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Aim: The present study evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of Chlorhexidine, Nisin and Linezolid and a control group (Normal saline ) against Enterococcus faecalis (EF).Methods: Human single rooted premolars with type I canal anatomy were instrumented with ProTaper using NaOCl as an irrigant. Supension of EF was inoculated into each root specimen and incubated. The medicaments were syringed into each root and incubated. After 24 hours, 8 samples per group (among the 4 groups) were retrieved. A hole was drilled on each root, and the dentinal shavings obtained were allowed to fall in brain-heart infusion (BHI) broth. Dilutions from the broth were plated and spread over blood agar. Colony-forming units (CFU) of EF was counted. The procedure was repeated after 72 hrs and 1 week.Results: In group Nisin, the mean CFU was 10.6250 at 24 hrs, 6.6250 at 72 hrs and 6.2500 after 1 week respectively (statistically significant). In group Chlorhexidine, mean CFU was found to be the lowest of 10.5000 at 24 hrs, with further gradual increase to 13.7500 at 72 hrs and further increase to 15.8750 by 1 week. Similarly, in group linezolid , the mean CFU was found to decrease from 49.0000 at 24 hrs to 29.8750 at 72 hrs and then increase to 34.8750 in 1 week. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Over 10% of maternal deaths annually are due to sepsis. Prophylactic antibiotics and antiseptic agents are critical interventions to prevent maternal peripartum infections. We conducted a mixed-method systematic review to better understand factors affecting the use of prophylactic antibiotics and antiseptic agents to prevent peripartum infections. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Emcare, CINAHL, Global Health, Global Index Medicus, and Maternity and Infant Care for studies published between 1 January 1990 and 27 May 2022. We included primary qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods studies that focused on women, families, and healthcare providers' perceptions and experiences of prophylactic antibiotic and antiseptics during labour and birth in health facilities. There were no language restrictions. We used a thematic synthesis approach for qualitative evidence and GRADE-CERQual approach for assessing confidence in these review findings. Quantitative study results were mapped to the qualitative findings and reported narratively. Results: We included 19 studies (5 qualitative, 12 quantitative and 2 mixed-methods studies), 16 relating to antibiotics, 2 to antiseptic use, and 1 study to both antibiotic and antiseptic use. Most related to providers' perspectives and were conducted in high-income countries. Key themes on factors affecting antibiotic use were providers' beliefs about benefits and harms, perceptions of women's risk of infection, regimen preferences and clinical decision-making processes. Studies on antiseptic use explored women's perceptions of vaginal cleansing, and provider's beliefs about benefits and the usefulness of guidelines. Conclusion: We identified a range of factors affecting how providers use prophylactic antibiotics at birth, which can undermine implementation of clinical guidelines. There were insufficient data for low-resource settings, women's perspectives, and regarding use of antiseptics, highlighting the need for further research in these areas. Implications for practice include that interventions to improve prophylactic antibiotic use should take account of local environments and perceived infection risk and ensure contextually relevant guidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID‐19 pandemic deeply impacted the capacity of the health systems to maintain preventive and curative services, especially for the most vulnerable populations. During the pandemic, the wound healing centres in Italy assisted a significant reduction of the frequency of their hospital admission, since only urgencies, such as severe infections or wound haemorrhagic complications, were allowed to the hospital. The aim of this multidisciplinary work is to highlight the importance of a new pathway of wound care with patient‐based therapeutic approach, tailored treatments based on the characteristics of the wound and fast tracks focused on the outpatient management, reserving hospital assessment only for patients with complicated or complex wounds. This analysis highlights the point that patients with chronic wounds need to be critically evaluated in order to find the best and most appropriate care pathway, which should vary according to the patient and, especially, to the characteristics of the wound. Moreover, the most adequate topic antiseptic should be started as soon as possible. An appropriate and correct management of the wound care will allow to link the knowledge based on years of clinical practice with the new challenges and the need to visit patients remotely, when possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing incidence of periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) has led to a growing interest in developing strategies to prevent and treat this severe complication. The surgical site's application of antiseptic solutions to eliminate contaminating bacteria and eradicate the bacterial biofilm has been increasing over time. Even though it has been proven that combining antimicrobials could enhance their activities and help overcome acquired microbial resistance related to the topical use of antibiotics, the toxicity of integrated solutions is not well described. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of solutions containing povidone–iodine (PI) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), alone or in combination, after 1.3 and 5 min of exposure. Chondrocytes, tenocytes, and fibroblast-like synoviocytes were used for cytotoxicity analysis. Trypan blue stain (0.4% in PBS) was applied to evaluate the dead cells. All solutions tested showed a progressive increase in toxicity as exposure time increased except for PI at 0.3%, which exhibited the lowest toxicity. The combined solutions reported a reduced cellular killing at 3 and 5 min than H 2 O 2 at equal concentrations, similar results to PI solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous solutions are complex due to hydrogen bonding (HBing). While gas-phase clusters could provide clues on the solution behavior, most neutral clusters were studied at cryogenic temperatures. Recent results of Shimamori and Fujii provide the first IR spectrum of warm phenol-(H2O)2 clusters. To understand the temperature (T) effect, we have revisited the structure and spectroscopy of phenol- (H2O)2 at all T. While older quantum chemistry work concluded that the cyclic isomers are the most stable, the inclusion of dispersion interactions reveals that they are nearly isoenergetic with isomers forming π-HBs with the phenyl ring. Whereas the OH-stretch bands were previously assigned to purely local modes, we show that at low T they involve a concerted component. We have calculated the (static) anharmonic IR spectra for all low-lying isomers, showing that at the MP2 level, one can single out one isomer (udu) as accounting for the low-T spectrum to 3 cm-1 accuracy. Yet no isomer can explain the substantial blueshift of the phenyl-OH band at elevated temperatures. We describe the temperature effect using ab initio molecular dynamics with a density functional and basis-set (B3LYP-D3/aug-cc-pVTZ) that provide a realistic description of OH. . .O vs. OH. . . π HBing. From the dipole moment autocorrelation function, we obtain good description for both low- and high-T spectra. Trajectory visualization suggests that the ring structure remains mostly intact even at high T, with intermittent switching between OH. . .O and OH. . . π, HBing and lengthening of all 3 HBs. The phenyl-OH blueshift is thus attributed to strengthening of its OH bond. A model for three beads on a ring suggests that this shift is partly offset by the elimination of coupling to the other OH bonds in the ring, whereas for the two water molecules these two effects nearly cancel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topical film-forming sprays of chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG-FFS) were developed for antiseptic application. Various polymers and solvents were studied for their potential as film-forming polymers and solvent systems, respectively. To produce CHG-FFS, the optimal polymer and solvent were selected, and their physicochemical properties were evaluated. The in vivo evaluation of CHG-FFS was investigated for the satisfaction of the dosage forms, time required for the film formation, film appearance, and adhesion on the skin. Antibacterial activity was also studied in vitro and in vivo. The optimized formulation was assessed for the in vitro cell line evaluations of the cytotoxicity and wound healing. The results demonstrate that Eudragit® S100, Eudragit® L100, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) have the ability to be used as film-forming polymers in an ethanolic solution. A clear and flexible film was obtained from transparent homogenous solutions of CHG-FFS after actuation. They generated the fast thin film formation on the skin with the satisfaction of the dosage forms. Furthermore, the formulations inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and provided antiseptic activity in vivo. However, PVA was found to be an optimal film-forming polymer for promoting CHG adhesion on the skin. The CHG-FFS obtained from the PVA also provided a CHG film, which was non-toxic to human skin cells and did not interfere with the wound healing process. Therefore, the developed CHG-FFS could be a promising candidate for topical antiseptic application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extensive use of ophthalmic antibiotics is contributing to the appearance of resistant bacterial strains, which require prolonged and massive treatments with consequent detrimental outcomes and adverse effects. In addition to these issues, antibiotics are not effective against parasites and viruses. In this context, antiseptics could be valuable alternatives. They have nonselective mechanisms of action preventing bacterial resistance and a broad spectrum of action and are also effective against parasites and viruses. Here, we compare the in vitro antibacterial, antiameobic, and antiviral activities of six ophthalmic formulations containing antiseptics such as povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine, and thymol against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, the amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii, and two respiratory viruses, HAdV-2 and HCoV-OC43. The results suggest that, among all the tested formulations, Dropsept, consisting of Vitamin E TPGS-based (tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate) in combination with the antiseptic chlorhexidine, is the one with the highest range of activities, as it works efficiently against bacteria, amoeba, and viruses. On the other hand, the solution containing PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) and thymol showed a promising inhibitory effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which causes severe keratitis. Given its high efficiency, Dropsept might represent a valuable alternative to the widely used antibiotics for the treatment of ocular infections. In addition to this commercial eye drop solution, thymol-based solutions might be enrolled for their natural antimicrobial and antiamoebic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topical antiseptics are often used to treat chronic wounds with biofilm infections and during salvage of biofilm contaminated implants, but their antibacterial efficacy is frequently only tested against non-aggregated planktonic or free-swimming organisms. This study evaluated the antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of four commercial surgical washes Bactisure, TorrenTX, minimally invasive lavage (MIS), and Betadine against six bacterial species: Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli, which are commonly isolated from surgical site infections and chronic wound infections using different in vitro models. We determined minimum planktonic inhibitory and eradication concentration and minimum 1-day-old biofilm inhibition and eradication concentration of antiseptics in 96-well plates format with 24 h contact time. We also tested the efficacy of antiseptics at in-use concentration and contact time in the presence of biological soil against 3-day-old biofilm grown on coupons with shear in a bioreactor, such that the results are more applicable to the clinical biofilm situations. In the 96-well plate model, the minimum concentration required to inhibit or kill planktonic and biofilm bacteria was lower for Bactisure and TorrenTX than for MIS and Betadine. However, Betadine and Bactisure showed better antibiofilm efficacy than TorrenTX and MIS in the 3-day-old biofilm bioreactor model at in-use concentration. The minimal concentration of surgical washes required to inhibit or kill planktonic bacterial cells and biofilms varies, suggesting the need for the development and use of biofilm-based assays to assess antimicrobial therapies, such as topical antiseptics and their effective concentrations. The antibiofilm efficacy of surgical washes against different bacterial species also varies, highlighting the importance of testing against various bacterial species to achieve a thorough understanding of their efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the treatment of periodontitis stage III/IV, a quadrant/week-wise debridement (Q-SRP) was compared with three full-mouth approaches: full-mouth scaling (FMS, accelerated Q-SRP within 24 h), full-mouth scaling with chlorhexidine-based disinfection (FMD), and FMD with adjuvant erythritol air polishing (FMDAP). The objective of this prospective, randomized study (a substudy of ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT03509233) was to compare the clinical and microbiological effects of the treatments. In total, 105 patients were randomized to one of the four aforementioned treatment groups, with n = 25, 28, 27, and 25 patients allocated to each group, respectively. At baseline and 3 and 6 months after treatment, the clinical parameters, including the pocket probing depths, clinical attachment level, and bleeding on probing, were recorded, and the prevalence of the total bacteria and four periodontal pathobionts (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Tannerella forsythia) was determined using real-time quantitative PCR. Concerning the clinical outcomes, all the treatment modalities were effective, but the full-mouth approaches, especially FMDAP, were slightly superior to Q-SRP. Using the FMD approach, the reduction in the bacterial load and the number of pathobionts was significantly greater than for FMS, followed by Q-SRP. FMDAP was the least effective protocol for microbial reduction. However, after a temporary increase 3 months after therapy using FMDAP, a significant decrease in the key pathogen, P. gingivalis, was observed. These findings were not consistent with the clinical results from the FMDAP group. In conclusion, the dynamics of bacterial colonization do not necessarily correlate with clinical outcomes after full-mouth treatments for periodontitis stage III/IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The in situ application of the combination of different types of drugs revolutionized the area of periodontal therapy. The purpose of this study was to develop nanocomposite hydrogel (NCHG) as a pH-sensitive drug delivery system. To achieve local applicability of the NCHG in dental practice, routinely used blue-light photopolymerization was chosen for preparation. The setting time was 60 s, which resulted in stable hydrogel structures. Universal Britton–Robinson buffer solutions were used to investigate the effect of pH in the range 4–12 on the release of drugs that can be used in the periodontal pocket. Metronidazole was released from the NCHGs within 12 h, but chlorhexidine showed a much longer elution time with strong pH dependence, which lasted more than 7 days as it was corroborated by the bactericidal effect. The biocompatibility of the NCHGs was proven by Alamar-blue test and the effectiveness of drug release in the acidic medium was also demonstrated. This fast photo-polymerizable NCHG can help to establish a locally applicable combined drug delivery system which can be loaded with the required amount of medicines and can reduce the side effects of the systemic use of drugs that have to be used in high doses to reach an ideal concentration locally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is devoted to the investigation of biocidal properties of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) based on pyridine structures with aromatic spacers, and their widely known analogs, against clinically significant microorganisms. This study is focused on investigating their antimicrobial activity (minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs)), antibiofilm properties (minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBICs) and minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBECs)), synergetic effect with different alcohols in antiseptic formulations, and bacterial resistance development. It was shown that all combined analogue preparations had a higher level of antibacterial activity against the tested bacterial strains, with a 16- to 32-fold reduction in MICs and MBCs compared to previously used antiseptic preparations. Moreover, hit-QACs demonstrated a stable effect against Gram-negative E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and A. baumannii within a month of incubation. Overall results indicated a high level of antibacterial activity of pyridine-based QACs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer microgels, including those based on interpenetrating networks (IPNs), are currently vastly studied, and their practical applications are a matter of thriving research. In this work, we show the perspective for the use of polyelectrolyte IPN microgels either as scavengers or carriers of antiseptic substances. Here, we report that poly-N-isopropylacrylamide/polyacrylic acid IPN microgels can efficiently absorb the common bactericidal and virucidal compound benzalkonium chloride. The particles can form a stable aqueous colloidal suspension or be used as building blocks for soft free-standing films. Both materials showed antiseptic efficacy on the examples of Bacillus subtilis and S. aureus, which was approximately equal to the commercial antibiotic. Such polymer biocides can be used as liquid disinfectants, stable surface coatings, or parts of biomedical devices and can enhance the versatility of the possible practical applications of polymer microgels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applied research aimed at innovating smart packaging made of biodegradable materials. The experimental aimed to identify the type of biomaterial and the proportion needed to develop a material with improved physical and mechanical characteristics, as well as to establish the biopolymers that will be used to obtain the new single-use smart biofilms. After the research activity, an edible material for single-use packaging was obtained: its testing and characterization, benefits in use, applicability were performed. Creating smart biofilms with various additives, phytoncide extracts - in order to present alternatives to the materials for packaging dehydrated and candied food, existing today in the trade with foods. Also, a series of substances with antiseptic properties were extracted from plants containing phytoncides and biomaterials were impregnated to improve their antiseptic characteristics. The final results also aimed at establishing the products that can be packed in newly developed materials, with the possibility of obtaining and immediate application in the specialized industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper was presented a case of interaction between chlorhexidine and octenidine applied during the procedure of central vein cathetherization for the dialysis. Octenidine was used for skin disinfection. The placement of the venous catheter dialysis was covered with polyurethane dressing containing chlorhexidine. On the second day, a change on a skin around the site of cathether placement was noticed. On the next day, the character of the lesion changed and looked like a superficial burn. The incidence of interaction between antiseptic agents may reduce compliance with the disinfection procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rates of caesarean section (CS) delivery are increasing worldwide. CS delivery is often complicated by post-surgical infection, estimated to have ten times higher risk of infections than that of vaginal delivery. While widespread use of prophylactic antibiotics with CS has reduced post-CS infection, incidence may be reduced further by cleansing the vagina with betadine antiseptic wash prior to CS. However, reports are not consistent, and different antiseptics have been practised variably. Therefore, in order to ensure that the risks to the mother are as minimal as possible, it is important to determine whether vaginal irrigation with antiseptic wash reduces post-CS infection rate, and if so, which antiseptic is paramount.Methods: Women giving birth by elective or emergency CS will be assigned into either the intervention (1% povidone iodine (n = 125) or chlorhexidine (n = 125)) or the control (no-irrigation (n = 125)) group by using a block randomisation technique. Participants will receive vaginal cleansing with an intervention or no vaginal cleansing prior to CS. Follow-up will occur at day 14 and day 28 post-CS. A predeveloped questionnaire will be completed with patients' socio-demographic characteristics and required clinical and pregnancy-related information. All the fever, infection and readmission-related information will be completed from either the patient's or their record or at follow-up visits. Occurrence of post-CS infection, as measured by primary and secondary outcomes, will be compared between the groups.Discussion: The results of this study may provide important data to define the future uniform use of vaginal antiseptic wash immediately prior to CS and to determine the best antiseptic wash details in reducing post-operative infections or complications.Trial Registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) ACTRN12620000971932p . Registered on 28 September 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, antiseptics are used at all stages of surgical treatment. Currently, the search continues for antiseptics that have effective properties in suppressing pathological microflora and as safe as possible in relation to tissues. One of the promising antiseptic solutions is a solution based on polyhexanide. The aim of this work was to study the available reports on the effectiveness of the polyhexanide solution, its safety, and experience of use. To assess the effectiveness of using a polyhexonide solution as an antiseptic, a search was made for publications in the scientific databases "PubMed" and "Google Scholar". A total of 2026 scientific articles were found during the search. When studying the content of the texts, 31 articles were accepted for consideration, corresponding to the given criteria. Polyhexanide solution is widely used in surgical practice. In wound healing, antiseptic treatment is one of the key steps. The suppression of the reproduction of pathological microflora and the effect on the biofilm is extremely important. When analyzing the publications, different results were noted using the polyhexanide solution. Studies of the effectiveness of the polyhexanide solution are currently being actively pursued. Due to its significant efficacy, safety, and ease of use, polyhexamethylene biguanide is promising for use in surgical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By introducing compulsory antiseptic measures in 1881, the Austrian Empire became a trendsetter in European midwifery legislation. Starting with the focus on puerperal infection in the 1870s, this article investigates the process from the first proposal of antiseptic regimes within a clinical setting to the dissemination of antiseptic knowledge among the midwifery profession. Competition between the leading medical men throughout the Austrian territories played a major role and influenced the way in which antiseptic measures were propagated. The article identifies the antiseptic collectives active at the leading universities of Prague and Vienna. As practical instruction during midwifery education was not regarded as sufficient, the late 1870s and 1880s saw the emergence of several instruction textbooks. Changing birth attendance routines and the innovative materials that entered midwifery practice are explored and discussed, based on these manuals, alongside evidence of midwives' reactions as published in the Austrian Midwifery Newspaper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Impetigo is a common superficial skin infection that affects people worldwide and is usually treated with antibiotics; therefore, its management has implications for global antibiotic stewardship.Objective: This systematic review and narrative synthesis compares and contrasts international impetigo management guidelines.Methods: Guidelines for treatment of impetigo that were produced by a national authority; available to primary care physicians; and published since 2008 were included. Following a comprehensive search strategy, data extraction from eligible studies was performed independently in duplicate. Details of antiseptic and antibiotic treatment; methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus treatment; and conservative management and preventative measures were tabulated and analysed descriptively.Results: Fifty-one guidelines were included from 42 different countries. All guidelines recommended systemic antibiotics, 78% of these only for widespread lesions or failure of topical antibiotic treatment. The first-line systemic antibiotic treatment was restricted to narrow-spectrum options in 21 (41%) whilst 7 (14%) recommended only broad-spectrum antibiotics first-line. Thirty-four (67%) guidelines included recommendations for topical antibiotic use. Twenty guidelines (39%) did not mention antiseptic treatment for impetigo. Guidelines did not always provide clear indications for different treatment options.Conclusions: Despite potentially equal efficacy to systemic antibiotics, only two-thirds of guidelines include topical antibiotic options. Many fail to include recommendations for non-antibiotic treatments such as antiseptics, preventative measures and conservative management, despite potential for antibiotic-sparing. Provision of clear definitions of disease severity and indications for treatment would enhance the ability of clinicians to adhere to recommendations.Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO CRD42018117770. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The development of the field related to the treatment of wounds has resulted in the appearance of new antimicrobial active ingredients. Aim: To analyse, evaluate and systematize the available scientific evidence of the effectiveness and safety of antiseptic preparations intended for the treatment of chronic wounds. Material and methods: We conducted a literature review using the advanced search engine in the PubMed database. We used a combination of two English keywords, i.e.: "antiseptic" and "chronic wound". We have selected only clinical, randomized controlled trials. Results: We obtained a total of 825 items (674 full-text works). We included 29 studies in the review. The most frequently evaluated preparation was octenidine dihydrochloride and povidone iodine (pharmacological drugs). Preparations containing polyhexanide, products based on hypochlorite, reactive oxygen species, 1% acetic acid, and specialized antibacterial dressings were also assessed. The new generation of antimicrobial preparations were highly effective, both in the prevention and treatment of infections, and were well tolerated by the tissues and do not interfere with the healing process. The best tolerated and most effective antiseptic was OCT/PE. For cleaning, we recommend OCT-based irrigation fluids, PHMB, or hypochlorite. The maintenance of the antimicrobial effect during the therapy was ensured by a compatible dressing. Conclusions: An antiseptic alone is not effective enough and the therapeutic effect depends to the greatest extent on properly selected causal therapy, preceded by thorough diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silica based materials are widely used in both medical and non-medical applications. Silica is recommended for many applications because of the high biocompatibility, low price, and high functionalization affinity. The purpose of this paper is to obtain antibacterial silica and further its inclusion in different cosmetic formulations. The synthesis of silica network was done by starting from TEOS and sodium silicate. The obtained antiseptic materials were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM as well as by studying the antibacterial behavior against E. coli. The antibacterial activity is induced by the presence of zinc oxide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses pseudo outbreaks and the related clusters of false infections due to several systematic errors categorized as laboratory processed specimen errors, near-patient testing errors and clinical diagnosing errors. It mentions that the investigating outbreaks infection prevent control team (ICPCT) identifies the unsafe act and error provoking condition. The article also offers various risk factors of pseudo outbreaks as well as it reflects on alert signal assessment.

Hop is a plant used by humankind for thousands of years. This plant is one of the main and indispensable raw materials for the beer production. It is used for various dishes preparation in the cuisine. Hop is also used to inhibit bacterial contamination. The hop extracts are used for its sedative, antiseptic and antioxidant properties in medicine, as a part of many phytopharmaceuticals. The present paper have focused on the extraction of polyphenolic compounds from 4 samples of hop pellets varieties of Aurora, Saaz, Lublin and Saphir, on the analyzing of bioactive substances (polyphenolics and flavonoids) in prepared extracts and on the determination of antioxidant activity. The highest content of polyphenolic substances was determined in the sample Lublin (153.06 mg gallic acid (GAE)/g) and Saaz (151.87 mg GAE/g). The amount of flavonoids in the samples was descending order Saaz > Saphir > Aurora > Lublin. Hops, as plant, is known by high content of antioxidant active substances. Antioxidant activity was determined using three independent spectrofotometric methods, radical scavenging assays using 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The sample Aurora showed the highest ability to scavenge of ABTS radical cation. Antioxidant activity continued to decline in a row Saphir> Lublin> Saaz. The same trend was also observed by using the FRAP assay. The most effective DPPH radical scavengering activity had the sample Saaz a Saphir (p>0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Silver sulfadiazine (AgSD) is a topical antibiotic with limited aqueous solubility. In this study, it was shown that poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrimer complexes with SD (SDZ) and silver (Ag) could be used for a bottom-up approach to synthesize highly-soluble AgSD nanoparticles (NPs). These NPs were stabilized against crystal growth by electrostatic layer-by-layer (LBL) coating with various PAMAM dendrimers. Additionally, AgNPs can be incorporated in the dendrimer shells that augmented AgSD release. NP formulation in a cream base provided a topical drug-delivery platform with enhanced antibacterial properties against burn-wound infections, comprising three nanostructures i.e., nano-AgSD, AgNPs as well as PAMAM dendrimers, in one efficient, elegant nanosystem. From the Clinical Editor: In this paper an elegant silver sulfadiazine-based nanoparticle complex is demonstrated with enhanced antibacterial properties and improved solubility for the treatment of burn-wound infections in a topical crème formulation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Pollution mitigation is an important target for restored wetlands, and although there is much information in relation to nutrient removal, little attention has been paid to emerging contaminants. This paper reports on the occurrence and attenuation capacity of 17 emerging contaminants in a restored wetland and two rivers in North-East Denmark. The compounds belong to the groups of pharmaceuticals, fragrances, antiseptics, fire retardants, pesticides, and plasticizers. Concentrations in surface waters ranged from 2 to 1476ngL−1. The compounds with the highest concentrations were diclofenac, 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), caffeine, and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). The herbicide concentrations increased after a rain-fall event, demonstrating the agricultural run-off origin of these compounds, whereas the concentration of the other emerging contaminants was rather conservative. The mitigation capacity of the restored wetland for the compounds ranged from no attenuation to 84% attenuation (19% on average). Hence, restored wetlands may be considered as a feasible alternative for mitigating emerging contaminants from river waters. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Extensive cutaneous necrosis due to purpura fulminans presents many of the same treatment challenges as a significant burn injury. The areas of tissue loss are large, require complex and repeated dressings and create a significant reconstructive challenge. These patients are therefore often treated by burns multi-disciplinary teams (Ariivalo et al., Burns 24:272-274, ). Topical negative pressure (TNP) therapy has a recognised role in the management of complex wounds, but its use is normally restricted to moderates sized defects. This paper describes a method of TNP dressing application to large purpura fulminans wound areas, including the buttocks and perineum, by fashioning ATNP suits. A photographically illustrated series is presented to demonstrate a TNP suit application in four consecutive paediatric cases of severe purpura fulminans, and they are representative of our practise. These cases illustrate how TNP suits provide a robust movement resistant dressing which removes exudate from the wound, splinting and reducing the wound area, promoting a graftable bed and facilitating graft take in these difficult to manage patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Dental Hygiene is the property of Canadian Dental Hygienists Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstracts of papers about transfusion medicine and hemotherapy are presented, including "Experience With Bacterial Screening of Blood Products in the Netherlands," "Methods for Bacterial Detection in Blood Components" and "The Reduction of Bacterial Transmission in England."

This paper demonstrates the role of major mechanisms of resistance and additional factors in the process of increasing the stability of microbial pathogenes. We describe the approaches to prevention of microorganisms resistance formation as well as ways and perspectives of developing novel antiseptic means. Among promising directions of new antiseptics development are preparations that specifically inhibit the mechanisms of cell's growth (QS-system etc.), bacteriophage substances and its derivatives, modified bacteriolytic enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Inadequate hand-washing facilities have been reported as a barrier to hand washing. This study aimed to evaluate the availability and accessibility of hand-washing facilities and supplies of hand-washing agents in the outpatient department (OPD) complex of a tertiary care teaching hospital. Methodology: A checklist containing 13 variables was prepared and all rooms of direct patient care in the OPD were assessed on one occasion. Results: Out of 211 rooms surveyed, a hand-washing facility was available in 209 (99.05%) rooms. Among these, 206 (98.56%) sinks were easily accessible and were placed close to users. Almost all sinks (99.5%) had hand-operated taps. Thirty-five (16.75%) sinks had no soap stand, and at 21 (10.5%) sinks, soap stands were found to be broken. At 14 (6.70%) sinks, soap bars were not available, while an antiseptic agent was available at 6 (2.87%) sinks. Four (1.91%) sinks had no towel stand, and at 8 (3.83%) sinks the towel stands were broken. At 43 (20.57%) sinks no towel was available, and at 23 (11%) sinks the towels provided were dirty. No sink drain was found to be blocked. No sink had hand-washing instructions displayed demonstrating the correct technique of hand washing. Conclusion: Physical facilities required for hand washing were adequate though not perfect. There is a need to shift from hand-operated taps to non-manual taps and from cloth towels to paper towels. Hospital managers in developing countries should continuously strive to provide the best possible hand-washing facilities within their financial resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Without protective practices such as antiseptic hand washing, the use of sterile/surgical gloves, safe needles, sterile equipment, and safe instrument and waste disposal procedures outlined in universal precaution guidelines, basic health workers (BHWs) are at substantial risk of blood-borne infections. Methodology: This paper draws on research conducted in 28 primary health care centers in two districts of the Western Development Region, Nepal, between 2003 and 2004. Interviews were conducted to identify the infection control knowledge and practice compliance of basic health workers. Results: Of 100 BHWs studied, only 22% had correct knowledge of universal precautions and 73% said they follow universal precaution guidelines. A total of 62% reported that they regularly used protective gloves while handling patients and 72% reported that they never used high-level disinfection to eliminate all microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, including bacterial endospores) from instruments and other items that would come into contact with broken skin or intact mucous membranes. Reasons for noncompliance included irregular supply of materials (31%); lack of an autoclave and other high-level disinfection equipment (50%); lack of knowledge and insufficient technical skills regarding universal precaution procedures (20%). Conclusion: Results showed that poor knowledge and an irregular supply of materials, equipment, and instruments prevented BHWs from using infection control measures. Formal training in universal precautions is urgently needed, and protective equipment must be provided and use must be monitored. Compliance to infection control procedures must be improved at primary health care units, especially among the basic health workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) has been subject of numerous randomized controlled trials in critically ill patients. Almost all clinical trials showed SDD to prevent pneumonia. Nevertheless, SDD has remained a controversial strategy. One reason for why clinicians remained reluctant to implement SDD into daily practice could be that mortality was reduced in only 2 trials. Another reason could be the heterogeneity of trials of SDD. Indeed, many different prophylactic antimicrobial regimes were tested, and dissimilar diagnostic criteria for pneumonia were applied amongst the trials. This heterogeneity impeded interpretation and comparison of trial results. Two other hampering factors for implementation of SDD have been concerns over the risk of antimicrobial resistance and fear for escalation of costs associated with the use of prophylactic antimicrobials. This paper describes the concept of SDD, summarizes the results of published trials of SDD in mixed medical-surgical intensive care units, and rationalizes the risk of antimicrobial resistance and rise of costs associated with this potentially life-saving preventive strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tacrolimus (FK 506) is a macrolactam derivative with immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity. Topical tacrolimus 0.03% has been used for inflammatory conditions of the anterior segment. This article adds to the literature on the off-license application of tacrolimus ointment, by describing the safe and effective use of the higher strength of 0.1% topical tacrolimus skin ointment in four patients. To our knowledge this is the first report of topical tacrolimus 0.1% ointment applied to the conjunctival sac for the treatment of atopic keratoconjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis and the post-operative management of trabeculectomy and graft rejection in steroid responders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Collegium Antropologicum is the property of Croatian Anthropological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: AdaBoost Learner is employed to investigate Structure–Activity Relationships of phenols based on molecular descriptors. In this paper, the performance of AdaBoost Learner is compared with support vector machine (SVM), artificial neural networks (ANNs) and K nearest neighbors (KNNs), which are the most common algorithms used for SARs analysis. AdaBoost Learner performed better than SVM, ANNs and KNNs in predicting the mechanism of toxicity of phenols based on molecular descriptors. It can be concluded that AdaBoost has a potential to improve the performance of SARs analysis. We believe that AdaBoost Learner will play an important and complementary role to the existing algorithms for the prediction of the mechanisms of toxicity based on SARs. We have developed an online web server for the prediction of ecotoxicity mechanisms of phenols, accessible at http://chemdata.shu.edu.cn/ecotoxity/. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The face is the central point of the physical features of the human being. It transmits expressions and emotions, communicates feelings and allows for individual identity. It contains complex musculature and a pliable and unique skin envelope that reacts to the environment through a vast network of nerve endings. The face hosts vital areas that make phonation, feeding, and vision possible. Facial burns disrupt these anatomical and functional structures creating pain, deformity, swelling, and contractures that may lead to lasting physical and psychological sequelae. The management of facial burns may include operative and non-operative treatment or both, depending on the depth and extent of the burn. This paper intends to provide a review of the available options for topical management of facial burns. Topical agents will be defined as any agent applied to the surface of the skin that alters the outcome of the facial burn. Therefore, the classic concept of topical therapy will be expanded and developed within two major stages: acute and rehabilitation. Comparison of the effectiveness of the different treatments and relevant literature will be discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Cytisine has a molecular structure somewhat similar to that of nicotine and varenicline. The concept for the new smoking cessation drug varenicline was based partly on cytisine. Like varenicline, cytisine is a partial agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, with high affinity for α4β2 receptors. Cytisine has been used since the 1960s as a smoking cessation drug in Eastern and Central Europe, but has remained largely unnoticed elsewhere. Three placebo-controlled trials, conducted in East and West Germany in the 1960s and 1970s, suggest that cytisine, even with minimal behavioural support, may be effective in aiding smoking cessation. Cytisine tablets are very inexpensive to produce and could be a more affordable treatment than nicotine replacement, bupropion and varenicline. There is however a dearth of scientific research on the properties of cytisine, including safety, abuse liability and efficacy. This paper seeks to identify research priorities for molecular, animal and clinical studies. In particular, new studies are necessary to define the nicotinic receptor interaction profile of cytisine, to establish its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in humans, to determine whether animals self-administer cytisine, and to ascertain whether cytisine is safe and effective as a smoking cessation drug. Potentially, this research effort, contributing to wider use of an inexpensive drug, could save many lives. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The paper describes the use of micro thermal analyzer (μTA) for assessment of compatibilization in blends of nitrile rubber (NBR) with neat high-density polyethylene (HDPE), phenolic resin modified together with dynamically vulcanized HDPE and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Micro thermal analyzer (μTA) was employed to identify different locations by the study of thermal conductivity of the surface and topographic features. Local thermal analysis (LTA), e.g., micro thermomechanical analysis (μTMA) and micro differential thermal analysis (μDTA), were conducted at these locations. Blending of NBR with unmodified HDPE shows incompatibility. Modification of HDPE by phenolic resin and dynamic cross-linking by peroxide resulted in technological compatibilization of the blend, while NBR and PVC generated characteristics of a miscible blend. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of long-term recurrence after topical nonpreserved methylprednisolone pulse therapy for the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) with Sjögren's syndrome. Methods: A total of 106 eyes of 53 Sjögren's syndrome patients were included in the study. All patients were treated with topical nonpreserved 1% methylprednisolone solution. Initial therapy consisted of eyedrops 4 times a day for 2 weeks, and then patients were reevaluated and tapered off the medication every 2 weeks until discontinuation. Tear film breakup time (TBUT), Schirmer test, corneal fluorescein staining, and subjective symptom scores were measured. Additionally, impression cytology of the bulbar conjunctiva was performed. The over-all success rates and success period were determined using the Kaplan-Meier survival curve. Results: A reduction in subjective symptoms and fluorescein staining, and an improvement in TBUT and Schirmer test results, was observed after treatment ( P < 0.001). Impression cytology specimens revealed a significantly increased number of periodic acid-Schiff-positive cells after treatment. After the first pulse therapy, mean survival was 56.6 weeks and 11 (20.8%) patients recurred. After the second pulse therapy, mean survival was 72.4 weeks and only 1 patient recurred. No serious complications, including intraocular pressure elevation and cataract formation, were encountered during the entire follow-up period. Conclusions: Topical nonpreserved methylprednisolone pulse therapy proved to be a safe, effective long-term treatment of improving subjective and objective dry eye factors in KCS patients with Sjögren's syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systematic observance of infection control principles in surgery, whether conducted on an inpatient or outpatient basis, is an indispensable precondition for quality management. In Germany, the introduction of the Protection against Infection Act (IfSG) on 1 January 2001 represented a milestone for regulation of the framework conditions in outpatient surgery. Once again, infection control issues were the main focus of attention. Section 36(1) IfSG stipulates that infection control policies specify in-house procedures for infection prophylaxis in agreement with quality assurance measures. On 1 January 2004 this was further reinforced, inter alia, by means of a new tripartite contract based on Section 115b of Book 5 of the German Code of Social Law (SGB V). Since experience shows that incidents are more likely to result in liability claims the smaller the operation and the more unexpected the complications from a lay person's perspective, surgery carried out on patients who spend the night before and after the operation outside the hospital or clinic is becoming a particularly liability-prone area. In the event of a postoperative infection, often involving a protracted hospital stay and in some cases considerable permanent damage, the patient often cites an infection control error. This paper highlights by way of example some liability aspects whose observance as a matter of principle can reduce the liability risk for the physician. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Serbian Dental Journal / Stomatološki Glasnik Srbije is the property of National Library of Serbia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim: This randomized clinical trial presents a 12-month follow-up of the clinical and microbiological results after application of minocycline microspheres as an adjunct to mechanical treatment of incipient peri-implant infections compared with an adjunctive treatment using 1% chlorhexidine gel application. Material and Methods: Thirty-two subjects with probing depth ⩾4 mm, combined with bleeding and/or exudate on probing and presence of putative pathogenic bacteria were given oral hygiene instructions and mechanical treatment of infected areas adjacent to implants. The subjects were then randomly assigned adjunctive subgingival antimicrobial treatment using either chlorhexidine gel or minocycline microspheres. Sixteen patients in the minocycline group and 14 in the chlorhexidine group completed the study. Follow-up examinations were carried out after 10 days, 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Results: The adjunctive use of minocycline microspheres resulted in improvements of probing depths and bleeding scores, whereas the adjunctive use of chlorhexidine only resulted in limited reduction of bleeding scores. For the deepest sites of the treated implants in the minocycline group, the mean probing depth was reduced from 5.0 to 4.4 mm at 12 months. This study could not show any significant difference in the levels of bacterial species or groups at any time point between the two antimicrobial agents tested. The present findings encourage further studies on adjunctive use of minocycline microspheres in the treatment of peri-implant lesions. Conclusions: The use of a local antibiotic as an adjunct to mechanical treatment of incipient peri-implantitis lesions demonstrated improvements in probing depths that were sustained over 12 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of História, Ciências, Saúde - Manguinhos is the property of Casa de Oswaldo Cruz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this paper is the study of a very used antiseptic remedy -- ethacridine lactate (EL) -- by experimental and theoretical methods in view of understanding of physiological mechanism of its action. As experimental method we used the selective FTIR spectroscopy. We made the assignment of the obtained spectra by EXP'AIR program version 2.0. As theoretical methods we used the molecular mechanics (MM+) and quantum mechanics (AM1). The most stable protonated form of ethacridine lactate, which is the active principle of Rivanol -- an antiseptic remedy delivered as aqueous solutions -- was calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper presents the development and application of a solid phase microextraction method for the full investigation of chlorhexidine interaction with saliva during a pharmacokinetic study: chemical stability, binding to proteins, free concentration, total concentration and kinetics of elimination after oral administration. Only 0.1mL sample were needed for each time point and the concentration of salivary proteins was determined as well. It was shown that chlorhexidine remained stable in the oral cavity for at least 9h and high concentrations of the drug (2μg/mL total) were still present even 8h after mouthrinsing. Supplementary facts were uncovered: while the total concentration followed first-order elimination kinetics, the free concentration remained almost constant for several hours; this showed that the oral cavity acted like a reservoir that slowly released the drug. It was also revealed that following oral administration of chlorhexidine, the normal composition of saliva changed for a few hours, probably as a physiological response to the bitter taste of the medicine. The method had a wide linear range (0.1–40μg/mL free chlorhexidine) that was perfectly suitable for the study of chlorhexidine retention in the oral cavity. Separation and quantitation were achieved by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry; no interference from endogenous compounds was observed. This selective and sensitive solid-phase microextraction (SPME) approach for monitoring the free and total concentration of a drug, as well as the concentration of proteins that bind that drug, should prove to be more useful for pharmacokinetic studies than classic methods that only provide the total concentration as a final result. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In vitro studies show that tea tree oil is capable of killing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a laboratory setting. This review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was undertaken to find out whether it is effective at eradicating MRSA colonization compared to standard mupirocin-based regimens in colonized patients. A wide range of databases and internet sources were searched to identify published and unpublished studies. Two RCTs were found that researched the effectiveness of tea tree oil preparations against MRSA. One small RCT (n=30) showed a large but non-significant improvement at eradicating MRSA compared to traditional treatment, whereas a larger study (n=224) demonstrated little difference in rates of eradication overall (41% for tea tree and 49% for mupirocin, p=0.286). However, the larger study found that those with nasal colonization receiving a tea tree regimen were more likely to remain colonized with MRSA in the nose (absolute risk increase 31%, p<0.001). Currently there is insufficient evidence to support the routine use of tea tree oil in clinical practice for eradication of MRSA colonization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims to develop bandage materials that will produce a prolonged antibacterial effect on the base of the monocarboxycellulose and top young peat. Consideration for the unique complex of valuable biologically active compounds presents in peat; Determination of the chlorhexidine content in the polymer carrier through chromatographic analysis; Demonstration on the applicability of the potentiometric technique to the investigation of chlorhexidine sorption-desorption processes under dynamical conditions.