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In this review paper efforts are made to present the Impact of COVID-19 on various economic activities like production, consumption and distribution. This is known to everyone that COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease) spreadout in December 2019 from Wuhan in China and effected a lot of countries resulting in death of many. Therefore, to minimise the risk, many countries opted lockdown as a precaution to control its spread which effected the lives of ordinary people as well as the economy as a whole, GDP, Functions of Economy and a lot of activities were effected very badly. It had a huge impact on the consumption pattern of population as well as supply chains and production of various goods and services were also impacted as transportation was at halt and movement of people, products, services etc. was not possible from one place to another. There was a heavy down in employment, production, distribution and other activities as well. Hence, this paper will help the readers know the collective impact along with the sector wise effect of COVID-19 on various economic activities. For better understanding we have taken three major economic activities that is Production, Consumption and distribution. Along with these the basic introduction of COVID-19, lockdown and its impact on economy is stated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To deleverage is one of the major tasks for the supply-side structural reform in China, and to steadily deleverage in order is the key to fending off and defusing financial risks. This paper uses the economic statistics of China around 2016 to depict the "expansion-contraction" fluctuations with Chinese macroeconomy during the deleveraging. In this realistic context, it constructs a financial business cycle model based on the financial accelerator theory and attempts to use default cost changes to introduce financial shocks and understand China's macroeconomic fluctuations in the deleveraging context in the perspective of unanticipated and anticipated shocks. Results of the numerical model simulation show that before and after the deleveraging, the fluctuations of credit, leverage ratio, credit spread and other major macroeconomic variables originate not only from the changes with unanticipated default cost. Anticipated changes with default cost can similarly explain the "expansion-contraction" macroeconomic fluctuations in recent years and offer a new perspective into the fluctuations during deleveraging. Accordingly, government, when practicing deleveraging policies, is advised to take into full consideration not only the actual changes with default cost, but also anticipated factors of financial institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital economy is integral in driving economic growth, particularly of high-quality standards. Against the backdrop of the ''Double Carbon'' project, exploring the impact of the digital economy on green agricultural development bears tremendous practical significance. Thus, this study aims to investigate how the digital economy affects agricultural green total factor productivity (GTFP). The entropy-TOPSIS method and SBM-GML index are used to measure core variables quantitatively. In addition, two-way fixed effects panel data models, Tobit, and intermediary effect models are implemented. Three research findings emerge. First, China's agricultural GTFP level generally experiences an upward trend, and the development of the digital economy has a significant positive effect on increasing agricultural GTFP. Second, the digital economy mainly promotes agricultural technology innovation that boosts agricultural GTFP. Third, Western China experiences a more significant positive effect of the digital economy on agricultural GTFP than Central and Eastern China. Finally, based on the findings, this paper proposes relevant policy recommendations to promote green and sustainable agriculture development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese mammoth investment projects abroad, and especially those under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) umbrella, are receiving heavy scrutiny in academic and policy circles. However, there is insufficient empirical evidence to evaluate their impact. This paper employs a difference- in-differences approach and a pair of new datasets on government spending and economic activity compiled by the World Bank to examine the local impacts of the Chinese-Pakistan Economic Corridor in Pakistan. It finds that the 2013 announcement of CPEC was accompanied by a disproportionate increase in government spending in CPEC districts. However, in the six years after it was first announced, CPEC has not directly contributed a significant increase in economic activity in the districts along its path. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Covid-19 pandemic has exerted significant downward pressure on economic activity. In this paper, we examine the extent of the epidemic shock and recovery effects on economic growth by province in China since 2020. We find that the extent of the epidemic shock on economic growth in China has been gradually weakening. Still, the economy has not yet fully recovered from the shock. Also, there is some heterogeneity across provinces in the extent to the economic growth shocked by epidemic and the recovery effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past couple of years, China has made formidable efforts to shift to new sources of economic growth, modernise the structure of its economy, accumulate human capital, and boost local innovation in order to graduate to a high-income economy. However, the pace of growth has slowed down in the past few years, entailing the risk of the country being stuck in a so-called middle-income trap (MIT). This paper reviews China's chance of avoiding the MIT by analysing four groups of factors - three quantitative and one qualitative - and using Japanese and South Korean development as reference points. The paper concludes that China is likely to be able to avoid the MIT and is expected to move into the high-income (HI) band within 7-8 years thanks to its achievements and structural reforms that have already begun. However, the paper also raises the question whether China will be able to avoid the 'post-trap' situation - the high-income trap - that has already trapped Japan and South Korea in the HI band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, China has gradually entered the period of normalization of COVID-19. Due to the raging pandemic, the domestic and international economic situation is not optimistic, and the health insurance industry is closely related to people's well-being, but currently, there is still little research on the development of the health insurance industry. Therefore, this paper revolves around the discussion of this industry. This paper first analyzes the current situation of the industry using the PEST analysis model and then summarizes some of the factors that drive the development of the health insurance industry and measures to promote the industry in different periods and regions using the comparative analysis method based on existing research. Given the above comparative analysis, this paper finds the fundamental points for development and gives development suggestions from three aspects: product innovation, technology development, and system reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the potential of the forest sector in China and Russia over the past decade to identify the main trends and prospects for developing international timber business between the countries. The research showed that further development of foreign economic cooperation between the countries requires reindustrialization of the Russian forest industry sector in processing and manufacturing wood products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a new concept for systematically evaluating ecosystem services, Gross Ecosystem Product (GEP) provides an effective means to comprehensively reveal the overall status of the ecosystem, the impact of economic activities on the ecological environment, and the effectiveness of ecological protection efforts. GEP accounting has been conducted in various regions; however, GEP's application in natural reserves still requires further exploration. Taking the Qinling Mountains as the research area, this paper aims to assess the relationship between GEP and economic development on the basis of the GEP accounting system. The results indicated that: (1) From 2010 to 2020, GEP tended to increase continuously and exhibited a distribution pattern with high value regions in the east and west, and low value regions in the north and south. (2) Over the years, the coupling coordination degree between GEP and GDP was in a consistent upward trend. In 2020, a good coupling coordination state between GEP and GDP was achieved in most districts and counties. (3) With the relative development between GEP and GDP, the social economy of most districts and counties lagged behind GEP in 2010. The number of districts and counties lagging in GEP in 2020 increased, while the number of regions with a balanced development of GEP and GDP was still relatively discouraging. (4) In general, elevation, contagion, temperature, population density, and precipitation were the main drivers of coupling coordination degree between GEP and GDP. If the relationship between economic development and ecological environmental protection can be reasonably balanced, it will further promote the sustainable development of nature reserves, and provide a scientific basis for sustainable policy-making in other similar areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To ameliorate the efficiency of urban green innovation is the key to realizing green economic transition. This paper constructs a Super-NSBM model with green patents as the intermediate output, uses this model to assess and decompose the green innovation efficiency of 284 Chinese cities, and finally analyzes the spatiotemporal characteristics and influential factors. The research result showed the gap of urban green innovation total efficiency among various regions in China is narrowing, while the spatial differentiation of decomposition efficiency is deepening. This means that a spatial collaborative innovation division pattern of "Eastern Region R&D + Southwest and Northeast Region Transformation" has gradually formed. In the meantime, this paper also found that the spillover effects of the urban green innovation total efficiency and phased efficiency all can form a significant demonstration effect on the surrounding areas. Finally, financial agglomeration, industrial structure, knowledge sharing, economic activity, higher education, opening, and environmental regulations may affect urban green innovation total efficiency and phased efficiency, and this effect has regional heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities enhance the efficiency of green development among themselves through their borrowing population, economic activities density and advanced functions, but the positive green effect of the borrowing size is affected by the city size. Using panel data of 280 prefecture-level cities in China for the period 2009–2019, this paper measures the borrowing size in three dimensions, namely the borrowing population size, borrowing economic activity density and borrowing advanced functions, and uses the super efficiency slacks-based measure (SBM) model, including non-desired outputs, to measure the urban green development efficiency. After that, this paper empirically examines the effect of the borrowing size on the urban green development efficiency in the Chinese urban network using a double-fixed-effect model. A panel threshold regression with city size as the threshold variable is conducted to evaluate the nonlinear relationship quantitatively between the borrowing size and urban green development efficiency. The results show that all three dimensions of the borrowing size have positive effects on the urban green development efficiency. There is a significant double-threshold effect between the borrowing size and urban green development efficiency; under the threshold of the city size, there is a U-shaped relationship between the borrowing population size, borrowing advanced functions and urban green development efficiency, whereas there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the borrowing economic activity density and urban green development efficiency. Accordingly, this paper argues that government should pay attention to the role of the borrowing size in promoting urban green development efficiency and reasonably expand the city size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the reshuffle of the global industrial structure, some industrial parks in China are facing problems such as unclear industrial positioning, unclear agglomeration effect, and lack of impetus for independent innovation. It is urgent to seek a way of transformation and upgrading. The arrival of the era of big data also provides new opportunities for the transformation of China's industrial parks. In this context, the model of "character towns" proposed by Zhejiang Province provides a new concept for breaking the bottleneck of industrial park transformation and also provides a platform and space for the application of data technology and digital governance in the era of big data. Based on the theory of creative destruction and self-organization, this paper holds that the essence of industrial park transformation under the concept of character towns is the self-organization process of creative destruction and high-quality reconstruction. After sorting out the development process of parks in China, this paper divides industrial parks into production-oriented parks, consumption-oriented parks, and trade-oriented parks according to the economic activities classified by classical economics. By constructing a six-stage creative destruction model, this paper analyzes the path selection of transformation and upgrading of three types of parks under the concept of character towns and proposes that industrial structure replacement for the production-oriented parks, upgrading the consumption structure for the consumption-oriented parks, and change of trade control points for the trade-oriented parks are the possible transformation paths for the three types of parks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past twenty years, China has become the world's largest trading nation and a significant trading partner for most countries. Despite these important links, concerns regarding China's commercial and diplomatic goals persist due to its unique state-centric economic structure. This paper applies an augmented gravity model to tease out drivers of China's bilateral trade relationships, asking why some countries are more important than others as sources of Chinese imports. Our results show that both business and political considerations drive China's import decisions. Political friendliness with China, as measured by UN General Assembly voting records, or established trade agreements, has a positive impact on exports to China. The results further suggest that countries with official diplomatic ties with Taiwan export less to China. Membership in China's Belt and Road Initiative, however, does not generally translate into a significant increase in Chinese imports from the member country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do nationwide environmental regulations produce heterogeneous effects on the economic activities of manufacturing firms located in places with differently incentivized city leaders? This paper answers this question by drawing on a set of firm‐based pollution regulations in China from 2007 to investigate the relationship between political incentives and the effects of environmental regulations. I show that when a city's Party secretary has more incentives to be promoted, the adverse impacts on production by regulated firms tend to increase, but these losses for regulated firms are compensated by gains for other unregulated firms in polluting industries. Therefore, no overall reduction is seen in the manufacturing activities of the polluting industries. The findings suggest that if multitask problems for local governments are properly addressed, environmental regulations can effectively reduce the pollution and avoid large unintended costs to economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The development of digital inclusive finance appears to be able to solve the difficulty of traditional finance, which cannot completely cover agriculture and farmers and provides better financial services and products to Chinese farmers. Thus, it improves the farmers' enthusiasm for agricultural production. The purpose of this paper is to clarify whether this goal is indeed being achieved. Design/methodology/approach: This paper theoretically analyzes the mechanism that influences the effect of digital inclusive finance on rural households' agricultural production decisions and conducts an empirical study based on a sample from the Chinese family database (CFD). Findings: First, the development of digital financial inclusion in general can encourage rural households to reduce agricultural production. Second, the negative effect of digital inclusive finance on households' agricultural output is realized by widening the gap between the efficiency of non-agricultural economic activities and the efficiency of agricultural production. The wider the gap is, the lower the enthusiasm of households for agricultural production. Third, the mediating effect of "digital financial inclusion – difference in efficiency – agricultural output" has a significant negative effect on households with low agricultural production efficiency, but not households with high agricultural production efficiency. Digital inclusive finance has no significant effect on the difference in efficiency between the two economic activities of high-efficiency households, but a greater difference in efficiency between the two economic activities corresponds to higher enthusiasm of households for agricultural production. Originality/value: To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to analyze the impact of digital financial inclusion on Chinese farmers' agricultural production. The findings of this study can provide policy-related insights to help local governments promote the development of digital finance in China's agricultural economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines income convergence by using a continuous distribution dynamics approach which takes both population and economic size into consideration. The study is based on a panel dataset of 31 Chinese provinces from 1952 to 2013. The impacts of geographical location, capital accumulation, trade openness and industrial structure are also evaluated by conditional analysis. This paper provides a new angle for examining the spatial distribution dynamics of China's provincial income. The results show that the ergodic distribution of the pre-reform period is multimodal, while the ergodic distribution of the post-reform period is bimodal. However, the ergodic distribution of the more recent period 2000–2013 is found to be unimodal. All three ergodic distributions are right-skewed. The weighted analysis shows that by neglecting population and economic size, the economic performance in the pre-reform period may be overestimated, while the poverty reduction effect in the post-reform period may be underestimated. The results suggest that relocating people and economic activities to high-income provinces is an important approach to reduce relative poverty. Conditional analysis results indicate that geographical location, capital accumulation, trade openness and industrial structure have a significant influence on the distribution dynamics of per capita GDP. However, the observed bimodality cannot be explained by one of the four factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pandemic of COVID-19 has brought great challenges to the development of the world economy and has an unprecedented and inevitable impact on the logistics industry connecting various economic activities. In the context of the gradual alleviation of the COVID-19 outbreak in China, we observed five impacts on China's logistics industry, which are sharp drop in logistics demand, shortage of transportation capacity, disruption of logistics network, change of service mode, and increase in operating costs and number of loss-making enterprises. When this invited paper was written, the outbreak in China has been effectively under controlled. In the post-COVID-19 era, under the three driving forces (i.e. the market, technology and policy), China's logistics industry will develop rapidly, leading to significant changes in five aspects: logistics demand, logistics supply, logistics infrastructure, logistics informatisation, and logistics industry development. The authors of this invited paper have been actively involved in the development of China's logistics industry in various capacities, governmental and non-governmental as well as in academia, and participated in a range of studies on the development trends, plans and policies of China's logistics industry. The authors have a profound understanding of the latest situation in the China's logistics industry and government initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the DCC-GARCH model is used to study the dynamic correlation of systemic risk of 13 listed state-owned and joint-stock banks in China. The results show that: (1) there is a positive risk dynamic correlation among the four major state-owned banks in China, and the risk dynamic correlation between industrial and Commercial Bank of China and China Construction Bank is the closest during the sample period, and they are roughly the same with the other banks, so it is necessary to strengthen risk prevention for these banks; (2) there is a positive dynamic correlation between the systematic risk between state-owned banks and joint-stock banks in China, And the dynamic correlation coefficient is affected by the previous information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates the economic impact of the non‐pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) implemented by countries in Europe and Central Asia during the initial stages of the COVID‐19 pandemic. The analysis relies on daily electricity consumption, nitrogen dioxide emission and mobility records to trace the economic disruptions caused by the pandemic and calibrate these measures to estimate the magnitude of the economic impact. To address the potential endogeneity in the introduction of NPIs, we instrument their stringency by the extent of a country's social ties to China. The results suggest that the NPIs led to a decline of about 10% in economic activity across the region. On average, countries that implemented non‐pharmaceutical interventions in the early stages of the pandemic appear to have better short‐term economic outcomes and lower cumulative mortality, compared with countries that imposed non‐pharmaceutical interventions during the later stages of the pandemic. Moreover, there is evidence that COVID‐19 mortality at the peak of the local outbreak has been lower in countries that acted earlier. In this sense, the results suggest that the sooner non‐pharmaceutical interventions are implemented, the better are the economic and health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing prominence of urban scaling laws highlights the importance of a systematic understanding of the variational scaling rates for different economic activities. In this article, we utilize several datasets to provide the first systematic investigation of the urban scaling of manufacturing industries in China. Most existing literature assumes that the divergence in urban scaling can be explained by returns to agglomeration, with a few exceptions instead highlighting the role of knowledge complexity or a mixture of both. Our main purpose in this paper is to explain the inter-sector variation of urban scaling rates. In doing this, we provide a clearer approach to demonstrating the relations between urban scaling, returns to agglomeration, and knowledge complexity. Our findings are twofold. First, after uncovering the scaling rates (denoted as urban concentration) and returns to agglomeration (denoted as urban productivity) for each sub-manufacturing sector, we prove that, rather than being a positive predictor, returns to agglomeration is slightly negatively associated with urban scaling rates. This finding reveals that urban concentration of manufacturing may not simply be a natural consequence driven by the maximization of performance. We also show that this result of the manufacturing system contrasts with what would be found in other pure knowledge systems such as patents. Secondly, we measure the complexity for each sector and demonstrate that the variation of urban concentration can be largely explained by their complexity, consistent with the knowledge complexity perspective. Specifically, complex manufacturing sectors are found to concentrate more in large cities than less complex sectors in China. This result provides support for the view that the growth of complex activities hinges more on diversity than on efficiency. The findings above can greatly reduce the current level of ambiguity associated with urban scaling, returns to agglomeration and complexity, and have important policy implications for urban planners, highlighting the significance of a more balanced and diversified configuration of urban productive activities for the growth of innovation economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the most important pillar industries of China, the medical industry can improve the quality of our lives in many aspects. It is also beneficial to the development of the national economy. Especially after the outbreak of COVID-19, the function of the medical industry was further displayed. Under these conditions, stocks coming from the medical industry are also popular among investors. For the analysis of these stocks, there are many valuation methods which can be used. This paper is aimed at discussing different valuation methods of stock analysis mainly based on the fundamental analysis theory and behaviour finance theory. Based on these relevant theories, we can conclude that factors affecting the stock price include both internal and external aspects. Internal and external factors can also interact with each other in some special cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a prosperous Special Administrative Region of China, Hong Kong has been ranked as the world's freest economy for 22 consecutive years. In addition to being ranked first in the Economic Freedom of the World 2022 Annual Report, Hong Kong continues to rank first in the five major assessment categories of "freedom of international trade" and "regulation". "This is attributed to Hong Kong's focus on optimising the business environment and the increasing efficiency of the market, which has enabled the economy to grow dynamically. In an era where the role of financial technology is widespread, Hong Kong has also kept pace with Internet finance, and the rapid development of e-banking has been instrumental in driving Hong Kong's economic prosperity and leveraging the advantages of a free market. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the basic situation of e-banking in Hong Kong, compare the strengths of e-banking in Hong Kong and then explore the development trends of e-banking in Hong Kong under these operating models for insights. The study shows that Hong Kong's rapid growth and prosperous economy cannot be achieved without continuous innovation and self-management. With the strong development of Internet finance, ebanking in the Greater Bay Area and e-banking in the Mainland need to work together to innovate, meet the challenges and promote the development of China's financial industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban agglomerations are sophisticated territorial systems at the mature stage of city development that are concentrated areas of production and economic activity. Therefore, the study of vulnerability from the perspective of production-living-ecological space is crucial for the sustainable development of the Yellow River Basin and global urban agglomerations. The relationship between productivity, living conditions, and ecological spatial quality is fully considered in this research. By constructing a vulnerability evaluation index system based on the perspectives of production, ecology, and living space, and adopting the entropy value method, comprehensive vulnerability index model, and obstacle factor diagnostic model, the study comprehensively assesses the vulnerability of the urban agglomerations along the Yellow River from 2001 to 2020. The results reveal that the spatial differentiation characteristics of urban agglomeration vulnerability are significant. A clear three-level gradient distribution of high, medium, and low degrees is seen in the overall vulnerability; these correspond to the lower, middle, and upper reaches of the Yellow River Basin, respectively. The percentage of cities with higher and moderate levels of vulnerability did not vary from 2001 to 2020, while the percentage of cities with high levels of vulnerability did. The four dimensions of economic development, leisure and tourism, resource availability, and ecological pressure are the primary determinants of the urban agglomeration's vulnerability along the Yellow River. And the vulnerability factors of various urban agglomerations showed a significant evolutionary trend; the obstacle degree values have declined, and the importance of tourism and leisure functions has gradually increased. Based on the above conclusions, we propose several suggestions to enhance the quality of urban development along the Yellow River urban agglomeration. Including formulating a three-level development strategy, paying attention to ecological and environmental protection, developing domestic and foreign trade, and properly planning and managing the tourism industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effects of urban spatial structure on urban employment growth in China by focusing on two dimensions, monocentricity, and compactness. Theoretically, the urban spatial structure affects urban employment through its effects on transportation costs, the concentration of economic activities, and urban amenities. Our empirical analysis verifies a nonlinear U‐shaped relationship between the monocentricity of a city and the growth rate of urban employment. Additionally, we find that a high level of compactness accelerates urban employment growth. Furthermore, cities that are more monocentric and more compact experienced more rapid urbanization during our sample period. We then use an instrumental variable approach to identify causal effects, and we obtain similar results. Our findings indicate that to accelerate the transfer of labor to urban sectors, governments in developing countries should pay attention to the planning of the urban spatial structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PM2.5 is a bad output of China's improved industrialization and rapid economic development, which seriously threatens people's health and greatly hinders the sustainable economic development. Studying the socio-economic driving factors of PM2.5 emissions is of great significance for reducing air pollution and realizing green development. Therefore, based on the simultaneous consideration of space technology differences and time technology progress, this paper constructs an index decomposition analysis-production-theoretical decomposition analysis decomposition model under the global meta-frontier-production theory. Then, we decompose the PM2.5 emission concentration of 30 provinces in China from 2005 to 2018 into nine driving factors and discuss the impact of different factors from the national, regional, and provincial levels. The results reveal that economic activity is still the main factor to promote the increase of PM2.5 emission, but its effect decreases, while the inhibitory effect of catch-up effect on PM2.5 concentration increases gradually. In addition, economic activities have the greatest impact on the East China, while the time catch-up effect has a more significant impact on the Central and Western China. Moreover, the influence of energy intensity effect, space technology catch-up effect, and time technology catch-up effect is gradually increasing, which have become important factors to inhibit the PM2.5 emission. Based on the above results, we put forward relevant policy suggestions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatiotemporal agglomeration of industries is the most prominent geographical feature of economic activities. Based on the analysis of the spatiotemporal distribution of China's construction industry agglomeration, this paper analyzes the characteristics and evolution trend of the spatiotemporal agglomeration of construction industry in 31 provinces and cities of China from 2010 to 2019 by using Moran's index and the spatiotemporal transition measurement model. The findings are as follows: (1) China's construction industry has experienced two stages in terms of time: steady rise and turbulent rise. Spatially, China's construction industry, as a whole, the space takes the shape of one horizontal and two vertical, similar to the letter "H" being crossed. And the difference of "East-West" two ends of the industrial agglomeration level is obvious. (2) The Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomerations (Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang), the Pearl River Delta Urban Agglomerations (Guangdong), Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomerations, and the western region (Xinjiang and Tibet) have significant local features. The four major types of China's construction industry cluster, which are H-H, H-L, L-H, and L-L, are formed. (3) The time-space transition of China's construction industry is dominated by the "stable transition" mode. The transition inertia is significant. The regional development has strong path dependence and spatial locking characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering that the real estate industry is a critical industry to promote the economy in China, it is necessary to measure the real estate performance. However, few studies about the performance evaluation of China's real estate industry have focused on the production process. To fill this gap, this paper proposes a two-stage framework to investigate the real estate productivity of 30 sample provinces on mainland China from 2008 to 2015, based on a common-weight global Malmquist productivity index (MPI). The major findings are shown as follows: (a) the real estate efficiency is low, and it is mainly caused by the inefficiency in the sales stage, not the development stage; (b) the development trend of the real estate sector in China is sensitive to the government policies, and the fluctuations of MPI are consistent with the direction of policy adjustment during the observation period; (c) as for the regional analysis of MPI, we introduce the concept of the dependence degree of the economy on the real estate industry and predict that MPI in economically underdeveloped regions may decline in the future. Finally, policy recommendations are provided for the high-quality development of China's real estate industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to develop a financial vulnerability indicator for China as a barometer for the state of financial vulnerability in the Chinese financial market, possibly for real-time application. Twelve variables from different sectors are utilised to extract a common vulnerability component using a dynamic approximate factor model. Through the implementation of a Markovswitching Bayesian vector autoregression (MSBVAR) model, the empirical results indicate that a high-vulnerability episode is associated with substantially lower economic activity, but a low-vulnerability episode does not incur substantial changes in economic activity. Notably, the constructed indicator can serve as a real-time early warning system to signify vulnerabilities in the Chinese financial market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Natural Resources / Ziran Ziyuan Xuebao is the property of Journal of Natural Resources and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Can officially reported output figures be externally validated? This paper presents a dynamic panel framework for assessing statistics using verifiable signals of economic activity. In this context, satellite readings of nitrogen dioxide, a byproduct of combustion, are forwarded. The problem of validating China's reported gross domestic product at the sub-national level during two recent downturns is considered. During the Great Recession period, reported figures are validated for some regions, but not others, including specifically those known to be inaccurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transportation is not only a significant force in promoting economic and social development but also one of the primary industries that consume energy and emit greenhouse gas emissions. In order to achieve China's overall goal of reaching the carbon peak by 2030, this paper selects six influencing factors, such as population, GDP and urbanization rate, and proposes a combined prediction model based on ARIMA-LSTM-BP, which predicts transportation carbon emissions in China from 2022 to 2050 under three scenarios of low carbon, benchmark and high carbon. The results show that the peak emissions of transportation in low-carbon, benchmark and high-carbon scenarios are 1624.7732 million tons, 1478.1694 million tons and 1367.5417 million tons, respectively, reaching the peak in 2031, 2034 and 2039. It can be seen that in China, the transportation industry alone cannot achieve the goal of reaching the peak by 2030, and more measures need to be taken to achieve the carbon peak of the transportation industry as soon as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China took its first tentative steps into the Antarctic around 1980, travelling South with other nations' Antarctic programs. Australia hosted the first Chinese scientists to travel to East Antarctica to conduct research in the early 1980s. China signed the Antarctic Treaty in 1983 and became a Treaty Consultative Party in 1985. Since its first small forays, China's Antarctic activities have grown considerably: it now has two permanently occupied Antarctic stations, other Antarctic facilities and is currently building a station on in the Ross Sea region. China's Antarctic science program is broad; it has economic activities in the region include fisheries and tourism, and has expressed longer-term interest in resource extraction. In recent years, China has become an assertive participant in Antarctic governance. This paper analyses the geopolitical origins of the Antarctic Treaty, China's growing Antarctic presence, and the implications this has for the region, including the policies and strategies of Australia and key Indo-Pacific partner states in the Antarctic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including volatility of Chinese economic activities, globalization and industrial performance in China, and regional disparities and productivity in China.

Carbon neutrality lays out a grand blueprint for carbon emission reduction and climate governance in China. How to reduce energy consumption is the key to achieving this goal. The economic development and energy consumption show a very large gap at the provincial level, and this paper divides China into six regions (North, Northeast, East, Mid-South, Southwest, and Northwest) and analyzes the dynamic changes and reveals the driving factors that have affected CO2 emission changes from 1997 to 2017. Then, the driving forces including energy intensity, energy structure, energy efficiency, economic activity, and population scale were discussed employing the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) based on provincial panel data. The results show that CO2 emissions from energy consumption show an upward trend, from 4145 Mt in 1997 to 13,250 Mt in 2017, with an annual average growth rate of 1.06%; coal consumption is the main source of CO2 emission. The regions with the highest proportion of CO2 emissions are the East and North, which account for 50% of total emissions. China's CO2 emissions from energy consumption, coal consumption, and output have shown significant spatial autocorrelation at the provincial scale. According to coal consumption, energy consumption CO2 emissions are divided into three stages: phase I (1997–2002), the increase in CO2 emissions in six regions was attributed to significant and positive impacts of energy intensity, economic activity, and population scale, the effects of which exceeded those of the energy structure and energy efficiency; phase II (2003–2012), the economic activity effect on CO2 emissions was highest in the East region, followed by the North and Mid-South regions; phase III (2013–2017), the East, Mid-South, and Southwest regions of China were dominated by the positive effects of energy intensity, economic activity, and population scale. The major driver of CO2 emissions is economic activity; the energy efficiency effect is an important inhibitory factor. Regional economic development and energy consumption in China are unbalanced; we conclude that differentiated emission reduction measures should be of particular concern for policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The green economy has gained worldwide attention, especially in the urban agglomerations where population and economic activities are highly concentrated. However, what kind of urban agglomeration spatial structure is more conducive to promoting the green economy? No clear conclusions have been made. To bridge this gap, by employing the data of 16 urban agglomerations in China in 2003–2017 and a comprehensive analytic framework including dynamic panel threshold model, this paper studies the impact of urban agglomeration spatial structure on the green economy and the three subsystems of green economy to shed light on which kind of urban agglomeration spatial structure better drives the green economy. The main findings are shown below: (1) urban agglomeration spatial structural evolution is closely related to green economy, while in the research period, most urban agglomerations are not located in the optimal range of the spatial structure that drives the green economy. (2) Towards polycentric spatial structure is contributive to green economic growth; however, the excessively polycentric could not benefit green economy. (3) The evolution of urban agglomeration spatial structure exerts heterogeneous impacts on the three subsystems when green economy is decomposed into economic subsystem, resources subsystem, and environmental subsystem. Towards polycentric is more conducive to the improvement of economic subsystem and resource subsystem, while the tendency to monocentric drives the environmental subsystem. (4) Lastly, the conclusions enlighten the urban agglomeration development planning and spatial mode for approaching a better performance in green economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is argued that the size of a region affects the spatial configuration of economic activities, known as the home market effect (HME). Concerning the definition of HME, it can be interpreted from different aspects, but most empirical studies testing HME focus mainly on investigating firm share and exports. This paper empirically investigates the HME in terms of wages in the case of China by using panel data for the period 1980-2012. We find that the wages in coastal regions are higher than those in the interior, due to the size differences between regions. Additionally, regional inequality in wages between the coastal and interior regions evolves in an inverted U-shaped curve during periods of regional integration. The evolution of the space-economy in China during the past three decades supports the inverted U-shaped pattern predicted by the theoretical models of spatial economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to unpack perceptions of self-mockery in present-day Chinese using an online self-mockery viral event. The metapragmatic analysis of comments indicates that its interpretation is closely intertwined with other cultural factors and open to construal in a folk manner. Despite folk concepts being largely consistent with etic understandings of self-mockery, they are at the same time emotional and socially salient. The interpretation of self-mockery within a social practice is determined by how it is enacted by what person and in comparison with others, i.e., the situationally (un)approved and culturally salient meaning. • The interpretation of self-mockery is intertwined with social factors, supported by metapragmatic analysis of comments. • The perception of self-mockery can be in a very folk manner. • It is more productive to scrutinize the perception of self-mockery within a particular social event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With globalization, the cases of Chinese enterprises' cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are increasing rapidly. The institutional environment of the host country has become an important factor influencing M&A performance, which has a profound impact on the success or failure of cross-border M&A. Based on this, for our study, we selected cases of cross-border M&A of listed companies in China from 2007 to 2018 as research samples to empirically test the impact of the host country's governance capacity on the cross-border M&A performance of acquirers. It was found that the host country's governance capacity has a negative effect on the M&A performance in the short term, but in the long term, it can effectively improve the cross-border M&A performance of acquirers. At the same time, specific to the relationship between the governmental governance capacity of six different dimensions and long-term M&A performance, the government effectiveness, regulation quality, and rule of law have the most significant promotional effect on long-term M&A performance. This implies that acquirers should focus on the long-term impact of governmental governance capacity on M&A, and consciously lean toward countries with strong governance capacity in order to obtain long-term value growth when arranging overseas M&A activities. The conclusion of this paper provides a reliable basis on which for companies to achieve sustainable growth in complex economic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transformations in Business & Economics is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The counter-urbanization creative class has gradually become an important factor in the revitalization of rural China, driving the steady and healthy development of the rural economy and society. This article explores the motivations and creative practices of the counterurbanization creative class in the coastal plain villages of China to provide a reference for the development of rural society in China and other countries. Data from this study were obtained through qualitative research with participatory observations and semi-structured interviews. The study found that the rural areas around economically developed regions are increasingly favoured by the counter-urbanization creative class and have quickly become a platform for career development and realizing an ideal life; notably, rural creative industries have sprung up in China's coastal plain villages. To date, the linkage between the counterurbanization creative class and creative countryside is rarely explored in existing literature; thus, this paper produces a valuable exploration and addition to the area of the sprout of the creative countryside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is often argued lately that some regional transit systems should be integrated to improve the transit services across jurisdictional borders. One of the important issues concerning this integrated transit system is how to make proper use of the competition and regulation to improve its performance and to increase relevant benefits to the authorities, the operators and the passengers. This paper deals with this problem in a new integrated transit system across jurisdictional borders. An optimization model is used to investigate the competition of transit operators in oligopolistic competition transit market (OCTM). An optimization model with nonlinear complementarity constraints is proposed to guide the competition of transit operators using transit subsidy as the regulation means in system optimum transit system (SOTM). By analyzing and comparing the performances of the integrated transit system in two markets, numerical studies show that the competition mechanism should be made full use of and transit subsidy is an important regulation means that should be valued by the transit authorities in the integrated transit system. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To facilitate and balance regional economic development and to reduce carbon emissions, China has implemented a series of policies to promote the redistribution of industries and economic activities across regions since 2000. This paper employs a logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) to analyse the dynamic net effect on carbon emissions of Chinese policies promoting economic redistribution across sub-national regions, using a panel data of five sectors in 30 provinces during 1995–2017. The results of our analysis show that the redistribution of industry in particular, but also business and construction activities, leads to an increase in CO2 emissions, while the relocation of agriculture and transportation activities reduces emissions. We also find that the emission increase effect of the transfer of carbon intensive industries to new (host) regions is higher than the emission reduction effect induced by the agglomeration of clean industries in the original (home) regions. However, from 2014–2017, alongside the gradual industrial redistribution, China has also reduced aggregate CO2 emissions by 58.6 MT. In addition, the results show that population migration, which is due to redistribution of industry and other economic activity, has caused higher emission increases than emission reductions due to redistribution policies. We further calculate the marginal effect of industrial redistribution on CO2 emissions and draw out relevant policy implications. Key policy insights Industrial (and other economic activity) redistribution within a county can be not only an economic policy, but also an important policy instrument to mitigate CO2 emissions. This is the case in China. In the process of regional industrial redistribution, policymakers should aim to reduce the emission increase effect of transfer of carbon-intensive industries to host regions and to raise the emission reduction effect induced by an agglomeration of clean industries in home regions. Industrial redistribution is usually a long-term strategy for regional development within a county, and any reduction effects on CO2 emissions are likely to need time to appear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In post-reform China, the spatial forms of cities are defined by two combined forces-a downward decentralization of responsibility for economic development, and an upward centralization of power to larger urban cores. This process of administrative rescaling is creating an "entrepreneurial urban space" in the city cores and "commercialized towns and villages" in the city margins (McGee et al. 2007). As a result of the rescaling, a form of contested space has emerged, mostly in cities and their immediate margins, where local civil society is constantly resisting or adapting to the Chinese urban expansion manifested through territorial reorganization and boundary redefinition. Cities' inner margins (suburbs) have in particular seen the most dramatic increases in population and manufacturing due to migration, housing development, and industrial relocation. This paper seeks to provide a close dissection of the process of rescaling and the production of these contested urban spaces through a spatial lens. In adopting a comparative and case study approach, this paper analyzes census data from three large city-regions in China: Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou to explore two questions: (1) whether this rescaling is creating segmentation, displacement, or polarization in residence and work spaces; and (2) at which scales (district or community) these spatial outcomes are unfolding. The paper concludes that inequalities are increasingly concentrated in the inner margins, where an entrepreneurial city core meets the self-initiated urban expansion of the towns in the outer margins, and farmers, displaced urbanites, rural migrants, and foreign workers aggregate and compete for space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]