, reduction in CPI and lending rate has a significant effect on increasing STB stock price with the highest impact coefficient, the second is decreasing the risk free rate. This research finding and recommended policy also can be used as reference in policy for commercial bank system in many developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why did a gradualist transition approach achieve different performances among socialist economies in the 1980s? Why did some socialist economies never try a gradualist approach to economic liberalization? This paper develops a model to show that the liberalization of a socialist economy has two opposite effects on the rent captured by government. The initial economic condition determines the relative strength of the two effects, and consequently the transition path and performance. In addition, a gradualist reform strategy adopted by a rent-seeking government cannot finish the transition toward a complete market economy. To achieve that goal, a new constitutional order and the rule of law are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the current state of the trade policy regime in Vietnam against the backdrop of market-oriented policy reforms undertaken over the past one-and-a-half decades. The core of the paper is an in-depth analysis of the structure of protection, focusing on both incentives for import-competing production and the bias in the incentive structure against export production compared to import-competing production. It is found that, despite notable reform efforts, the structure of protection in Vietnam is still out of line with that of the major trading nations in the region, in terms of the level and the inter-industry dispersion of nominal and effective protection rates. There is a clear anti-export bias in the incentive structure, even though the degree of the bias has considerably declined over the years. There is no evidence to justify the existing protection structure on grounds of infant industry protection or employment generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The papers in this special issue present results from three research projects on Vietnam looking, respectively, at poverty dynamics; globalization, production and poverty; and at foreign direct investment. Vietnam has seen a striking reduction in poverty since its opening to the outside world in the early 1990s under its doi moi economic reform programme, and evidence for this poverty reduction is not sensitive to where the poverty line is drawn. Inequality, however, has risen. An important part of Vietnam's reform programme has been the rapid development of labour-intensive manufactured exports such as garments and footwear, partly driven by foreign investment, while the domestic market has remained quite protected. Employment growth has been disappointing, though, since Vietnamese industry has been shedding labour as it catches up with world standards of productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1986 a wide range of policy measures, known as Doi Moi, was introduced to promote Vietnam's transition to a market economy. This paper represents the first attempt to measure the effect of Doi Moi on Vietnam's GDP. In the paper the level of GDP actually reached is compared with the level that would have been reached had the policy not been implemented, i.e. without the improvements in productivity and the increases in investment ratio that can be directly attributed to Doi Moi. Cross-time changes in GDP were depicted by a production function of capital stock, economically active labour force and technical progress. It was found that, after a time lag, Doi Moi appeared to have a significant positive effect on productivity, which by 1998 accounted for a 42% increase in GDP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coteccons Group (CTD) has done a good job in construction sector with many big projects and affirmed its brand. By using a combination of quantitative methods and qualitative methods including synthesis, inductive and explanatory methods. For quantitative analysis, the study is supported with OLS regression. And Data is collected from reliable internet sources and websites. Our study findings show that: because CTD Net profit (Y) has negative correlation with lending rate, inflation, VNIndex and exchange rate: governmental agencies need to decrease exchange rate little bit to increase net profit. It means that, for government agencies, Macro policies implied: economic development policies to limit the negative effects of exchange rate, and inflation, i.e not increasing much. Our limitation of research is that We need to propose more management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper touches upon the chronological contexts that set the basis for the foundation and development of the Internet--which is considered the blood veins system allowing the existence and operation of online games in Vietnam. These contexts include (1) the reform that allowed Vietnam to transit from a closed, state-centered economy to a market economy with which the development of information technology was considered one of the four primary pillars of the new economic policy system, (2) the lifting of economic embargo and diplomacy the U.S. set after the Vietnam War, and notably (3) the introduction of the Internet which could be observed through the timeline of policy-making process. The focus of this paper is to examine several key policies that made conditions to the establishment and expansion of internet services in Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue of ASEAN Economic Bulletin zeroes in on the challenges faced by one of the emerging ASEAN economies, Vietnam. Vietnam. which was hailed as a miracle economy in the recent years, came under severe pressure in 2008. Inflation rose, real estate market crashed, and stock market burst. It was in the second half of 2008, as the central bank's policy measures came into play and global economies slowed, Vietnam could rein in its macroeconomic meltdown. Going into 2009, with external demand still showing no signs of recovery, Vietnam will face a slower growth. The paper further gives some policy options for Vietnam to restructure its economy and deliver good quality growth. Finally, the paper previews the articles contained in this special issue on Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global garment and textile industries face changing international trade regimes, concerns with labour standards, new competitors and forms of competition. These challenges have a differentiated impact on developing-country producers and workers. One potential 'winner' is Vietnam. This paper uses a global value-chain framework to analyse the Vietnamese experience. It maps Vietnam's changing position in the global industry, and probes ties between Vietnamese firms and global buyers. It explores links within the Vietnamese garment and textiles sectors, and considers the impact of global challenges on Vietnamese firms and workers. This helps distinguish who are the potential 'winners' and 'losers'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By combining household survey data on the economic and social characteristics of middle‐income earners and primary survey data on their subjective perceptions, we show that the so‐called Vietnamese 'middle class' is strongly heterogeneous in terms of income, occupation and status and includes a large percentage of highly vulnerable households facing high individual risk not covered by social protection. Although marginally driven by public sector employment and formal private sector expansion, it shares common traits that might help consolidate class identification and could lead to more formally organised political influence if the political sphere becomes more open in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As Vietnam opens up its economy through a series of economic reforms, entrepreneurs from both Western and Asian economies are flocking to the country to share in its rapid growth. In view of the growing foreign interest in conducting businesses in Vietnam, this paper attempts to provide an overview of the political, economic and business environments in the country. Although the country is full of opportunities, it may pose several problems and challenges to new players as well. Thus, this paper will further discuss the possible investment issues and challenges facing foreign companies which are considering venturing into Vietnam. Some cultural characteristics and operating rules during business interactions in Vietnam are discussed. Common mistakes committed by foreign companies entering the country are also highlighted. It is hoped that this paper will provide an in-depth understanding of the Vietnamese business environment and help improve the likelihood of the successful venture performance of international investors, thus benefiting both the foreign investor and the growth of Vietnam in the global marketplace. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The paradox of economic sanctions is that though they are used with increasing frequency in the post-cold war world, policy makers and scholars still largely conclude that they do not work to produce political change in targeted countries. This paper uses Steven Brams' revision of standard game theory, the "theory of moves," to derive conditions for successful sanctions, failed sanctions, and stalemated sanctions disputes. Then, applying the theory of moves to the cases of U.S. sanctions against Vietnam and Haiti, it illustrates how Brams' theory can explain the dynamics and outcome of sanctions disputes. The paper shows that even if the recipient state has a dominant strategy of noncompliance with the sanctioning state, sanctions can succeed-even when they are costly to the sanctioning state. Further, it demonstrates that the theory of moves provides a better conceptual account of the dynamics of sanctions disputes over time than traditional game theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our paper examines the long-run relation between economic growth and current account equilibrium in Vietnam, using a multicountry balance-of-payments-constrained growth model. We find that for the whole sample (1985–2010) Vietnam grew less than the rate predicted by the model. We also find that the balance-of-payments-constrained growth rate shifted after the 1997 Asian crisis. Since the relative price effect is neutral, the volume effects dominate in setting the balance-of-payments constraint. On the one hand, owing to the high income elasticities of exports, growth in advanced countries has a strong multiplier effect on the Vietnamese economy. On the other hand, this effect is hindered by a strong “appetite” for imports coming from Asia. Finally, we assess the impact of the current crisis on Vietnam’s growth for the period 2011 to 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents information about the book "Household Welfare and Vietnam's Transition." The book contains ten papers that examine household welfare during Vietnam's structural adjustment and transition to a market economy, drawing heavily on the Vietnam Living Standards Survey, a nationally representative household survey carried out during 1992-93. The papers discuss macroeconomic reform and poverty reduction in Vietnam; poverty and inequality in the early reform period; agriculture and rural poverty in Vietnam; infrastructure and poverty in Vietnam; nonfarm household enterprises in Vietnam; private transfers in Vietnam; school enrollment and completion in Vietnam.

One of the most striking features of the economic development that has occurred in the East Asian region has been the influential role of the state in directing its course. Vietnam is also following this well-worn path of state-led developmentalism. The principal contribution of this paper is two-fold. First, we place the Vietnamese experience in comparative historical and conceptual perspective. It is suggested that the structure of the Vietnamese state itself and the distinctive nature of the policies it has undertaken are reflections of the country's traumatic recent history and the fact that its leadership is notionally “communist.” Our second contribution is to detail some of the more important aspects of this process. We provide two case studies which focus on the role of state-owned enterprises and decentralisation initiatives which demonstrate that, despite the frequently ad hoc and contingent nature of the developmental project and an absence of the sort of state capacity that distinguished the likes of Japan in its heyday, the Vietnamese government is overseeing economic development in creative and surprisingly effective ways. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract The accelerating significance and prevalence of IoT (Internet-of-Things) have been recently appreciated by academicians and policy makers. The emergence of ubiquitous sensors, smart devices and broad-band Internet capacity has enabled the integration of networks for synchronous data collecting and processing, which ultimately facilitates prompt decision-making and physical responses to changes in a real-time manner. The virtual interconnectedness of humans and objects exerts managerial efficiency and emotional comfort for network operators, end users and other third party actors, which results in the embrace of IoT-based platforms in production and consumption. The skyrocketing urbanization has chronically caused dense concentration of population in buildings, which yields market prospects for smart-building management system solutions based on IoT applications. Nevertheless, IoT application business models have remained nascent in emerging and transitional economies. In this paper, the authors exploit the Business Model Canvas to assess an IoT start-up in Vietnam and to establish an output Business Model Canvas for entrepreneurs. Findings indicate high competitive advantages of local enterprises and propose vertical integration in joint ventures as the entry strategy for foreign investors. Highlights • To provide evidence on how IoT initiatives adoption for demand-and supply-side mechanisms operated in Vietnam • To capitalize on relevant literature of IoT-based technology, application, and business model canvas (BMC) • To propose an output of BMC for emerging economy towards the infant IoT • To embrace the vertical integration strategy for the global value chain and boost the IoT-based competitive advantages • To provide critical implications for both potential investors and incumbent enterprises [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The radical political and economic reforms sweeping through former socialist countries during the last decade have opened rich opportunities for privately owned businesses to emerge and develop. Since the market institutions and infrastructures in these countries are largely underdeveloped, private firms in transition economies rely extensively on interfirm partnerships. This raises the question of how—in the absence of institutions that legitimate markets, contracts, and private property—managers of new business ventures develop new relationships. This paper addresses this issue through analysis of multiple subcontracting relationships formed at a private garment company in Vietnam. This analysis suggests that firms in transition economies develop interfirm trust in ways that are quite different from their counterparts in more highly developed economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A paradox of Vietnam's economic performance in the 1990s has been that despite rapid economic growth, extensive economic reforms, increased openness and significant reductions in poverty, the rate of employment growth has been disappointing. Conventional explanations of the slow growth of employment emphasize the incomplete nature of the economic reform process emphasizing three key areas - trade policy, the role of state-owned enterprises and labour market policies - which have led to resources being misallocated to the detriment of labour-intensive export sectors and the private sector. The paper shows that the slow growth of industrial employment in Vietnam has not been a result of an excessive concentration of resources on capital-intensive industries or state-owned enterprises. It is primarily the changes which have occurred within industries, resulting in increases in labour productivity from the very low levels at the beginning of the 1990s, that have prevented industry from absorbing more workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable energy (SE) transition and environmental quality have become a predominant part of integral policy worldwide. Besides, economic development policies at global level are being reformulated to make sure that energy supplies are reliable and have the tendency to protect environment. Although, economies are participating in activities which can help to fulfill overarching goals but developing economies specifically face challenges due to high dependency on coal consumption. The article, thereby, intends to explore the role of green financial innovation, eco-financing, carbon taxes, and economic openness on the SE transition in Vietnam. The study also checks the role of inflation and industrialization on the SE transition as control variables. The article also used Dynamic Auto-regressive Distributed Lags (DARDL) to test the connection among the variables. The outcome indicated that green financial innovation, eco-financing, carbon taxes, economic openness, inflation, and industrialization have a positive and significant linkage with the SE transition in Vietnam. These outcomes provide guidelines to policymakers in establishing new policies regarding SE transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Violence against women (VAW) is now acknowledged as a global problem with substantial economic costs. However, the current estimates of costs in the literature provide the aggregate loss of income, but not the macroeconomic loss in terms of output and demand insofar as they fail to consider the structural interlinkages of the economy. Focusing on Vietnam, this study proposes an approach based on the social accounting matrix (SAM) to estimate the macroeconomic loss due to violence. Using Vietnam’s 2011 SAM, the study estimates the income and multiplier loss due to VAW. From a policy point of view, the study argues that the macroeconomic loss due to VAW renders a permanent invisible leakage to the circular flow that can potentially destabilize, weaken, or neutralize the positive gains from government expenditure on welfare programs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article presents the "Competitive Rent-Seeking Model" that accounts for how reform policies paved the way for sustainable economic growth in "authoritarian transition economies" despite widespread corruption. Competitive rent-seeking refers to the process whereby the entry barrier to rent-generating economic activities, once monopolized by a small number of vested interests, has been lowered inviting more potential rent-seekers into the system. This was accomplished by enacting decentralizing and market-friendly reform policies that in turn exacerbated corruption but boosted production efficiency leading to improved social welfare. The model is exemplified by the Chinese and Vietnamese experiences during the 1980s. Furthermore, this article demonstrates that the model is applicable to the North Korean economy under Kim Jong Un's economic reform policy of the "Socialist System of Responsible Business Operation in Economic Management" initiated in 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poverty is a multifaceted and location-based issue that cannot be quantified using monetary metrics alone. This study aims to evaluate the multidimensional poverty status of poor households in Ha Giang province, Vietnam, by using the DFID (Department for International Development) sustainable livelihood framework, an integrating technique for spatial recognition of multidimensional poverty, was developed and deployed to conduct a county-level poverty assessment in rural Vietnam. The multidimensional poverty standard is considered a novel approach to assess poverty, identify causes of poverty, and encourage poor households to sustainably escape poverty. A household survey was conducted in three rural districts, namely Dong Van, Hoang Su Phi, and Bac Quang in Ha Giang province, Vietnam, during 2016 to 2021. The results of the study show that surveyed households are deficient in all five main sources of livelihood, in which the three most deficient capital sources are natural capital, social capital, and financial capital. The findings revealed that the majority of farming households were classified as multidimensionally poor. The multidimensionally poor regions were not only poorer in single-dimensional and aggregate ratings than the income-poor and recognized poor regions, but they also had several vulnerabilities and insecurity. The assessment of multidimensional poverty, by distinguishing the poor, marginalized, and dispossessed dimensions, should be extremely beneficial for each region to design and execute poverty reduction programs accordingly, and it would contribute to improving the persistence of alleviating poverty. The article also proposes a number of sustainable poverty reduction measures, in which the root is to improve the spirit of self-raising to escape poverty of households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the adoption of an "open door" economic poli<:y in 1986, drug trafficking in Vietnam has increased significantly. In 1997, Vietnam ratified the three UN drug control conventions and launched efforts to bring its national laws into line with them. As a newcomer to these international standards, Vietnam lacked experience in developing laws to combat drug trafficking. Fifteen years on, how well does Vietnamese legislation comply with the internattional requirements? How could compliance and, more broadly, the relevant legislation be improved?. The first part of this paper draws a picture of drug trafficking in Vietnam since the "open door" economic policy was adopted. The second part analyses the, government's legislative action over the past fifteen years to combat drug-related crime. The analysis reveals some inconsistencies with the UN standards and, moreover, some inherent problems in the recent formulation of the Vietnamese drug-related laws that require rectification through legislative clarification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information about the book "Economic Development and Prospects in the ASEAN: Foreign Investment and Growth in Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia," The papers in this book explore Vietnam's economic performance and its impact on trade and invest- ment prospects; foreign investment and the macroeconomy in Vietnam; legal and economic aspects of foreign investment law in Vietnam; the conditions and prospects of the priority areas to which the government in Vietnam is trying to attract foreign investment capital; the 1995 busi- ness survey and an econometric analysis of current patterns and future trends in trade and foreign investment in Vietnam ; the government's development strategy and plan for Vietnam tourism, 1995 to 2010 and causal patterns of foreign investment, growth, external debts and inflation in some developing economies in the Asia Pacific and possible policy implications for the transition countries in Indochina and Myanmar.

Comment on "Has Nguyen Phu Trong's Leadership Curbed Economic Reform? Keywords: P31; P48; D72; D73; O14; O43 EN P31 P48 D72 D73 O14 O43 323 324 2 07/03/20 20200701 NES 200701 Sakata ([1]) explores the nexus between authoritarian political leadership and economic reforms in Vietnam during Nguyen Phu Trong's second term as General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV), which started in 2016 and will end in less than a year. More fundamentally, is the party-state supporting private enterprises so that they would lead the development of particular strategic sectors, or is it more relevant to see the support within the context of widespread rent-seeking, as documented by Sakata ([1])?. [Extracted from the article]

Vietnam has been successful in attracting substantial foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows. The foreign-invested sector is an important engine of economic growth for Vietnam. The first part of the article profiles Vietnam's experience in attracting FDI since the late 1980s, and identifies the factors that lay behind a subsequent contraction in FDI inflows during the latter half of the 1990s. The second part identifies areas where Vietnam might improve its attractiveness to foreign investors, and thereby better harness overseas capital for sustained economic development and poverty reduction. This necessitates moving away from incremental adjustments to the FDI regime itself, and adopting a more holistic approach to the design and implementation of a conducive host country business environment, which benefits both local and overseas investors alike. Many of the lessons learnt by Vietnam are pertinent to other developing and transitional economies seeking to harness FDI for economic development and poverty reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic reform policy called ‘Doi Moi’ introduced by the Government of Vietnam at the end of 1980s opened new opportunities of community-based involvement in the policy and decision-making at various local levels. Innovations such as decentralization of decision-making power to lower administrative level, and recognition of the local community's role in managing their natural resources, e.g. transfer of irrigated water management right to local communities, were introduced. Significantly, this new institutional framework also facilitated greater civil society involvement in Vietnam. The Water Users Cooperative (WUC) set up through the Thai Long Dam Project mobilized local farmers to participate and manage their local resources in a sustainable manner. Through this process, the WUC was able to strengthen itself as a civil society institution that mediates between the individual and the state, as well as a forum for increasing government responsiveness and accountability. The success of the WUC of the Thai Long Project implies that the Vietnamese civil society is playing a more active role in the decision-making process. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the economic reform process in Mozambique, Vietnam, Nicaragua and Cuba before 1987. In the case of the post-revolutionary societies, the reforms have generally been associated with several aspects. First, they have promoted a degree of denationalisation or decollectivisation which has provided a greater space for petty commodity producers and traders, and in the case of Mozambique, and Nicaragua, capitalist farmers. Second, major changes in domestic pricing and marketing policies have been introduced to rearticulate marketing circuits and alter relative prices both to stimulate marketed agricultural production and eliminate distortionary effects associated with wastage and inefficiency. Third, changes have occurred in the sectoral allocation of resources in an attempt to correct imbalances favouring heavy industry and/or large-scale, slow-yielding development projects and increase the availability of consumer goods and resources for short-term production. Fourth, reforms in monetary, fiscal and exchange rate policy have taken place in order to reduce government subsidies and deficits, restore the value of the national currency and overcome distortionary effects associated with the overvaluation of the latter. Finally, planning and economic management systems have been decentralised in order to improve efficiency. The reforms in all four countries implied major changes in food, agricultural and rural development policy.

Policies on financial inclusion have attracted great attention from scholars, policymakers, and regulators, as financial inclusion has theoretically been acknowledged to have positive effect on economic growth. However, empirical evidence appears limited, especially for emerging markets. This article is conducted to provide a comprehensive insight between financial inclusion and economic growth in emerging markets. First, a multidimensional index is constructed so that a level of financial inclusion can be measured at the international level. Second, based on this newly developed index, the panel econometric technique is utilized to estimate the impact of financial inclusion on economic growth. Our finding supports a positive relationship between financial inclusion and economic growth. A stronger relationship is found for countries with low income and a lower degree of financial inclusion. Policy implications have been emerged that financial inclusion should be implemented for promoting economic growth and development in the emerging markets such as Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When a firm has better disclosure policy of financial accounting information it will attract more investment. Many factors affecting accounting information disclosure policy include firm size, leverage, industry characteristics, investor types, etc. And good financial accounting data disclosure will help to reduce risk level of firms. At micro level, cost and net sale factors will affect net profit while at macro levels, risk free rate and exchange rate will impact. According to Nikkei Asian Review, Vinamilk (VNM) is the only brand in F&B industry and the domestic industry leader which ranked 25th among 300 listed companies in the List of ASIA300 Power Performers. It leads the organic trend in milk industry and has made very positive contributions to the overall achievements of economic and social values. Good business management requires us to consider the impacts of multi macro and micro factors on net profit, both internal and external factors, and it contributes to promoting business plan and economic policies for economic growth and stabilizing business operation. By data collection method through statistics, analysis, synthesis, comparison, quantitative analysis to generate qualitative comments and discussion; using econometric method to perform regression equation and evaluate quantitative results, the article analyzed and evaluated the impacts of ten (10) macroeconomic factors such as: stock price, VNIndex, risk free rate, lending rate, cost, sale, inflation, GPD growth, S&P500, exchange rate, etc. on net profit of a leading milk listed company, Vinamilk (VNM) in Vietnam in the 10-year period of 2010-2019, both positive and negative sides. From that regression model and analysis, it will draw leadership features, strengths of this industrial leader. The results of quantitative research, in a ten factor model, show that the decrease in GDP growth and risk free rate, inflation and increase in net sale will have a significant effect and increase VNM net profit, with the highest impact coefficient, the second is decreasing cost. This research finding and recommended policy also can be used as reference in policy for F&B system in many developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) play an active role in economic development, improving household livelihoods, raising the value of forestry production, and supporting sustainable forest management. This study involved a comprehensive assessment of the growth, development, and trade of NTFPs in Vietnam by combining logistic and tobit methods. Surveys were used to interview 400 households in three regions of Central Vietnam. Results showed that the planting, development, and trading of NTFPs are shaped by forestry production experience, the number of laborers, the percentage of wage earners, agricultural income, timber income, per capita income, the presence of bank deposits, the distance between forest and house, an understanding of forestry economic policies, and participation in technical training. Each factor had a different level of influence. Among the six NTFP groups, the groups generating yarn and medicines produced the highest income and had a strong impact on household reliance on NTFPs. This was followed by NTFPs used to generate food, oil, and plastic. The proportion of people with wages, and the income variable system, negatively impacted NTFP planting and income generation, which reduced household reliance on NTFPs. This means that there is a trade-off between NTFPs and other income generating activities. In the future, the government should develop specific plans, policies, and strategies for developing each type of NTFP suitable to each region’s natural conditions. The policies should include supporting people with low-interest bank loans; expanding the number of training courses to increase their understanding of forestry economic policies; and implementing cultivation techniques and forest care to improve the productivity, quality, and efficiency of NTFP products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With one of the world's fastest rates of economic growth since the 1990s, Vietnam could be seen as Asia's next tiger economy. This study examines whether there has been policy convergence between the older East Asian developmental state model of economic development and that adopted by Vietnam. The economic development trajectories of South Korea and Vietnam are compared to identify similarities and differences. It was found that while policy convergence is evident there is also some divergence between the two countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information on the book "Poverty, Social Services, and Safety Nets in Vietnam," by Nicholas Prescott. This book investigates the changing role of the public sector in financing and provision of social services and safety nets in Vietnam, with assessing its efficiency in targeting public resources after the 1989 policy reforms. It presents a data-set of households and rural communes based on the Vietnam Living Standards Survey, conducted during 1992-93. Based on this survey and generated data, the book explores the sources and uses of funds for education, health, and social transfers with revealing the importance of public-sector pricing policy and income distribution.

Preferential loans play an important role in the process of reducing poverty in developing countries. Considering the data set from the 2010 Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey, we aim to examine the influential factors in probability of households getting access to preferential loans. Additionally, we analyze the determinants of household income in association with the loans by applying a quantile regression model. Our results show that ethnicity-related factors have the largest marginal effect on the access to preferential loans. The results from the quantile regression model demonstrate that the debt factor has a deeper impact on the borrowing group at the lower quantiles of household income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two theories predominate in discussions of why China and Vietnam have, over the past three decades, achieved such rapid economic growth. The first argues that their startling performance can be explained by economic factors associated with late industrialization. The second proposes that China and Vietnam represent novel models of political economic organization that need to be better studied and understood. In this essay we review the voluminous literature on the political economy of China and Vietnam, evaluating the critical debates over the economic benefits of decentralization, experimentation, and state-led development. Although the debate remains unsettled, analysis suggests that growth in the two countries was most robust during periods of state withdrawal from the economy and that current economic difficulties in both countries are now arising from the scale and character of the state's role in both economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]