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2. The Value of Smarter Teachers: International Evidence on Teacher Cognitive Skills and Student Performance. Program on Education Policy and Governance Working Papers Series. PEPG 14-06
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Harvard University, Program on Education Policy and Governance, Hanushek, Eric A., Piopiunik, Marc, and Wiederhold, Simon
- Abstract
Differences in teacher quality are commonly cited as a key determinant of the huge international student performance gaps. However, convincing evidence on this relationship is still lacking, in part because it is unclear how to measure teacher quality consistently across countries. We use unique international assessment data to investigate the role of teacher cognitive skills as one main dimension of teacher quality in explaining student outcomes. Our main identification strategy exploits exogenous variation in teacher cognitive skills attributable to international differences in relative wages of nonteacher public sector employees. Using student-level test score data, we find that teacher cognitive skills are an important determinant of international differences in student performance. Results are supported by fixed-effects estimation that uses within-country between-subject variation in teacher skills.
- Published
- 2014
3. Evaluating Eco-Innovation of OECD Countries with Data Envelopment Analysis
- Author
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Mavi, Reza Kiani and Standing, Craig
- Abstract
Government regulations require businesses to improve their processes and products/services in a green and sustainable manner. For being environmentally friendly, businesses should invest more on eco-innovation practices. Firms eco-innovate to promote eco-efficiency and sustainability. This paper evaluates the eco-innovation performance of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries with data envelopment analysis (DEA). Data were gathered from the world bank database and global innovation index report. Findings show that for most OECD countries, energy use and ecological sustainability are more important than other inputs and outputs for enhancing eco-innovation. [For full proceedings, see ED571459.]
- Published
- 2016
4. DIGITAL SOCIETY - OPPORTUNITY OR THREAT? CASE STUDIES OF JAPAN AND THE CZECH REPUBLIC.
- Author
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Záklasník, Martin and Putnová, Anna
- Subjects
DIGITAL technology ,TECHNOLOGICAL revolution ,TECHNOLOGICAL innovations ,INDUSTRY 4.0 ,GOVERNMENT programs ,CASE studies - Abstract
Digital technologies, autonomous systems, and artificial intelligence are seen as mater-of-course parts of the world today. Japan, as one of the leading countries in technological innovations, is the most advanced in terms of approach to digital society. Japanese society and government have been working on a new concept of life where all the digital technologies will communicate through the internet. Society organised in this way is called Society 5.0 - super Smart society. In Japan, this concept is centred about seventeen sustainable goals (United Nations, 2018). Society 5.0 is a reaction to the fundamental technological revolutionary changes known today as Industry 4.0. Thus, Society 5.0 is the consequence of a technological revolution that will eventually affect not just the production but all parts of today's life as well. The new technologies evoke some fundamental philosophical and existential questions. How can technological advances improve the prosperity and functioning of society? What about the privacy and security of all the users? The present paper compares Japan and the Czech Republic from the perspective of digitalization of society based on three main aspects: government programs supporting digital technologies, number of technically educated experts and investments in science and research. The objective is to find out how much the Czech Republic has advanced towards preparations for digital society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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5. NORDSCI International Conference Proceedings (Online, October 11-13, 2021). Book 1. Volume 4
- Author
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NORDSCI
- Abstract
This volume includes three sections of the 2021 NORDSCI international conference proceedings: (1) Education and Educational Research; (2) Language and Linguistics; and (3) Sociology and Healthcare. Education and Educational Research includes 15 papers covering the full spectrum of education, including history, sociology and economy of education, educational policy, strategy and technologies. This section also covers pedagogy and the education and socialization challenges post-COVID-19 pandemic. Language and Linguistics includes 7 papers covering topics related to theoretical, literary and historical linguistics, as well as stylistics and philology. The Sociology and Healthcare section has 15 papers covering topics related to human society, social structures, and social change, healthcare systems and healthcare services. [Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]
- Published
- 2021
6. Replicating and extending the effects of auditory religious cues on dishonest behavior.
- Author
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Nichols, Aaron D., Lang, Martin, Kavanagh, Christopher, Kundt, Radek, Yamada, Junko, Ariely, Dan, and Mitkidis, Panagiotis
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CHURCH music ,INSTRUMENTAL music ,RELIGIOUS communities ,WHITE noise ,ACTIVE learning - Abstract
Although scientists agree that replications are critical to the debate on the validity of religious priming research, religious priming replications are scarce. This paper attempts to replicate and extend previously observed effects of religious priming on ethical behavior. We test the effect of religious instrumental music on individuals' ethical behavior with university participants (N = 408) in the Czech Republic, Japan, and the US. Participants were randomly assigned to listen to one of three musical tracks (religious, secular, or white noise) or to no music (control) for the duration of a decision-making game. Participants were asked to indicate which side of a vertically-bisected computer screen contained more dots and, in every trial, indicating that the right side of the screen had more dots earned participants the most money (irrespective of the number of dots). Therefore, participants were able to report dishonestly to earn more money. In agreement with previous research, we did not observe any main effects of condition. However, we were unable to replicate a moderating effect of self-reported religiosity on the effects of religious music on ethical behavior. Nevertheless, further analyses revealed moderating effects for ritual participation and declared religious affiliation congruent with the musical prime. That is, participants affiliated with a religious organization and taking part in rituals cheated significantly less than their peers when listening to religious music. We also observed significant differences in cheating behavior across samples. On average, US participants cheated the most and Czech participants cheated the least. We conclude that normative conduct is, in part, learned through active membership in religious communities and our findings provide further support for religious music as a subtle, moral cue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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7. Telecollaboration and Virtual Exchange across Disciplines: In Service of Social Inclusion and Global Citizenship
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Research-publishing.net (France), Turula, Anna, Kurek, Malgorzata, Lewis, Tim, Turula, Anna, Kurek, Malgorzata, Lewis, Tim, and Research-publishing.net (France)
- Abstract
This collection of short papers is an outcome of the third conference on virtual exchange in higher education hosted by the Pedagogical University in Krakow in April 2018. Following the focus of the conference on virtual exchange in service of social inclusion and global citizenship, the papers collected in this volume offer first-hand insights into theoretical and practical considerations on the most recent stage of this rapidly developing form of learning. The publication will be of particular interest to academic educators, researchers, administrators, and mobility officers planning to implement virtual exchange in their unique academic contexts.
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- 2019
8. Variables Affecting Student Motivation Based on Academic Publications
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Yilmaz, Ercan, Sahin, Mehmet, and Turgut, Mehmet
- Abstract
In this study, the variables having impact on the student motivation have been analyzed based on the articles, conference papers, master's theses and doctoral dissertations published in the years 2000-2017. A total of 165 research papers were selected for the research material and the data were collected through qualitative research techniques through document review and content analysis. According to the research results, the most important factors affecting student motivation are the fields of teacher, teachers' classroom management skills and their teaching methods. In this research, factors having less influence on the student motivation are parental communication, student characteristics and study fields. In addition, relational search type was used more than others, mostly students were selected as the study group and most researches were conducted in USA and Turkey.
- Published
- 2017
9. International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends (InPACT) 2016 (Lisbon, Portugal, April 30-May 2, 2016)
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World Institute for Advanced Research and Science (WIARS) (Portugal), Pracana, Clara, and Wang, Michael
- Abstract
We are delighted to welcome you to the International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends (InPACT) 2016, taking place in Lisbon, Portugal, from 30 of April to 2 of May, 2016. Psychology, nowadays, offers a large range of scientific fields where it can be applied. The goal of understanding individuals and groups (mental functions and behavioral standpoints), from this academic and practical scientific discipline, is aimed ultimately to benefit society. This International Conference seeks to provide some answers and explore the several areas within the Psychology field, new developments in studies and proposals for future scientific projects. The goal is to offer a worldwide connection between psychologists, researchers and lecturers, from a wide range of academic fields, interested in exploring and giving their contribution in psychological issues. The conference is a forum that connects and brings together academics, scholars, practitioners and others interested in a field that is fertile in new perspectives, ideas and knowledge. There is an extensive variety of contributors and presenters, which can supplement the view of the human essence and behavior, showing the impact of their different personal, academic and cultural experiences. This is, certainly, one of the reasons there are nationalities and cultures represented, inspiring multi-disciplinary collaborative links, fomenting intellectual encounter and development. InPACT 2016 received 332 submissions, from 37 different countries, reviewed by a double-blind process. Submissions were prepared to take form of Oral Presentations, Posters, Virtual Presentations and Workshops. It was accepted for presentation in the conference 96 submissions (29% acceptance rate). The conference also includes: (1) A keynote presentation from Prof. Dr. Richard Bentall (Institute of Psychology, Health & Society of the University of Liverpool, United Kingdom); (2) Three Special Talks, one from Emeritus Professor Carlos Amaral Dias (University of Coimbra, Director of Instituto Superior Miguel Torga, Vice-President of the Portuguese Association of Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, Private practitioner of psychiatry and psychoanalysis, Portugal) and Prof. Clara Pracana (Full and Training member of the Portuguese Association of Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, Portugal), another from Emeritus Professor Michael Wang (University of Leicester, United Kingdom), and a third one from Dr. Conceição Almeida (Founder of the Portuguese Association of Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytical Psychotherapy, and Vice-President of the Board. Member of the Teaching Committee, Portugal); (3) An Invited Talk from Dr. Ana Vasconcelos (SAMS--Serviços de Assistência Médico-Social do Sindicato dos Bancários de Sul e Ilhas, founding member of the Portuguese Association of Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, and member of NPA-Neuropshycanalysis Association, Portugal). Thus, we would like to express our gratitude to all our invitees. This volume is composed by the abstracts of the International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends (InPACT 2016), organized by the World Institute for Advanced Research and Science (W.I.A.R.S.). This conference addresses different categories inside Applied Psychology area and papers fit broadly into one of the named themes and sub-themes. To develop the conference program six main broad-ranging categories had been chosen, which also cover different interest areas: (1) In CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY: Emotions and related psychological processes; Assessment; Psychotherapy and counseling; Addictive behaviors; Eating disorders; Personality disorders; Quality of life and mental health; Communication within relationships; Services of mental health; and Psychopathology. (2) In EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: Language and cognitive processes; School environment and childhood disorders; Parenting and parenting related processes; Learning and technology; Psychology in schools; Intelligence and creativity; Motivation in classroom; Perspectives on teaching; Assessment and evaluation; and Individual differences in learning. (3) In SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: Cross-cultural dimensions of mental disorders; Employment issues and training; Organizational psychology; Psychology in politics and international issues; Social factors in adolescence and its development; Social anxiety and self-esteem; Immigration and social policy; Self-efficacy and identity development; Parenting and social support; and Addiction and stigmatization. (4) In LEGAL PSYCHOLOGY: Violence and trauma; Mass-media and aggression; Intra-familial violence; Juvenile delinquency; Aggressive behavior in childhood; Internet offending; Working with crime perpetrators; Forensic psychology; Violent risk assessment; and Law enforcement and stress. (5) In COGNITIVE AND EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY: Perception, memory and attention; Decision making and problem-solving; Concept formation, reasoning and judgment; Language processing; Learning skills and education; Cognitive Neuroscience; Computer analogies and information processing (Artificial Intelligence and computer simulations); Social and cultural factors in the cognitive approach; Experimental methods, research and statistics; and Biopsychology. (6) In PSYCHOANALYSIS AND PSYCHOANALYTICAL PSYCHOTHERAPY: Psychoanalysis and psychology; The unconscious; The Oedipus complex; Psychoanalysis of children; Pathological mourning; Addictive personalities; Borderline organizations; Narcissistic personalities; Anxiety and phobias; Psychosis; Neuropsychoanalysis. The proceedings contain the results of the research and developments conducted by authors who focused on what they are passionate about: to promote growth in research methods intimately related to Psychology and its applications. It includes an extensive variety of contributors and presenters by sharing their different personal, academic and cultural experiences. Authors will be invited to publish extended contributions for a book to be published by inScience Press. We would like to express thanks to all the authors and participants, the members of the academic scientific committee, partners and, of course, to the organizing and administration team for making and putting this conference together. (Individual papers contain references.) [Abstract modified to meet ERIC guidelines.]
- Published
- 2016
10. International Workshop on Curriculum Development in Technical and Vocational Education (Turin, Italy, August 30-September 3, 1993). Final Report. International Project on Technical and Vocational Education (UNEVOC).
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United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris (France).
- Abstract
This publication reports on a workshop to review and analyze existing practices in the design, implementation, and evaluation of curriculum in technical and vocational education (TVE). In the main working document, "Curriculum Development in TVE" (Tom Saluja), are the following: definition of curriculum development; description of how to measure the effectiveness of curriculum and models of curriculum development; and outline of the stages of curriculum development, implementation, and evaluation. Summaries of presentations describe experiences of countries in curriculum development, implementation, assessment, evaluation, and validation. These country papers are included: Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Japan, Mexico, Tanzania, and Uganda. A synthesis of country papers focuses on the following areas: education system, TVE system, responsibility for curriculum development, quality assurance, system of implementation, role of various bodies, constraints, and future trends. Eight major issues with proposed solutions are identified: national socioeconomic development and technological advances; relevance of curricula and competency-based vocational education; feedback from implementation and evaluation; quality of teachers/instructors; attitude of students to TVE; financial resources for curriculum development and delivery; legislation related to TVE curricula; and national institutional capacity in curriculum development. Future strategies and recommendations are listed. A participant list is appended. (YLB)
- Published
- 1993
11. Government Spending across the World: How the United States Compares. National Issue Brief No. 144
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University of New Hampshire, Carsey School of Public Policy, Ettlinger, Michael, Hensley, Jordan, and Vieira, Julia
- Abstract
In this brief, authors Michael Ettlinger, Jordan Hensley, and Julia Vieira analyze how much the governments of different countries spend, and on what, to illuminate the range of fiscal policy options available and provide a basis for determining which approaches work best. They report that the United States ranks twenty-fourth in government spending as a share of GDP out of twenty-nine countries for which recent comparable data are available. The key determinant of where countries rank in overall government spending is the amount spent on social protection. The United States ranks last in spending on social protection as a share of GDP and twenty-second in per capita spending. The United States ranks at or near the top in military, health care, education, and law enforcement spending. Measuring government spending by different methods and including tax expenditures does not appear to significantly alter the conclusion that the United States is a low-tax, low-spending country relative to the other countries examined, particularly when compared to its fellow higher-income countries. [This paper is an evolution of a previous work, "Comparing Public Spending and Priorities Across OECD Countries" (ED606844).]
- Published
- 2019
12. THE CURRENT PERCEPTION OF PERSONNEL MARKETING.
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Ungerman, Otakar, Myslivcová, Světlana, and Dědková, Jaroslava
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MARKETING personnel , *SCIENCE databases , *CORPORATE culture , *HUMAN capital , *FACTOR analysis - Abstract
The basic prerequisite for the presented research was research of scientific databases. This theoretical basis is for primary two-level research. The first level consists of quality research for which important companies in the Czech Republic were selected, presenting applied personnel marketing. The result was 13 attributes which HR staff view as the way to conduct personnel marketing. The resulting attributes were the basis for quantitative research. For uncovering of potential latent attributes the results were subjected to factor analysis. The result of the research is a targeted overview of how companies perceive personnel marketing as well as how they use it. Research has been carried out in the Czech Republic, but the results are applicable globally, because all enterprises in survey have a parent company in the EU, USA, Japan or China, and apply their corporate culture. The results of the research are applicable both in the theoretical area where they moved to the examined issues forward and in the practical area where they may serve for better work with human capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
13. Same but Different? Measurement Invariance of the PIAAC Motivation-to-Learn Scale across Key Socio-Demographic Groups
- Author
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Gorges, Julia, Koch, Tobias, Maehler, Débora B., and Offerhaus, Judith
- Abstract
Background: Data from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) revealed that countries systematically differ in their respondents' literacy, numeracy, and problem solving in technology-rich environments skills; skill levels also vary by gender, age, level of education or migration background. Similarly, systematic differences have been documented with respect to adults' participation in education, which can be considered as a means to develop and maintain skills. From a psychological perspective, motivation to learn is considered a key factor associated with both skill development and participation in (further) education. In order to account for motivation when analyzing PIAAC data, four items from the PIAAC background questionnaire were recently compiled into a motivation-to-learn scale. This scale has been found to be invariant (i.e., showing full weak and partial strong measurement invariance) across 21 countries. Methods: This paper presents further analyses using multiple-group graded response models to scrutinize the validity of the motivation-to-learn scale for group comparisons. Results: Results indicate at least partial strong measurement invariance across gender, age groups, level of education, and migration background in most countries under study (all CFI > 0.95, all RMSEA < 0.08). Thus, the scale is suitable for comparing both means and associations across these groups. Conclusions:Results are discussed in light of country characteristics, challenges of measurement invariance testing, and potential future research using PIAAC data.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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14. Proceedings of the Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (30th, Prague, Czech Republic, July 16-21, 2006). Volume 5
- Author
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International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education., Novotna, Jarmila, Moraova, Hana, Kratka, Magdalena, and Stehlikova, Nad'a
- Abstract
This document contains the fifth volume of the proceedings of the 30th Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education. Conference presentations are centered around the theme "Mathematics at the Centre." This volume features 59 research reports by presenters with last names beginning between Sac and Zaz: (1) Bryan's Story: Classroom Miscommunication about General Symbolic Notation and the Emergence of a Conjecture during a CAS-Based Algebra Activity (Ana Isabel Sacristan and Carolyn Kieran); (2) A Teacher's Method to Introduce Story-Problems: Student-Generated Problems (Adalira Saenz-Ludlow); (3) "There's More than Meets the Eye": Analysing Verbal Protocols, Gazes and Sketches on External Mathematical Representations (Jonathan P. San Diego, James Aczel, Barbara Hodgson, and Eileen Scanlon); (4) Notions of Variability in Chance Settings (Ernesto Sanchez and Miguel Mercado Martinez); (5) Elementary Preservice Teacher Learning Levels (Victoria Sanchez and Miguel Mercado Martinez); (6) Mathematics Achievement: Sex Differences vs. Gender Differences (Dora Santos, Sonia Ursini, Martha Patricia Ramirez, and Gabriel Sanchez); (7) Self Assessment and Appropriation of Assessment Criteria (Leonor Santos and Anabela Gomes); (8) Drawing as Problem-Solving: Young Children's Mathematical Reasoning through Pictures (Carole Saundry and Cynthia Nicol); (9) The Role of the Teacher in Turning Claims to Arguments (Baruch Schwarz, Rina Hershkowitz, and Shirly Azmon); (10) Learning Mathematics for Teaching (Nanette Seago and Lynn Goldsmith); (11) Coherence of Mathematics Lessons in Japanese Eighth-Grade Classrooms (Yasuhiro Sekiguchi); (12) Triangle Property Relationships: Making the Connections (Penelope Serow); (13) Access to Mathematics versus Access to the Language of Power (Mamokgethi Setati); (14) Compartmentalization of Representation in Tasks Related to Addition and Subtraction Using the Number Line (Myria Shiakalli and Athanasios Gagatsis); (15)The Derivation of a Learning Assessment Framework for Multiplicative Thinking (Dianne Siemon, John Izard, Margarita Breed, and Jo Virgona); (16) Sources of Students' Frustration in Bridging Mathematics Courses (Anna Sierpinska); (17) What Makes a Good Problem? An Aesthetic Lens (Nathalie Sinclair and Sandra Crespo); (18) Discovering a Rule and Its Mathematical Justification in Modeling Activities Using Spreadsheet (Hong-chan Son and Hee-chan Lew); (19) Investigating Preservice Teachers' Understanding and Strategies on a Student's Errors of Reflective Symmetry (Ji-Won Son); (20) Exploring the Role Played by the Remainder in the Solution of Division Problems (Alina Galvao Spinillo and Sintria Labres Lautert); (21) Incomplete or Incorrect Understanding of Decimals: An Important Deficit for Student Nurses (Vicki Steinle and Robyn Pierce); (22) Proportional Reasoning: Variable Influencing the Problems Difficulty Level and One's Use of Problem Solving Strategies (Olof Bjorg Steinthorsdottir); (23) The Impact of the Intuitive Rule "If A Then B, If Not A Then Not B" in Perimeter and Area Tasks (Lambros Stephanou and Demetra Pitta-Pantazi); (24) Process-Object Difficulties in Linear Algebra: Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors (Sepideh Stewart and Michael O. J. Thomas); (25) Conceptual Changes as Dialectical Transformation (Nadia Stoyanova Kennedy); (26) Content Knowledge for Mathematics Teaching: The Case of Reasoning and Proving (Andreas J. Stylianides and Gabriel J. Stylianides); (27) "Making Proof Central to Pre-High School Mathematics Is an Appropriate Instructional Goal": Provable, Refutable, or Undecidable Proposition? (Gabriel J. Stylianides and Andreas J. Stylianides); (28) Power and Poverty--Whose, Where, and Why?: School Mathematics, Context and the Social Construction of "Disadvantage" (Dalene M. Swanson); (29) Documenting Learning in School-Based Mathematics Communities of Teachers (Paola Sztajn); (30) Research and Teaching--Can One Person Do Both? A Case Study (MichalTabach); (31) Computer "Knowledge" and Student's Images of Figures: The Case of Dragging (Varda Talmon and Michal Yerushalmy); (32) Graphics Calculators for Mathematics Learning in Singapore and Victoria (Australia): Teachers' Views (Hazel Tan and Helen J. Forgasz); (33) Vague Language in Greek and English Mathematical Talk: A Variation Study in Face-Work (Konstantinos Tatsis and Tim Rowland); (34) Teachers Using Computers in Mathematics: A Longitudinal Study (Michael O. J. Thomas); (35) Analysing Classroom Interactions Using Critical Discourse Analysis (Steve Thornton and Noemi Reynolds); (36) Pre-Service and In-Service Mathematics Teachers' Concept Images of Radian (Tahsin Topcu, Mahmut Kertil, Hatice Akkoc, Kamil Yilmaz, and Osman Onder); (37) Adaptive Expertise in the Number Domain 20-100 (Joke Torbeyns, Lien Vanderveken, Lieven Verschaffel, and Pol Ghesquiere); (38) Mathematical Activity in a Technological Workplace: Results from an Ethnographic Study (Chrissavgi Triantafillou and Despina Potari); (39) Pupils' Over-Use of Proportionality on Missing-Value Problems: How Numbers May Change Solutions (Wim Van Dooren, Dirk De Bock, Marleen Evers, and Lieven Verschaffel); (40) Arithmetical Procedures in the Solution of a Problem Involving Velocity (Veronica Vargas and Jose Guzman); (41) Introducing Algebraic Thinking to 13 Year-Old Students: The Case of the Inequality (Petros Verikios and Vassiliki Farmaki); (42) Why Is a Discontinuous Function Differentiable? (Antti Viholainen); (43) Overgeneralization of Linear Models: Presence and Characteristics among University Students (Monica Villareal, Cristina Esteley, and Humberto Alagia); (44) Educational Design Research in Mozambique: Starting Mathematics from Authentic Resources (Pauline Vos, Tiago G. Devesse, and Assane Rassul); (45) "The Big Test": A School Community Experiences Standardized Mathematics Assessment (Fiona Walls); (46) Numeracy Reform in New Zealand: Factors that Influence Classroom Enactment (Margaret Walshaw and Glenda Anthony); (47) An Investigation of Factors Influencing Teachers' Scoring Student Responses to Mathematics Constructed-Response Assessment Tasks (Ning Wang and Jinfa Cai); (48) Teacher Actions that Assist Young Students to Write Generalizations in Words and in Symbols (Elizabeth Warren); (49) Promoting Pre-Service Teachers' Understanding of Decimal Notation and Its Teaching (Wanty Widjaja and Kaye Stacey); (50) Impetus to Explore: Approaching Operational Deficiency Optimistically (Gaye Williams); (51) Generating and Evaluating Geometry Conjectures with Self-Directed Experiments (Chao-Jung Wu, Wing-Kwong Wong, Ying-Hao Cheng, and Yunn-Wen Lien); (52) The Distributions of van Hiele Levels of Geometric Thinking among 1st and 6th Graders (Der-bang Wu and Hsiu-Ian Ma); (53) Elementary Teacher Education and Teacher Efficacy toward Mathematics and Science (Su-Chiao Wu and Yu Liang Chang); (54) Spatial Rotation and Perspective Taking Abilities in Relation to Performance in Reflective Symmetry Tasks (Xenia Xistouri and Demetra Pitta-Pantazi); (55) Elementary Teachers' Mathematics Beliefs and Teaching Practices after a Curriculum Reform (Shirley M. Yates); (56) Inquiry Activities in a Classroom: Extra-Logical Processes of Illumination vs. Logical Process of Deductive and Inductive Reasoning. A Case Study (Oleksiy Yevdokimov); (57) Developments of a Child's Fraction Concepts with the Help of Psychological Tools: A Vygotsky's Cultural-Historical Perspective (Kaori Yoshida); (58) A Teacher's Treatment of Examples as Reflection of Her Knowledge-Base (Orit Zaslavsky, Guershon Harel, and Alfred Manaster); and (59) Cognitive Conflict and its Resolution via Pivotal/Bridging Example (Rina Zazkis and Egan Chernoff). (Individual papers contain references.)
- Published
- 2006
15. Skills, Earnings, and Employment: Exploring Causality in the Estimation of Returns to Skills
- Author
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Hampf, Franziska, Wiederhold, Simon, and Woessmann, Ludger
- Abstract
Ample evidence indicates that a person's human capital is important for success on the labor market in terms of both wages and employment prospects. However, unlike the efforts to identify the impact of school attainment on labor-market outcomes, the literature on returns to cognitive skills has not yet provided convincing evidence that the estimated returns can be causally interpreted. Using the PIAAC Survey of Adult Skills, this paper explores several approaches that aim to address potential threats to causal identification of returns to skills, in terms of both higher wages and better employment chances. We address measurement error by exploiting the fact that PIAAC measures skills in several domains. Furthermore, we estimate instrumental-variable models that use skill variation stemming from school attainment and parental education to circumvent reverse causation. Results show a strikingly similar pattern across the diverse set of countries in our sample. In fact, the instrumental-variable estimates are consistently larger than those found in standard least-squares estimations. The same is true in two "natural experiments," one of which exploits variation in skills from changes in compulsory-schooling laws across U.S. states. The other one identifies technologically induced variation in broadband Internet availability that gives rise to variation in ICT skills across German municipalities. Together, the results suggest that least-squares estimates may provide a lower bound of the true returns to skills in the labor market.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Degrees of Competency: The Relationship between Educational Qualifications and Adult Skills across Countries
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Massing, Natascha and Schneider, Silke L.
- Abstract
Background: Educational qualifications and literacy skills are highly related. This is not surprising as it is one aim of educational systems to equip individuals with competencies necessary to take part in society. Because of this relationship educational qualifications are often used as a proxy for "human capital". However, from a theoretical perspective, there are many reasons why this relationship is not perfect, and to some degree this is due to third variables. Thus, we want to explore the net relationship between educational attainment (harmonized according to the International Standard Classification of Education, ISCED) and literacy skills, and how much skills vary within education levels across countries. Methods: We use data from 21 countries from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies 2012. This paper compares the literacy skills of adults who achieved different levels of educational attainment across countries. Given the high degree of educational differentiation in most countries, we do this using a more differentiated educational attainment variable than what is commonly used. In our analyses we firstly adjust for factors that are likely to affect access to education and the acquisition of educational qualifications and literacy skills, such as parental education and language and migration background. In a second step, we also take into account factors affecting skill development after initial formal education, such as occupation and skill use at home. Results: We firstly find a high degree of heterogeneity of skills across countries for equivalent education categories. Secondly, we find skill similarities for equivalent education categories classified at different broad education levels, sometimes even breaking the hierarchical order of 'higher education entails higher competencies'. Conclusion: We conclude that ISCED levels cannot be taken as a cross-nationally comparable proxy for human capital in terms of literacy skills, and that education has to be harmonized in a substantively more meaningful way in future adult literacy surveys.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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17. Are National-Level Research Evaluation Models Valid, Credible, Useful, Cost-Effective, and Ethical?
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Coryn, Chris L. S. and Scriven, Michael
- Abstract
The evaluation of government-financed research has become increasingly important in the last few decades in terms of increasing the quality of, and payoff from, the research that is done, reducing the cost of doing it, and lending public credibility to the manner in which research is funded. But there are very large differences throughout the world in the extent to which systems used promote these results. This paper briefly presents the dimensional results of a study designed to comparatively evaluate the national-level research evaluation models in sixteen countries on five merit-defining dimensions. (Contains 6 figures.)
- Published
- 2007
18. FOR THE RECORD.
- Subjects
POLITICAL systems ,FEDERAL government - Abstract
Presents an update on international issues related to politics and government as of July 1970. Lack of chances for U.S. Albert Gore to survive the Tennessee Democratic primary; Ban of foreign newspapers and magazines in Prague, Czech Republic; Installation by Mother Bell of phones on Mount Fuji, Japan.
- Published
- 1970
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