824 results
Search Results
2. Prevalence and correlates of alcohol and tobacco consumption among research scholars: evidence from a cross-sectional survey of three Indian universities
- Author
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Usman, Mohd, Anand, Enu, Akhtar, Saddaf Naaz, Umenthala, Srikanth Reddy, Anwar, Tarique, and Unisa, Sayeed
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- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Mode effects for collecting alcohol and tobacco data among 3rd and 4th grade students: A randomized pilot study of Web-form versus paper-form surveys.
- Author
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Mccabea, Sean Esteban, Boyd, Carol J., Young, Amy, Crawford, Scott, and Popee, Duston
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TOBACCO , *NICOTINE , *INTERNET in education , *TOBACCO use , *ALCOHOL , *STUDENT attitudes - Abstract
Objectives: The present study examined the feasibility and possible mode effects of using a Web-form versus a paper-form survey to collect alcohol and tobacco data from 3rd and 4th grade students. Methods: A survey regarding alcohol and tobacco use and attitudes was administered to 280 3rd and 4th grade students attending a racially and economically diverse Midwestern urban school district in the spring of 2003. The sample was randomly assigned to complete a Web-form survey (n=137) or a hardcopy paper-form survey (n=143). Results: The overall response rate was 87% and did not differ by survey mode. There were minimal differences between survey modes in data quality including substantive responses to alcohol and tobacco use. Conclusions: The findings of the present study offer preliminary evidence that Web-form surveys can be considered for collecting alcohol and tobacco use data among young children. Although there were few survey mode differences, our findings suggest more research is needed to examine possible measurement errors induced by computer-based approaches of data collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2005
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- View/download PDF
4. Critical social marketing: definition, application and domain
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Gordon, Ross
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- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. IMPORTANCE OF EXCISE DUTIES IN CROATIA.
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Mladineo, Luka, Perkušić, Dijana, and Glavina, Lucija
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EXCISE tax ,EUROPEAN Union membership ,GOVERNMENT revenue ,PRICE inflation ,TOBACCO products - Abstract
Excise duties are one of the forms of indirect taxes that are mandatory in all member states of the European Union. Excise duties are a form of sales tax that is applied to one or more products. The guidelines of the European Union include that each member must introduce excise duties on energy, tobacco and tobacco products, as well as alcohol and alcoholic beverages. In the framework of this paper, we will present what products are excise duties calculated on in the Republic of Croatia and show the method of calculating them using examples. This will also show the impact of excise duties on the prices of the products to which excise duties are applied. It is known that revenues from excise duties are the revenue of the state budget of each individual European member state. Therefore, the share of revenue from excise duties in total tax revenue of the Republic of Croatia will be shown. By comparing revenues from excise duties with other tax revenues, their importance for the Republic of Croatia will be determined. In the framework of this paper, we intend to present a comparison of revenues generated from excise duties in order to determine whether there is a trend of growth of these revenues in the era of inflation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
6. Integrating Screening and Treatment of Unhealthy Alcohol Use and Depression with Screening and Treatment of Anxiety, Pain, and Other Substance Use Among People with HIV and Other High-Risk Persons
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Kaoon Ban, Maria R. Khan, Ellen C. Caniglia, and R. Scott Braithwaite
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Social Psychology ,Substance-Related Disorders ,Pain ,HIV Infections ,Alcohol ,Anxiety ,Cohort Studies ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Tobacco ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Psychiatry ,Depression (differential diagnoses) ,Original Paper ,Depression ,business.industry ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Public health ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,030227 psychiatry ,Treatment ,Health psychology ,Infectious Diseases ,chemistry ,Screening ,medicine.symptom ,Substance use ,Alcohol use ,business ,Cohort study - Abstract
We review and synthesize results from a series of analyses estimating the benefit of screening for unhealthy alcohol use, depression, and tobacco to detect individuals at heightened risk for co-occurring anxiety, pain, depression, unhealthy alcohol use, and other substance use among people with HIV and HIV-uninfected individuals in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study. We also examine the potential impact of reducing unhealthy alcohol use and depressive symptoms on the incidence of co-occurring conditions. We found that screening for alcohol and depression may help identify co-occurring symptoms of anxiety, depression, and pain interference, treating unhealthy alcohol use may improve co-occurring pain interference and substance use, and improving depressive symptoms may improve co-occurring anxiety, pain interference, and smoking. We propose that an integrated approach to screening and treatment for unhealthy alcohol use, depression, anxiety, pain, and other substance use may facilitate diagnostic assessment and treatment of these conditions, improving morbidity and mortality.
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- 2021
7. Patterns of tobacco and alcohol misuse among presumptive TB Patients in Myanmar: prevalence and sociodemographic associations
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Tun, Kyaw Hsan and Hong, Seo Ah
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Adult ,Male ,Original Paper ,Health Services Needs and Demand ,Alcohol Drinking ,alcohol ,Myanmar ,presumptive TB patients ,tobacco ,Risk Assessment ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Risk Factors ,Preventive Health Services ,Prevalence ,Tobacco Smoking ,Humans ,Tuberculosis ,Female ,Demography - Abstract
This study aimed to assess the prevalence and patterns of tobacco and alcohol use and the associations with socio-demographic variables among presumptive TB patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 397 presumptive TB patients in a tertiary hospital in Myanmar. Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) questionnaire and AUDIT-C were used to measure daily tobacco use (single, any or dual use of smoked and smokeless tobacco) and harmful alcohol use, respectively. Multiple and multinomial logistic regression were used to examine the associations with socio-demographic factors. The prevalence of daily use of dual tobacco and any tobacco was 28.2% and 65.7%, respectively. Harmful alcohol use was also high (44.8%). While single use of daily tobacco and harmful alcohol was 28.2% and 7.3%, respectively, concurrent tobacco and alcohol use was 37.5%. While being male and having low education were associated with tobacco use, concurrent tobacco and harmful alcohol use were associated with male gender, low education, and occupation with the government or a company. Due to the high prevalence of tobacco and alcohol misuse, identifying those at risk of tobacco and alcohol misuse and providing integrated care services in a health facility should be considered as a joint activity in national TB and tobacco control programmes.
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- 2020
8. Alcohol and Tobacco use While Breastfeeding and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder or Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
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Louisa Gibson and Melanie A. Porter
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Tobacco use ,Autism Spectrum Disorder ,Breastfeeding ,Alcohol ,Logistic regression ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Tobacco Use ,0302 clinical medicine ,Pregnancy ,mental disorders ,Tobacco ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,medicine ,Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Psychiatry ,Child ,Retrospective Studies ,Original Paper ,Public health ,05 social sciences ,Infant ,Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder ,medicine.disease ,Breast Feeding ,chemistry ,Autism spectrum disorder ,Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ,Autism ,Female ,Psychology ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,050104 developmental & child psychology - Abstract
Research has linked prenatal alcohol and tobacco use with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and variably with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Lactational use has been scantly considered. This study examined whether it may alter ADHD or ASD risk. Participants were 5107 infants recruited in 2004 and assessed longitudinally for the Growing Up in Australia Study. Logistic regression did not find any associations between maternal alcohol and tobacco use while breastfeeding and ADHD or ASD diagnosis at ages 6–7 or 10–11 years. Alcohol and tobacco use during lactation may not increase ADHD or ASD risk. Abstaining from alcohol and tobacco, however, may still be the safest option. Analyses were limited by lack of alcohol timing and retrospective variables that future research should address. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10803-021-05027-3.
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- 2021
9. Effects of sex, tobacco smoking, and alcohol consumption osteoporosis development: Evidence from Taiwan biobank participants
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Chiao-Lin Hsu, Chung-Yuan Yang, Jerry Cheng-Yen Lai, Wei-Lun Huang, and Shaw-Ji Chen
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sex differences ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Health (social science) ,Future studies ,Osteoporosis ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Alcohol ,tobacco ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Diseases of the respiratory system ,Environmental health ,medicine ,Reference group ,RC254-282 ,RC705-779 ,business.industry ,alcohol ,Public health ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens ,Taiwan Biobank ,medicine.disease ,Biobank ,osteoporosis ,Menopause ,chemistry ,business ,Alcohol consumption ,Research Paper - Abstract
Introduction Osteoporosis is major public health concern, but the long-term impacts of tobacco and alcohol consumption on its development are unclear. This study analyzed the relationship between tobacco and alcohol use and osteoporosis by using data from the Taiwan Biobank (TWB), established in 2012. Methods Participants in TWB were included in our study, with a total of 18394 respondents included for analysis. To investigate the relationship between tobacco and alcohol use and osteoporosis, we surveyed their bone mineral density (BMD), consumption of tobacco and alcohol and other covariate data. Results We found that participants in the tobacco smoking only group (OR=1.24; 95% CI: 1.08–1.42, p=0.003) and the group that both smoked and consumed alcohol (OR=1.39; 95% CI: 1.09–1.77, p=0.008) were more likely to develop osteoporosis than were participants who neither drank alcohol nor smoked. Menopause is strongly associated with osteoporosis in women, and we found that women who used alcohol or tobacco were not at a significantly higher risk than those in the reference group (tobacco only, OR=1.15; 95% CI: 0.86–1.53, p=0.345; both tobacco and alcohol, OR=0.61; 95% CI: 0.14–2.60, p=0.5040). However, men in these groups were at a significantly higher risk than the reference group (tobacco only, OR=1.26; 95% CI: 1.07–1.48, p=0.006; both tobacco and alcohol, OR=1.32; 95% CI: 1.03–1.70, p=0.030). Menopause was a significant risk factor for osteoporosis (OR=2.46; 95% CI: 1.77–3.41, p
- Published
- 2021
10. The political economy of Pondoland in the nineteenth century.
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Beinart, William
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The material basis of the Mpondo chiefdom, c. 1820–60 Although it is clear that the Mpondo chiefdom had been located as a recognisable entity on the eastern side of the Mzimvubu river for at least a couple of centuries, and probably longer, before the Mfecane, sources on the area are too sparse to provide a picture of the society in this period. The few reports and traditions that have survived affirm that the Mpondo resembled other ‘Nguni’ peoples who inhabited the whole of the east coast of South Africa. Each Nguni polity had its own distinctive character: linguistically and culturally, the Mpondo fell somewhere between the Xhosa, Thembu, Bomvana and Mpondomise to the south-west, later dubbed the ‘Cape Nguni’, and the many small units in pre-Mfecane Natal, whose way of life has been reconstructed by Bryant from traditions. Yet all shared basic features of social organisation and material culture which distinguished them from other African societies in southern Africa. They had been forged in a relatively similar environment–the undulating coastal strip, with a high rainfall and broken by many rivers and streams, between the Drakensberg and the sea. Settlement was usually in dispersed home-steads, rather than the concentrated villages of the Sotho and Tswana; cattle played a central role in subsistence and social relationships; land was cultivated by means of wooden digging sticks or, more rarely, metal hoes. A similar pattern of kinship, lineage and clan organisation, patrilineal succession and exogamous marriage, in which cattle were used as bridewealth, recurred throughout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
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11. Interaction between known risk factors for head and neck cancer and socioeconomic status: the Carolina Head and Neck Cancer Study
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Gaelen Stanford-Moore, Andrew F. Olshan, Behnoush Abedi-Ardekani, Paul Brennan, Patrick T. Bradshaw, Mark C. Weissler, Jose P. Zevallos, Devasena Anantharaman, Stanford-Moore, Gaelen [0000-0002-2247-8000], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
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Male ,Cancer Research ,Epidemiology ,Oral Health ,Logistic regression ,0302 clinical medicine ,Risk Factors ,80 and over ,Odds Ratio ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Head and neck cancer ,Cancer ,Aged, 80 and over ,education.field_of_study ,Smoking ,Middle Aged ,3. Good health ,Case–control studies ,Oncology ,Head and Neck Neoplasms ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Socioeconomic status ,Public Health and Health Services ,Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ,Income ,Female ,Alcohol ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Alcohol Drinking ,Population ,Oncology and Carcinogenesis ,Case-control studies ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,Rare Diseases ,Clinical Research ,Tobacco ,medicine ,North Carolina ,Humans ,Risk factor ,Dental/Oral and Craniofacial Disease ,education ,Aged ,Original Paper ,business.industry ,Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck ,Prevention ,Carcinoma ,Case-control study ,Odds ratio ,medicine.disease ,Good Health and Well Being ,Logistic Models ,Squamous Cell ,Social Class ,Case-Control Studies ,business ,Demography - Abstract
Prior studies of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) have explored the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) as an independent risk factor; however, none have investigated the interaction of known risk factors with SES. We examined this using the North Carolina Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Study, a population-based case–control study. Incident cases of SCCHN from North Carolina between 2002 and 2006 (n = 1,153) were identified and age, sex, and race-matched controls (n = 1,267) were selected from driver license records. SES measures included household income, educational attainment, and health insurance. Logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Current smoking was more strongly associated with SCCHN among those households making $50,000/year [OR 2.47 (1.69–3.25); p interaction $50,000/year [1.28 (0.97–1.58); p interaction
- Published
- 2018
12. Effectiveness of Digital Interventions for Reducing Behavioral Risks of Cardiovascular Disease in Nonclinical Adult Populations: Systematic Review of Reviews
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Amy Yau, Natalie Gold, Elizabeth Alice Remfry, Chris Dyke, Tim Chadborn, and Benjamin Rigby
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Gerontology ,digital medicine ,020205 medical informatics ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Psychological intervention ,physical activity ,Digital interventions ,digital interventions ,internet interventions ,02 engineering and technology ,PsycINFO ,tobacco ,0302 clinical medicine ,Behavior change ,cardiovascular disease ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,mHealth ,alcohol ,Digital medicine ,Smoking ,Cardiovascular disease ,Systematic review ,Cardiovascular Diseases ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 ,Alcohol ,Adult ,behavior change ,Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics ,R858-859.7 ,MEDLINE ,Health Informatics ,mobile interventions ,MHealth ,smoking ,03 medical and health sciences ,Tobacco ,Humans ,Exercise ,Original Paper ,mobile phone ,Physical activity ,business.industry ,Digital health ,Diet ,Internet interventions ,Mobile interventions ,RA Public aspects of medicine ,Smoking cessation ,business ,Mobile phone ,Cell Phone ,Systematic Reviews as Topic - Abstract
Background Digital health interventions are increasingly being used as a supplement or replacement for face-to-face services as a part of predictive prevention. They may be offered to those who are at high risk of cardiovascular disease and need to improve their diet, increase physical activity, stop smoking, or reduce alcohol consumption. Despite the popularity of these interventions, there is no overall summary and comparison of the effectiveness of different modes of delivery of a digital intervention to inform policy. Objective This review aims to summarize the effectiveness of digital interventions in improving behavioral and health outcomes related to physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, or diet in nonclinical adult populations and to identify the effectiveness of different modes of delivery of digital interventions. Methods We reviewed articles published in the English language between January 1, 2009, and February 25, 2019, that presented a systematic review with a narrative synthesis or meta-analysis of any study design examining digital intervention effectiveness; data related to adults (≥18 years) in high-income countries; and data on behavioral or health outcomes related to diet, physical activity, smoking, or alcohol, alone or in any combination. Any time frame or comparator was considered eligible. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane Reviews, and gray literature. The AMSTAR-2 tool was used to assess review confidence ratings. Results We found 92 reviews from the academic literature (47 with meta-analyses) and 2 gray literature items (1 with a meta-analysis). Digital interventions were typically more effective than no intervention, but the effect sizes were small. Evidence on the effectiveness of digital interventions compared with face-to-face interventions was mixed. Most trials reported that intent-to-treat analysis and attrition rates were often high. Studies with long follow-up periods were scarce. However, we found that digital interventions may be effective for up to 6 months after the end of the intervention but that the effects dissipated by 12 months. There were small positive effects of digital interventions on smoking cessation and alcohol reduction; possible effectiveness in combined diet and physical activity interventions; no effectiveness for interventions targeting physical activity alone, except for when interventions were delivered by mobile phone, which had medium-sized effects; and no effectiveness observed for interventions targeting diet alone. Mobile interventions were particularly effective. Internet-based interventions were generally effective. Conclusions Digital interventions have small positive effects on smoking, alcohol consumption, and in interventions that target a combination of diet and physical activity. Small effects may have been due to the low efficacy of treatment or due to nonadherence. In addition, our ability to make inferences from the literature we reviewed was limited as those interventions were heterogeneous, many reviews had critically low AMSTAR-2 ratings, analysis was typically intent-to-treat, and follow-up times were relatively short. Trial Registration PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews CRD42019126074; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=126074.
- Published
- 2021
13. Estimation of integrated price elasticities for alcohol and tobacco in the United Kingdom using the living costs and food survey 2006–2017.
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Pryce, Robert, Wilson, Luke B., Gillespie, Duncan, Angus, Colin, Morris, Damon, and Brennan, Alan
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COST of living , *ELASTICITY (Economics) , *TOBACCO products , *PRICES , *TOBACCO - Abstract
Introduction: Evidence shows that price is an important policy lever in reducing consumption of alcohol and tobacco. However, there is little evidence of the cross‐price effect between alcohol and tobacco. Methods: This paper uses an econometric model which estimates participation and consumption elasticities, on data from the UK Living Costs and Food Survey 2006–2017 and extends the literature by, for the first time, estimating joint price elasticities for disaggregated alcohol and tobacco products. This paper presents new price elasticities and compares them to the existing literature. Results: The own‐price elasticity estimates are all negative for both participation and consumption. There is no pattern to the estimates of cross‐price elasticities. The elasticity estimates, when used in the Sheffield Tobacco and Alcohol Policy Model, produce bigger changes in consumption for the same change in price compared to other elasticity estimates in the existing literature. Discussion and Conclusions: Consumption of alcohol and tobacco are affected by the prices of one another. Policymakers should bear this in mind when devising alcohol or tobacco pricing policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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14. How does the alcohol industry attempt to influence marketing regulations? A systematic review.
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Savell, Emily, Fooks, Gary, and Gilmore, Anna B.
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ALCOHOL industry ,ALCOHOL ,ALCOHOL control laws ,POWER (Social sciences) ,CORPORATE political activity ,SELF regulation ,MARKETING ,ALCOHOLIC beverages ,CORPORATIONS ,INDUSTRIES ,LOBBYING ,MEDLINE ,POLICY sciences ,PRACTICAL politics ,RESEARCH funding ,TOBACCO ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,GOVERNMENT policy - Abstract
Aim To systematically review, using a qualitative, narrative synthesis approach, papers examining alcohol industry efforts to influence alcohol marketing policy, and compare with those used by the tobacco industry. Methods Literature searches were conducted between April and July 2011, and updated in March 2013. Papers were included if they: made reference to alcohol industry efforts to influence (a) policy debates concerning marketing regulations, (b) new specific marketing policies or (c) broad alcohol policy which included marketing regulations; were written in English; and concerned the period 1990-2013. Alcohol industry political activity was categorized into strategies/tactics and frames/arguments. Data extraction was undertaken by the lead author and 100% of the papers were fully second-reviewed. Seventeen papers met the review criteria. Results Five main political strategies and five main frames were identified. The alcohol industry argues against marketing regulation by emphasizing industry responsibility and the effectiveness of self-regulation, questioning the effectiveness of statutory regulation and by focusing on individual responsibility. Arguments relating to industry responsibility are often reinforced through corporate social responsibility activities. The industry primarily conveys its arguments through manipulating the evidence base and by promoting ineffective voluntary codes and non-regulatory initiatives. Conclusions The alcohol industry's political activity is more varied than existing models of corporate political activity suggest. The industry's opposition to marketing regulation centres on claims that the industry is responsible and that self regulation is effective. There are considerable commonalities between tobacco and alcohol industry political activity, with differences due potentially to differences in policy contexts and perceived industry legitimacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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15. Booze and butts: A content analysis of the presence of alcohol in tobacco industry lifestyle magazines
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M. Jane Lewis, Daniel K. Cortese, Pamela M. Ling, and Nan Jiang
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Research paper ,lcsh:Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology ,lcsh:BF1-990 ,Psychological intervention ,Lifestyle magazine ,Alcohol ,Tobacco industry ,lcsh:HV1-9960 ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Tobacco ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,030505 public health ,business.industry ,Advertising ,Unisex ,3. Good health ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Young adult ,lcsh:Psychology ,chemistry ,Content analysis ,Social acceptability ,0305 other medical science ,business - Abstract
Background Advertising influences people's health behaviors. Tobacco companies have linked tobacco and alcohol in their marketing activities. We examined how depictions of alcohol were placed in lifestyle magazines produced by tobacco companies, and if these references differed depending on the magazine’s orientation, if it was towards men, women, or if it was unisex. Methods Content analysis of 6 different tobacco industry lifestyle magazines (73 issues), including 73 magazine covers, 1558 articles, 444 tobacco ads, and 695 non-tobacco ads. Results 14 of 73 (19%) magazine covers featured alcohol; 581 of 1558 (37%) magazine articles mentioned alcohol; 119 of 444 (27%) tobacco ads showed alcohol images; and 57 of 695 (8%) non-tobacco ads portrayed alcohol. Male-oriented magazines (Unlimited, CML, and Real Edge) contained the most alcohol references, and the references were mainly beer, mixed drinks, and liquor or spirits. Female-oriented magazines (All Woman and Flair) contained the fewest alcohol references, and wine and mixed drinks were the major types of alcoholic beverage portrayed. For the unisex magazine (P.S.), the frequency of alcohol references fell between the male- and female-oriented magazines, and the magazine most frequently mentioned mixed drinks. Conclusions Frequent depictions of smoking and drinking in tobacco industry lifestyle magazines might have reinforced norms about paired use of tobacco and alcohol among young adults. The pairing of tobacco and alcohol may particularly target young men. Anti-tobacco interventions need to address the co-use of tobacco and alcohol, change the social acceptability of smoking in social settings, and tailor anti-tobacco messaging by gender., Highlights • Tobacco companies frequently portrayed alcohol in their lifestyle magazines. • More alcohol references appeared in male-oriented magazines than female-oriented magazines. • Frequent depictions of smoking and drinking may reinforce co-use norms. • Interventions should reduce the social acceptability of tobacco and alcohol co-use.
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- 2016
16. Tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking among HIV infected people using antiretroviral therapy
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Dharma Nand Bhatta, Narbada Sharma, and Arjun Subedi
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Drug ,Health (social science) ,Blood transfusion ,media_common.quotation_subject ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Alcohol ,tobacco ,lcsh:RC254-282 ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) ,Environmental health ,medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Infectious disease (athletes) ,media_common ,lcsh:RC705-779 ,030505 public health ,alcohol ,business.industry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,lcsh:Diseases of the respiratory system ,Odds ratio ,lcsh:Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens ,medicine.disease ,Antiretroviral therapy ,sex worker ,Confidence interval ,chemistry ,0305 other medical science ,business ,ART ,Research Paper - Abstract
Introduction Tobacco smoking, common in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. This study aimed to determine the proportion of current smokers, as well as assess the factors associated with tobacco smoking and drinking alcohol, among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Nepal. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted at an antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinic in Kathmandu, Nepal between September and December 2014. Data were collected among 132 HIV infected individuals using a random sampling technique and face-to-face interview. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the factors associated with current tobacco smoking and drinking of alcohol. Results Among the HIV infected people, the proportion of current tobacco smoking was 26.5% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 18.9-34.1), while drinking of alcohol was 22.7% (95% CI: 15.5-30.0). The respondents who were infected with HIV, after sexual contact with sex workers, were more likely to smoke tobacco (OR=15.2, 95% CI: 4.35-53.08) and drink alcohol (OR=4.50, 95% CI: 1.70-11.93) than those who were infected from drug needle use and blood transfusion. HIV infected individuals, who forgot to take ART medication, were three times more likely (OR=3.17, 95% CI: 1.36-7.38) to drink alcohol than those who did not forget to take ART medication. Conclusions Proportion of people who smoke tobacco and drink alcohol is high among the HIV infected individuals who had sexual contact with sex workers in Nepal. There is an urgent need to develop immediate, sustainable and efficient programs to control tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking among vulnerable populations in low and middle-income countries like Nepal. Abbreviations HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus, AIDS: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, ART: Antiretroviral Therapy, PLHIV: People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus, CI: Confidence Interval, STIDH: Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital, OR: Odds Ratio, SD: Standard Deviation.
- Published
- 2018
17. Access to information in school and the use of psychoactive substances in Brazilian students - A multilevel study
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Rogério Lessa Horta, Cristine Scattolin Andersen, and Marcos Pascoal Pattussi
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lcsh:Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology ,Tobacco use ,Research paper ,lcsh:BF1-990 ,Adolescents ,lcsh:HV1-9960 ,Education ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Environmental health ,Tobacco ,Global health ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Tobacco and other drugs ,030505 public health ,business.industry ,Multilevel model ,Multilevel logistic regression ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Access to information ,lcsh:Psychology ,Health survey ,The Internet ,Multilevel modelling ,0305 other medical science ,business ,Psychology ,Alcohol - Abstract
Use of tobacco, alcohol and other drugs can be considered a global health problem, which typically begins in adolescence. Unsupervised access to information may arouse the adolescent's interest and predispose the use of drugs.This is a cross-sectional study using data from National School-based Health Survey (PeNSE, 2012), with sample of 109,104 Brazilian students in 42.717 schools. Outcomes were: self-reported use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs in the past 30 days. Main exposures were contextual and included: library and media resources availability, computer room and internet available at school. Data analysis included multilevel logistic regression.Prevalence of alcohol use was 25.2% (IC95% 24.7-25.6), tobacco use was 5.3% (IC95% 5.1-5.5) and use of other drugs was 2.6% (IC95% 2.5-2.7). Multilevel analysis showed that recent use of alcohol and tobacco was associated to the presence of computer room and internet, while the use of other drugs presented an association with all media.Results indicate that supervision in access to information and communication resources may play a role on the prevention of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs use by students.What do we already know about this?•The use of drugs by students receives intrinsic and extrinsic influences. - State and parental control seems to be effective in preventing initiation and maintenance of this consumption.What does this study add?•Supervision of online adolescent behavior by adults may play a role on the prevention of the use of psychoative drugs.
- Published
- 2018
18. Bridging the commercial determinants of Indigenous health and the legacies of colonization: A critical analysis.
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Eisenkraft Klein, Daniel and Shawanda, Amy
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To date, there has been scarce effort to consider the intertwining of colonization and the commercial determinants of Indigenous health. This is a vital omission, and one that this paper proposes to address. We propose how four losses of tradition borne out of colonialism are intertwined with four respective commercial determinants of Indigenous health: 1) loss of traditional diets and the ultra-processed food industry; 2) loss of traditional ceremony and the tobacco industry; 3) loss of traditional knowledge and the infant formula industry; and 4) loss of traditional support networks and the alcohol industry. Building on Indigenous efforts to decolonize spaces and assert control over their own lives, we argue that analyzing the mechanisms through which industry activities intersect with colonial legacies will improve broader understandings of Indigenous health disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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19. What Difference Would a Binding International Legal Instrument on Alcohol Control Make? Lessons from the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control's Impact on Domestic Litigation.
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ZHOU, Suzanne
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LEGAL instruments ,WORLD health ,TOBACCO ,ALCOHOL ,MEDICAL personnel - Abstract
Since the adoption of the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in 2003, public health professionals have debated similar conventions covering other health risks, including potentially a Framework Convention on Alcohol Control. Much of this debate has focused on the merits of binding versus non-binding instruments in terms of commitments at the international level. In this paper, I draw on lessons from the WHO FCTC to discuss instead what the difference between binding and non-binding international legal instruments might mean for domestic legal frameworks for implementing regulatory measures for alcohol control. The paper looks at possible impacts on the authority of various national authorities to implement new measures, the ability of civil society to bring cases compelling more comprehensive regulatory measures and the defence of litigation brought by commercial-sector actors to prevent, delay or weaken the implementation of laws and regulations. It reflects on what lessons these might have for alcohol control governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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20. Systems approaches to scaling up: a systematic review and narrative synthesis of evidence for physical activity and other behavioural non-communicable disease risk factors.
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Koorts, Harriet, Ma, Jiani, Swain, Christopher T. V., Rutter, Harry, Salmon, Jo, and Bolton, Kristy A.
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SMOKING prevention ,MEDICAL information storage & retrieval systems ,RISK-taking behavior ,HUMAN services programs ,SPORTS ,RESEARCH funding ,SEDENTARY lifestyles ,CINAHL database ,EVALUATION of human services programs ,SYSTEMS theory ,INFORMATION storage & retrieval systems ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,NON-communicable diseases ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,MEDLINE ,HEALTH behavior ,ALCOHOL drinking ,PUBLIC health ,PHYSICAL activity ,DIET ,BEHAVIOR therapy ,PSYCHOLOGY information storage & retrieval systems ,DISEASE risk factors - Abstract
Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of death worldwide. Systems approaches have potential for creating sustainable outcomes at scale but have rarely been used to support scale up in physical activity/nutrition promotion or NCD prevention more generally. This review aimed to: (i) synthesise evidence on the use of systems approaches in scaling up interventions targeting four behavioural risk factors for NCDs; and (ii) to explore how systems approaches have been conceptualised and used in intervention implementation and scale up. Method: Seven electronic databases were searched for studies published 2016–2021. Eligible studies targeted at least one of four NCD behavioural risk factors (physical inactivity, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, diet), or described evaluation of an intervention planned for or scaled up. Studies were categorised as having a (i) high, (ii) moderate, or (iii) no use of a systems approach. A narrative synthesis of how systems approaches had been operationalised in scale up, following PRISMA guidelines. Results: Twenty-one intervention studies were included. Only 19% (n = 4) of interventions explicitly used systems thinking to inform intervention design, implementation and scale up (targeting all four risk factors n = 2, diet n = 1, tobacco use n = 1). Five studies ('high use') planned and implemented scale up with an explicit focus on relations between system elements and used system changes to drive impact at scale. Seven studies ('moderate use') considered systems elements impacting scale-up processes or outcomes but did not require achieving system-level changes from the outset. Nine studies ('no use') were designed to work at multiple levels among multiple agencies in an intervention setting, but the complexity of the system and relations between system elements was not articulated. We synthesised reported barriers and facilitators to scaling up, and how studies within each group conceptualised and used systems approaches, and methods, frameworks and principles for scaling up. Conclusion: In physical activity research, and NCD prevention more broadly, the use of systems approaches in scale up remains in its infancy. For researchers, practitioners and policymakers wishing to adopt systems approaches to intervention implementation at scale, guidance is needed on how to communicate and operationalise systems approaches in research and in practice. Trial registration: PROSPERO (CRD42021287265). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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21. Relationship between tobacco use, alcohol consumption and non-communicable diseases among women in India: evidence from National Family Health Survey-2015-16.
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Mishra, Vivek K., Srivastava, Shobhit, Muhammad, T., and Murthy, P. V.
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INDIAN women (Asians) ,ALCOHOL drinking ,TOBACCO use ,FAMILY health ,NON-communicable diseases - Abstract
Background: Based on an increased prevalence of diabetes, asthma and hypertension among women in reproductive age, understanding the risk factors of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is crucial to inform policy and program interventions to address the problem. In this study, we empirically assessed the associations of behavioural factors such as alcohol consumption and tobacco use and a variety of socioeconomic characteristics with prevalence of NCDs in adult women. Methods: The data were derived from the National Family Health Survey conducted in 2015–16. The effective sample size for the present paper was 699,686 women aged 15–49 years in India. Descriptive statistics along with bivariate analysis were conducted to find the preliminary results. Additionally, multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to find the relationship between NCDs and behavioural factors such as alcohol consumption and tobacco use. Moreover, population attributable risk was estimated in the present study. Results: It was revealed that 15.9% of women had any of the NCDs. A proportion of 0.8% of women smoked tobacco whereas 5.5% of women consumed smokeless tobacco. Also, a proportion of 1.2% of women consumed alcohol in the current study. The odds of having NCDs among women who smoked tobacco, consumed smokeless tobacco and consume alcohol were 16, 8 and 20% significantly higher than the odds of having NCDs among women who did not smoke tobacco, consume smokeless tobacco and consume alcohol respectively. The population attributable risk of having NCDs was 1.8% (p < 0.001) for women who smoked, 0.8% (p < 0.001) for women who consumed smokeless tobacco and 2.2% (p < 0.001) for women who consumed alcohol. Besides, the odds of having NCDs among overweight and obese women were 2.25 and 3.60 times greater than the odds of having NCDs among women who were underweight. Conclusion: The findings revealed that smoking and using smokeless tobacco and alcohol consumption were risk factors of NCDs in women. The findings also alarm the focus of maternal and child health programs on NCDs' risk factors like maternal obesity, due to their adverse health consequences on their children too. Also, the coexistence of higher levels of tobacco use and alcohol consumption requires different strategies to address the vulnerability of women towards NCDs, including screening and early detection of NCDs especially among those who smoke or chew tobacco and consume alcohol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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22. Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander alcohol, tobacco and other drug use, mental health and treatment need in the United States during COVID‐19.
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Subica, Andrew M., Guerrero, Erick G., Martin, Tammy K. K., Okamoto, Scott K., Aitaoto, Nia, Moss, Howard B., Morey, Brittany N., and Wu, Li‐Tzy
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PACIFIC Islanders - Abstract
Introduction: Before COVID‐19, Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders (NH/PI) endured a heavy burden of alcohol, tobacco and other drug (ATOD) use in prior US data. Responding to reports that many NH/PI communities experienced severe COVID‐19 disparities that could exacerbate their ATOD burden, we partnered with NH/PI communities to assess the substance use patterns and treatment needs of diverse NH/PIs during COVID‐19. Methods: Collaborating with NH/PI community organisations across five states with large NH/PI populations, we conducted a large‐scale investigation of NH/PI ATOD use, mental health and treatment need during COVID‐19. Between April and November 2021, NH/PI‐heritage research staff from our community partners collected data involving 306 NH/PI adults using several community‐based recruitment methods (e‐mail, telephone, in‐person) and two survey approaches: online and paper‐and‐pencil. Multivariate regressions were conducted to examine potential predictors of NH/PI alcohol use disorder and need for behavioural health treatment. Results: During COVID‐19, 47% and 22% of NH/PI adults reported current alcohol and cigarette use, while 35% reported lifetime illicit substance use (e.g., cannabis, opioid). Depression and anxiety were high, and alcohol use disorder, major depression and generalised anxiety disorder prevalence were 27%, 27% and 19%, respectively. One‐third of participants reported past‐year treatment need with lifetime illicit substance use, COVID‐19 distress and major depression respectively associating with 3.0, 1.2, and 5.3 times greater adjusted odds for needing treatment. Conclusions: NH/PI adults reported heavy ATOD use, depression, anxiety and treatment need during COVID‐19. Targeted research and treatment services may be warranted to mitigate COVID‐19's negative behavioural health impact on NH/PI communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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23. Corporate Political Activity: Taxonomies and Model of Corporate Influence on Public Policy
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Selda Ulucanlar, Kathrin Lauber, Alice Fabbri, Ben Hawkins, Melissa Mialon, Linda Hancock, Viroj Tangcharoensathien, and Anna B. Gilmore
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commercial determinants of health ,public health policy ,tobacco ,alcohol ,ultra-processed foods ,gambling ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Background Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) kill 41 million people a year. The products and services of unhealthy commodity industries (UCIs) such as tobacco, alcohol, ultra-processed foods and beverages and gambling are responsible for much of this health burden. While effective public health policies are available to address this, UCIs have consistently sought to stop governments and global organisations adopting such policies through what is known as corporate political activity (CPA). We aimed to contribute to the study of CPA and development of effective countermeasures by formulating a model and evidence-informed taxonomies of UCI political activity.Methods We used five complementary methods: critical interpretive synthesis of the conceptual CPA literature; brief interviews; expert co-author knowledge; stakeholder workshops; testing against the literature.Results We found 11 original conceptualisations of CPA; four had been used by other researchers and reported in 24 additional review papers. Combining an interpretive synthesis of all these papers and feedback from users, we developed two taxonomies – one on framing strategies and one on action strategies. The former identified three frames (policy actors, problem, and solutions) and the latter six strategies (access and influence policy-making, use the law, manufacture support for industry, shape evidence to manufacture doubt, displace, and usurp public health, manage reputations to industry’s advantage). We also offer an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of UCI strategies and a model that situates industry CPA in the wider social, political, and economic context.Conclusion Our work confirms the similarity of CPA across UCIs and demonstrates its extensive and multi-faceted nature, the disproportionate power of corporations in policy spaces and the unacceptable conflicts of interest that characterise their engagement with policy-making. We suggest that industry CPA is recognised as a corruption of democracy, not an element of participatory democracy. Our taxonomies and model provide a starting point for developing effective solutions.
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- 2023
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24. Whole-school interventions promoting student commitment to school to prevent substance use and violence: Synthesis of theories of change.
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Ponsford, Ruth, Falconer, Jane, Melendez-Torres, GJ, and Bonell, Chris
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Objectives: Whole-school interventions and programmes aim to change school environments to promote health. Previous reviews suggest these are often inappropriately informed by individualistic psychological theories. We undertook a systematic review of whole-school interventions to prevent substance use and violence. This paper reports on a synthesis of theories of change, assessing whether these aligned with, and suggested refinements to, the theory of human functioning and school organisation, a more encompassing, sociological theory. This theory proposes that schools improve health by promoting student commitment, achieved by eroding various 'boundaries' (e.g. between staff and students) and reframing provision based on student needs so that students commit more fully to school 'instructional' (learning) and 'regulatory' (behaviour) orders. Setting: International. Design: Systematic review. Methods: The study involved systematic searches, data extraction and quality assessment. Theories of change were synthesised using a best-fit framework. Results: Despite only one intervention being explicitly informed by the theory of human functioning and school organisation, the theories of change of most interventions aligned (at least in part) with aspects of this theory. Synthesis suggested various refinements to the theory. First, it suggested specific activities that can modify boundaries and reframing to increase student commitment. Second, it refined the concept of reframing to include building learning on existing student knowledge using a 'constructivist' approach. Third, it suggested future intervention might usefully seek to erode boundaries between the 'instructional' and 'regulatory' orders of the school to create a single 'developmental' order. Finally, it recognised that whole-school interventions might prevent violence and substance use among students in ways other than by building student commitment. Conclusion: Our refined theory of change provides a firmer basis for interventions. Future work is needed to examine empirical support for the refined theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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25. Alcohol and Tobacco use While Breastfeeding and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder or Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
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Gibson, Louisa and Porter, Melanie
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- 2022
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26. Adolescents’ perception of substance use and factors influencing its use: a qualitative study in Abu Dhabi
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Layla Alhyas, Amna Almarzouqi, Naseeba Al Ozaibi, Hamad Al Ghaferi, Ahmed Elkashef, Ayesha Alhosani, Shamil Wanigaratne, and Hisham Elarabi
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alcohol ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,substance use ,Advertising ,Research Papers ,tobacco ,Focus group ,drugs ,perceptions ,Abu dhabi ,Harm ,Perception ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Medicine ,adolescents ,Gender role ,Substance use ,business ,General Environmental Science ,Clinical psychology ,Qualitative research ,media_common - Abstract
Summary Objective The objective of this article is to gain a deeper understanding of the attitudes and perceptions of adolescents in the United Arab Emirates regarding substance and to identify factors that, in their view, may influence the risk of substance use and suggest possible interventions. Design This was a qualitative study that used a focus group approach. Setting The study was carried out in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Participants Male and female teenagers aged 13-18 years residing in the emirate of Abu Dhabi. Main outcome measures Adolescents’ awareness of substance use, patterns of use and associated harm; Adolescents' perceptions about the factors associated with substance use. Results Six focus groups were carried out, and a total of 41 adolescents (20 males and 21 females) participated. Data analysis identified three main themes: (1) adolescents’ awareness of substance use and associated harm; (2) gender role and image and (3) perceived factors affecting substance use among adolescents. Knowledge of substances and related consequences of use varied between groups but was compatible with participants’ age and school years. Factors that participants believed influenced substance use were classified into: (1) parent–adolescent relationship, (2) peer pressure, (3) substance accessibility, (4) religiosity and (5) others. Many factors were believed to increase the risk of substance use among adolescents such as peer pressure, inadequate knowledge of the harmful consequences of drug use, family-related factors (e.g. low monitoring and poor parent–adolescents relationship), affordability and availability of substances, boredom and affluence. On the other hand, religiosity was as a shield against substance use, especially alcohol. Other identified protective factors included carrying out schools- and communities-based educational campaigns, enhancing social workers’ ability to raise awareness and detect early signs of addiction and implementing CCTV systems in schools. Conclusions The study was successful in exploring adolescents’ awareness of substances and associated harm to health from their use. Also, it identifies a number of risk and protective factors based on the perceptions of a group of adolescents residing in the United Arab Emirates. Such factors can guide the planning, designing and implementing of prevention programmes that focus on raising awareness about the harms of substance use. The study findings would suggest that multifactorial prevention programmes that address social norms, gender role and image, and incorporate drug policy, religion, family and school would be more effective and may have better protective outcomes.
- Published
- 2015
27. Legitimate concerns about industry involvement in gambling research: response to Delfabbro and King (2017).
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Cowlishaw, S.
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GAMBLING industry ,SOCIAL psychology ,GAMBLING behavior ,AWARENESS ,PUBLIC health - Abstract
This paper provides a response to the commentary by Delfabbro and King (2017), which describes major criticisms of articles situated in a ‘political economy’ conceptual framework. The current paper argues that these criticisms obfuscate legitimate concerns about industry involvement in gambling research, and disregard important evidence about activities of hazardous-consumption industries which provide grounds for strong concern about commercial practices of the gambling industry. Although many aspects of the commentary by Delfabbro and King (2017) are contentious, the current paper summarizes conceptual and empirical literature which supports concern about (a) agency and collaboration in practices of the gambling industry, which make assertions of equivalence with a conspiracy theory both inappropriate and misleading, and (b) the role of research on problem gambling behaviours and pathologies in supporting agendas that may undermine public health. This indicates the need for the scientific community to take seriously its role in improving awareness of the hazards of commercial involvement in gambling research, and thus helping researchers to make informed decisions about these risks and their own manner of engagement with the gambling industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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28. The role of tobacco and alcohol use in the interaction of social determinants of non-communicable diseases in Nepal: a systems perspective
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Sharma, Sudesh Raj, Matheson, Anna, Lambrick, Danielle, Faulkner, James, Lounsbury, David W., Vaidya, Abhinav, and Page, Rachel
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- 2020
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29. A Web-Based Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention Program (Strong & Deadly Futures) for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander School Students: Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.
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Stapinski, Lexine, Routledge, Kylie, Snijder, Mieke, Doyle, Michael, Champion, Katrina, Chapman, Cath, Ward, James, Baumgart, Amanda, Kylie Lee, K. S., Teesson, Maree, and Newton, Nicola
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SCHOOL children ,RANDOMIZED controlled trials ,CULTURAL pluralism ,HEALTH outcome assessment ,ALCOHOL drinking - Abstract
Background: There are no available school-based alcohol and drug prevention programs with evidence of effectiveness among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth. To address this, we codeveloped the Strong & Deadly Futures well-being and alcohol and drug prevention program in partnership with an Indigenous creative design agency and 4 Australian schools. Objective: This paper presents the protocol to evaluate the effectiveness of Strong & Deadly Futures in reducing alcohol and other drug use and improving well-being among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth. Methods: The target sample will be 960 year 7 and 8 students from 24 secondary schools in Australia, of which approximately 40% (384/960) will identify as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. The study design is a 2-group, parallel cluster randomized controlled trial with allocation concealment. Recruited schools will be block randomized (ratio 1:1), stratified by geographical remoteness, by an independent statistician. Schools will be randomized to receive Strong & Deadly Futures, a web-based alcohol and drug prevention and social and emotional well-being program that delivers curriculum-aligned content over 6 lessons via an illustrated story, or health education as usual (control). Control schools will be supported to implement Strong & Deadly Futures following trial completion. Surveys will be administered at baseline, 6 weeks, 12 months, and 24 months (primary end point) post baseline. Primary outcomes are alcohol use (adapted from the National Drug Strategy Household Survey), tobacco use (Standard High School Youth Risk Behavior Survey), and psychological distress (Kessler-5 Psychological Distress Scale). Secondary outcomes are alcohol and drug knowledge and intentions, alcohol-related harms, binge drinking, cannabis use, well-being, empowerment, appreciation of cultural diversity, and truancy. Results: The trial was funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council in January 2019, approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of Sydney (2020/039, April 2020), the Aboriginal Health and Medical Research Council of New South Wales (1620/19, February 2020), the Western Australian Aboriginal Health Ethics Committee (998, October 2021), and the ethics committees of each participating school, including the New South Wales Department of Education (2020170, June 2020), Catholic Education Western Australia (RP2020/39, November 2020), and the Queensland Department of Education (550/27/2390, August 2021). Projected dates of data collection are 2022-2024, and we expect to publish the results in 2025. A total of 24 schools have been recruited as of submission of the manuscript. Conclusions: This will be the first cluster randomized controlled trial of a culturally inclusive, school-based alcohol and drug prevention program for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth; therefore, it has significant potential to address alcohol and other drug harms among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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30. Analysis of Mental Health and Drug Use in the Top 21 Most Populated U.S. States.
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Castillo, Grace, Gulati, Sneh, and Kibria, B. M. Golam
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DRUG utilization ,MENTAL health ,SUBSTANCE-induced disorders ,MENTAL illness - Published
- 2023
31. Maternal tobacco, alcohol and caffeine consumption during the perinatal period: A prospective cohort study in Greece during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Tigka, Maria, Metallinou, Dimitra, Tzeli, Maria, and Lykeridou, Katerina
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HOSPITALS ,LACTATION ,ALCOHOLISM ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,INTERVIEWING ,TERTIARY care ,HEALTH literacy ,PREGNANCY outcomes ,COMPARATIVE studies ,CAFFEINE ,PUERPERIUM ,HOSPITAL care ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,SMOKING ,PRENATAL care ,COVID-19 pandemic ,TOBACCO ,LONGITUDINAL method ,PREGNANCY - Abstract
INTRODUCTION Low-level knowledge of problematic substance use during the perinatal period may lead to numerous adverse outcomes. We sought to determine maternal tobacco, alcohol and caffeine consumption during the perinatal period during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS This prospective cohort study recruited women from five Greek maternity hospitals between January and May 2020. Data were collected with a structured questionnaire initially completed by postpartum women during their hospitalization and re-administered via telephone interview in the first, third and sixth month postpartum. RESULTS The study sample consisted of 283 women. Smoking rates decreased during pregnancy (12.4%) compared to the pre-pregnancy period (32.9%, p<0.001) and during lactation (5.6%) compared to the antenatal period (p<0.001). The smoking rate increased again after breastfeeding cessation (16.9%) compared to the rate during lactation (p<0.001), but remained lower than the pre-pregnancy rate (p=0.008). Only 1.4% of the women reported breastfeeding cessation due to smoking, whereas those who smoked more during pregnancy were more likely to cease breastfeeding (OR=1.24; 95% CI: 1.05--1.48, p=0.012). Regarding alcohol consumption, it was significantly lower during pregnancy (5.7%), lactation (5.5%) and after breastfeeding cessation (5.2%) compared to the pre-pregnancy period (21.9%, p<0.001 for all correlations). Women who consumed alcohol during lactation were less likely to wean (OR=0.21; 95% CI: 0.05--0.83, p=0.027). Caffeine intake decreased during pregnancy compared to preconception period (p<0.001), while in lactating women it remained at low rates until the 3rd month of follow-up. Caffeine consumption at one month postpartum (β=0.09; SE=0.04, p=0.045) was positively associated with longer duration of breastfeeding. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco, alcohol and caffeine consumption decreased in the perinatal period compared to the preconception period. The pandemic may have contributed to the downtrend in smoking and alcohol consumption due to COVID-related restrictions and fear of potential illness. Nevertheless, smoking was associated with reduced duration of breastfeeding and breastfeeding cessation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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32. Trade and investment liberalization and Asia's noncommunicable disease epidemic: a synthesis of data and existing literature.
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Baker, Phillip, Kay, Adrian, and Walls, Helen
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FINANCIAL liberalization ,ECONOMIC policy ,LIBERALISM ,NON-communicable diseases ,PUBLIC health - Abstract
Copyright of Globalization & Health is the property of BioMed Central and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2014
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33. Associations Among Sleep and Cancer Risk Behaviors: a Scoping Review of Experimental Studies in Healthy Adult Populations.
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Taber, Jennifer M., Cribbet, Matthew R., Cadmus-Bertram, Lisa, Mays, Darren, Smith, M. E. Beth, Rana, Brinda, and Paljarvi, Tapio
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RISK-taking behavior ,EXPERIMENTAL design ,CINAHL database ,PSYCHOLOGY information storage & retrieval systems ,MEDICAL information storage & retrieval systems ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,DIET ,SLEEP disorders ,PHYSICAL activity ,RESEARCH funding ,ALCOHOL drinking ,EXERCISE ,TUMORS ,LITERATURE reviews ,MEDLINE ,TOBACCO ,ADULTS - Abstract
Background: Links among poor sleep and cancer risk behaviors have been largely overlooked in the context of cancer prevention and behavioral medicine. The goal of this scoping review was to determine the extent and nature of experimental studies conducted with healthy adult populations that tested the associations among poor sleep and cancer risk behaviors. Method: Electronic databases and major sleep journals were searched to identify experimental studies in healthy adult samples published through January 2018. Studies examined associations among eight pairings of manipulated behaviors and outcomes ("independent variable (IV)-outcome pairs"): the impact of sleep manipulations on physical activity (PA), diet, alcohol consumption, and tobacco use outcomes; and the impact of PA, diet, alcohol consumption, and tobacco use manipulations on sleep outcomes. Studies were characterized in terms of sample characteristics; study design; IV type, dose, and duration; and outcome measurement and duration. Results: Abstracts of 5697 papers and 345 full texts were screened. Eighty-eight studies describing 125 comparisons met inclusion criteria. Only two studies tested the association between tobacco use and sleep; none tested whether sleep influenced alcohol consumption. Sample sizes were typically small, most studies used crossover designs, and studies tended to include younger and more male participants. Within each IV-outcome pair, there was substantial heterogeneity in how behaviors were manipulated, outcome measurement, and type of control group. Few studies assessed mechanisms. Conclusion: There is a need for larger experimental studies with more representative samples. Overall, heterogeneity and limitations in study designs make it difficult to synthesize evidence across studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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34. Holding policy makers to account: Monitoring voting patterns on alcohol and tobacco policy in the Lithuanian Parliament.
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Štelemėkas, Mindaugas, Galkus, Lukas, Liutkutė Gumarov, Vaida, Goštautaitė Midttun, Nijolė, and Miščikienė, Laura
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LEGISLATION ,HEALTH policy ,LEGISLATORS ,TOBACCO ,LEGISLATIVE bodies - Abstract
Introduction and Aims: Systematic monitoring of the parliamentary legislative processes, including voting of members of the Parliament (MPs) and factions, allows better understanding of the mechanisms for adoption of public health policies. The aim of this paper is to present a tool for monitoring voting on tobacco and alcohol control policies in the Lithuanian Parliament and consequent rating of MPs based on their voting. Design and Methods: MP rating included the collection of voting data, qualitative assessment of the proposed amendments based on their potentially positive or negative impact on public health, and finally quantitative analysis of voting by applying certain weight coefficients. Results: Analysis included 159 voting episodes. More than half (60%) of the MPs received low scores in the 2012–2016 Parliament′s term, and only a small proportion (3%) consistently supported evidence‐based alcohol and tobacco control policies. In contrast, only 26.5% MPs received low scores in the 2016–2018 half‐term. Significantly higher scores in the 2016–2018 half‐term reflect increased political support towards evidence‐based public health policies among the new political majority in Lithuania. Discussion and Conclusions: MP rating has a potential to become a valuable tool used by various stakeholders for more objective assessment of specific public health commitments of political parties and individual politicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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35. Trade law and alcohol regulation: what role for a global Alcohol Marketing Code?
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Mitchell, Andrew D. and Casben, Jessica
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ALCOHOLIC beverages ,INTERNATIONAL cooperation on foreign trade regulation ,GOVERNMENT regulation -- Social aspects ,ALCOHOLIC beverage advertising laws ,EXPORT marketing ,TOBACCO package labels ,INTERNATIONAL trade ,LAW ,MARKETING ,ACTIONS & defenses (Law) ,INTERNATIONAL cooperation ,LIQUOR laws ,INDUSTRIES ,INTERNATIONAL agencies ,RULES ,INTERNATIONAL business enterprises - Abstract
Background and aims Following calls for restrictions and bans on alcohol advertising, and in light of the tobacco industry's challenge to Australia's tobacco plain packaging measure, a tobacco control measure finding support in the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, this paper considers what role, if any, an international alcohol marketing code might have in preventing or reducing the risk of challenges to domestic alcohol marketing restrictions under trade rules. Methods Narrative review of international trade and health instruments and international trade court judgements regarding alcohol products and marketing restrictions. Findings The experience of European trade courts in the litigation of similar measures suggests that World Trade Organization rules have sufficient flexibility to support the implementation of alcohol marketing restrictions. However, the experience also highlights the possibility that public health measures have disproportionate and unjustifiable trade effects and that the ability of a public health measure to withstand a challenge under trade rules will turn on its particular design and implementation. Conclusion Measures implemented pursuant to international public health instruments are not immune to trade law challenges. Close collaboration between health policymakers, trade officials and lawyers, from as early as the research stage in the development of a measure to ensure a robust evidence base, will ensure the best chance of regulatory survival for an international marketing code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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36. Gastro-oesophageal reflux. Part 1: smoking and alcohol reduction.
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Talawah, Narmeen Al and Woodward, Sue
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GASTROESOPHAGEAL reflux treatment ,ALCOHOLIC beverages ,BEHAVIOR modification ,ALCOHOL drinking ,ESOPHAGUS ,HEALTH behavior ,GASTROESOPHAGEAL reflux ,MEDICAL databases ,INFORMATION storage & retrieval systems ,MEDICAL information storage & retrieval systems ,LONGITUDINAL method ,MEDLINE ,NICOTINE ,NURSES ,SMOKING ,SMOKING cessation ,TOBACCO ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,OCCUPATIONAL roles ,RANDOMIZED controlled trials ,CROSS-sectional method ,CASE-control method ,DISEASE complications ,PREVENTION ,DISEASE risk factors - Abstract
Introduction: Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is defined as an abnormal reflux of the stomach contents into the oesophagus, which provokes symptoms and impairs the quality of life. GORD has a high prevalence and incurs costs to the healthcare system.This is the first paper in a series of three exploring the conservative, medical and surgical treatment of GORD. This first paper presents a review of the effect of smoking and alcohol on reflux symptoms and the impact of smoking and alcohol reduction on symptoms of GORD. Methods: A search for English language studies on adults was conducted using three databases, MEDLINE, Embase and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). Eleven relevant studies were included in the review. Findings: The effect of a lcohol on the stimulation of reflux has been debated over the years in different studies. Some studies state that alcohol consumption induces reflux and moderate amounts exacerbate nocturnal gastro-oesophageal heartburn reflux. However, other studies have found no association between alcohol consumption and reflux. Most reflux occurs during smoking because nicotine causes the lower oesophageal sphincter to relax, which increases the risk of reflux. Similarly, the number of cigarettes smoked is associated with the risk of reflux. Conclusions: Nurses need to be aware of the effect of smoking and alcohol on reflux to provide evidence-based advice to empower patients to change their lifestyle, which results in increased therapeutic compliance and a better clinical status. There is no evidence that reducing alcohol consumption decreases symptoms and only limited evidence on the effectiveness of smoking cessation. Further research into the effectiveness of these lifestyle modifications is therefore required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
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37. Pathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma- An update.
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Gayathri, C., Sivaramakrishnan, M., Suganya, R., Santhadevy, A., and Vezhavendhan, N.
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PATHOLOGY ,BETEL nut ,ORAL cancer ,ALCOHOL drinking ,ORAL habits ,MOUTH tumors - Abstract
Oral cancer is the sixth most common malignancy in the world. Oral cancer is of major concern in Southeast Asia primarily because of the deleterious habits such as smoking, betel nut chewing and alcohol consumption. Despite recent advances in cancer diagnoses and therapies, the survival rate of oral cancer patients has remained at a dismal 50% in the last few decades. This paper is an overview of the various etiological agents and risk factors implicated in the development of oral cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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38. Evidence-based practice or imperfect seduction? Developing capacity to respond effectively to drug-related problems.
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ALLSOP, STEVE J. and STEVENS, CLARE F.
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MEDICAL personnel ,CAREER development ,EVIDENCE-based medicine ,OCCUPATIONAL training ,ORGANIZATIONAL change - Abstract
Issues. The last two or three decades have seen some valuable investment in workforce development. However, significant challenges remain in developing effective practice across various systems. Despite the relevance alcohol, tobacco and other drug use have for a range of staff across diverse organisations, adoption of cross-sector and collaborative effective practice is not widespread. The most common response involves a rather singular focus on strategies that develop practitioner knowledge and skills, with much less consideration given to the complex nature of the work environment and the belief systems of people who work in these environments. Approach. This paper explores the barriers to and facilitators of effective practice, extending beyond the common focus on education and training initiatives. A model of capacity building is explored as a template to inform workforce and organisational development strategies. Key Findings. Numerous barriers, outside education and training, must be considered in order to develop and maintain effective practice across various systems of prevention and treatment. The paper culminates with recommendations on how to overcome such challenges. Implications. Workforce and organisational development must extend beyond education and training initiatives. Along with a focus on organisational and system factors, we must also attend to the marginalisation of people affected by drug use and associated pejorative attitudes. Conclusion. Developing effective practice in the drug field involves changing the structures, and expected outcomes of these structures, in which people work, not just encouraging a few to use new ways of working in spite of the system.[Allsop SJ, Stevens CF. Evidence-based practice or imperfect seduction? Developing capacity to respond effectively to drug-related problems. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009;28:541–549] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
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39. Spirituality, Ethnic Identity, and Substance Use among American Indian/Alaska Native Adolescents in California.
- Author
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Unger, Jennifer B., Sussman, Steve, Begay, Cynthia, Moerner, Lou, and Soto, Claradina
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SUBSTANCE abuse risk factors ,INDIGENOUS peoples of California ,ALCOHOLISM ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,CANNABIS (Genus) ,ETHNIC groups ,GROUP identity ,RECREATION ,RISK assessment ,SMOKING ,SPIRITUALITY ,SUBSTANCE abuse ,SURVEYS ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,TOBACCO products ,ELECTRONIC cigarettes ,ADOLESCENCE - Abstract
Background. American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) adolescents have a higher prevalence of commercial tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use than other racial/ethnic groups in the United States. It is unclear whether cultural factors such as ethnic identity, spirituality, and ceremonial use of traditional tobacco are associated with substance use, especially use of emerging tobacco products such as electronic cigarettes, among AIAN adolescents. Methods. This study investigated the association between hypothesized cultural protective factors (ethnic identity, spirituality, and ceremonial use of traditional tobacco) and past-month use of commercial cigarettes, e-cigarettes, marijuana, blunts, and alcohol among 156 AIAN adolescents in California (mean age = 15.3 years, 55% female). Adolescents from six AIAN schools and afterschool programs completed paper-and-pencil surveys. We used Logistic regression analyses to identify the significant cultural correlates of past-month substance use, controlling for demographic covariates. Results. As hypothesized, strong ethnic identity was protective against cigarette, marijuana, and alcohol use. However, it was not protective against e-cigarette or blunt use. Spirituality was associated with an increased risk of cigarette and marijuana use. Previous ceremonial use of traditional tobacco was not associated with past-month recreational substance use. Conclusions. Results indicate that the associations between cultural factors and substance use vary across substances. Future research should identify cultural factors that protect AIAN adolescents against use of newer products such as e-cigarettes and blunts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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40. Contemporary understanding of the risk factors for chronic kidney disease in cold area.
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Wei, Xinrui and Wang, Yongchen
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- *
CHRONIC kidney failure , *MEDICAL care , *ALCOHOL , *FOOD habits , *TOBACCO - Abstract
The management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients in cold areas is an important task in the daily practice of primary medical and health institutions. An important way to reduce the burden of CKD is to achieve early identification of and implement timely intervention on the relevant risk factors. Studies have shown that diet, alcohol, tobacco, air, sedentary and other factors in cold areas have negative impacts on human kidneys; yet, our current understanding of the effect of cold stimulation on CKD remains blurry. This paper introduces the research progress of risk factors related to CKD in cold areas and analytically summarizes the pathogenesis of CKD caused by cold stimulation, aiming to provide a reference work for the prevention, screening, evaluation, and management of CKD in cold areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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41. Alcohol and tobacco consumption affect the oral carriage of Candida albicans and mutans streptococci.
- Author
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Sheth, C.C., Makda, K., Dilmahomed, Z., González, R., Luzi, A., Jovani ‐ Sancho, M. del M., and Veses, V.
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ALCOHOL drinking ,CANDIDA albicans ,STREPTOCOCCUS ,SALIVA analysis ,BACTERIAL colonies ,QUESTIONNAIRES - Abstract
This study sought to determine if there is a relationship between the consumption of alcohol and tobacco and oral colonization by mutans streptococci and Candida species. Subjects were recruited from the University Dental Clinic of CEU Cardenal Herrera University (Moncada, Valencia). Information on alcohol and tobacco consumption was obtained by questionnaire. Individual stimulated saliva samples from 105 patients were obtained and selective media was used to isolate and quantify mutans streptococci and Candida spp. colony forming units per millilitre of saliva ( CFU ml
−1 ). Samples were stratified by duration and quantity of alcohol and tobacco consumption. Alcohol consumption statistically significantly decreased oral carriage of mutans streptococci, whereas there was no effect on Candida albicans colonization levels. Tobacco users were found to harbour elevated levels of C. albicans; however, there was no observed effect on bacterial colonization by mutans streptococci. The carriage of other species investigated, such as Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis and lactobacilli, do not show a response to the consumption of the stimulants analysed. Microbial colonization of the oral cavity changes in a species-specific manner in response to dietary and social habits such as drinking alcohol and smoking. Significance and Impact of the Study In this paper, we evaluate the effect of alcohol and tobacco consumption on key species of the oral microflora. Our results show species-specific changes in two major opportunistic pathogens, such as Candida albicans and mutans streptococci, whereas other members of oral microflora are not affected by the consumption of the stimulants studied. We believe this original paper will contribute to raise awareness among the dental community towards a more personalized oral health assessment, taking in consideration alcohol and tobacco consumption in the prevention of specific oral and systemic pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2016
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42. Managing Maternal Substance Use in the Perinatal Period: Current Concerns and Treatment Approaches in the United States and Australia.
- Author
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Burns, Lucinda, Coleman-Cowger, Victoria H., and Breen, Courtney
- Abstract
Substance use in pregnancy can have adverse effects on mother and fetus alike. Australia and the US are countries with high levels of substance use and policies advising abstinence, although the Australian approach occurs within a broader framework of harm minimization. Less attention has been paid to treatment of the mothers' substance use and what is considered gold standard. This is despite evidence that prior substance use in pregnancy is the most important factor in predicting future substance use in pregnancy. This paper draws together information from both the peer-reviewed and gray literature to provide a contemporary overview of patterns and outcomes of the three main drugs, alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis, used in Australia and the US during pregnancy and discusses what are considered gold standard screening and treatment approaches for these substances. This paper does not set out to be a comprehensive review of the area but rather aims to provide a concise summary of current guidelines for policy makers and practitioners who provide treatment for women who use substances in pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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43. Intersectionality and the Association Between State-Level Structural Racism, Binge Alcohol Consumption, and Smoking Status Among Black Americans
- Author
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Woodard, Nathaniel, Butler, III, James, Ghosh, Debarchana, Green, Kerry M., and Knott, Cheryl L.
- Published
- 2024
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44. Efficacy of Brodalumab in Patients with Psoriasis and Risk Factors for Treatment Failure: A Review of Post Hoc Analyses
- Author
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Lebwohl, Mark G., Armstrong, April W., Alexis, Andrew F., Lain, Edward L., and Jacobson, Abby A.
- Published
- 2024
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45. Substance Uses and Associated Sociodemographic Factors Among Male Tribes and Non-Tribal Communities of Eastern and North Eastern States in India: An Evidence-Based Study from the National Family Health Survey-5
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Barman, Manabindra and Chowdhury, Indrajit Roy
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- 2024
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46. Knowledge, attitudes and behaviours on tobacco, alcohol and other drugs among Nigerian secondary school students: Differences by geopolitical zones.
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Vigna‐Taglianti, Federica, Alesina, Marta, Damjanović, Ljiljana, Mehanović, Emina, Akanidomo, Ibanga, Pwajok, Juliet, Prichard, Glen, Kreeft, Peer, Virk, Harsheth K., Vigna-Taglianti, Federica, van der Kreeft, Peer, and Unplugged Nigeria Coordination Group
- Subjects
SECONDARY school students ,TOBACCO ,RISK perception ,ALCOHOL ,ALCOHOL drinking ,ADOLESCENT smoking - Abstract
Introduction and Aims: Nigeria is composed of six geopolitical zones plus one Federal Capital Territory. Differences between zones can differentially influence the adoption of risk behaviours by adolescents. This paper aims to describe the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, risk perception, skills and substance use among Nigerian secondary school students highlighting the differences by geopolitical zone.Design and Methods: The population size of each zone was taken into account in extracting the 32 schools for the survey. The characteristics of the social environment, tobacco, alcohol and substance use, knowledge, beliefs, risk perception, attitudes, personal skills and school climate were investigated through an anonymous questionnaire.Results: A total of 4078 adolescents participated in the survey: 5.1% reported they had smoked cigarettes at least once in their life, 33.6% drank alcohol, 13.1% experienced drunkenness, 7.5% used cannabis and 11.6% other drugs. The highest rates of alcohol use were observed in the South, whilst the use of tobacco, cannabis and other drugs was higher in the North. Knowledge about tobacco, alcohol and marijuana was quite low across all zones. Scores for self-esteem, decision-making and refusal skills, risk perception and beliefs were lower in the North.Discussion and Conclusions: This study shows a high prevalence of adolescent alcohol and substance use in Nigeria. There is a need for planning and implementing evidence-based drug education and prevention programs across the country. Prevention activities targeting adolescents could help to reduce the later life burden of disease related to use of tobacco, alcohol and other drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2019
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47. Systematic Review of Polygenic Gene–Environment Interaction in Tobacco, Alcohol, and Cannabis Use.
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Pasman, Joëlle A., Verweij, Karin J. H., and Vink, Jacqueline M.
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GENOTYPE-environment interaction ,META-analysis ,MARIJUANA ,TOBACCO ,ENVIRONMENTAL exposure ,ALCOHOL - Abstract
Studies testing the effect of single genetic variants on substance use have had modest success. This paper reviewed 39 studies using polygenic measures to test interaction with any type of environmental exposure (G×E) in alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use. Studies using haplotype combinations, sum scores of candidate-gene risk alleles, and polygenic scores (PS) were included. Overall study quality was moderate, with lower ratings for the polygenic methods in the haplotype and candidate-gene score studies. Heterogeneity in investigated environmental exposures, genetic factors, and outcomes was substantial. Most studies (N = 30) reported at least one significant G×E interaction, but overall evidence was weak. The majority (N = 26) found results in line with differential susceptibility and diathesis-stress frameworks. Future studies should pay more attention to methodological and statistical rigor, and focus on replication efforts. Additional work is needed before firm conclusions can be drawn about the importance of G×E in the etiology of substance use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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48. A cross-sectional analysis of the relationship between tobacco and alcohol outlet density and neighbourhood deprivation.
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Shortt, Niamh K., Tisch, Catherine, Pearce, Jamie, Mitchell, Richard, Richardson, Elizabeth A., Hill, Sarah, and Collin, Jeff
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LIQUOR stores ,TOBACCO products ,RETAIL stores ,DEPRIVATION (Psychology) ,CROSS-sectional method ,HEALTH equity ,NEIGHBORHOODS ,ONE-way analysis of variance ,COMMERCIAL statistics ,ALCOHOLIC beverages ,ANALYSIS of variance ,RESIDENTIAL patterns ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,SOCIAL context ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
Background: There is a strong socio-economic gradient in both tobacco-and alcohol-related harm. One possible factor contributing to this social gradient may be greater availability of tobacco and alcohol in more socially-deprived areas. A higher density of tobacco and alcohol outlets is not only likely to increase supply but also to raise awareness of tobacco/alcohol brands, create a competitive local market that reduces product costs, and influence local social norms relating to tobacco and alcohol consumption. This paper examines the association between the density of alcohol and tobacco outlets and neighbourhood-level income deprivation.Methods: Using a national tobacco retailer register and alcohol licensing data this paper calculates the density of alcohol and tobacco retail outlets per 10,000 population for small neighbourhoods across the whole of Scotland. Average outlet density was calculated for neighbourhoods grouped by their level of income deprivation. Associations between outlet density and deprivation were analysed using one way analysis of variance.Results: There was a positive linear relationship between neighbourhood deprivation and outlets for both tobacco (p <0.001) and off-sales alcohol (p <0.001); the most deprived quintile of neighbourhoods had the highest densities of both. In contrast, the least deprived quintile had the lowest density of tobacco and both off-sales and on-sales alcohol outlets.Conclusions: The social gradient evident in alcohol and tobacco supply may be a contributing factor to the social gradient in alcohol- and tobacco-related disease. Policymakers should consider such gradients when creating tobacco and alcohol control policies. The potential contribution to public health, and health inequalities, of reducing the physical availability of both alcohol and tobacco products should be examined in developing broader supply-side interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2015
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49. Development and validation of a virtual agent to screen tobacco and alcohol use disorders.
- Author
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Auriacombe, Marc, Moriceau, Sarah, Serre, Fuschia, Denis, Cécile, Micoulaud-Franchi, Jean-Arthur, de Sevin, Etienne, Bonhomme, Emilien, Bioulac, Stéphanie, Fatseas, Mélina, and Philip, Pierre
- Subjects
- *
TOBACCO use , *NICOTINE addiction treatment , *ALCOHOL drinking , *DRINKING behavior , *PRIMARY care , *DIAGNOSIS of alcoholism , *SUBSTANCE abuse diagnosis , *CLINICS , *COMPARATIVE studies , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *CLASSIFICATION of mental disorders , *PATIENT satisfaction , *PRIMARY health care , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *RESEARCH , *EVALUATION research - Abstract
Background: Substance use disorders are under-detected and not systematically diagnosed or screened for by primary care. In this study, we present the acceptability and validity of an Embodied Conversational Agent (ECA) designed to screen tobacco and alcohol use disorder, in individuals who did not seek medical help for these disorders.Methods: Individuals were included from June 2016 to May 2017 in the Outpatient Sleep Clinic of the University Hospital of Bordeaux. DSM-5 diagnoses of tobacco and alcohol use disorders were assessed by human interviewers. The ECA interview integrated items from the Cigarette Dependence Scale-5 (CDS-5) for tobacco use disorder screening, and the "Cut Down, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye-opener" (CAGE) questionnaire for alcohol use disorder screening. Paper version of CDS-5 and CAGE questionnaires and acceptability questionnaire was also self-administered.Results: Of the 139 participants in the study (mean age 43.0 [SD = 13.7] years), 71 were women, and 68 were men. The ECA was well accepted by the patients. Paper self-administered CDS-5 and CAGE scores had a strong agreement with the ECA (p < 0.0001). The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis of the ECA interview showed AUC of 0.97 (95% CI, 0.93-1.0) and 0.84 (95% CI, 0.69-0.98) for CDS-5 and CAGE respectively with p-value <0.0001.Conclusions: This ECA was acceptable and valid to screen tobacco or alcohol use disorder among patients not requesting treatment for addiction. The ECA could be used in hospitals and potentially in primary care settings to help clinicians to better screen their patients for alcohol and tobacco use disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
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50. Pro-girl Bias in Intra-household Allocation in the Rural Philippines: Revisiting the 'Adult Goods' Approach.
- Author
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Fuwa, Nobuhiko
- Subjects
SEX discrimination ,ALCOHOL ,TOBACCO ,TRANSPORTATION ,ENDOGENEITY (Econometrics) - Abstract
This paper detects pro-girl (age 5-15) bias in intra-household allocation of consumption budget in the rural Philippines using Deaton's 'adult goods' method. Based on additional checks (including those for endogeneity), the results appear to be robust. The paper also finds that a larger share of girls among household members is positively associated with a larger budget share on transportation, suggesting that parents pay more for girls' transportation, possibly because of safety concerns. The results also suggest that, despite some earlier results in the literature, the adult goods method is capable of detecting gender bias, although alcohol and tobacco may not be suitable for detecting gender bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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