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In this paper, we propose an end-to-end approach to addressing QRS complex detection and measurement of Electrocardiograph (ECG) paper using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Unlike conventional detection solutions that convert images to digital data, our method can directly detect QRS complex in images using Faster-RCNN, then the R-peak can be located and measured through a CNN. Validated by clinical ECG data in the St.-Petersburg Institute of Cardiological Technics 12-lead Arrhythmia Database and real ECG paper from Peking University People’s Hospital, the proposed method can achieve the recall of 98.32%, the precision of 99.01% in detecting and 0.012 mv of mean absolute error in measuring. Experimental results demonstrate the superior performance of our method over conventional solutions, which would pave the way to detect and measure ECG paper using CNNs.

Back within the 1950s, Minsky and McCarthy described AI as any task performed by a program or a machine that, if a person administered an equivalent activity, we can say that he had to use his intelligence to accomplish the task. Neural networks help us to train and process Machines. These are brain-inspired networks of interconnected layers, called neurons, that feed data into one another. During the training of those neural networks, the weights attached to different inputs will still be varied until the output from the neural network is extremely on the brink of what is desired, at which point the network will have 'learned' the way to perform a specific task. A subset of machine learning is deep learning, where neural networks are expanded into sprawling networks with an enormous number of layers that are trained using massive amounts of knowledge. It is these deep neural networks that have fuelled the present breakthrough within the ability of computers to hold out tasks like speech recognition and computer vision.

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is an important analysis technique with applications in many industrial branches and fields of scientific research. Nowadays, the advantages of LIBS are impaired by the main drawback in the interpretation of obtained spectra and identification of observed spectral lines. This procedure is highly time-consuming since it is essentially based on the comparison of lines present in the spectrum with the literature database. This paper proposes the use of various computational intelligence methods to develop a reliable and fast classification of quasi-destructively acquired LIBS spectra into a set of predefined classes. We focus on a specific problem of classification of paper-ink samples into 30 separate, predefined classes. For each of 30 classes (10 pens of each of 5 ink types combined with 10 sheets of 5 paper types plus empty pages), 100 LIBS spectra are collected. Four variants of preprocessing, seven classifiers (decision trees, random forest, k-nearest neighbor, support vector machine, probabilistic neural network, multi-layer perceptron, and generalized regression neural network), 5-fold stratified cross-validation, and a test on an independent set (for methods evaluation) scenarios are employed. Our developed system yielded an accuracy of 99.08%, obtained using the random forest classifier. Our results clearly demonstrates that machine learning methods can be used to identify the paper-ink samples based on LIBS reliably at a faster rate.

This paper is review on image fusion for different technique i.e. Non-subsampled Contourlet Transform (NSCT) and Neural Network (NN). NSCT is the pyramid structure and gives the multiscale feature of the image. NSCT used to directional filtering structure and used to filter bank. Neural network is a progression of calculations that tries to perceive fundamental connections in a bunch of information through an interaction that impersonates the manner in which the human mind works. The implemented algorithm will applied to MRI image and with the help of NN to calculated accuracy. The previous algorithm was work of different technique i.e. principal component analysis, discrete wavelet transorm and curvelet transform. The implemented algorithm will implement MATLAB software and calculate mean square error and peak signal to noise ratio.

1 The aim of the present work is to assess similarities between papers used in a collection of 215 lithographs by Henri Matisse. It combines the use of an anisotropic multiscale analysis built upon the hyperbolic wavelet transform to compute distances between textures, with the fact that four textures of the same print were digitized, corresponding to four different (recto/verso and top/side) views. A permutation algorithm is devised showing the importance of reordering the four views to achieve a meaningful comparison across the papers, thus suggesting possibly different artistic intentions in some prints.

In order to improve the security of medical data, this paper uses a robust and secure dual watermarking technique in RDWT-SVD domain. Dual watermarking is achieved by embedding text watermark in medical watermark image using DWT, generating the final watermark. Before embedding, turbo code is used to encode the text watermark. Further, trade-off between imperceptibility and robustness is controlled in our scheme through firefly optimization. Experimental results indicate the proposed method offers high imperceptibility and robustness, and have superior overall performance.

The main interest of this paper is concept of Compressive Sensing and its application in 1D biomedical signals. The accent is on analyzing several types of biomedical signals and finding domain in which they are sparse. Therefore, we use gradient-based algorithm to reconstruct these biomedical signals with different number of samples. By working with gradient-based algorithm, we presented reconstruction of Electrocardiogram, Electroencephalogram and Electromyogram biomedical signals and drew a conclusion about differences between them. Several sparsifying basis are tested in order to find the most suitable one, for specific signal type, and we verified the whole theory by experimental results.

This research is concerned with the detection of similar academic papers. Given a tested paper from a given corpus of 10,099 peer-reviewed scientific papers, a two-stage process was activated. During the first stage, most of the papers were filtered out using a fast filter method. In the second stage, in order to detect similar papers we applied 23 heuristic variants derived from 3 novel prototype methods using various parameter settings. The three novel prototype methods are: CT-TR Constant Number of randomized T fingerprints, compared to each one-third of R (first/middle/last) fingerprints, CT-AR: Constant Number of randomized T fingerprints, compared to all R fingerprints, and CDT-AR: Constant Number of divided randomized T fingerprints compared, to all R fingerprints. Results achieved by the new methods are superior to those of previous heuristic methods, which were approximations of the Full Fingerprint (FF) method, currently considered the best heuristic method. The order of this new methods' run-time, (n), is far more efficient than the order of the FF method run-time, (n2) (after removing short documents from the corpus).

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is used in many applications to gather information about chemical composition of materials. For paper waste sorting, a small number of scores computed from NIR-spectra and assuming more or less unimodal clustered data, a pixel classifier can still be crafted by hand using knowledge about chemical properties and a reasonable amount of intuition. Additional information can be gained by visual data (VIS). However, it is not obvious what features, e.g. based on color, saturation, textured areas, are finally important for successfully separating the paper classes in feature space. Hence, a rigorous feature analysis becomes inevitable. We have chosen a generic machine-learning approach to successfully fuse NIR and VIS information. By exploiting a classification tree and a variety of additional visual features, we could increase the recognition rate to 78% for 11 classes, compared to 63% only using NIR scores. A modified feature ranking measure, which takes redundancies of features into account, allows us to analyze the importance of features and reduce them effectively. While some visual features like color saturation and hue showed to be important, some NIR scores could even be dropped. Finally, we generalize this approach to analyze raw NIR-spectra instead of score values and apply it to plastic waste sorting.

Fully convolutional neural networks have shown remarkable success in performing semantic segmentation. The use of convolutional layers for the entire architecture and skip connections to combine different resolution features or predictions have been adopted in successful networks, such as U-Net and DenseNet. However, these models employ several max-pooling layers that cause the network to lose spatial information and require them to mimic an autoencoder architecture to perform semantic segmentation at the original input resolution. In this paper, we propose a network that extracts features automatically with convolutional layers, like the fully convolutional neural network, but retains the spatial information of each of the extracted features. It then utilises the extracted features to make predictions with an efficient upsampling method. We evaluate the network performance on a liver segmentation task where it performs with comparable accuracy to other state-of-the-art networks while being much smaller in terms of the number of parameters as well as faster in computation time.

In the paper we present an approach to the automatic detection and identification of important elements in paper documents. This includes stamps, logos, printed text blocks, signatures and tables. Presented approach consists of two stages. The first one includes object detection by means of AdaBoost cascade of weak classifiers and Haar-like features. Resulting image blocks are, at the second stage, subjected to verification based on selected features calculated from recently proposed low-level descriptors combined with certain classifiers representing current machine-learning approaches. The training phase, for both stages, uses bootstrapping, i.e., integrative process, aiming at increasing the accuracy. Experiments performed on large set of digitized paper documents showed that adopted strategy is useful and efficient.

Chemical fiber paper tubes are the essential spinning equipment on filament high-speed spinning and winding machine of the chemical fiber industry. The precision of its application directly impacts on the formation of the silk, determines the cost of the spinning industry. Due to the accuracy of its application requirements, the paper tubes with defects must be detected and removed. Traditional industrial defect detection methods are usually carried out using the target operator's characteristics, only to obtain surface information, not only the detection efficiency and accuracy is difficult to improve, due to human judgment, it's difficult to give effective algorithm for some targets. And the existing learning algorithms are also difficult to use the deep features, so they can not get good results. Based on the Faster-RCNN method in depth learning, this paper extracts the deep features of the defective target by Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), which effectively solves the internal joint defects that the traditional algorithm can not effectively detect. As to the external joints and damaged flaws that the traditional algorithm can detect, this algorithm has better results, the experimental accuracy rate can be raised up to 98.00%. At the same time, it can be applied to a variety of lighting conditions, reducing the pretreatment steps and improving efficiency. The experimental results show that the method is effective and worthy of further research.

In this paper, we propose a novel paper fingerprinting technique based on analyzing the translucent patterns revealed when a light source shines through the paper. These patterns represent the inherent texture of paper, formed by the random interleaving of wooden particles during the manufacturing process. We show these patterns can be easily captured by a commodity camera and condensed into to a compact 2048-bit fingerprint code. Prominent works in this area (Nature 2005, IEEE S&P 2009, CCS 2011) have all focused on fingerprinting paper based on the paper "surface". We are motivated by the observation that capturing the surface alone misses important distinctive features such as the non-even thickness, the random distribution of impurities, and different materials in the paper with varying opacities. Through experiments, we demonstrate that the embedded paper texture provides a more reliable source for fingerprinting than features on the surface. Based on the collected datasets, we achieve 0% false rejection and 0% false acceptance rates. We further report that our extracted fingerprints contain 807 degrees-of-freedom (DoF), which is much higher than the 249 DoF with iris codes (that have the same size of 2048 bits). The high amount of DoF for texture-based fingerprints makes our method extremely scalable for recognition among very large databases; it also allows secure usage of the extracted fingerprint in privacy-preserving authentication schemes based on error correction techniques., This manuscript has been accepted for publication in the ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security (TOPS, formerly TISSEC) in 2017

Electrocardiogram (ECG) is one of the most practiced methods to detect any abnormalities in human heart function. ECG waveforms are usually recorded as paper form. However, ECG paper records are inconvenient for storage and retrieval of the patient records. In this paper, an improved ECG waveform extraction algorithm from paper records is proposed. It is used to get accurate ECG trajectory information with a serious of adaptive image processing techniques, including skew correction, waveform segmentation, and tracking. The presented algorithm is tested with a number of ECG records printed from different equipment. Furthermore, three metrics are adopted for quantitative measurement between reconstructed signals and original waveforms. The comparison result shows an average accuracy of 95.5%, which proves the effectiveness of the method.

Intelligent computing and maintenance-free powering are two desirable characteristics of wearable IoT devices. Energy harvesting nonvolatile intelligent processor (NIP) with neural network computation capability has the potential to advance these goals. Individual ultraviolet (UV) exposure monitoring progressively becomes one conspicuous application of wearable devices. In resource constrained wearable sensor nodes, we can alleviate the data transmission burden via convolutional neural networks (CNNs) based pattern recognition. Nevertheless, in spite of the substantially improved computing capability of NIP, typically computational and memory intensive CNNs are still too bulky for on-node implementation. We develop an CNN-based pattern recognition system for nonvolatile IoT platform for smart UV monitoring, and propose a optimization method to achieve extremely tiny and efficient CNNs. Experimental results show that the offline-trained CNN can recognize individual UV exposure patterns with accuracy of 85%, and the simplified on-node CNN can achieve 93.2% parameters reduction with only 5% accuracy loss.

The colorimetric method is usually used to test the concentration of substances. However, this method has a big error since different people have different sensitivities to colors. In this paper, in order to solve the identification problem of the color and the concentration of the test paper, firstly, we found out that the concentration of substance is correlated with the color reading by using the Pearson’s Chi-squared test method. And by the concentration coefficient of Pearson correlation analysis, the concentration of substance and color reading is highly correlated. Secondly, according to the RGB value of the paper image, the color moments of the image are calculated as the characteristics of the image, and the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) neural network is established to classify the concentration of the substance. The accuracy of the training set model is 94.5%, and the accuracy of the test set model is 87.5%. The model precision is high, and the model has stronger generalization ability. Therefore, according to the RGB value of the test paper image, it is effective to establish the LM neural network model to identify the substance concentration.

Detecting the authenticity of paper currencies using automated based Paper Currency Recognition (PCR) with image processing techniques was still a hot topic of discussion, due to the circulation of counterfeit currency that was still overwhelming in some countries. There was a downside along with this advancement in technology in the field of color printing, duplication, and scanning, because it was became one of the supporting factors of the increasing crime rate in production of counterfeit money. Our system has performed a PCR approach based on image processing techniques. In this study, the SAR banknote was the object to be recognized and detected its authenticity with the development of the previous method, which was incorporating the Geometric Template Matching and Grayscale Template Matching. In addition to the pattern recognition process, the classification process on 1 SAR, 2 SAR, 5 SAR, and 10 SAR was also performed. From PCR test up to 100 sample data, for each tested banknote value obtained the average value of the best accuracy level from incorporating GeoMatchingScore and GrayMatchingScore for the classification process was 95.25%. While the average level of system accuracy in recognizing counterfeit money on each banknote obtained a maximum value of 100%.

This work aimed to review different Computer-Aided Detection (CAD) systems that were proposed as alternative means to replace the tedious and erroneous double reading procedure via radiologists. These CAD systems include the use of different signal processing techniques such as Wavelet Transform and Curvelet Transform, image processing technique, pattern recognition, artificial intelligence technologies namely the Artificial Neural Network and Fuzzy Logic system, and different algorithms of computer sciences. Among the developed algorithms proposed for this purpose include k-nn algorithm, fuzzy C-means (FCM), swarm algorithm, genetic algorithm and multi-resolution techniques. It was found from this study that multiscale curvelet transform has the highest classification accuracy with the reported value up to 98.59 %, followed by the Swarm Optimization which produced a percentage error of 1.7 %. Meanwhile it was observed that multi-resolution technique along with genetic algorithm produced the highest error of 20.8 ± 8 % in its diagnosis. This work concluded that curvelet transform and swarm algorithm is, thus far, the most suitable CAD techniques to be used before clinical investigation of malignant breast tissues. In the future, these techniques may be improved further to detect different stages of breast cancer.

Edge Detection plays a major role in Image processing applications. K means clustering using fuzzy logic is a technique which produces high quality images. There are existences of many edge detection methods. Among these this approach using Fuzzy logic elevates the performance in the output for Gray scale images. The features considered for edge detection are Mean, Standard Deviation, Entropy and image gradient. Using these features the image quality has been improved by this Fuzzy K means Clustering approach.

Due to the highly infectious nature of the novel coronavirus (COVID‐19) disease, excessive number of patients waits in the line for chest X‐ray examination, which overloads the clinicians and radiologists and negatively affects the patient's treatment, prognosis and control of the pandemic. Now that the clinical facilities such as the intensive care units and the mechanical ventilators are very limited in the face of this highly contagious disease, it becomes quite important to classify the patients according to their severity levels. This paper presents a novel implementation of convolutional neural network (CNN) approach for COVID‐19 disease severity classification (assessment). An automated CNN model is designed and proposed to divide COVID‐19 patients into four severity classes as mild, moderate, severe, and critical with an average accuracy of 95.52% using chest X‐ray images as input. Experimental results on a sufficiently large number of chest X‐ray images demonstrate the effectiveness of CNN model produced with the proposed framework. To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first COVID‐19 disease severity assessment study with four stages (mild vs. moderate vs. severe vs. critical) using a sufficiently large number of X‐ray images dataset and CNN whose almost all hyper‐parameters are automatically tuned by the grid search optimiser.

PURPOSE: Breast ultrasound (BUS) is one of the imaging modalities for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. However, the segmentation and classification of BUS images is a challenging task. In recent years, several methods for segmenting and classifying BUS images have been studied. These methods use BUS datasets for evaluation. In addition, semantic segmentation algorithms have gained prominence for segmenting medical images. METHODS: In this paper, we examined different methods for segmenting and classifying BUS images. Popular datasets used to evaluate BUS images and semantic segmentation algorithms were examined. Several segmentation and classification papers were selected for analysis and review. Both conventional and semantic methods for BUS segmentation were reviewed. RESULTS: Commonly used methods for BUS segmentation were depicted in a graphical representation, while other conventional methods for segmentation were equally elucidated. CONCLUSIONS: We presented a review of the segmentation and classification methods for tumours detected in BUS images. This review paper selected old and recent studies on segmenting and classifying tumours in BUS images.

The COVID-19, novel coronavirus or SARS-Cov-2, has claimed hundreds of thousands of lives and affected millions of people all around the world with the number of deaths and infections growing exponentially. Deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) has been a huge milestone for image classification task including medical images. Transfer learning of state-of-the-art models have proven to be an efficient method of overcoming deficient data problem. In this paper, a thorough evaluation of eight pre-trained models is presented. Training, validating, and testing of these models were performed on chest X-ray (CXR) images belonging to five distinct classes, containing a total of 760 images. Fine-tuned models, pre-trained in ImageNet dataset, were computationally efficient and accurate. Fine-tuned DenseNet121 achieved a test accuracy of 98.69% and macro f1-score of 0.99 for four classes classification containing healthy, bacterial pneumonia, COVID-19, and viral pneumonia, and fine-tuned models achieved higher test accuracy for three-class classification containing healthy, COVID-19, and SARS images. The experimental results show that only 62% of total parameters were retrained to achieve such accuracy.

The paper structure of historical prints is sort of a unique fingerprint. Paper with the same origin shows similar chain line distances. As the manual measurement of chain line distances is time consuming, the automatic detection of chain lines is beneficial. We propose an end-to-end trainable deep learning method for segmentation and parameterization of chain lines in transmitted light images of German prints from the 16th Century. We trained a conditional generative adversarial network with a multitask loss for line segmentation and line parameterization. We formulated a fully differentiable pipeline for line coordinates’ estimation that consists of line segmentation, horizontal line alignment, and 2D Fourier filtering of line segments, line region proposals, and differentiable line fitting. We created a dataset of high-resolution transmitted light images of historical prints with manual line coordinate annotations. Our method shows superior qualitative and quantitative chain line detection results with high accuracy and reliability on our historical dataset in comparison to competing methods. Further, we demonstrated that our method achieves a low error of less than 0.7 mm in comparison to manually measured chain line distances.

Most classification algorithms are “passive”, in that they assign a class label to each instance based only on the description given, even if that description is incomplete. By contrast, an active classifier can—at some cost—obtain the values of some unspecified attributes, before deciding upon a class label. This can be useful, for instance, when deciding whether to gather information relevant to a medical procedure or experiment. The expected utility of using an active classifier depends on both the cost required to obtain the values of additional attributes and the penalty incurred if the classifier outputs the wrong classification. This paper analyzes the problem of learning optimal active classifiers, using a variant of the probably-approximately-correct (PAC) model. After defining the framework, we show that this task can be achieved efficiently when the active classifier is allowed to perform only (at most) a constant number of tests. We then show that, in more general environments, this task of learning optimal active classifiers is often intractable.

The bean leaves can be affected by several diseases, such as angular leaf spots and bean rust, which can cause big damage to bean crops and decrease their productivity. Thus, treating these diseases in their early stages can improve the quality and quantity of the product. Recently, several robotic frameworks based on image processing and artificial intelligence have been used to treat these diseases in an automated way. However, incorrect diagnosis of the infected leaf can lead to the use of chemical treatments for normal leaf thereby the issue will not be solved, and the process may be costly and harmful. To overcome these issues, a modern deep learning framework in robot vision for the early detection of bean leaves diseases is proposed. The proposed framework is composed of two primary stages, which detect the bean leaves in the input images and diagnosing the diseases within the detected leaves. The U-Net architecture based on a pre-trained ResNet34 encoder is employed for detecting the bean leaves in the input images captured in uncontrolled environmental conditions. In the classification stage, the performance of five diverse deep learning models (e.g., Densenet121, ResNet34, ResNet50, VGG-16, and VGG-19) is assessed accurately to identify the healthiness of bean leaves. The performance of the proposed framework is evaluated using a challenging and extensive dataset composed of 1295 images of three different classes (e.g., Healthy, Angular Leaf Spot, and Bean Rust). In the binary classification task, the best performance is achieved using the Densenet121 model with a CAR of 98.31%, Sensitivity of 99.03%, Specificity of 96.82%, Precision of 98.45%, F1-Score of 98.74%, and AUC of 100%. The higher CAR of 91.01% is obtained using the same model in the multi-classification task, with less than 2 s per image to produce the final decision.

Coronavirus is a fatal disease that affects mammals and birds. Usually, this virus spreads in humans through aerial precipitation of any fluid secreted from the infected entity's body part. This type of virus is fatal than other unpremeditated viruses. Meanwhile, another class of coronavirus was developed in December 2019, named Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV), first seen in Wuhan, China. From January 23, 2020, the number of affected individuals from this virus rapidly increased in Wuhan and other countries. This research proposes a system for classifying and analyzing the predictions obtained from symptoms of this virus. The proposed system aims to determine those attributes that help in the early detection of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) using the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). This work computes the accuracy of different machine learning classifiers and selects the best classifier for COVID-19 detection based on comparative analysis. ANFIS is used to model and control ill-defined and uncertain systems to predict this globally spread disease's risk factor. COVID-19 dataset is classified using Support Vector Machine (SVM) because it achieved the highest accuracy of 100% among all classifiers. Furthermore, the ANFIS model is implemented on this classified dataset, which results in an 80% risk prediction for COVID-19.

Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a pandemic since its first appearance in late 2019. Deaths caused by COVID-19 are still increasing day by day and early diagnosis has become crucial. Since current diagnostic methods have many disadvantages, new investigations are needed to improve the performance of diagnosis. Methods A novel method is proposed to automatically diagnose COVID-19 by using Electrocardiogram (ECG) data with deep learning for the first time. Moreover, a new and effective method called hexaxial feature mapping is proposed to represent 12-lead ECG to 2D colorful images. Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM) method is used to extract features and generate hexaxial mapping images. These generated images are then fed into a new Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture to diagnose COVID-19. Results Two different classification scenarios are conducted on a publicly available paper-based ECG image dataset to reveal the diagnostic capability and performance of the proposed approach. In the first scenario, ECG data labeled as COVID-19 and No-Findings (normal) are classified to evaluate COVID-19 classification ability. According to results, the proposed approach provides encouraging COVID-19 detection performance with an accuracy of 96.20% and F1-Score of 96.30%. In the second scenario, ECG data labeled as Negative (normal, abnormal, and myocardial infarction) and Positive (COVID-19) are classified to evaluate COVID-19 diagnostic ability. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed approach provides satisfactory COVID-19 prediction performance with an accuracy of 93.00% and F1-Score of 93.20%. Furthermore, different experimental studies are conducted to evaluate the robustness of the proposed approach. Conclusion Automatic detection of cardiovascular changes caused by COVID-19 can be possible with a deep learning framework through ECG data. This not only proves the presence of cardiovascular changes caused by COVID-19 but also reveals that ECG can potentially be used in the diagnosis of COVID-19. We believe the proposed study may provide a crucial decision-making system for healthcare professionals. Source code All source codes are made publicly available at: https://github.com/mkfzdmr/COVID-19-ECG-Classification

Introduction: One attractive research area in the computer science field is soft biometrics. Aim: To Identify a person’s gender from an iris image when such identification is related to security surveillance systems and forensics applications. Methods: In this paper, a robust iris gender-identification method based on a deep convolutional neural network is introduced. The proposed architecture segments the iris from a background image using the graph-cut segmentation technique. The proposed model contains 16 subsequent layers; three are convolutional layers for feature extraction with different convolution window sizes, followed by three fully connected layers for classification. Results: The original dataset consists of 3,000 images, 1,500 images for men and 1,500 images for women. The augmentation techniques adopted in this research overcome the overfitting problem and make the proposed architecture more robust and immune from simply memorizing the training data. In addition, the augmentation process not only increased the number of dataset images to 9,000 images for the training phase, 3,000 images for the testing phase and 3,000 images for the verification phase but also led to a significant improvement in testing accuracy, where the proposed architecture achieved 98.88%. A comparison is presented in which the testing accuracy of the proposed approach was compared with the testing accuracy of other related works using the same dataset. Conclusion: The proposed architecture outperformed the other related works in terms of testing accuracy.

In this paper, we propose a new approach to zone identification which is based on considering features with high semantic richness. Out of the scenarios of selecting features for identifying a zone based on classifying the sentences in a text, we came to notice that in the scenario where specialized names belonging to a text’s domain and mode of the verbs together with reduced versions of conventional features, including history, are taken into account, an accuracy rate of 61% (resp. 81%) is obtained which is higher than that belonging to Liakata’s (resp. Fisas’s) approach. Also, to have a genuine comparison, both Liakata’s and Fisas’s corpora are used in our experiments. Such accuracy is obtained at the place where less computational cost for extracting the features was decreased. In order to improve the accuracy of zone identification, a decision-level fusion process based on combining the results of separate classifiers, was considered. With regard to this, two fusion techniques of ‘majority voting’ and ‘average of probabilities’ were used. Experimentations show the fact that ensemble of ‘Logistic Regression’, ‘Support Vector Machine’ and ‘Neural Network’ as classifiers yields the best performance. Also ‘majority voting’ was shown to perform a bit better than ‘average of probabilities’.

In recent years, the incidence of lung cancer has been increasing. Lung cancer detection is based on computed tomography (CT) imaging of the lung area to determine whether there are pulmonary nodules. And then judge what’s good and what’s bad. However, due to the traditional way of manual reading and lack of experience and other problems. This leads to visual fatigue and misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis. In order to detect pulmonary nodules early and accurately, a new assistant diagnosis method for pulmonary nodules is proposed. Firstly, the image is preprocessed and denoised by median filter, the lung parenchyma is segmented by random walk algorithm and the region of interest is extracted, and then, according to the continuity of the CT slices, the texture feature extraction method of pulmonary nodules based on volume local direction ternary pattern is used to extract the features. Finally, the pulmonary nodules are identified and classified by the assistant diagnosis model of pulmonary nodules based on Stacking algorithm. In order to illustrate the validity of the diagnosis model, the experiments are carried out by cross-validation of ten folds. Experiments using data from LIDC database show that the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the proposed method are 82.2%, 85.7%, and 78.8%, respectively. Texture Recognition method based on volume vocal direction ternary pattern is feasible for the identification of pulmonary nodules and provides a reference value for doctor-assisted diagnosis., GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

For the existing medical image edge detection algorithm image reconstruction accuracy is not high, the fitness of optimization coefficient is low, resulting in the detection results of low information recall, poor smoothness and low detection accuracy, we proposes an edge detection algorithm of cancer image based on deep learning. Firstly, the three-dimensional surface structure reconstruction model of cancer image was constructed. Secondly, the edge contour feature extraction method was used to extract the fine-grained features of cancer cells in the cancer image. Finally, the multi-dimensional pixel feature distributed recombination model of cancer image was constructed, and the fine-grained feature segmentation method was adopted to realize regional fusion and information recombination, and the ultra-fine particle feature was extracted. The adaptive optimization of edge detection was realized by combining with deep learning algorithm. The adaptive optimization in the process of edge detection was realized by combining with the deep learning algorithm. The experimental results show that the three-dimensional reconstruction accuracy of the proposed algorithm is about 95%, the fitness of the optimization coefficient is high, the algorithm has a strong edge information detection ability, and the output result smoothness and the accuracy of edge feature detection are high, which can effectively realize the detection of cancer image edge., GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Salient object detection is a hot spot of current computer vision. The emergence of the convolutional neural network (CNN) greatly improves the existing detection methods. In this paper, we present 3MNet, which is based on the CNN, to make the utmost of various features of the image and utilize the contour detection task of the salient object to explicitly model the features of multi-level structures, multiple tasks and multiple channels, so as to obtain the final saliency map of the fusion of these features. Specifically, we first utilize contour detection task for auxiliary detection and then utilize use multi-layer network structure to extract multi-scale image information. Finally, we introduce a unique module into the network to model the channel information of the image. Our network has produced good results on five widely used datasets. In addition, we also conducted a series of ablation experiments to verify the effectiveness of some components in the network.

Brain tumor diagnosis and classification still rely on histopathological analysis of biopsy specimens today. The current method is invasive, time-consuming and prone to manual errors. These disadvantages show how essential it is to perform a fully automated method for multi-classification of brain tumors based on deep learning. This paper aims to make multi-classification of brain tumors for the early diagnosis purposes using convolutional neural network (CNN). Three different CNN models are proposed for three different classification tasks. Brain tumor detection is achieved with 99.33% accuracy using the first CNN model. The second CNN model can classify the brain tumor into five brain tumor types as normal, glioma, meningioma, pituitary and metastatic with an accuracy of 92.66%. The third CNN model can classify the brain tumors into three grades as Grade II, Grade III and Grade IV with an accuracy of 98.14%. All the important hyper-parameters of CNN models are automatically designated using the grid search optimization algorithm. To the best of author’s knowledge, this is the first study for multi-classification of brain tumor MRI images using CNN whose almost all hyper-parameters are tuned by the grid search optimizer. The proposed CNN models are compared with other popular state-of-the-art CNN models such as AlexNet, Inceptionv3, ResNet-50, VGG-16 and GoogleNet. Satisfactory classification results are obtained using large and publicly available clinical datasets. The proposed CNN models can be employed to assist physicians and radiologists in validating their initial screening for brain tumor multi-classification purposes.

To improve the performance of local learned descriptors, many researchers pay primary attention to the triplet loss network. As expected, it is useful to achieve state-of-the-art performance on various datasets. However, these local learned descriptors suffer from the inconsistency problem without considering the relationship between two descriptors in a patch. Consequently, the problem causes the irregular spatial distribution of local learned descriptors. In this paper, we propose a neat method to overcome the above inconsistency problem. The core idea is to design a triplet loss function of vertex-edge constraint (VEC), which takes the correlation between two descriptors of a patch into account. Furthermore, to minimize the non-matching descriptors’ influence, we propose an exponential algorithm to reduce the difference between the long and short sides. The competitive performance against state-of-the-art methods on various datasets demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Introduction: In this paper, nonlinear dynamical analysis based on Recurrence Quantification Analysis (RQA) is employed to characterize the nonlinear EEG dynamics. RQA can provide useful quantitative information on the regular, chaotic, or stochastic property of the underlying dynamics. Methods: We use the RQA-based measures as the quantitative features of the nonlinear EEG dynamics. Mutual Information (MI) was used to find the most relevant feature subset out of RQA-based features. The selected features were fed into an artificial neural network for grouping of EEG recordings to detect ictal, interictal, and healthy states. The performance of the proposed procedure was evaluated using a database for different classification cases. Results: The combination of five selected features based on MI achieved 100% accuracy, which demonstrates the superiority of the proposed method. Conclusion: The results showed that the nonlinear dynamical analysis based on Rcurrence Quantification Analysis (RQA) can be employed as a suitable approach for characterizing the nonlinear EEG dynamics and detecting the seizure.

Since tumor is seriously harmful to human health, effective diagnosis measures are in urgent need for tumor therapy. Early detection of tumor is particularly important for better treatment of patients. A notable issue is how to effectively discriminate tumor samples from normal ones. Many classification methods, such as Support Vector Machines (SVMs), have been proposed for tumor classification. Recently, deep learning has achieved satisfactory performance in the classification task of many areas. However, the application of deep learning is rare in tumor classification due to insufficient training samples of gene expression data. In this paper, a Sample Expansion method is proposed to address the problem. Inspired by the idea of Denoising Autoencoder (DAE), a large number of samples are obtained by randomly cleaning partially corrupted input many times. The expanded samples can not only maintain the merits of corrupted data in DAE but also deal with the problem of insufficient training samples of gene expression data to a certain extent. Since Stacked Autoencoder (SAE) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models show excellent performance in classification task, the applicability of SAE and 1-dimensional CNN (1DCNN) on gene expression data is analyzed. Finally, two deep learning models, Sample Expansion-Based SAE (SESAE) and Sample Expansion-Based 1DCNN (SE1DCNN), are designed to carry out tumor gene expression data classification by using the expanded samples. Experimental studies indicate that SESAE and SE1DCNN are very effective in tumor classification.

Summarizing video content is an important task in many applications. This task can be defined as the computation of the ordered list of actions present in a video. Such a list could be extracted using action detection algorithms. However, it is not necessary to determine the temporal boundaries of actions to know their existence. Moreover, localizing precise boundaries usually requires dense video analysis to be effective. In this work, we propose to directly compute this ordered list by sparsely browsing the video and selecting one frame per action instance, task known as action spotting in literature. To do this, we propose ActionSpotter, a spotting algorithm that takes advantage of Deep Reinforcement Learning to efficiently spot actions while adapting its video browsing speed, without additional supervision. Experiments performed on datasets THUMOS14 and ActivityNet show that our framework outperforms state of the art detection methods. In particular, the spotting mean Average Precision on THUMOS14 is significantly improved from 59.7% to 65.6% while skipping 23% of video.

Background Pill image recognition systems are difficult to develop due to differences in pill color, which are influenced by external factors such as the illumination from and the presence of a flash. Objective In this study, the differences in color between reference images and real-world images were measured to determine the accuracy of a pill recognition system under 12 real-world conditions (ie, different background colors, the presence and absence of a flash, and different exposure values [EVs]). Methods We analyzed 19 medications with different features (ie, different colors, shapes, and dosages). The average color difference was calculated based on the color distance between a reference image and a real-world image. Results For images with black backgrounds, as the EV decreased, the top-1 and top-5 accuracies increased independently of the presence of a flash. The top-5 accuracy for images with black backgrounds increased from 26.8% to 72.6% when the flash was on and increased from 29.5% to 76.8% when the flash was off as the EV decreased. However, the top-5 accuracy increased from 62.1% to 78.4% for images with white backgrounds when the flash was on. The best top-1 accuracy was 51.1% (white background; flash on; EV of +2.0). The best top-5 accuracy was 78.4% (white background; flash on; EV of 0). Conclusions The accuracy generally increased as the color difference decreased, except for images with black backgrounds and an EV of −2.0. This study revealed that background colors, the presence of a flash, and EVs in real-world conditions are important factors that affect the performance of a pill recognition model.

Classification of human emotions based on electroencephalography (EEG) is a very popular topic nowadays in the provision of human health care and well-being. Fast and effective emotion recognition can play an important role in understanding a patient’s emotions and in monitoring stress levels in real-time. Due to the noisy and non-linear nature of the EEG signal, it is still difficult to understand emotions and can generate large feature vectors. In this article, we have proposed an efficient spatial feature extraction and feature selection method with a short processing time. The raw EEG signal is first divided into a smaller set of eigenmode functions called (IMF) using the empirical model-based decomposition proposed in our work, known as intensive multivariate empirical mode decomposition (iMEMD). The Spatio-temporal analysis is performed with Complex Continuous Wavelet Transform (CCWT) to collect all the information in the time and frequency domains. The multiple model extraction method uses three deep neural networks (DNNs) to extract features and dissect them together to have a combined feature vector. To overcome the computational curse, we propose a method of differential entropy and mutual information, which further reduces feature size by selecting high-quality features and pooling the k-means results to produce less dimensional qualitative feature vectors. The system seems complex, but once the network is trained with this model, real-time application testing and validation with good classification performance is fast. The proposed method for selecting attributes for benchmarking is validated with two publicly available data sets, SEED, and DEAP. This method is less expensive to calculate than more modern sentiment recognition methods, provides real-time sentiment analysis, and offers good classification accuracy.

Epileptic seizures are caused by a disturbance in the electrical activity of the brain and classified as many different types of epileptic seizures based on the characteristics of EEG and other parameters. Till now research has been conducted to classify EEG as seizure and non-seizures, but the classification of seizure types has not been explored. Thus, in this paper, we have proposed the 8-class classification problem in order to classify different seizure types using convolutional neural networks (CNN). This research study suggests a CNN based framework for classification of epileptic seizure types that include simple partial, complex partial, focal non-specific, generalized non-specific, absence, tonic, and tonic-clonic, and non-seizures. EEG time series was converted into spectrogram stacks and used as input for CNN. To the best of authors knowledge, ours is the very first study that classified the seizures types using the computational algorithm. The four CNN models, namely AlexNet, VGG16, VGG19, and basic CNN model was applied to study the performance of 8-class classification problem. The proposed study showed a classification accuracy of 84.06%, 79.71%, 76.81%, and 82.14% using AlexNet, VGG16, VGG19 and basic CNN models respectively. The experimental results suggest that the proposed framework could be helpful to the neurology community for recognition of seizures types.

BackgroundCOVID-19 has spread very rapidly, and it is important to build a system that can detect it in order to help an overwhelmed health care system. Many research studies on chest diseases rely on the strengths of deep learning techniques. Although some of these studies used state-of-the-art techniques and were able to deliver promising results, these techniques are not very useful if they can detect only one type of disease without detecting the others.ObjectiveThe main objective of this study was to achieve a fast and more accurate diagnosis of COVID-19. This study proposes a diagnostic technique that classifies COVID-19 x-ray images from normal x-ray images and those specific to 14 other chest diseases.MethodsIn this paper, we propose a novel, multilevel pipeline, based on deep learning models, to detect COVID-19 along with other chest diseases based on x-ray images. This pipeline reduces the burden of a single network to classify a large number of classes. The deep learning models used in this study were pretrained on the ImageNet dataset, and transfer learning was used for fast training. The lungs and heart were segmented from the whole x-ray images and passed onto the first classifier that checks whether the x-ray is normal, COVID-19 affected, or characteristic of another chest disease. If it is neither a COVID-19 x-ray image nor a normal one, then the second classifier comes into action and classifies the image as one of the other 14 diseases.ResultsWe show how our model uses state-of-the-art deep neural networks to achieve classification accuracy for COVID-19 along with 14 other chest diseases and normal cases based on x-ray images, which is competitive with currently used state-of-the-art models. Due to the lack of data in some classes such as COVID-19, we applied 10-fold cross-validation through the ResNet50 model. Our classification technique thus achieved an average training accuracy of 96.04% and test accuracy of 92.52% for the first level of classification (ie, 3 classes). For the second level of classification (ie, 14 classes), our technique achieved a maximum training accuracy of 88.52% and test accuracy of 66.634% by using ResNet50. We also found that when all the 16 classes were classified at once, the overall accuracy for COVID-19 detection decreased, which in the case of ResNet50 was 88.92% for training data and 71.905% for test data.ConclusionsOur proposed pipeline can detect COVID-19 with a higher accuracy along with detecting 14 other chest diseases based on x-ray images. This is achieved by dividing the classification task into multiple steps rather than classifying them collectively.

To effectively mine the contents embedded in web images, it is useful to classify the images into different types so that they can be fed to different procedures for detailed analysis. The authors herein propose a hierarchical algorithm for efficiently classifying web images into four classes. Their algorithm consists of two stages: the first stage extracts global features reflecting the distributions of color, edge and gradient, and uses a support vector machine (SVM) classifier for preliminary classification. Images assigned low confidence by the first stage classifier are processed by the second stage, which further extracts local texture features represented in the bag-of-words framework and uses another SVM classifier for final classification. In addition, they design two fusion strategies to train the second-stage classifier and generate the final prediction depending on the usage of local features in the second stage. To validate the effectiveness of proposed method, they built a database containing more than 55,000 images from various sources. On their test image set, they obtained an overall classification accuracy of 98.4% and the processing speed is over 27 fps on an Intel(R) Xeon(R) central processing unit (2.90 GHz).

Motivation Sputum in the trachea is hard to expectorate and detect directly for the patients who are unconscious, especially those in Intensive Care Unit. Medical staff should always check the condition of sputum in the trachea. This is time-consuming and the necessary skills are difficult to acquire. Currently, there are few automatic approaches to serve as alternatives to this manual approach. Results We develop an automatic approach to diagnose the condition of the sputum. Our approach utilizes a system involving a medical device and quantitative analytic methods. In this approach, the time-frequency distribution of respiratory sound signals, determined from the spectrum, is treated as an image. The sputum detection is performed by interpreting the patterns in the image through the procedure of preprocessing and feature extraction. In this study, 272 respiratory sound samples (145 sputum sound and 127 non-sputum sound samples) are collected from 12 patients. We apply the method of leave-one out cross-validation to the 12 patients to assess the performance of our approach. That is, out of the 12 patients, 11 are randomly selected and their sound samples are used to predict the sound samples in the remaining one patient. The results show that our automatic approach can classify the sputum condition at an accuracy rate of 83.5%. Availability and implementation The matlab codes and examples of datasets explored in this work are available at Bioinformatics online. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

The difficulty of very high resolution image change detection lies in the low interclass separability between the changed class and the unchanged class. According to experiments, we found that this separability can be improved by mining the relationship contained in the training samples. Based on this observation, a supervised change detection approach is proposed in this paper based on relationship learning. The proposed approach begins with enriching the training samples based on their neighborhood relationship and label coherence; this relationship is then learned simultaneously with the classifier, and, finally, the latter classification performance benefits from the learned relationship. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Motivation Mass cytometry or CyTOF is an emerging technology for high-dimensional multiparameter single cell analysis that overcomes many limitations of fluorescence-based flow cytometry. New methods for analyzing CyTOF data attempt to improve automation, scalability, performance and interpretation of data generated in large studies. Assigning individual cells into discrete groups of cell types (gating) involves time-consuming sequential manual steps, untenable for larger studies. Results We introduce DeepCyTOF, a standardization approach for gating, based on deep learning techniques. DeepCyTOF requires labeled cells from only a single sample. It is based on domain adaptation principles and is a generalization of previous work that allows us to calibrate between a target distribution and a source distribution in an unsupervised manner. We show that DeepCyTOF is highly concordant (98%) with cell classification obtained by individual manual gating of each sample when applied to a collection of 16 biological replicates of primary immune blood cells, even when measured across several instruments. Further, DeepCyTOF achieves very high accuracy on the semi-automated gating challenge of the FlowCAP-I competition as well as two CyTOF datasets generated from primary immune blood cells: (i) 14 subjects with a history of infection with West Nile virus (WNV), (ii) 34 healthy subjects of different ages. We conclude that deep learning in general, and DeepCyTOF specifically, offers a powerful computational approach for semi-automated gating of CyTOF and flow cytometry data. Availability and implementation Our codes and data are publicly available at https://github.com/KlugerLab/deepcytof.git. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.