740 results
Search Results
2. Perspectives of prisoners on alcohol and other drug group treatment approaches
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Doyle, Michael Francis, Williams, Megan, Butler, Tony, Shakeshaft, Anthony, Conigrave, Katherine, and Guthrie, Jill
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- 2022
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3. Emotional reactivity and difficulties in emotional regulation in drug users: a study in adolescents undergoing treatment in a therapeutic community
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Serra, Lídia, Silva, Luís, and Vilar, Duarte
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- 2022
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4. The Use of Chatbots as Supportive Agents for People Seeking Help with Substance Use Disorder: A Systematic Review.
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Ogilvie, Lisa, Prescott, Julie, and Carson, Jerome
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ADDICTIONS ,CHATBOTS ,SUBSTANCE abuse ,HELP-seeking behavior ,INTELLIGENT personal assistants ,ALCOHOL drinking ,NURSES' aides - Abstract
Introduction: The use of chatbots in healthcare is an area of study receiving increased academic interest. As the knowledge base grows, the granularity in the level of research is being refined. There is now more targeted work in specific areas of healthcare, for example, chatbots for anxiety and depression, cancer care, and pregnancy support. The aim of this paper is to systematically review and summarize the research conducted on the use of chatbots in the field of addiction, specifically the use of chatbots as supportive agents for those who suffer from a substance use disorder (SUD). Methods: A systematic search of scholarly databases using the broad search criteria of ("drug" OR "alcohol" OR "substance") AND ("addiction" OR "dependence" OR "misuse" OR "disorder" OR "abuse" OR harm*) AND ("chatbot" OR "bot" OR "conversational agent") with an additional clause applied of "publication date" ≥ January 01, 2016 AND "publication date" ≤ March 27, 2022, identified papers for screening. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were used to evaluate eligibility for inclusion in the study, and the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was employed to assess the quality of the papers. Results: The search and screening process identified six papers for full review, two quantitative studies, three qualitative, and one mixed methods. The two quantitative papers considered an adaptation to an existing mental health chatbot to increase its scope to provide support for SUD. The mixed methods study looked at the efficacy of employing a bespoke chatbot as an intervention for harmful alcohol use. Of the qualitative studies, one used thematic analysis to gauge inputs from potential users, and service professionals, on the use of chatbots in the field of addiction, based on existing knowledge, and envisaged solutions. The remaining two were useability studies, one of which focussed on how prominent chatbots, such as Amazon Alexa, Apple Siri, and Google Assistant can support people with an SUD and the other on the possibility of delivering a chatbot for opioid-addicted patients that is driven by existing big data. Discussion/Conclusion: The corpus of research in this field is limited, and given the quality of the papers reviewed, it is suggested more research is needed to report on the usefulness of chatbots in this area with greater confidence. Two of the papers reported a reduction in substance use in those who participated in the study. While this is a favourable finding in support of using chatbots in this field, a strong message of caution must be conveyed insofar as expert input is needed to safely leverage existing data, such as big data from social media, or that which is accessed by prevalent market leading chatbots. Without this, serious failings like those highlighted within this review mean chatbots can do more harm than good to their intended audience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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5. Improving Security in Violent Conflict Settings : Security and Justice Thematic Paper
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Spear, Joanna and Harborne, Bernard
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CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES ,INTERNATIONAL LEVEL ,MISCONDUCT ,PEACEKEEPING ,WEAPONS ,RECONCILIATION ,ALCOHOL ,CIVILIAN POPULATIONS ,STATE INSTITUTIONS ,GUNS ,ORGANIZED CRIME ,ROAD ,MERCENARY ,GUERRILLA ,ARMED GROUPS ,WEAPON ,CIVIL SOCIETY ,TERRORISM ,ARMS CONTROL ,FOREIGN POLICY ,INCARCERATION ,INTERNATIONAL INTERVENTION ,NATIONS ,CIVIL WAR ,RULE OF LAW ,REBEL FORCES ,SOCIAL MOVEMENTS ,VIOLENT CONFLICT ,TEENAGERS ,COMMUNITY VIOLENCE ,GENDER BASED VIOLENCE ,MASS VIOLENCE ,DEMOCRACIES ,INTEGRITY ,SOCIAL REINTEGRATION ,MENTAL HEALTH ,ASSETS ,ABUSES ,EXCOMBATANTS ,WAR ,CRIMINAL JUSTICE ,PARLIAMENTARY OVERSIGHT ,VIOLENCE ,GRAVE ,HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS ,REHABILITATION ,TRANSPARENCY ,LAW ENFORCEMENT ,SERVICE DELIVERY ,DEATHS ,CORRUPT ,PEACE AGREEMENTS ,POLITICAL REFORM ,PEACE RESEARCH ,DEMOCRACY ,ARMED CONFLICT ,OFFENDERS ,PEACE ,VIOLENT CRIME ,RAPE ,ARMED FORCES ,RECONSTRUCTION ,DISPUTE RESOLUTION ,CIVIL WARS ,EXTORTION ,PRIVATE ARMY ,DONOR COUNTRIES ,COUNTERINSURGENCY ,YOUTH GANGS ,FIGHTING ,VIOLENCE PREVENTION ,WARS ,INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS ,NEGOTIATIONS ,VICTIMS ,YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT ,HUMAN RIGHTS ,GANG MEMBERS ,MINISTER ,MUGGING ,PEACE PROCESSES ,EX-COMBATANTS ,EX-COMBATANT ,COCAINE ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,REBEL ,MEDIATION ,SLUM ,CRIMINAL ACTIVITY ,MILITARY INTERVENTIONS ,HOMICIDE ,DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ,ALLIANCE ,GENOCIDE ,INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT ,INTERNATIONAL DONORS ,INSECURITY ,GUN ,POLITICAL VIOLENCE ,PRISON ,JAIL ,EX-FIGHTERS ,HIGH RISK YOUTH ,DRUG ,SOCIAL SERVICE ,JUDICIARY ,CONFLICT MANAGEMENT ,BOUNDARIES ,MONOPOLY ,CESSATION OF HOSTILITY ,POLICE ,BATTLE ,JUDICIAL REFORM ,YOUTH ,POLITICAL TRANSITIONS ,INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY ,SOCIAL WELL-BEING ,PUBLIC HEALTH ,CRIMINAL ,MILITIA ,CONFIDENCE ,INITIATIVE ,FORMER FIGHTERS ,MILITARY REFORM ,ECONOMIC REINTEGRATION ,PEACE ACCORDS ,PRIVATIZATION ,INTERNATIONAL STUDIES ,ELECTIONS ,VIOLENT CONFLICTS ,SOVEREIGNTY ,UNDP ,DRUGS ,TRAFFICKING ,CONFLICTS ,ABUSE ,INTERNATIONAL ENTERPRISE ,NEEDS ASSESSMENT ,PRISONS ,HUMAN SECURITY ,CORRUPTION ,LEGAL FRAMEWORK ,INTERNATIONAL SOLIDARITY ,GANG MEMBER ,GANG ,LAWS ,POLITICAL SETTLEMENT ,SOLDIERS ,REFUGEES ,DISARMAMENT ,PEACEBUILDING ,WORLD DEVELOPMENT ,LEADERSHIP ,DEMOBILIZATION ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,EXTERNAL INTERVENTIONS ,MILITARY OFFICERS ,ORGANISED CRIME - Abstract
Violent conflict is the multifaceted and cyclical problem that the international community is trying to grapple with. To date, there has been a clear hierarchy concerning what forms of violence are seen to matter most, with political violence that threatens the state taking pole position. In examining this argument, this paper sets out a number of issues relating to security and justice definitions. It will then examine some of the problems associated with placing conflict into a box-set typology: mass violence associated with war and genocide carries unique features but also spawns new challenges which are often being ignored. The paper will then examine in brief some of the measures used by communities, governmental actors and international partners in contending with violence before outlining some key conclusions and recommendations. In reading this paper two further points need be borne in mind: 1) this does not provide a comprehensive overview of violence and security - that is the role of the World Development Report (WDR) itself, and 2) this paper does not present fresh research, but more an overview, along with the other papers in the security-justice series, of some of the key issues confronting policy makers in the domain of security and development.
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- 2010
6. Conversion of recycled paper sludge to ethanol by SHF and SSF using Pichia stipitis
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Marques, S., Alves, L., Roseiro, J.C., and Gírio, F.M.
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ALCOHOL , *DRUGS , *ALCOHOLS (Chemical class) , *ALCOHOLIC beverages - Abstract
Abstract: The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the possibility of converting recycled paper sludge (RPS), an industrial residue stream with strong environmental impact, into valuable products. The approach used was based on the enzymatic conversion of major sludge components (cellulose and xylan) and the simultaneous (simultaneous saccharification and fermentation—SSF) or sequential (separate hydrolysis and fermentation—SHF) fermentation of the resulting sugars to ethanol. In the enzymatic hydrolysis step using Celluclast® 1.5L supplemented with Novozym® 188, a degree of saccharification of 100% was achieved. In relation to ethanol production using the yeast Pichia stipitis CBS 5773, SHF and SSF process efficiencies were compared. A slightly higher conversion yield was attained on SHF, corresponding to an ethanol concentration of 19.6gL−1, but 179h were needed. The SSF process was completed after 48h of incubation allowing the production of 18.6gL−1 of ethanol from 178.6gL−1 of dried RPS, corresponding to an overall conversion yield of 51% of the available carbohydrates on the initial substrate. These results demonstrate that the biological conversion of sludge to ethanol is efficient even with no pre-treatment or substrate supplementation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2008
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7. Service provider perspectives on treating adolescents with co-occurring PTSD and substance use: challenges and rewards
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Barrett, Emma Louise, Adams, Zachary W., Kelly, Erin V., Peach, Natalie, Hopkins, Rachel, Milne, Bronwyn, Back, Sudie E., and Mills, Katherine L.
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- 2019
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8. Middle childhood vulnerability to drugs and alcohol
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Ewin, Rob, Reed, Abi, and Powell, Lewis
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- 2020
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9. Expatriation, alcohol and drugs: antecedents and consequences of substance use in expatriation
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Wurtz, Olivier
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- 2018
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10. Multiple substance use among patients attending treatment for substance-related problems in Switzerland
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Maffli, Etienne and Astudillo, Mariana
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- 2018
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11. Discussion paper : what can we do to help our young people resist the pressures to use and abuse drugs and alcohol?
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Newport, Jennette
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- 1989
12. Measuring outcomes for TC clients: Higher Ground Drug Rehabilitation Trust
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King, Julian, Dow, Johnny, and Stevenson, Brendan
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- 2016
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13. Payment by Results made simple
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Hill, Katie, Wilkie‐Jones, Colin, and Leigh, Alison
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- 2012
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14. Depression and anxiety symptoms: measuring reliable change in alcohol and drug users
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Delgadillo, Jaime
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- 2012
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15. Recovery from Addiction on a University Campus – a UK Perspective.
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Day, Ed and Trainor, Luke
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STUDENT assistance programs ,SUBSTANCE abuse ,HUMAN services programs ,DRUG addiction ,UNIVERSITIES & colleges ,EVALUATION of human services programs ,CONVALESCENCE ,PSYCHOLOGY of college students ,ALCOHOLISM ,DRUG abusers - Abstract
Between 30 and 40% of 18-year olds in England, Wales and Northern Ireland enter tertiary education (university) each year. Young adulthood (ages 15 to 25) is the usual period in which problems with alcohol, drugs or other behaviors begin to emerge, and yet these issues have received limited study in the UK. Government policy dictates that a full continuum of treatment and recovery services should be available in each area of the country, but uptake of these services by university students appears to be limited. In this discussion paper we describe the background to, and components of, the Collegiate Recovery Program (CRP), an initiative that has grown rapidly in the USA in the past decade. We then describe how the first UK University-led CRP was set up, before outlining what has been learnt so far and the potential challenges facing this approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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16. Reflecting on the delivery of a structured alcohol and drug group in a medium‐secure forensic unit
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Edwards, Richard, Guy, Ruth, Bartholomew, Mark, and Buckland, Rosie
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- 2011
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17. Substance misuse among offenders in a forensic intellectual disability service
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Plant, Amie, McDermott, Emily, Chester, Verity, and Alexander, Regi T.
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- 2011
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18. Co‐occurring mental health problems among substance dependent offenders of intimate partner violence
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Easton, Caroline J. and Gilchrist, Gail
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- 2012
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19. Understanding British youth behaviors on holiday in Ibiza
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Briggs, Daniel, Turner, Tim, O'Leary, Joseph, and Huan, Tzung‐Cheng
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- 2012
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20. Daily and situational reports of substance use and dating violence among college students: A 10-week prospective study
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Christopher M. Murphy, Marilyn E. Demorest, Tara M. Neavins, and Themis A. Yiaslas
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Research paper ,lcsh:Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology ,Abusive relationship ,Dating violence ,lcsh:BF1-990 ,Binge drinking ,Minor (academic) ,Substance use ,Daily reports ,Odds ,lcsh:HV1-9960 ,medicine ,Situational ethics ,music ,Prospective cohort study ,music.instrument ,Aggression ,Drugs ,Intimate partner violence ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,lcsh:Psychology ,Domestic violence ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Alcohol ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Highlights • Dating violence was nearly twice as likely if either partner drank alcohol. • Women were nearly twice as apt to perpetrate dating violence when they used drugs. • Men were 1.4 times more likely to perpetrate dating violence when they used drugs. • Estimated blood alcohol level and binge drinking were related to dating violence., Introduction Although the association between substance use and dating violence is well-established in the research literature, there is limited research establishing the temporal co-occurrence of these variables. The primary objective was to examine the temporal relationship between alcohol and drug use and subsequent dating violence using a proximal effects model. Methods This prospective study obtained daily diary data and weekly situational reports on abusive relationship events and substance use from 72 college women in dating relationships over a 10-week interval. Results Significant day-to-day associations were found between substance use and dating violence for women’s reports of their own behavior, and that of their male partners. The odds of dating violence were approximately 2.0 times higher on days when perpetrators drank alcohol. Women were approximately 2.0 times more likely to perpetrate dating violence when using drugs, and men were approximately 1.4 times more likely when they used drugs. Estimated blood alcohol concentration levels and binge drinking were associated significantly with dating violence perpetration for women’s reports of men’s behavior as well as for women’s reports of their own aggression. These findings held when examining severe versus minor dating violence as well as any versus no dating violence. Conclusions These results further support an association between substance use and partner aggression at daily and situational levels of analysis, extending prior clinical findings to a college dating sample. Taken with previous research findings, our results suggest the need for college sexual assault and dating violence prevention programs to target reductions in substance use.
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- 2020
21. The Journal of Inebriety (1876–1914): history, topical analysis, and photographic images.
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Weiner, Barbara and White, William
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ALCOHOLISM ,CONTENT analysis ,DRUGS ,ALCOHOL ,DRUG addiction ,NARCOTICS ,ALCOHOLISM treatment ,TREATMENT of drug addiction ,ADDICTIONS - Abstract
Aims The publication of the Journal of Inebriety (1876–1914) chronicled the rise and fall of the first era of organized addiction medicine in the United States. Methods Findings from historical research, a content analysis of the Journal's 35 volumes and 141 issues and images from the Journal illustrate visually the medical treatment of addiction in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Results Under the editorial direction of Dr T. D. Crothers, the Journal of Inebriety published papers and reviews focused primarily on the medical treatment of alcohol and opiate addiction within a growing international network of inebriate homes and asylums. Conclusions The history of the Journal of Inebriety mirrors efforts in America to forge a legitimized field of addiction medicine amid conflicting conceptualizations of the nature of severe alcohol and other drug problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2007
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22. Recommendations for effective collaboration and capacity building in epidemiological studies on the effect of alcohol and drug use on traffic safety in low- and middle-income countries.
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Gjerde, Hallvard, Huestis, Marilyn A., Mulima, Gift, Kajombo, Chifundo, Sundet, Mads, and Pechansky, Flavio
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MIDDLE-income countries ,TRAFFIC safety ,DRUG utilization ,PHARMACODYNAMICS ,HIGH-income countries ,DRUNK driving - Abstract
Alcohol or drug impairment is a major risk factor for road traffic crashes, and studies on this issue are essential to provide evidence-based data for policymakers. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), such studies are often conducted in partnership with one or more organizations in high-income countries (HICs). The aim of this article is to provide recommendations for improving project planning and decision-making processes in epidemiological studies on alcohol, drug and traffic safety in LMICs involving HICs. We searched Pubmed, Google Scholar, and Google Search for articles and reports in English about lessons learned when conducting collaborative research in LMIC as well as papers presenting recommendations for effective research collaboration with partners in LMICs. Based on the search results, we selected 200 papers for full text examination. Few were related to studies on the effect of alcohol or drug use on road traffic safety. However, several conclusions and recommendations from other studies were found to be relevant. We combined the findings with our own experience in a narrative review. We also present a checklist for risk and quality assessment. Many papers presented similar recommendations, which included the importance of addressing local needs, ensuring adequate resources, local project ownership and leadership, establishing strong partnerships among all involved stakeholders, promoting shared decision-making and planning, and implementing strategies to translate research findings into policy, practice, and publications. It is also important to avoid HIC bias, which prioritizes the interests or perspectives of HICs over those of LMICs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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23. End of life care for people with alcohol and drug problems: Findings from a Rapid Evidence Assessment.
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Witham, Gary, Galvani, Sarah, and Peacock, Marian
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SUBSTANCE abuse & psychology ,SUBSTANCE abuse treatment ,CHRONIC diseases ,DRUG prescribing ,ETHANOL ,HIV infections ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL personnel ,MENTAL health ,QUALITY assurance ,SUBSTANCE abuse ,TERMINAL care ,PAIN management ,EVIDENCE-based medicine ,PHYSICIAN practice patterns ,PSYCHOSOCIAL factors - Abstract
People who use alcohol and other drugs(hereafter "substances") and who are over the age of 40 are now more likely to die of a non‐drug related cause than people who use substances under the age of 40. This population will therefore potentially need greater access to palliative and end of life care services. Initially, the purpose of this rapid evidence assessment (REA), conducted August 2016–August 2017, was to explore the peer‐reviewed evidence base in relation to end of life care for people with problematic substance use. The following databases were searched using date parameters of 1 January 2004–1 August 2016: Amed, Psycharticles, Ovid, Ageinfo, Medline, Ebscohost, ASSIA, Social Care Online, Web of Knowledge, Web of Science, SSCI, Samsha, NIAAA. Data were extracted using a predefined protocol incorporating inclusion and exclusion criteria. Given the dearth of evidence emerging on interventions and practice responses to problematic substance use, the inclusion criteria were broadened to include any peer‐reviewed literature focussing on substance use specifically and end of life care. There were 60 papers that met the inclusion criteria. These were quality assessed. Using a textual thematic approach to categorise findings, papers fell into three broad groups (a) pain management, (b) homeless and marginalised groups, and (c) alcohol‐related papers. In general, this small and diverse literature lacked depth and quality. The papers suggest there are challenges for health and social care professionals in meeting the end of life needs of people who use substances. Addressing issues like safe prescribing for pain management becomes more challenging in the presence of substance use and requires flexible service provision from both alcohol/drug services and end of life care providers. Work is needed to develop models of good practice in working with co‐existing substance use and end of life conditions as well as prevalence studies to provide a wider context for policy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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24. Treatment for problematic substance use in Nordic youth: a narrative review from the viewpoint of social services.
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Kosonen, Janika and Kuusisto, Katja
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SUBSTANCE abuse ,SOCIAL services ,SCHOOL health services ,YOUNG adults ,JUVENILE offenders ,YOUTH health - Abstract
Background: Youth mortality from drugs is worryingly increasing in Europe. Little is so far known about what substance use services are available to young people. An out-of-home care placement is often used but does not suffice alone as an intervention in problematic substance use among youth. Additional interventions are needed. Objective: This narrative review investigated what has been done, what works, and what is needed in treating youth substance use in the Nordic countries from the viewpoint of social services. This study brought together previous Nordic studies on this topic and presented responses to youth substance use in Nordic social welfare system to the wider international audience. Methods: A search of the ProQuest and EBSCOhost databases revealed seven interventions reported in 17 papers. Narrative synthesis was used. Results: Interventions included the Cannabis Cessation Program (CCP), the Icelandic version of the Motivation to Change Inventory for Adolescents, the Norwegian multisystemic therapy program (MST), the Structured Interview Manual UngDOK implemented in the Swedish Maria clinics, the Finnish ADSUME-based intervention in school health care, and the Swedish Comet 12–18 and ParentStep 13–17 programs. Many interventions had originated in the US rather than in the Nordic countries and most of them were adapted from adult interventions when youth specificity was lacking. Parental involvement was deemed important, but ineffective without involving the adolescent themself. Interventions and ways for dealing with young offenders required reconsideration from the perspective of the best interests of the child. The current research focuses on universal prevention while more knowledge about selective and indicative prevention was called for. Conclusions: Not enough is known about the cessation of problematic youth substance use and subsequent rehabilitation in social services. We would encourage further research on the multi-producer system, subscriber-provider-cooperation in youth substance use services, non-medical youth-specific substance use interventions in social services, and rehabilitative juvenile drug offense practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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25. Social Norms Theory and Development Economics
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Eriksson, Lina
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SUBSTANCE ABUSE ,GENDER RELATIONS ,PUBLIC SERVICE ,ALCOHOL ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,COMMUNICATION ,SAFE SEX ,OWNERSHIP OF LAND ,FAMILIES ,EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ,PUBLIC SUPPORT ,FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION ,DEPENDENCE ,YOUNG PEOPLE ,GENITAL MUTILATION ,POLICY‐MAKERS ,SOCIETIES ,POLICY MAKERS ,POPULATION ,SEXUAL VIOLENCE ,SOCIAL PRACTICE ,MANDATES ,SOCIAL INTERACTIONS ,BOTH SEXES ,CIVIL WAR ,WOMEN ,TEENAGERS ,HUMAN BEHAVIOUR ,SOAP OPERAS ,INTEGRITY ,MOTHER ,DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ,CARE FOR CHILDREN ,FATHERHOOD ,GIRLS ,POPULATIONS ,ANTHROPOLOGY ,WAR ,HEALTH IMPACT ,MACHISMO ,TABOO ,TELEVISION ,PARTNERS ,PHILOSOPHERS ,ADOPTION ,KIDS ,RESPONSIBILITIES ,PENSIONS ,SOCIAL ISSUES ,POLICY DISCUSSIONS ,CULTURES ,SOCIETY ,IMPACT ON CHILDREN ,STUDENTS ,RELIGION ,PEACE ,MEDIA ,DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS ,SOCIOBIOLOGY ,FEMALE “CIRCUMCISION ,PROPERTY RIGHTS ,HUMAN BEHAVIOR ,YOUNG MEN ,RITUAL ,EXOGAMY ,PROGRESS ,MODERNIZATION ,COOPERATION ,SOCIAL GROUP ,CONDOM ,SYMBOLS ,INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS ,SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY ,SOCIAL STATUS ,SOCIAL NORMS ,MATERNITY LEAVE ,SOCIAL INFORMATION ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,NATIONALS ,LAND TENURE ,MUTILATION ,ETHNOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE ,PRINCIPLES ,SOCIAL SECURITY ,FEMININITY ,PROPERTY ,SURVEYS ,FAMILY MEMBERS ,PEER PRESSURE ,GENDER NORMS ,SOCIAL MEANINGS ,SOCIAL POLICY ,ANTHROPOLOGIST ,MARRIED COUPLES ,MASCULINITY ,EDUCATION OF WOMEN ,EVERYDAY LIFE ,TV ,MORAL NORMS ,BELIEFS ,YOUNG WOMEN ,SOCIAL LIFE ,HISTORY ,SPOUSE ,SOCIAL CHANGE ,ETHNOGRAPHY ,ALTRUISM ,ENERGY CONSUMPTION ,MARRIAGE ,CONDOM USE ,ROLE MODELS ,FEMALE CHILDREN ,POLICY‐ MAKERS ,WOMAN ,FEMALE SEXUALITY ,CONDOMS ,CIRCUMCISION ,POLICIES ,POLICY ,UNPLANNED PREGNANCIES ,FAMILY ,CREATION ,ETHNICITY ,GOOD ,SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ,SEX ,HOUSEHOLDS ,RESPECT ,FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING ,FEWER PEOPLE ,RURAL COMMUNITIES ,PARTICIPATORY PROCESS ,MORALITY ,SOCIAL MARKETING ,HOUSEHOLD WORK ,LIVING‐STANDARDS ,FUNERALS ,POWER ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,SPOUSES ,PUBLIC POLICY ,POLICY RESEARCH ,CHILD CARE ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,PREGNANCIES ,SEXUALITY ,SOCIAL PRESSURE ,DRUGS ,KNOWLEDGE ,POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER ,ABUSE ,TELEVISION NETWORK ,RADIO ,VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN ,GENDER EQUALITY ,PARENTAL LEAVE ,RESPONSIBILITY ,POLITICAL CHANGE ,SOCIAL INEQUALITY ,SOCIOLOGY ,GENITAL CUTTING ,RELIGIOUS REASONS ,NORMS ,POSTERS ,DISCRIMINATION ,FAIRNESS ,CHILD‐REARING ,GENDER ,MARKET ECONOMY ,GENDER ROLES ,HUSBANDS ,CULTURAL DIFFERENCES ,ETHICS - Abstract
Social norms affect almost every aspect of people’s lives, and can be an obstacle to or support economic development. This paper outlines what social norms are and how they work, providing examples from everyday life and from development case studies. Sometimes not much can be done about changing undesirable social norms. In those cases, development economists need to be aware of how the existence of those norms can impact the effects of the policies they advocate. But of particular importance to development economists is the ways in which social norms can be changed, at least under some circumstances. Understanding of social norm change is still patchy at best, but the paper outlines the theoretical underpinnings of change, with empirical evidence from various policies aimed at changing social norms. However, some of those policies raise ethical concerns that would require attention.
- Published
- 2015
26. When "Good Enough" Isn't Good Enough: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Caring for Adults Using Substances at the End of Life.
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Templeton, Lorna, Galvani, Sarah, and Peacock, Marian
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SUBSTANCE abuse ,TERMINAL care ,SNOWBALL sampling ,ADULTS - Abstract
This paper draws on data from one strand of a six-strand, exploratory study on end of life care for adults using substances (AUS). It presents data from the key informant (KI) strand of the study that aimed to identify models of practice in the UK. Participant recruitment was purposive and used snowball sampling to recruit KIs from a range of health and social care, policy and practice backgrounds. Data were collected in 2016–2017 from 20 KIs using a semi-structured interview approach. The data were analysed using template analysis as discussed by King (2012). This paper focusses on two of seven resulting themes, namely "Definitions and perceptions of key terms" in end of life care and substance use sectors, and "Service commissioning and delivery." The KIs demonstrated dedicated individual practice, but were critical of the systemic failure to provide adequate direction and resources to support people using substances at the end of their lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
- Full Text
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27. Keeping secrets: Leslie E. Keeley, the gold cure and the 19th‐century neuroscience of addiction.
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Hickman, Timothy A.
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THERAPEUTIC use of gold ,TREATMENT of addictions ,HISTORY of neurosciences ,HISTORY ,THERAPEUTICS ,QUACKS & quackery ,MEDICAL practice ,ARCHIVES ,ATTENTION ,COMPULSIVE behavior ,NEUROLOGY ,PATIENT satisfaction ,WITNESSES ,QUALITATIVE research - Abstract
Abstract: Background and Aims: Dr Leslie E. Keeley was perhaps the world's most famous addiction cure doctor at the turn of the 20th century, but mainstream medicine dismissed him as a quack because he dispensed a secret cure. This paper aims to describe Keeley's now largely forgotten story and to draw attention to the role of contextual issues in the acceptance or rejection of any theory of addiction, particularly the neuroscientific theories of the early 21st century. Methods: This study is a qualitative assessment and contextualization of historical documents. Its main sources are archival and are, for the most part, unknown to historians. The paper also offers intellectual and historical context that is drawn from leading historical and sociological analyses. Results: Keeley's addiction cure was dismissed as quackery because it failed to meet the changing standards of late 19th‐century professional medicine. This begs us to consider contextual issues in any assertion of the viability of addiction therapeutics, in the present as well the past. Conclusions: Keeley's near erasure from the historical record was a consequence of a broader, late 19th‐century medical power struggle that took precedence over the testimony of tens of thousands of satisfied patients who claimed that Keeley's cure worked. Context matters in the assessment of the viability of theories of addiction from the past, but also from the present. Historians and social scientists are well placed to make those assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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28. Perceived Attitudes About Substance Use in Anonymous Social Media Posts Near College Campuses: Observational Study
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Mark Dredze, Joseph Hobelmann, Margaret S. Chisolm, Animesh R Koratana, Michael J. Paul, and Alexis S Hammond
- Subjects
020205 medical informatics ,social media ,media_common.quotation_subject ,college ,Yik Yak ,030508 substance abuse ,02 engineering and technology ,substance ,drugs ,03 medical and health sciences ,Age groups ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Peer influence ,Social media ,Young adult ,media_common ,Original Paper ,alcohol ,YAK ,Abstinence ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Observational study ,Substance use ,0305 other medical science ,Psychology ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Background Substance use is a major issue for adolescents and young adults, particularly college students. With the importance of peer influence and the ubiquitous use of social media among these age groups, it is important to assess what is discussed on various social media sites regarding substance use. One particular mobile app (Yik Yak) allowed users to post any message anonymously to nearby persons, often in areas with close proximity to major colleges and universities. Objective This study describes the content, including attitude toward substances, of social media discussions that occurred near college campuses and involved substances. Methods A total of 493 posts about drugs and alcohol on Yik Yak were reviewed and coded for their content, as well as the poster’s attitude toward the substance(s) mentioned. Results Alcohol (226/493, 45.8%), marijuana (206/493, 41.8%), and tobacco (67/493, 13%) were the most frequently mentioned substances. Posts about use (442/493) were generally positive toward the substance mentioned (262/442, 59.3%), unless the post was about abstinence from the substance. Additionally, posts that commented on the substance use of others tended to be less positive (18/92, 19.6% positive) compared to posts about one’s own use (132/202, 65.3% positive). Conclusions This study provides a description of anonymous discussions on or near college campuses about drugs and alcohol, which serves as an example of data that can be examined from social media sites for further research and prevention campaigns.
- Published
- 2018
29. The Secondary Harms of Parental Substance Use on Children's Educational Outcomes: A Review.
- Author
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Lowthian, Emily
- Subjects
SUBSTANCE abuse ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,SELF-perception ,HARM reduction ,CHILDREN'S health ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,RESEARCH funding ,PARENTS ,EDUCATIONAL attainment ,GREY literature ,WORLD Wide Web - Abstract
Parental substance use, that is alcohol and illicit drugs, can have a deleterious impact on child health and wellbeing. An area that can be affected by parental substance use is the educational outcomes of children. Current reviews of the literature in the field of parental substance use and children's educational outcomes have only identified a small number of studies, and most focus on children's educational attainment. To grasp the available literature, the method from Arksey and O'Malley (2005) was used to identify literature. Studies were included if they were empirical, after 1950, and focused on children's school or educational outcomes. From this, 51 empirical studies were identified which examined the relationship between parental alcohol and illicit drug use on children's educational outcomes. Five main themes emerged which included attainment, behavior and adjustment, attendance, school enjoyment and satisfaction, academic self-concept, along with other miscellaneous outcomes. This paper highlights the main findings of the studies, the gaps in the current literature, and the challenges presented. Recommendations are made for further research and interventions in the areas of parental substance use and child educational outcomes specifically, but also for broader areas of adversity and child wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Content and functionality of alcohol and other drug websites: results of an online survey
- Author
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Britt Klein, Judy Drennan, J. Proudfoot, Amanda L. Baker, Frances Kay-Lambkin, Angela White, Jason P. Connor, Kerrie Shandley, Ross McD. Young, and David J. Kavanagh
- Subjects
Male ,Information Storage and Retrieval ,website trustworthiness ,Health Services Accessibility ,drugs ,Self-help ,stress ,Information seeking behavior ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,170106 Health Clinical and Counselling Psychology ,Medicine ,080600 INFORMATION SYSTEMS ,111700 PUBLIC HEALTH AND HEALTH SERVICES ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,health ,Middle Aged ,Population Surveillance ,lcsh:R858-859.7 ,The Internet ,Female ,Alcohol ,Adult ,Alcohol Drinking ,Substance-Related Disorders ,Internet privacy ,Information Seeking Behavior ,Information Dissemination ,Health Informatics ,Affect (psychology) ,lcsh:Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics ,World Wide Web ,Web-based interventions ,Social support ,Young Adult ,Age Distribution ,Humans ,Aged ,website interactivity ,Internet ,Original Paper ,business.industry ,Information seeking ,Social Support ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Consumer Behavior ,Therapy, Computer-Assisted ,online survey ,Tracking (education) ,business - Abstract
Background - There is a growing trend for individuals to seek health information from online sources. Alcohol and other drug (AOD) use is a significant health problem worldwide, but access and use of AOD websites is poorly understood. Objective - To investigate content and functionality preferences for AOD and other health websites. Methods - An anonymous online survey examined general Internet and AOD-specific usage and search behaviors, valued features of AOD and health-related websites (general and interactive website features), indicators of website trustworthiness, valued AOD website tools or functions, and treatment modality preferences. Results - Surveys were obtained from 1214 drug (n = 766) and alcohol website users (n = 448) (mean age 26.2 years, range 16-70). There were no significant differences between alcohol and drug groups on demographic variables, Internet usage, indicators of website trustworthiness, or on preferences for AOD website functionality. A robust website design/navigation, open access, and validated content provision were highly valued by both groups. While attractiveness and pictures or graphics were also valued, high-cost features (videos, animations, games) were minority preferences. Almost half of respondents in both groups were unable to readily access the information they sought. Alcohol website users placed greater importance on several AOD website tools and functions than did those accessing other drug websites: online screening tools (χ²2 = 15.8, P < .001, n = 985); prevention programs (χ²2 = 27.5, P < .001, n = 981); tracking functions (χ²2 = 11.5, P = .003, n = 983); self help treatment programs (χ²2 = 8.3, P = .02, n = 984); downloadable fact sheets for friends (χ²2 = 11.6, P = .003, n = 981); or family (χ²2 = 12.7, P = .002, n = 983). The most preferred online treatment option for both the user groups was an Internet site with email therapist support. Explorations of demographic differences were also performed. While gender did not affect survey responses, younger respondents were more likely to value interactive and social networking features, whereas downloading of credible information was most highly valued by older respondents. Conclusions - Significant deficiencies in the provision of accessible information on AOD websites were identified, an important problem since information seeking was the most common reason for accessing these websites, and, therefore, may be a key avenue for engaging website users in behaviour change. The few differences between AOD website users suggested that both types of websites may have similar features, although alcohol website users may more readily be engaged in screening, prevention and self-help programs, tracking change, and may value fact sheets more highly. While the sociodemographic differences require replication and clarification, these differences support the notion that the design and features of AOD websites should target specific audiences to have maximal impact.
- Published
- 2010
31. Perceived outcomes of psychedelic microdosing as self-managed therapies for mental and substance use disorders.
- Author
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Lea, Toby, Amada, Nicole, Jungaberle, Henrik, Schecke, Henrike, Scherbaum, Norbert, and Klein, Michael
- Subjects
SUBSTANCE-induced disorders ,PSYCHIATRIC treatment ,HALLUCINOGENIC drugs ,COMORBIDITY ,BIBLIOTHERAPY ,SOCIAL science research ,MENTAL health - Abstract
Rationale: The regular consumption of very small doses of psychedelic drugs (known as microdosing) has been a source of growing media and community attention in recent years. However, there is currently limited clinical and social research evidence on the potential role of microdosing as therapies for mental and substance use disorders. Objectives: This paper examined subjective experiences of microdosing psychedelics to improve mental health or to cease or reduce substance use, and examined sociodemographic and other covariates of perceived improvements in mental health that individuals attributed to microdosing. Methods: An international online survey was conducted in 2018 and examined people's experiences of using psychedelics for self-reported therapeutic or enhancement purposes. This paper focuses on 1102 respondents who reported current or past experience of psychedelic microdosing. Results: Twenty-one percent of respondents reported primarily microdosing as a therapy for depression, 7% for anxiety, 9% for other mental disorders and 2% for substance use cessation or reduction. Forty-four percent of respondents perceived that their mental health was "much better" as a consequence of microdosing. In a multivariate analysis, perceived improvements in mental health from microdosing were associated with a range of variables including gender, education, microdosing duration and motivations, and recent use of larger psychedelic doses. Conclusions: Given the promising findings of clinical trials of standard psychedelic doses as mental health therapies, clinical microdosing research is needed to determine its potential role in psychiatric treatment, and ongoing social research to better understand the use of microdosing as self-managed mental health and substance use therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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32. Adolescents’ perception of substance use and factors influencing its use: a qualitative study in Abu Dhabi
- Author
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Layla Alhyas, Amna Almarzouqi, Naseeba Al Ozaibi, Hamad Al Ghaferi, Ahmed Elkashef, Ayesha Alhosani, Shamil Wanigaratne, and Hisham Elarabi
- Subjects
alcohol ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,substance use ,Advertising ,Research Papers ,tobacco ,Focus group ,drugs ,perceptions ,Abu dhabi ,Harm ,Perception ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Medicine ,adolescents ,Gender role ,Substance use ,business ,General Environmental Science ,Clinical psychology ,Qualitative research ,media_common - Abstract
Summary Objective The objective of this article is to gain a deeper understanding of the attitudes and perceptions of adolescents in the United Arab Emirates regarding substance and to identify factors that, in their view, may influence the risk of substance use and suggest possible interventions. Design This was a qualitative study that used a focus group approach. Setting The study was carried out in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Participants Male and female teenagers aged 13-18 years residing in the emirate of Abu Dhabi. Main outcome measures Adolescents’ awareness of substance use, patterns of use and associated harm; Adolescents' perceptions about the factors associated with substance use. Results Six focus groups were carried out, and a total of 41 adolescents (20 males and 21 females) participated. Data analysis identified three main themes: (1) adolescents’ awareness of substance use and associated harm; (2) gender role and image and (3) perceived factors affecting substance use among adolescents. Knowledge of substances and related consequences of use varied between groups but was compatible with participants’ age and school years. Factors that participants believed influenced substance use were classified into: (1) parent–adolescent relationship, (2) peer pressure, (3) substance accessibility, (4) religiosity and (5) others. Many factors were believed to increase the risk of substance use among adolescents such as peer pressure, inadequate knowledge of the harmful consequences of drug use, family-related factors (e.g. low monitoring and poor parent–adolescents relationship), affordability and availability of substances, boredom and affluence. On the other hand, religiosity was as a shield against substance use, especially alcohol. Other identified protective factors included carrying out schools- and communities-based educational campaigns, enhancing social workers’ ability to raise awareness and detect early signs of addiction and implementing CCTV systems in schools. Conclusions The study was successful in exploring adolescents’ awareness of substances and associated harm to health from their use. Also, it identifies a number of risk and protective factors based on the perceptions of a group of adolescents residing in the United Arab Emirates. Such factors can guide the planning, designing and implementing of prevention programmes that focus on raising awareness about the harms of substance use. The study findings would suggest that multifactorial prevention programmes that address social norms, gender role and image, and incorporate drug policy, religion, family and school would be more effective and may have better protective outcomes.
- Published
- 2015
33. A systematic review of combined student- and parent-based programs to prevent alcohol and other drug use among adolescents.
- Author
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Newton, Nicola C., Champion, Katrina E., Slade, Tim, Chapman, Cath, Stapinski, Lexine, Koning, Ina, Tonks, Zoe, and Teesson, Maree
- Subjects
UNDERAGE drinking ,DRUG abuse ,TEENAGERS ,ALCOHOL drinking ,DRUG abuse prevention ,PARENTS ,PREVENTION ,SUBSTANCE abuse prevention ,SUBSTANCE abuse & psychology ,ALCOHOL drinking prevention ,PARENTING ,STUDENTS ,SUBSTANCE abuse ,TEENAGERS' conduct of life ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,EVALUATION of human services programs - Abstract
Issues: Alcohol and other drug use among adolescents is a serious concern, and effective prevention is critical. Research indicates that expanding school-based prevention programs to include parenting components could increase prevention outcomes. This paper aims to identify and describe existing combined student- and parent-based programs for the prevention of alcohol and other drug use to evaluate the efficacy of existing programs.Approach: The PsycINFO, Medline, Central Register of Controlled trials and Cochrane databases were searched in April 2015 and additional articles were obtained from reference lists. Studies were included if they evaluated a combined universal intervention for students (aged 11-18 years old) and their parents designed to prevent alcohol and/or other drug use, and were delivered in a school-based setting. Risk of bias was assessed by two independent reviewers. Because of the heterogeneity of the included studies, it was not possible to conduct a meta-analysis and a qualitative description of the studies was provided.Key Findings: From a total of 1654 screened papers, 22 research papers met inclusion criteria, which included 13 trials of 10 programs. Of these, nine programs demonstrated significant intervention effects in terms of delaying or reducing adolescent alcohol and/or other drug use in at least one trial.Conclusion: This is the first review of combined student- and parent-based interventions to prevent and reduce alcohol and other drug use. Whilst existing combined student- and parent-based programs have shown promising results, key gaps in the literature have been identified and are discussed in the context of the development of future prevention programs. [Newton NC, Champion KE, Slade T, Chapman C, Stapinski L, Koning I, Tonks Z, Teesson M. A systematic review of combined student- and parent-based programs to prevent alcohol and other drug use among adolescents. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;36:337-351]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
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34. Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT): rationale, program overview and cross-site evaluation.
- Author
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Bray, Jeremy W., Del Boca, Frances K., McRee, Bonnie G., Hayashi, Susan W., and Babor, Thomas F.
- Subjects
EVALUATION of medical care ,MEDICAL economics ,SUBSTANCE abuse treatment ,SUBSTANCE abuse diagnosis ,CONTINUUM of care ,ENDOWMENTS ,MANAGEMENT ,MEDICAL personnel ,MEDICAL referrals ,MEDICAL screening ,PATIENTS ,RESEARCH funding ,EARLY medical intervention ,TREATMENT duration ,EVALUATION of human services programs ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Aims Since 2003, the US Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA, CSAT) has awarded 32 Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) grants to states, territories and tribal organizations to enhance services for persons with, or at risk for, substance use disorders. The grants supported an expansion of the continuum of care to include screening, brief intervention, brief treatment and referral to treatment in general medical and community settings. This paper describes the SAMHSA SBIRT program in the context of the scientific research that motivated its development, as well as the two cross-site evaluations that are the subject of subsequent papers in this Supplement. Methods A narrative review of research evidence pertaining to SBIRT and of the cross-site evaluation design that made it possible to determine whether the SAMHSA SBIRT grant program achieved its intended aims. The 11 programs within the two cohorts of grant recipients that were the subject of the cross-site evaluations are described in terms of SBIRT service components, performance sites, providers, management structure/activities and patient/client characteristics. Conclusion The US SAMHSA SBIRT program is an effective way to introduce a variety of new services that extend the continuum of care for substance-involved individuals, ranging from early intervention with non-dependent substance users to referral of more serious cases to specialized substance abuse treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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35. Recent Achievements in Alcohol and Drug Abuse Health Services Research.
- Author
-
Booth, Brenda, Shields, Joseph, and Chandler, Redonna
- Subjects
MEDICAL care costs ,JUVENILE delinquency - Abstract
The article discusses various reports published within the issue including on the cost of criminal activity following a clinical trial examining multisystemic therapy (MST) and another on the outcomes of initiation into adolescent chemical dependancy treatment.
- Published
- 2009
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36. Is disinvestment from alcohol and drug treatment services associated with treatment access, completions and related harm? An analysis of English expenditure and outcomes data.
- Author
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Roscoe, Suzie, Pryce, Robert, Buykx, Penny, Gavens, Lucy, and Meier, Petra S.
- Subjects
HEALTH services accessibility ,DISINVESTMENT ,TIME series analysis ,DRUG abuse treatment ,ALCOHOL ,HOSPITAL mortality - Abstract
Introduction: The positive impact of substance use treatment is well‐evidenced but there has been substantial disinvestment from publicly funded treatment services in England since 2013/2014. This paper examines whether this disinvestment from adult alcohol and drug treatment provision was associated with changes in treatment and health outcomes, including: treatment access, successful completions from treatment, alcohol‐specific hospital admissions, alcohol‐specific mortality and drug‐related deaths. Methods: Annual administrative data from 2013/2014 to 2018/2019 was matched at local government level and multi‐level time series analysis using linear mixed‐effect modelling conducted for 151 upper‐tier local authorities in England. Results: Between 2013/2014 and 2018/2019, £212.2 million was disinvested from alcohol and drug treatment services, representing a 27% decrease. Concurrently, 11% fewer people accessed, and 21% fewer successfully completed, treatment. On average, controlling for other potential explanatory factors, a £10 000 disinvestment from alcohol and drug treatment services was associated with reductions in all treatment outcomes, including 0.3 fewer adults in treatment (95% confidence interval 0.16–0.45) and 0.21 fewer adults successfully completing treatment (95% % confidence interval 0.12–0.29). A £10 000 disinvestment from alcohol treatment was not significantly associated with changes in alcohol‐specific hospital admissions or mortality, nor was disinvestment from drug treatment associated with the rate of drug‐related deaths. Discussion and Conclusions: Local authority spending cuts to alcohol and drug treatment services in England were associated with fewer people accessing and successfully completing alcohol and drug treatment but were not associated with changes in related hospital admissions and deaths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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- View/download PDF
37. Multilevel and Multifactorial Interventions to Reduce Alcohol Consumption and Improve ART Adherence and Related Factors Among HIV Positive Men in Mumbai, India.
- Author
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Schensul, Stephen L., Ha, Toan, Schensul, Jean J., Grady, James, Burleson, Joseph A., Gaikwad, Sushma, Joshi, Kavita, Malye, Rupal, and Sarna, Avina
- Subjects
PREVENTION of mental depression ,PREVENTION of alcoholism ,EVALUATION of human services programs ,COUNSELING ,PATIENT advocacy ,VIRAL load ,SOCIAL stigma ,DRUGS ,PATIENT compliance ,CROSSOVER trials ,PSYCHOLOGY of HIV-positive persons ,GROUP process ,BEHAVIOR modification - Abstract
Copyright of AIDS & Behavior is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
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38. “We don’t get taught enough”: an assessment of drug education provision in schools in England.
- Author
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Thurman, Ben and Boughelaf, Jamila
- Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the provision of drug education in schools in England by exploring the views of young people and teachers. The study synthesises the commonalities between experiences of teaching and learning and, in doing so, offers insight on policy and practice. Design/methodology/approach – The paper incorporates two pieces of research: a survey of 590 secondary school pupils in London that generated insight on the collective experience of drug education; and a survey of 288 teachers in primary and secondary schools throughout England, supplemented by 20 in-depth interviews. The paper also draws on learning from the practical implementation of the Alcohol and Drug Education and Prevention Information Service (ADEPIS). Findings – The research provides insight into the current status of drug education provision and outlines key constraints to effective delivery. The paper also presents ADEPIS as a potential framework for supporting schools. Research limitations/implications – The research incorporated a relatively small number of schools and only accessed the views of young people in London; the results therefore require further substantiation. There is also a need for further evaluation of ADEPIS, including comparison with schools that develop drug education practice independent of external guidance. Practical implications – The paper highlights the need for improvement in drug education, with implications for national policy, particularly in relation to subject-specific teacher training, increased central guidance, and the statutory status of PSHE. Originality/value – The research fulfils the need to represent the voices of young people in discussions on drug education, as well as contributing to wider debates around improving the quality of drug education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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39. Griffith Edwards, the Addiction Research Unit and research on the criminal justice system.
- Author
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Farrell, Michael, Marsden, John, and Strang, John
- Subjects
ADDICTIONS ,CRIMINAL justice system ,SUBSTANCE abuse ,ALCOHOLISM treatment ,HIV infection risk factors ,SUBSTANCE abuse treatment ,RESEARCH ,ALCOHOLISM ,PEOPLE with alcoholism ,COMMUNITY health services ,CONTINUUM of care ,CRIMINOLOGY ,HEALTH facilities ,HOMELESS persons ,PRISONERS ,GOVERNMENT policy ,LEADERS ,RESEARCH personnel ,SOCIETIES - Abstract
Background This paper reviews the early work of Griffith Edwards and his colleagues on alcohol in the criminal justice system and outlines the direction of research in this area in the Addiction Research Unit in the 1960s and 1970s. The paper outlines the link between that work and work undertaken in the more recent past in this area. Methods The key papers of the authors are reviewed and the impact of this work on policy and practice is discussed. Conclusions There is a rich seam of work on deprived and incarcerated populations that has been under way at the Addiction Research Unit and subsequently the National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London. Griffith Edwards initiated this work that explores the risks and problems experienced by people moving between the health and criminal justice system, and demonstrated the need for better care and continuity across this system [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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40. Facilitating Recovery from Drug and Alcohol Problems — Reflections on Interviews with Service Users in Scotland.
- Author
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Hillen, Peter, Cree, Viviene E., and Jain, Sumeet
- Subjects
CODEPENDENCY ,CONVALESCENCE ,HOMELESSNESS ,INTERVIEWING ,RESEARCH methodology ,SOCIAL services ,SUBSTANCE abuse ,JUDGMENT sampling ,CLIENT relations ,THEMATIC analysis ,PATIENT-centered care ,PATIENTS' attitudes - Abstract
Service users were interviewed as part of a multi-method evaluation of an alcohol and drug social work service in Scotland. This paper explores service user interviews that were conducted in the evaluation, addressing the following questions: What did the service users feel about the service itself? Leading on from this, what did they see as helpful in facilitating their recovery in general? The research will be contextualised in Scotland’s culture of problematic drug and alcohol use, Scottish drug and alcohol policy and the emerging recovery-orientated approach. The methodology of the evaluation will be explained and findings from the service user interviews will be outlined under the headings: therapeutic relationships, outreach, timeframe, and holistic approach and joint working. The paper demonstrates the importance of service user accounts not only for providing general feedback on social work services, but also for giving specific insight into what is helpful for individuals seeking to recover from substance use problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
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41. Drug Related Violence among Deviant Youth in 3 Countries.
- Author
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Harrison, Lana and Freeman, Charles
- Subjects
YOUTH & violence ,YOUTH & drugs - Abstract
The overall purpose of this paper is to examine cross-national differences in drug-related violence among youth in three sites that vary in social and political culture and drug-use policies ? Philadelphia, Toronto and Amsterdam. The Drug-Alcohol Violence International (DAVI) study assesses not only site variation, but also assesses sample variation, including samples of both detainees and dropouts. This paper examines cross-national differences in drug use and violence in bivariate analyses. More importantly, logistic regression analyses determine the major correlates of drug-related violence, controlling sample differences. Drug-related violence is defined in two ways?the first based on Goldstein?s tripartite model of drug-related violence, and the other based on whether the respondents and/or the others involved in the violent incident reported any alcohol or illicit drug use on the day of the incident. We find that Philadelphia youth are more likely to attribute violence to drug use than youth in Amsterdam and Toronto. Neither sample (detainee versus drop-out) nor gender were significant correlates of drug-related violence. There are differences in the important correlates of violence by site, as well as some differences based on the definition of drug-related violence. Multivariate analyses show that neither patterns of drug use nor drug market involvement are uniformly related to violence. Drug dealing was an important correlate of drug related violence only in the Toronto site. Binge drinking was an important correlate in Philadelphia, and marijuana in Amsterdam. Interesting, when attributing the violence to drugs as was required in the tripartite definition, the Toronto youth who used marijuana were less likely to view the violence as drug related. However, Toronto youth who used marijuana were more likely to report they or the others were using alcohol or drugs on the day of the most violent event they experienced in the past year. Other correlates of drug related violence were if the violence occurred after midnight, on a weekend, and if more than one other person was involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
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42. Parenting and Substance Misuse: Understanding Accounts and Realities in Child Protection Contexts.
- Author
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Holland, Sally, Forrester, Donald, Williams, Annie, and Copello, Alex
- Subjects
CHILD abuse ,CHILD welfare ,DOMESTIC violence ,INTERVIEWING ,RESEARCH methodology ,PARENTING ,REFLECTION (Philosophy) ,RESEARCH ,RESEARCH funding ,SOCIAL case work ,SUBSTANCE abuse ,QUALITATIVE research ,NARRATIVES - Abstract
This paper reports qualitative findings from a mixed-methods evaluation of an intervention for families affected by substance misuse and child protection concerns. The study involved twenty-seven families, including eighty-four children. The data illustrate the various impacts of substance misuse on family life, including neglect, instability and physical and sexual abuse. During semi-structured interviews, many of the parents went some way to counter highly stigmatised identities through confessing previous parental failings and demonstrating the distance they have travelled since then. A small minority maintained that they have been wrongly labelled as inadequate parents. Additionally, parents vividly recalled hardships and abuse, underlining the challenging material realities of their lives. For most, domestic abuse was a particularly dominant factor. Implications for practice are outlined in the conclusion of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
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43. Co-producing addiction aftercare.
- Author
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Tober, Gillian, Raistrick, Duncan, Crosby, Helen Fiona, Sweetman, Jennifer, Unsworth, Sally, Suna, Leah, and Copello, Alex
- Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the development and delivery of an aftercare programme called Learning To Live Again, which was co-produced between service users and clinic staff. Design/methodology/approach – In total, 37 semi-structured interviews were conducted with 29 project stakeholders who were service users, mentors, university and clinical staff. The data were transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. Findings – Four overarching themes were identified in the analysis of interview data as characterising the process of co-producing an aftercare programme. These were: achieving common ground, roles and responsibilities, the activities programme and the road to recovery. Interdependence of service users and clinicians was given strong emphasis. Practical implications – A number of challenges arise in co-producing an aftercare programme which is largely service user led and adds to the local recovery capital. The benefits of co-producing aftercare outweigh the difficulties and the programme can be set up within existing resources. Given the study's focus on the process of setting up and maintaining an aftercare programme, no attempt was made to evaluate the improvement in outcomes or cost-effectiveness. Originality/value – Many peer-mentor-led aftercare programmes have been set up and this paper describes stakeholders' thoughts about the challenges and benefits of co-producing an aftercare programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
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44. Salud, cultura, tradición: Findings from an Alcohol and other drug and HIV needs assessment in Urban "Mexican American Indian" communities.
- Author
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Beltrán, Ramona, Alvarez, Antonia R. G., Fernandez, Angela R., Alamillo, Xochilt, and Colón, Lisa
- Subjects
ETHNIC groups ,HISPANIC Americans ,HIV infections ,METROPOLITAN areas ,NEEDS assessment ,STATISTICAL sampling ,SUBSTANCE abuse ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
This paper presents findings from an alcohol and other drug use (AOD) and HIV risk needs assessment of 20 "Mexican American Indian" adults in two urban areas of the United States who currently or previously participated in Danza Mexica an Indigenous cultural/ceremonial dance form. Findings describe community perceptions of AOD and HIV knowledge, stigma, and risk. The majority of participants identified AOD and more than half perceived HIV to be significant health concerns. Importantly, the majority of the participants also described specific teachings and practices from Danza Mexica related to AOD and HIV prevention and response, emphasizing cultural identity, community support, and healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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45. Substance use disorders and COVID-19: reflections on international research and practice changes during the 'poly-crisis'
- Author
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Hannah Carver, Teodora Ciolompea, Anna Conway, Carolin Kilian, Rebecca McDonald, Andia Meksi, and Marcin Wojnar
- Subjects
drugs ,alcohol ,pandemic ,addictions ,treatment service ,opioids ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Since March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a disproportionately high toll on vulnerable populations, coinciding with increased prevalence of alcohol-and drug-related deaths and pre-existing societal issues such as rising income inequality and homelessness. This poly-crisis has posed unique challenges to service delivery for people with substance use disorders, and innovative approaches have emerged. In this Perspectives paper we reflect on the poly-crisis and the changes to research and practice for those experiencing substance use disorders, following work undertaken as part of the InterGLAM project (part of the 2022. Lisbon Addictions conference). The authors, who were part of an InterGLAM working group, identified a range of creative and novel responses by gathering information from conference attendees about COVID-19-related changes to substance use disorder treatment in their countries. In this paper we describe these responses across a range of countries, focusing on changes to telehealth, provision of medications for opioid use disorder and alcohol harm reduction, as well as changes to how research was conducted. Implications include better equity in access to technology and secure data systems; increased prescribed safer supply in countries where this currently does not exist; flexible provision of medication for opioid use disorder; scale up of alcohol harm reduction for people with alcohol use disorders; greater involvement of people with lived/living experience in research; and additional support for research in low- and middle-income countries. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the addictions field and there are lessons for ongoing and emerging crises.
- Published
- 2023
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46. Accounting for context: exploring the role of objects and spaces in the consumption of alcohol and other drugs.
- Author
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Duff, Cameron
- Subjects
ALCOHOL drinking ,DRUGS ,SOCIAL context ,ACTOR-network theory ,CULTURAL geography - Abstract
Copyright of Social & Cultural Geography is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Evidence-based practice or imperfect seduction? Developing capacity to respond effectively to drug-related problems.
- Author
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ALLSOP, STEVE J. and STEVENS, CLARE F.
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MEDICAL personnel ,CAREER development ,EVIDENCE-based medicine ,OCCUPATIONAL training ,ORGANIZATIONAL change - Abstract
Issues. The last two or three decades have seen some valuable investment in workforce development. However, significant challenges remain in developing effective practice across various systems. Despite the relevance alcohol, tobacco and other drug use have for a range of staff across diverse organisations, adoption of cross-sector and collaborative effective practice is not widespread. The most common response involves a rather singular focus on strategies that develop practitioner knowledge and skills, with much less consideration given to the complex nature of the work environment and the belief systems of people who work in these environments. Approach. This paper explores the barriers to and facilitators of effective practice, extending beyond the common focus on education and training initiatives. A model of capacity building is explored as a template to inform workforce and organisational development strategies. Key Findings. Numerous barriers, outside education and training, must be considered in order to develop and maintain effective practice across various systems of prevention and treatment. The paper culminates with recommendations on how to overcome such challenges. Implications. Workforce and organisational development must extend beyond education and training initiatives. Along with a focus on organisational and system factors, we must also attend to the marginalisation of people affected by drug use and associated pejorative attitudes. Conclusion. Developing effective practice in the drug field involves changing the structures, and expected outcomes of these structures, in which people work, not just encouraging a few to use new ways of working in spite of the system.[Allsop SJ, Stevens CF. Evidence-based practice or imperfect seduction? Developing capacity to respond effectively to drug-related problems. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009;28:541–549] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2009
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48. Producing co‐production: Reflections on the development of a complex intervention.
- Author
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Madden, Mary, Morris, Steph, Ogden, Margaret, Lewis, David, Stewart, Duncan, and McCambridge, Jim
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REHABILITATION of people with alcoholism ,ALCOHOLISM ,ALCOHOL drinking ,DRUGS ,INTERVIEWING ,MEDICAL appointments ,MEDICAL research ,SCIENTIFIC observation ,PATIENT education ,REFLECTION (Philosophy) ,RESEARCH funding ,PATIENT participation ,ETHNOLOGY research ,QUALITATIVE research ,PILOT projects ,TREATMENT programs ,HUMAN services programs ,PATIENTS' attitudes - Abstract
Background: Patient and public involvement and co‐production are widely used, but nevertheless contested concepts in applied health research. There is much confusion about what they are, how they might be undertaken and how they relate to each other. There are distinct challenges and particular gaps in public involvement in alcohol research, especially when the study focus is on health matters other than alcohol dependence. Objective: To explore how patient and public involvement and co‐production have been interpreted and applied within a multi‐disciplinary research programme in the development of a complex intervention on alcohol and medicine use in community pharmacies. Design: The paper presents the authors' critical reflection on a grounded example of how public involvement concepts have been translated into practice in the intervention development phase of a publicly funded research programme, noting its impact on the programme to date. Discussion: Co‐production adds another layer of complexity in the development of a complex intervention. The research planning requirements for publicly funded research circumscribe the possibilities for co‐production, including impacting on the possibility of stability and continuity over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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49. Psychometric properties of measures of substance use: a systematic review and meta-analysis of reliability, validity and diagnostic test accuracy.
- Author
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Santos, Glenn-Milo, Strathdee, Steffanie A., El-Bassel, Nabila, Patel, Poonam, Subramanian, Divya, Horyniak, Danielle, Cook, Ryan R., McCullagh, Charlotte, Marotta, Phillip, Choksi, Foram, Kang, Brian, Allen, Isabel, and Shoptaw, Steven
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META-analysis ,TEST validity ,DIAGNOSIS methods ,RELIABILITY in engineering ,REGRESSION analysis ,SUBSTANCE abuse diagnosis ,RESEARCH evaluation ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,PSYCHOMETRICS ,RESEARCH funding ,ROUTINE diagnostic tests - Abstract
Background: Synthesis of psychometric properties of substance use measures to identify patterns of use and substance use disorders remains limited. To address this gap, we sought to systematically evaluate the psychometric properties of measures to detect substance use and misuse.Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of literature on measures of substance classes associated with HIV risk (heroin, methamphetamine, cocaine, ecstasy, alcohol) that were published in English before June 2016 that reported at least one of the following psychometric outcomes of interest: internal consistency (alpha), test-retest/inter-rater reliability (kappa), sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. We used meta-analytic techniques to generate pooled summary estimates for these outcomes using random effects and hierarchical logistic regression models.Results: Findings across 387 paper revealed that overall, 65% of pooled estimates for alpha were in the range of fair-to-excellent; 44% of estimates for kappa were in the range of fair-to-excellent. In addition, 69, 97, 37 and 96% of pooled estimates for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value, respectively, were in the range of moderate-to-excellent.Conclusion: We conclude that many substance use measures had pooled summary estimates that were at the fair/moderate-to-excellent range across different psychometric outcomes. Most scales were conducted in English, within the United States, highlighting the need to test and validate these measures in more diverse settings. Additionally, the majority of studies had high risk of bias, indicating a need for more studies with higher methodological quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2020
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50. The National Ambulance Surveillance System: A novel method for monitoring acute alcohol, illicit and pharmaceutical drug related-harms using coded Australian ambulance clinical records.
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Lubman, Dan I., Matthews, Sharon, Heilbronn, Cherie, Killian, Jessica J., Ogeil, Rowan P., Lloyd, Belinda, Witt, Katrina, Crossin, Rose, Smith, Karen, Bosley, Emma, Carney, Rosemary, Wilson, Alex, Eastham, Matthew, Keene, Toby, Shipp, Carol, and Scott, Debbie
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DRUGS ,DRUGS of abuse ,ALCOHOL ,MEDICAL records ,AMBULANCES ,DRUG abuse - Abstract
Although harmful consumption of alcohol and other drugs (both illicit and pharmaceutical) significantly contribute to global burden of disease, not all harms are captured within existing morbidity data sources. Indeed, harms occurring in the community may be missed or under-reported. This paper describes the National Ambulance Surveillance System, a unique Australian system for monitoring and mapping acute harms related to alcohol and other drug consumption. Data are sourced from paramedic electronic patient care records provided by ambulance services from across Australia. Coding occurs in a purpose-built system, by a team of specialised research assistants. Alcohol, and specific illicit and pharmaceutical drugs, rather than broad drug classes, are manually coded and the dataset is reviewed and cleaned prior to analysis. The National Ambulance Surveillance System is an ongoing, dynamic surveillance system of alcohol and other drug-related harms across Australia. The data includes more than 140 output variables per attendance, including individual substances, demographics, temporal, geospatial, and clinical data (e.g., Glasgow Coma Scale score, naloxone provision and response, outcome of attendance). The National Ambulance Surveillance System is an internationally unique population-level surveillance system of acute harms arising from alcohol and other drug consumption. Dissemination of National Ambulance Surveillance System data has been used to inform and evaluate policy approaches and potential points of intervention, as well as guide workforce development needs and clinical practice at the local and national level. This methodology could be replicated in other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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