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Aim: This paper focuses on the evaluation of the impact of the use of compensation bonuses during a pandemic on the economic situation of companies. Methods: In order to achieve this objective, a primary quantitative survey in the form of a questionnaire survey was conducted in Czech enterprises and two research questions were set. The research questions were answered by testing four hypotheses, which focused on testing the relationship between the use of compensation bonuses and the nature of the change in the economic situation of the enterprise in terms of sector, size and prevailing business relationship. The parametric two-sample onefactor ANOVA and Pearson's Chi-squared test were used to test the hypotheses. Main findings: The results showed that the use of compensation bonuses was associated with a negative change in the economic situation of the firms. Differences in the magnitude of the effect were observed in terms of the prevailing business relationship and the size of the enterprises. The business sector did not affect the strength of the association between bonus use and change in economic situation. Limitations of the paper: the paper focuses on observing the short-term trend and is limited to Czech enterprises during the pandemic period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Media comparison studies examining the effectiveness of immersive virtual reality in education have yielded inconclusive findings, leaving the question of its impact on learning compared to conventional media unanswered. To address this issue, our study employs a novel approach that combines media comparison with an investigation on the influence of broader educational context. Methods: In the experiment, 262 students from two distinct types of lower secondary schools—comprehensive school and multi‐year gymnasium (a selective academic school)—participated. The students received a lesson on topography and contour line interpretation, using either an immersive virtual environment or a PowerPoint slideshow. A transfer test was carried out before, immediately after, and 1 month after the lesson to measure knowledge application. Results: The impact of the media (immersive virtual reality vs. PowerPoint slideshow) on learning outcomes was found to be minimal, with no clear advantage of one over the other in any experimental condition. In contrast, a significant influence on learning gains was observed due to school type. Multi‐year gymnasium students consistently outperformed comprehensive school students in the pre‐test and demonstrated greater learning gains, regardless of the learning media. Conclusion: The present study employs an innovative approach by integrating a comparative analysis of different media types with an investigation into the impact of learner characteristics. By including students from distinct types of schools, the study provides insights into the differential effects of immersive virtual reality in varied educational contexts. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Media comparison studies typically assess the effectiveness of immersive virtual reality as a learning medium in comparison to other instructional methods in education.The findings of these studies differ markedly.Numerous factors impact learning outcomes in an immersive virtual environment. What this paper adds: Recommendation that research in the field should explore not only if but also when and how IVR learning is effective.Evidence that learning achievements may not be affected by the medium used.Evidence that the type of school can significantly influence learning gains.Evidence that cognitive dispositions, such as spatial abilities, can be another factor that influence learning outcomes. Implications for practice: A technology‐centred approach alone does not allow for a proper evaluation of the learning gain potential of IVR, learner characteristics and broader educational context should also be taken into account.IVR as a learning medium may not be appropriate for all students and every educational setting.To ensure reliable evaluation of learning gains, it is necessary to align the content and format of the intervention in both learning mediums as closely as possible.Measuring learning gains not only immediately after the intervention but also with a significant time delay can contribute to a more comprehensive understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The paper investigates if relocation of goods at supermarkets, practised to boost sales, bothers customers and improves financial results of the stores. To explore this, a questionnaire-based poll was run, using questions, such as "Do you mind if commodity is not permanently in the same place?", or "While searching, do you buy anything you did not indend to buy?". Various relations are also observed. For instance, are opinions on product relocation related in any way to age of customers? The study suggests most customers are not satisfied with changes in product location, yet the practices lead to higher sales. It turns out the business principle - only satisfied customers spend more - may not be so true. In the study, some new questions also arose and were evaluated, such as the question "Which management activities have a positive effect on customers?". Methodology/Approach: The paper relies on statistical testing, specifically on the chi-square test of independence and a test of differences in the relative frequency of occurrence of diverse phenomena. Real, empirical data are utilized. Findings: The analysis showed that most customers dislike looking for goods, and many of them buy items that they did not intend to purchase. Thus, a paradox occurs when entrepreneurs dissatisfy customers, yet they register higher profits. Research Limitation/Implication: The results concern a specific scientific field - microeconomic behavioural patterns at supermarkets. Originality/Value of paper: The research presented in this paper is focused on the Czech Republic where it has not been undertaken to date. Work of this kind is not cited in the scientific literature, however. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the paper is to assess the advantages and disadvantages of costing methods for companies in the engineering sector. We compare traditional costing methods (absorption costing and marginal costing) with the activity-based costing (ABC) method. The analysis is carried out in Slovakia and Czechia. We examine the reasons for the transition to the ABC method and also the reasons for continuing to use the traditional marginal costing method. For statistical analysis, we use the chi-squared test, the chi-squared data distribution test, the Wilcoxon paired test and the Mann-Whitney U-test for two independent selections. We use each of these tests for the individual hypotheses and research questions in accordance with the nature of the specific data appearing under the given hypothesis or research question. Slovak companies are statistically significantly more likely to perceive doubts about the suitability of the ABC method as its disadvantage compared to Czech ones. In the end, proposals for business practice are presented. Implications for Central European audience: Managers of engineering companies are aware of the role and importance of costing, but they usually do not pay enough attention to the actual compilation and monitoring of costing. We analyse a selected sample of Slovak and Czech companies, but our conclusions and proposals can be generalized and applied in other Central European countries, which have similar political and economic environments, culture and history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research background: Accounting records provide a wide range of data necessary for decisions of the management as well as for users of a company's financial statements. IFRS represents one of the widely accepted accounting principles, often mentioned in relation to the preparation of high-quality financial statements. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to identify the factors contributing to the occurrence of misstatements when preparing financial statements under IFRS. The subsequent goal is to identify the possible influences of such misstatements on the users of the financial statements. Methods: The research itself focuses on perceived problems in IFRS application in the Czech Republic. The total tested population is 193 Czech companies preparing their financial statements under IFRS. Descriptive statistics, the chi-square test of independence along with proportional tests, are used for the statistical data analysis. Findings & Value added: The results indicate that, while misstatements in accounting do not occur regularly, a statistical dependence can be shown be-tween the frequency of misstatements occurrence and the average size of mis-statements. The frequency of the subsequently identified misstatements is also proven to be statistically dependent on the average size of misstatements. The IFRS themselves are not proven to influence misstatement occurrences in financial statements, which is in contrast with previous studies. Managerial pressures, similarly to other studies, are proven by the research to be affecting the quality of accounting information. This paper broadens the literature on the factors influencing the quality of financial statements prepared under IFRS and simultaneously reaches conclusions disproving the frequently noted bene-fits of IFRS implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the key factors that affect the extent of GDPR implementation in enterprises are analysed. Since 2018, all organizations operating in the European Union or processing personal data of EU citizens have had to incorporate a new regulation in their work. After three years of experience, possible key factors that significantly affect the cost of the entire project have been theoretically identified. However, a research gap remains whether the factors thus defined actually have a real impact on the implementation within organizations. Therefore, this study focuses on an empirical investigation of those characteristics using quantitative approach combining Chi-squared tests and the Classification and Regression Tree method. Based on a survey of organizations in the Czech Republic, this paper outlines that the size of the organization, the typology of personal data processed and the way GDPR is implemented determine the scope of the implementation project within organizations. On the other hand, there is no clear evidence that there is significant role in whether it is a public or private organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper was to determine whether digital procurement positively affected the economic resilience of firms in the manufacturing industry during the COVID-19 pandemic. Hence, qualitative research was conducted in Czech industrial enterprises by means of a questionnaire survey in 2021. Based on the research question, 3 hypotheses were formed, which focused on the impact that investing in digital procurement had on the economic resilience of enterprises in selected industries. The parametric two sample one-factor ANOVA and Pearson's Chi-squared test were used to test the hypotheses. The findings rejected the association between investment in digital procurement and the economic performance of the firm during the pandemic. They also failed to confirm the association between digital purchasing and economic resilience of businesses during the pandemic. Another important result was also that digitization of purchasing did not have a greater impact on the economic resilience of firms in the manufacturing industry compared to firms in the construction and agriculture sectors. The research results can be practically implemented in determining the expected benefits of digitizing procurement. The research implications are limited by the fact that it only investigates companies from the manufacturing industry in the Czech Republic and focuses exclusively on the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on the employer branding creation and HR marketing in selected healthcare service providers. The employer branding creation and HR marketing have become an interesting and creative area both in the field of HR management and marketing. The process of the employer branding creation and the conception of HR marketing coming from within the organizations and corporations could an interesting and effective tool that management not only in healthcare service providers could use to create a relationship with their current and also the potential employees. The aim of the article was to find out, among other things, which factors influence the choice of the employer (concerning the selected healthcare service provider). This study was researched on the gender and biological age of the respondents. For research purposes, a structured questionnaire was used. This questionnaire was distributed among selected healthcare service providers in the Czech Republic. The proposed research hypotheses have been verified through research. The statistical method of the Pearson's Chi-square test was chosen to verify the research hypotheses. This research study has brought the compelling findings. Firstly, that there is a statistically significant relationship between the factors influencing the choice of the employer (the selected healthcare service provider) and the age of the respondents, and secondly that there is a statistically significant relationship between the factors influencing the choice of the employer and the gender of the respondents in selected healthcare service providers in the Czech Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's world marketing is an important tool and local preferences based on the social environment can contribute substantially to the media mix. This study is about the issue of the preference of customers of stores, which use local elements as part of their marketing strategy over those who communicate globally. This paper describes the preference of Czech consumers for stores that use local elements as part of their marketing strategy over those who communicate globally. The model, which examines how interest in local activities and specific involvement in local communities' influence consumer preferences, is created by the theory of justified action and the concept of the creation of social networks. The model is tested using data from a representative sample of Czech consumers (CAWI collection) using the analysis of the chi-square test and Spearman's rank-order coefficient. The results show that both interest and specific involvement have a strong connection and relationship with local values. No similar study has previously been executed for the Czechia and this may be an important reason for feasible use in the retail branch. Due to similar development, this research can be generalized for other Central European countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While video games can be helpful in personal development, participating in certain gaming activities may lead to negative effects such as video game addiction. The overuse of computer games, which can lead to reduced quality of life and affect a person's practical skills. Around 3% of adolescents suffer from Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD), there is currently no universally accepted psychometric method. The AICA-S scale was applied to results from 3,901 respondents aged between 11 and 19. During the 2017/2018 school year, a battery of questionnaires in "pen and paper" form was administered to students at primary schools and secondary schools. The respondents were selected from all the regions of the Czech Republic through a random stratified selection to ensure that the respondents were an accurate representation of students across the Czech Republic. The results were obtained using statistical methods such as ANOVA, chi-square tests and t-tests. These results affirm the psychometric quality of AICA-S and note the prevalence of IGD among Czech adolescents. Based on our results, 0.8% of our respondents fulfilled the criteria for an IGD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of the article: The paper deals with question if the final customers are interested in reverse logistics in marketing campaigns, acceptable in the market of Czech Republic. Methodology/methods: Paper is based on primary research, on which participated final consumers in Czech Republic through the questionnaire survey. Results of the paper are based on testing of dependence between individual variables by Pearson chi-square test. Scientific aim: The aim of the article is to show relationship of marketing communication and reverse logistics, and their correlation. Findings: Main result of research provide relationship between marketing communication tools and reverse activity. The research was aimed at random chosen group of 585 people in the Czech Republic. The result of the research can be used for the companies that operate in the Czech or Central European market. Conclusions: The primary research provides possible approaches for companies in communication green services to final consumers. Limitation for this research because of the chosen sample. Own data for primary research was gained only in Czech Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper refers to the issues of diversity and inclusion because they represent a possible innovation in the field of management and business. Over the last years, there have appeared some organizations that take care of justice and supporting diversity in employment. This phenomenon is applicable to strategic management, human resource management and business, too. The labour market situation is ever-changing and brings new problems but also new challenges and opportunities for companies and their management how to increase their competitiveness. The main aim of this paper is to describe the opinion on diversity and inclusion of young people, specifically university and high school students of economic disciplines because they are potential managers or workers to occupy higher positions and their attitude could influence the future state of using diversity management and fair treatment with employees. Further aim is to work out a brief theoretical framework and to describe the current state of diversity and inclusion in the Czech Republic. In this paper, there are used methods as literature review, questionnaire survey, frequency comparison, Chi-squared test, and Mann-Whitney test. The paper includes work with secondary (statistical and theoretical) data but especially with primary data based on a questionnaire survey conducted by the author that is focused on exploring student's opinion on diversity, diversity management and benefits of using diversity in business, opinion on discrimination in the Czech Republic, or quotas for women in decision-making bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Significant declines in adolescent alcohol use have recently been observed in Europe. Growing research has focused on explaining the ongoing changes. The aim of the paper was to analyze to what extent the changes in unorganized leisure-time activities, especially a decline in socializing with peers, have affected recent changes in adolescent alcohol use in the Czech Republic. Methods: Samples of 15–16-year-old adolescents, surveyed in 2011 (N1 = 3,699) and 2015 (N2 = 2,738) ESPAD studies, were analyzed. A structural equation model was constructed for boys and girls separately to test the mediating effect of changes in the frequency of going out with friends on decline in adolescent binge drinking and alcohol intoxication. Results: The decline in the frequency of going out with friends explained a major part of the decline in alcohol use. The mediating effect was confirmed in both binge drinking and alcohol intoxication, and more pronounced among the girls (65.4–99.6%) compared to boys (51.1–62.7%). Conclusion: Recent changes in unorganized socializing with peers have had a significant effect on alcohol consumption among adolescents. Future research should focus on more in-depth analysis of the complexity of the relationship between face-to-face peer contacts, intensive electronic media communication, and adolescent alcohol use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. The primary purpose was to map the opinions and experiences nurses acquired during the COVID-19 pandemic, identify significant problems that need to be addressed before the next pandemic, and determine the prestige of nurses before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and methods. The design was descriptive and cross-sectional. A representative sample using sociological research methods was conducted using a non-standardized questionnaire. The sample of nurses was constructed using quota sampling; its structure corresponded to the composition of the overall nursing population in terms of age, sex, and region. The sample consisted of 1197 nurses. Results. The most significant changes reported by nurses during this period include increased physical workload (89.6%), changes in social (88.4%), and personal lives (76.7%). According to respondents, the prestige of their profession increased during the pandemic compared to the period before the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on the two-tailed t-test, the prestige of the nursing profession increased statistically significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic period. Conclusions. During the COVID-19 pandemic, nurses experienced increased physical stress and changes in their social and personal lives. However, the prestige of nurses increased due to their crucial role in the fight against the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture and food industry have become part of strategic areas for each country and each region of Europe. Important condition on companies in group A (according NACE classification) is fulfilling requirements of management in performance of financial area. Traditional financial indicators (calculated from accounting data) are still used to evaluate performance level, what have been considered to be the most appropriate approach over a long period of time in spite of different accounting and financial indicators. The main objective is to find crucial factors in the field of financial performance for agriculture companies in chosen region. Data from 10438 agricultural companies have been get from Amadeus database and analysed. For purpose of the paper there were used factor analysis, Pearson chi-square test for independence, and correspondence analysis. By application of factor analysis has reduced the basic set, originally formed by seven key financial indicators, into seven indexes according analysed countries. All observed factors were put into Pearson's chi-square test to indicate the dependency between indexes and (1) company size and (2) NACE classification. Finally, there was applied correspondence analysis, by which were found out clusters of countries, industries and size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goals: This study aims to identify sociodemographic predictors of breastfeeding and evaluate the effect of nursing interventions on nutritional strategies in premature infants (0-6 months). Methods: A prospective monocentric longitudinal study focused on the nutritional management of 201 preterm infants. Monitoring was performed for two years at specific time intervals. Results: The mother's nationality influences the child's nutrition in the first weeks but this influence decreases with the child's age. The mother's education has a significant effect on nutritional choices. Higher education correlates with using different nutritional combinations. Strong predictors of breastfeeding include the first latch, skin-to-skin contact, and orofacial stimulation. Conclusion: The study identified vital factors influencing the nutrition of preterm infants. These findings enable better targeting of measures and support better health and development of such children. The results provide a scientific basis for the development of nutritional strategies and interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is concerned with the marketability of organic products in Greece and the Czech Republic. We use marketing research in the form of a questionnaire survey to get an understanding of the organic-product shopping patterns in both countries. The data collected are then analysed by statistical methods and the differences presented between the marketability of organic products in Greece and the Czech Republic. In comparing the results, a chi-square test is used to test for their independence, further using a simple as well as multiple-sample testing of relative frequencies. Based on the results, there are then presented recommendations to producers and traders of organic products to support the popularity of this group of products and thereby to increase the marketability especially among the younger generation of consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, enterprises are challenged with continuously changing environment and they have to react quickly to these changes. Process management can be a tool that greatly helps businesses in this difficult time to survive (Hora, 2010). Process Management brings a relatively new perspective on corporate governance. According to McCoy et al. (2007) enterprises which implemented rules of process management have a competitive advantage over others. The paper presents the application of the principles of process management in relation to the legal form of business enterprise and business activity. For determining the level of principles of process management the indicator MPP was used (Rolśnek, 2012; Truneček, 2005). Based on statistical analysis, it can be argued that there is a relationship between the application of the principles of process management, business legal forms and also business activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Migraine is a widespread neurological disorder, growing increasingly common. However, the pathogenesis of the disease is often unclear and the evidence for the role of various risk factors is limited. This study aimed to identify risk factors associated with migraine and to contribute towards a better understanding of this disease. Methods: Data from 3,247 questionnaires were analyzed for associations between migraine and sex, age, BMI, degree of education, and air pollution, along with other factors such as contact with friends, physical condition, health, anxiety, and depression. A cross-sectional study was conducted with an approximately equal distribution of the sample by age, gender and two analysed regions. Data were presented using basic descriptive statistics using the chi-square test. The model output was presented using a crude odds ratio (OR) and a fully adjusted OR. Three hundred and eight-six individuals (12%) suffered from migraine. Results: In an adjusted model, the presented study found associations between the prevalence of migraine and sex, age, and level of education. Individuals with migraine statistically significantly more often suffered from depression, anxiety and other selected factors. However, the assumed significant association between the occurrence of migraine and pollution in the region has not been found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Place of death represents an important indicator for end-of-life care policy making and is related to the quality of life of patients and their families. The aim of the paper is to analyse the place of death in the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 2011. Research questions were focused on factors influencing the place of death and specifically the likelihood of dying at home. Methods: Whole population data from death certificates for all deaths in the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 2011 were used for bivariate and multivariate analyses. Separate analysis using binary logistic regression was conducted for subpopulation of patients who died from chronic conditions. Results: The majority of population in both countries died in hospitals (58.4% the Czech Republic, 54.8% Slovakia), less than one-third died at home. In case of chronic conditions, death at home was significantly associated with underlying cause of death (cancer and heart failure), being male, age (older than 85, Slovakia only) and higher education (the Czech Republic only). Cancer and heart failure patients had higher chances to die at home than other chronic conditions. Conclusions: Czech and Slovak patients with chronic conditions are more likely to die in hospitals than in some other European Union member countries. This finding should be addressed by policy makers in promoting home hospice care services and education in palliative care for staff in nursing homes and other end-of-life settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a shortage of psychiatrists in India and psychiatry as a subject of specialization is not a preferred option among medical undergraduates. There is inadequate exposure to psychiatry during the medical undergraduate training in India which might contribute towards it. There are attempts to overcome the negative attitudes towards psychiatry and mental illness among medical undergraduates by changes in the curriculum. In this paper we attempt to review studies on attitudes of undergraduate students towards psychiatry and compare the results with findings from our own survey done as a part of International Study of Student Career Choice in Psychiatry (ISoSCCiP) project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To provide initial data regarding country‐specific evidence of workplace violence towards nurses working within the health sector in five European countries. Methods: This is a descriptive and cross‐sectional pilot study, conducted in June 2016. The sample consisted of 260 nurses working in selected health care settings in five participating countries (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Turkey, and Spain). The questionnaire used was adapted from the International Labour Office/International Council of Nurses/World Health Organisation/Public Services International Workplace Violence in the Health Sector Country Case Study—Questionnaire. Results: A large number of participants confirmed that they had been physically attacked or verbally abused in the workplace in the last 12 months. In most cases, the physical and verbal abuse was inflicted by patients and to a lesser degree by relatives of patients, staff members, or managers/supervisors. In the majority of cases, no action was taken to investigate the causes of the incidents. In most cases, participants believed there was no point in reporting the incidents. However, the reasons for not reporting or discussing incidents of workplace violence varied depending on the country. Conclusion: Workplace violence towards nurses is a serious problem internationally, and violence prevention strategies need to be implemented. SUMMARY STATEMENT: What is already known about this topic? The nursing profession is at high risk of workplace violence. However, the problem seems to be severely underreported.What this paper adds? A better understanding of the problem in the social and cultural context, together with data fill information gaps regarding workplace violence in selected European countries.The implications of this paper: On the basis of the data obtained, prevention programmes and recommendations can be established and implemented in nurses' daily lives. Evaluation can also be conducted of the effectiveness of existing programmes and standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

papastavrou e., efstathiou g., tsangari h., suhonen r., leino-kilpi h., patiraki e., karlou c., balogh z., palese a., tomietto m., jarosova d. & merkouris a. (2011) A cross-cultural study of the concept of caring through behaviours: patients' and nurses' perspectives in six different EU countries. Journal of Advanced Nursing 68(5), 1026-1037. Abstract Aim. This paper is a report of an international study of patients' and nurses' perceptions of nurse caring behaviours. Background. Current economic constraints on healthcare systems, demand to increase the quality of care and the incorporation of the consumers' perspective into care, have created a need to develop a clear understanding of nursing behaviours which convey caring. Patients in different areas of the world report different expectations of nurses' caring actions when compared to nurses' views. Method. A descriptive comparative survey design was used to analyse a sample of surgical patients ( n = 1659) and their nurses ( n = 1195) in 88 wards of 34 hospitals in Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Finland, Greece, Hungary and Italy. Data were collected in autumn 2009 using the Caring Behaviours Inventory-24. Nurses' and patients' responses were compared using both inferential and descriptive statistics. Results. Independent samples t-tests showed important differences between nurses' and patients' views. Although both groups perceived knowledge and skill as being the most important sub-scale, the nurses' responses were higher compared to patients ( P < 0·05) with important differences in the 'assurance of human presence' ( P < 0·001) and the 'respectful deference to others' ( P < 0·001) sub-scales. Cross-country comparisons showed important differences between the nurses' ( F = 24·199, P < 0·001) and patients' views on caring ( F = 26·945, P < 0·001). Conclusions. Important differences were observed between patient-nurse perceptions in the participating countries. The results form a foundation for future research into the development of a common international perspective about caring behaviours between patients and their nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and Objectives: The study aimed to investigate differences in assessing implicit rationing of nursing care by Czech nurses with respect to the type of unit and type of hospital. Background: Implicit rationing of nursing care may differ across different types of hospitals and hospital units. Design: This study used a multicentre cross‐sectional study design. Methods: The STROBE checklist for observational cross‐sectional studies was followed for reporting of the research study. The sample included 8209 nurses providing direct care to medical and surgical patients in 14 acute care Czech hospitals. The main outcome was implicit rationing of nursing care as measured with a Czech version of the Perceived Implicit Rationing of Nursing Care (PIRNCA) instrument. Data were collected from September 2019 to October 2020. Results: The most frequently rationed nursing care activity was timely response to patient or family request/need, followed by emotional or psychological support and adequate supervision of delegated tasks. More implicitly rationed nursing care was reported in medical units. Statistical differences were found in rating 25 items and the PIRNCA total score. Nurses from middle‐sized hospitals reported implicitly rationed care more frequently than those from large hospitals. Conclusion: More rationed care was reported by nurses from medical units and nurses from middle‐sized hospitals. Organisational variables (the type of unit and type of hospital) influence the implicit rationing of nursing care in our study. Relevance to Clinical Practice: The findings call for nursing managers to pay attention to organisational variables which may affect the implicit rationing of nursing care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of KONTAKT - Journal of Nursing & Social Sciences related to Health & Illness is the property of University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Health & Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of KONTAKT - Journal of Nursing & Social Sciences related to Health & Illness is the property of University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Health & Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article deals with the results of two independent primary research studies in the field of the reinvestment activities of companies aimed at supporting employee education and training. Attention is focused on the reinvestment activities of companies and the direction of investment funds to individual areas with an emphasis on employee education and training. The article compares the situation before and after the first wave of the Corona crisis in the Czech Republic. Information on the structure and volume of corporate reinvestment is presented, as is information on reinvestment in employee development through selected training methods. The chi-square test was used for statistical analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the study was a transcultural adaptation, linguistic validation, and testing of psychometric properties of the Czech version of the Nurse Competence Scale (CZNCS). Methods: Designed as a cross-sectional observational study. The sample comprised 274 students from third-year bachelor's nursing study programmes at Czech universities. To collect the data, a Czech version of the Nurse Competence Scale was used, containing 73 items grouped into seven subscales. The data was collected between 2018 and 2021. The internal consistency of the scale was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Content validity was assessed using the Content validity index, while construct validity was tested using Principal Component Analysis. Differences in the assessment of competence were tested using the Mann--Whitney test and Pearson's chi-squared test. Results: The content validity index average for the Czech version of NCS was 0.95, while the content validity index-universal agreement was 0.75. Cronbach's alpha of the Nurse Competence Scale was 0.981. Factor analysis showed a six-factor solution. Conclusions: The Czech version of the Nurse Competence Scale showed good levels of content validity and reliability. The Czech version of the NCS may serve as a useful tool for self-assessment of students' competence in the final years of nursing programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of self-care among social work practitioners notwithstanding, research literature is in the nascent stages of examining this area inquiry. This exploratory study examined the frequency of self-care practices among social work practitioners in Czech Republic, Finland, Poland, and Slovakia. Utilising data collected as part of Wave I of the Global Self-Care Initiative, a large-scale exploratory study designed to examine self-care practices among diverse practitioner groups, researchers sought to investigate differences in practitioners, by country. Analyses revealed significant cross-country differences. Both hierarchical regression and regression tree analyses showed country to have significantly explanatory effect. Practitioners from Finland reported engaging in self-care significantly more frequently than did practitioners in the other countries. Implications derived from contextual practice environments and areas for apposite research inquiry are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article: Building a strong brand is difficult, even when viewing brands as an essential asset of the company is a lasting trend. So for brand managers to succeed in their job roles, they must possess knowledge, skills, and relevant personality traits. The purpose of the author's work was to provide the insight into the offering of brand manager's posts in the Czech Republic and to analyze the collected data with the special interest in finding the answer, whether the employers see a brand manager as a knowledge worker. Methodology/methods: For a successful empirical research, the content analysis method by Berelson was used to study the texts in recruitment advertisements. The statistical verification of results was conducted using the chi-squared test. Scientific aim: The goal of the primary survey was to provide answers to the research questions, which arise from the following research assumption: (1) the set of requirements for candidates for the job of Brand Manager will confirm that a brand manager is one of the workers who have skills and personality prerequisites expected for knowledge workers and (2) after the period of economic recession and despite the oncoming recovery, employers do not concede their requirements placed on candidates for the job of Brand Manager. Findings: The results of the actual research project confirmed a fundamental need of excellent communication skills (69.6%), a high degree of creativity (51.8%) and analytical ability (42.9%) of candidates for the position "Brand Manager". During the comparison of the data results gathered in 2007 there were recorded some differences. Statistical verification confirmed the shift of requirements in the group of traits and skills connected to motivation and self-control. The results also showed significant differences in the analysed group of ads for the position of "Brand Manager" and "Product Manager" in almost all groups of psychological requirements. Conclusions: The findings confirmed that employers are looking for workers possessing personal dispositions and skills of knowledge workers. Comparison of frequencies of requirements placed on candidates for the position of "Brand Manager" in 2007 and in 2015 indicates changes, but it does not mean that employers are less demanding. The differences in employers' expectations supported by the set of psychological requirements placed on candidates for the post "Brand Manager" and "Product Manager" inspire the discussion and are the reason for deeper investigation in the role of employees in product management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of music therapy in the Czech Republic is closely connected with the development of other arts therapies (AsTs). This cross-sectional study aims to provide a research-based description of the current state of Czech music therapy and offer comparisons with other AsTs. Data were obtained through a modified version of "The Practice in Arts Therapies" questionnaire, which was distributed to arts therapists registered with professional associations in the Czech Republic. From the total sample (N = 144), there were 50 music therapists. The remainder of the sample were drama, dance movement, art therapists, and combinations of these therapies (N = 94). Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed relating to work environment, client groups, and preferred therapeutic trends. Czech music therapy is closely connected to working with special needs populations in social care and educational environments. Practitioners follow humanistic, active/directive and artistic/creative trends. Significant differences were found between music therapists and other arts therapists with regard to the client populations (in their age and type of needs), and therapeutic trends. Czech music therapy has strengths in the area of special needs, but it will be important to achieve further growth, especially in health care. This may have a crucial impact on the formation of a common legislative framework for art therapists. We recommend repeating this survey in the future to see how the university-based program for music therapy will have influenced the profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable economic development and current global challenges accentuate businesses' innovative activities across the size spectrum. Developed countries are looking for ways to support the acceleration of R&D activities. A mix of direct and indirect instruments is used for this purpose. Indirect instruments are implemented in the corporate environment primarily through various tax incentives. A widespread form of tax incentives represents the possibility of reducing the tax base by expenses related to R&D activities. The article analyses the amount and structure of companies in the Czech Republic, which use the deduction for research and development. The research sample includes all companies that filled out their tax returns between 2009 and 2020. The established hypotheses are tested using the methods of descriptive statistics, the Chi-Square test of independence, and the analysis of variance. The research results confirm a statistically significant difference between the average number of companies using deduction for research and development if those companies are classified according to their size. In addition, it was revealed that the number of companies using deduction for research and development has gradually declined since 2015. Furthermore, it was found that the structure of companies using the deduction for research and development changes over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies performed in Central European countries showed a high prevalence of missed nursing care in various clinical settings before the COVID‐19 pandemic. Aims: The aim of the study was to investigate which domains of the work environment were significant predictors of missed nursing care activities in Czech hospitals during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Methods: A cross‐sectional study was used. The RANCARE guideline and STROBE checklist were followed for reporting in the study. The sample consisted of 371 nurses from four acute care hospitals. The MISSCARE Survey and the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index questionnaires were used to collect data. The data were analyzed using multiple linear and logistic regression analyses. Results: Nurses reporting unfavorable environments consistently describe a higher frequency of episodes of missed care. Prevalence estimates of missed care in Czech acute care hospitals during the COVID‐19 pandemic was predicted from the overtime work, the nurses' perception of the "Nursing foundations for the quality of care," and their satisfaction with their current position. Conclusions: Missed nursing care could be mitigated by improving the nurses' work environment. Domains of the nurse work environment are known as structural modifiable factors and their refinement could be a cornerstone for interventions to reduce the prevalence of missed nursing care. Implications for nursing policy: Monitoring the conditions and aspects of the nurse work environment in hospitals and considering nurses' concerns about the work environment on an ongoing basis are important strategies for nurse supervision as well as for policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with key factors affecting mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results are based on the longitudinal representative 50+ population-based multi-country panel study Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) in which representative samples of individuals in European countries plus Israel were collected. The goal is to turn the challenges of aging into opportunities as well as provide valid and reliable data for evidence-based policies. A total of 2,631 participants were interviewed by telephone in the Czech Republic during the initial stages of the COVID-19 outbreak in 2020. After a descriptive analysis showed that participants complied well with most preventative and protective COVID-19 measures, subsequent modeling using logistic regression analysis and a decision tree algorithm identified key determinants that have contributed to an understanding of variation in declared feelings of depression. We found that nervousness, previously unexperienced trouble with sleep, and self-rated health status before the COVID-19 outbreak and gender remained significant predictors of depression, from which statistically significant different categories concerning the percentage of depression could be formed. These identified potential risk factors should be considered in planning further supportive strategies for high-risk 50+ population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Czech version of the Surgical Fear Questionnaire. Design: A cross-sectional study design. STROBE guidelines for reporting observational studies were followed for the study. Methods: The study sample consisted of 332 adult patients from the Czech Republic. The Surgical Fear Questionnaire (SFQ) was used to measure preoperative fear. Cronbach's alpha was calculated to test reliability. The construct validity of the SFQ was tested using exploratory factor analysis. Results: Reliability of the instrument as a whole was confirmed by the high value of the Cronbach alpha coefficient (0.813). Two factors were identified for the Czech version of the SFQ in factor analysis. Conclusion: The Czech version of the Surgical Fear Questionnaire showed good validity and reliability and can be used in research and clinical practice. Further analysis of psychometric properties is needed to confirm these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of KONTAKT - Journal of Nursing & Social Sciences related to Health & Illness is the property of University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Health & Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Motivation: This article studies the behavior of the Czech Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) Committee during the years between 2013-2018. This institution assesses RIAs of new laws and regulations which are in the process of ratification. Aim: The main aim was to find if the legislative change of February 3, 2016 had a direct impact on the decision-making of the Committee. Further, we ask whether there are other distinct patterns in the behavior of Czech RIA Committee members. Specifically, do the RIA Committee's verdicts become more negative with time? We also investigate the level of independence of the Committee. In our analysis we used basic statistics: Chi-Square test of independence and regression analysis. To complete our study, we used data from a questionnaire which was distributed among RIA Committee members. Results: In our analysis we found that the legislative change did not have a direct immediate effect on the RIA Committee of the Czech Republic. However, we discovered that the RIA Committee has lost most of its independence and power in the six years of its existence. This change was gradual and most likely catalyzed by pressure from politicians. Further, voting per rollam yielded more positive results. We also discovered an institution whose RIA Committee verdicts differed significantly. Based on the findings of our research, we offer recommendations to the RIA Committee and other institutions with a similar purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The study aimed to determine how Czech nurses perceive individual aspects of their work environment, and examined the differences in perceptions of their work environment related to type of hospital, hospital departments, and individual demographic characteristics. The study included analysis of the relationships between nurses' work environment and: intention to leave, satisfaction with current work position, the role of nurse, and work intensity. Design: A cross-sectional descriptive study. Methods: The sample involved 371 nurses working in the internal medicine and surgical departments of four hospitals in the Olomouc region. The Czech version of the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index (PES-NWI) was used to collect data. Data were analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, the Pearson chi-squared test, the Mann-Whitney test, and Spearman's correlations. Results: Nurses from university hospitals evaluated their work environment significantly more highly than nurses in regional non-university hospitals. No significant difference between internal medicine and surgical hospital wards was confirmed. Weak to moderate positive correlations were revealed between nurses' work environment and: satisfaction with the role of nurse, satisfaction with current work position, and satisfaction with team collaboration. Nurses who considered leaving their current job or work position evaluated their work environment significantly more negatively than nurses who did not intend to leave their job. Conclusion: The attributes of nurses' work environment are related to nurses' satisfaction at work and their intention of staying in their workplace. Variables of hospitals greatly improved overall assessment of the work environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research background: Online shopping is becoming popular among most customers thanks to quickness and easy shopping, and also due the COVID pandemic. Companies are aware of the great interest of customers and, as a consequence, e-commerce is expanding. There has been a significant increase in online grocery purchases due to economic growth in the past few years. Online shopping attracts a lot of research interest, individual authors and this is a widely discussed topic. It should be borne in mind that online purchasing of food has its own peculiarities compared to the segment of electronics or fashion from the perspective of everyday needs. Purpose of the article: The aim of the study is to analyze specific consumer behaviour in online purchasing of groceries. This study takes into account the age and purchasing preferences of online grocery purchasers. Methods: The study was conducted using quantitative research. Data (n = 171) was obtained by using a questionnaire survey done in the Czech Republic. The questionnaire survey contained 17 questions. For the statistical evaluation, Chi-square test and Pearson's correlation test were used. For the statistical evaluation, Chi-square test and Pearson's correlation test were used. Findings & value added: The results of the study indicate that there is a relationship between the age of customers and online purchase in the grocery field. However, customers who use the e-shop for grocery purchase are still reluctant to buy perishable goods (meat, pastries) and prefer goods that are packed directly by the manufacturer. The study sheds light on understanding the customers' purchasing behaviour and their preferences in terms of quality of service, payment terms, delivery conditions, and range of assortment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To validate the Czech version of the Delirium Observation Scale and the Nursing Delirium Screening Scale as screening instruments for detecting of delirium in a traumatology department. Design: A prospective cohort study. Methods: The study included 400 patients hospitalized in the traumatology department, University Hospital, Olomouc. The receiver operating characteristics analysis, sensitivity and specificity values and positive and negative predictive values for the screening delirium symptoms were calculated. Results: The average duration of delirium was 2.78 days. The Delirium Observation Scale (DOS) screening instrument produced the best predictive validity values (sensitivity 97.6%, specificity 96.2%), followed by the Nursing Delirium Screening Scale (Nu-DESC) (sensitivity 92.7%, specificity 96.5%). Both screening instruments have comparable psychometric properties as well as features in the area of the already mentioned feasibility. The largest differences between the psychometric features of the screening instruments were detected in the Nu-DESC instrument in the area of sensitivity. Conclusion: The benefit of the research lies in obtaining the predictive validity values for the DOS and Nu-DESC screening instruments in patients with locomotive apparatus trauma, having had surgical or conservative treatment. Our results may support a systematic and evidence-based implementation of the screening instruments for detecting of delirium in a clinical setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Serbian Journal of Management is the property of Serbian Journal of Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the article is to evaluate the level of basic knowledge of accounting issues of students of the School of Business Administration in Karviná (SBA) in the Czech Republic and verify the existence of dependence of their knowledge on gender, secondary education, aspects of their university studies, and last but not least, on their work experience. Furthermore, the research aims to find out how these students perceive the importance of the qualification level of professional accountants. In order to achieve the objective of the article, a questionnaire survey was used. On the basis of the acquired nominal data, the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used to answer the first research question concerning the impact of aspects of the university study on the level of student accounting knowledge. As part of the research, 1,035 students were contacted and 709 respondents have completed the questionnaire. The perceptions of the accountant profession were examined using the Pearson's chi-square test and the Pearson's coefficient of contingency. It can be concluded from the results that the form of study and the degree of study have no influence on the level of students' knowledge. In the field of study, on the other hand, the dependence of accounting knowledge of students on this aspect has already been proved. The work experience of students was most markedly reflected in the students' accounting knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recruitment is one of the most important human resource management tools in the field of agriculture with reference to the current state of the labour market and the concept Agriculture 4.0. The first part of this article concentrates on the recruitment, on-line recruitment and recruitment methods. The second part evaluates the results of a quantitative survey carried out in the Czech Republic. The principal aim of this research project is to identify aspects in recruitment in the field of agriculture. Data were obtained by means of an electronic questionnaire completed by Czech agricultural enterprises (N=980). For data evaluation Chi-squared test was used. The survey shows that agricultural enterprises mostly prefer traditional methods for recruitment i.e. employee referral - 91.4%; internal recruitment - 81.4%. If on-line recruitment is used, then the website of the enterprise (55.1%) is usually exploited. Moreover, the enterprises surveyed make less use of "mobile recruiting" - such as pracezarohem (11.4%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the study was to describe the current state of pain assessment in surgical patients in the South Bohemia region. Design: A quantitative descriptive study. Methods: Two sets of questionnaires were used to determine the state of pain assessment. The sample included 253 nurses and 205 patients from the South Bohemia region. Results: Nurses use visual analog scales (129) and verbal pain assessment (89) to assess pain. A more precise verbal description of pain assessment would be appreciated by 44 of the respondents, and 42 would appreciate confirmation of assessments by doctors. According to nurses, the main pain manifestations in patients are: limited mobility (156), verbal expressions (134), lack of cooperation (129) and limited independence (128). Direct physical manifestations of pain mentioned by patients include: limited mobility (140), limited independence (97), and mimic manifestation (46). Patients would like pain assessments complemented by more accurate verbal assessments (84), use of pictures to illustrate pain (40), and increased frequency of assessment by doctors (29). Conclusion: The data obtained suggest some shortcomings in pain assessment, and indicate the spheres in which provision of care could be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution deals with the concept of innovation and its influence on CSR. It attempts to prove by means of empirical research that SMEs that demonstrate high engagement in the area of innovations have a higher tendency to engage also in CSR. Research was conducted in SMEs in the CEE region, in Austria, Czech Republic and Slovakia (n=607). Empirical data were collected through questionnaire. Statistical evaluation of empirical data was done via Pearson`s Chi-square test and Cramer`s V coefficient. This article is an addition to literature at two major levels. First, it attempts to explain how innovation and CSR are interconnected and through statistical analysis proves innovation to be one of the main CSR drivers. Second, it provides empirical data about SMEs in less researched CEE region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to define and analyze important factors of the introduction of a local currency. The research was carried out in the Cieszyn Silesia region. A questionnaire was prepared and distributed among the employees of both public and private companies in the region and filled in by 422 respondents. Advanced data analysis methods were used to evaluate the questionnaire: contingency tables, absolute and relative species abundance, the Pearson's chi-squared test, along with a standard score (Z-score). Respondents' attitudes towards introducing the local currency led to some interesting results. Most respondents know the term "local currency," but only one third of them are able to interpret this term correctly. 65% of the respondents are familiar with the term "digital currency," but only 11% of them have trust in the concept. According to the received answers, the credibility of digital currency can be increased by it being ensured by trustworthy subjects. Three out of four respondents predict that the introduction of digital currency would significantly support regional producers and service providers. These results are used as the information base for assessments regarding the types of employee benefits on offer by major employers in the region along with cooperating institutions of the public non-profit sector, as well as for an academic discussion on the suitability of the local currency in the Czech Republic and its impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Given that shift work spreads across many different business sectors, studies of its adverse effects are very topical. Much research has been done on the negative impact of shift work, but many researchers have not focused on its impact in a multicultural environment. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to map out how shift work is perceived by workers in two different shift regimes and two national groups. METHODS: The research was carried out on Czech manufacturing workers and Turkish airport ground personnel using a questionnaire. The impact of shift work was studied from physical, mental, social and health aspects with connection to family status and gender. For statistical evaluation, Pearson's chi-squared test of independence was used. The effect of shift work on workers' performance and scrap rate was analysed only on the sample of the manufacturing workers. RESULTS: Fifty-five Czech male workers, 49 Turkish male workers and 60 Turkish female workers participated in the survey. The dependence between sexes was confirmed for mental aspects and sleeping routines. The main difference between nationalities is in work attitude, social aspects and sleeping routines. According to the family status, the difference was confirmed in all areas except social aspects. The lowest values of productivity and the highest scrap rate were observed on night shifts and the maximum productivity and lowest scrap rates were observed on afternoon shifts. CONCLUSIONS: Some of the basic assumptions were confirmed which suggests that a multicultural environment has an influence on the perception of shift work by the nations and gende. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The ability of women with an intellectual disability (ID) to fulfil their role as mothers is also influenced by medical personnel. This exploratory research study's objective was to investigate medical personnel's knowledge, attitudes, and experiences with regard to mothers with ID. Method: The survey was completed by 175 medical personnel. A statistical analysis was undertaken using descriptive statistics, crosstab analysis, and a Pearson chi-square test (p < .05). The open-ended questions and clarification/explanation items were coded following content analysis. Results: The participants' knowledge about services for mothers with ID was minimal. The participants' attitudes provided a mixed picture. Although they believed that women with ID could be successful mothers, many of them also believed that pregnant women with ID should have an abortion. Conclusions: There is an urgent need to incorporate information about mothers with ID into training and further professional development for medical personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aims of the pilot study were a) to compare the amount, type, and reasons for missed nursing care in the Czech Republic and Slovakia; and b) to investigate the psychometric properties of the Slovak and Czech versions of the MISSCARE Survey. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: For measurement of missed nursing care The Missed Nursing Care (MISSCARE) Survey was used. The sample consisted of 226 hospital nurses in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Results: The internal consistency of Part A measured by Cronbach alpha was 0.939 for the Czech version and 0.945 for the Slovak version of the MISSCARE Survey. The average score for missed nursing care was 1.64 ± 0.51 for the Czech Republic, and 1.99 ± 0.83 for Slovakia. Shortfalls in labor resources were cited as the chief reason for missed nursing care in the countries surveyed. Conclusion: Psychometric testing showed that the Czech and Slovak versions of the MISSCARE Survey are reliable and valid tools, and can be used for measuring missed nursing care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to verify dependence between potential threat of industry 4.0 and present skills and knowledge of workers in engineering companies. There were defined four hypotheses, focused on connection between knowledge of industry 4.0 concept and potential threats of job loss from different points of view. To verify these hypotheses there was used questionnaire survey, distributed in engineering companies in Czech Republic, Germany and Canada. Gained data was put under statistical evaluation by Pearson’s chi-square test of independence and correspondence analysis for displaying connection between knowledge of industry 4 and country of company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]