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Present-day curricular designs have to take the pupils' psychological needs in account, thus becoming melodies of mental health and happiness for the next generation. Emphasizing the findings from previous investigations using the research synthesis methodology, the present study has been conducted aiming at achieving some integrative knowledge under the inclusive title of "Mental Health Improvement-based Curricular Content." Goal-oriented homogeneous sampling method was applied in order to select 100 research papers from Iranian scholars on the subject of pupils' mental health improvement using accredited databases between 2005 and 2016. Data analysis using open subject coding encompassing three stages, namely open, axial, and selective coding, indicated that a curriculum with contents in two overall categories of mental health literacy (optimism and positive thinking; socialization; monotheistic life; happiness; self-efficacy; self-awareness and self-actualization & …) and mental health skills (emotions management, interpersonal communication, critical thinking, adaptability, tolerance, and finally & …) has to be designed in order to improve the pupils' mental health.

English, particularly regarding a foreign language teachers' professional development, has been studied in depth. However, it is not known how Iranian English as a foreign language teachers perceive continuing professional development. This study explored the perceptions of Iranian English as a foreign language teachers of continuing professional development and identified their main professional development activities. For the study, a phenomenological research design was applied. Twenty English teachers were interviewed. The data were content analyzed in line with the Randor model. The results showed that the participants perceived continuing professional development to entail skills development, continuous learning, keeping up to date, learning for interest, and professional revitalization. Additionally, they developed professionally through work, formal education, and attending and presenting at continuing professional development events.

In this study, the variables having impact on the student motivation have been analyzed based on the articles, conference papers, master's theses and doctoral dissertations published in the years 2000-2017. A total of 165 research papers were selected for the research material and the data were collected through qualitative research techniques through document review and content analysis. According to the research results, the most important factors affecting student motivation are the fields of teacher, teachers' classroom management skills and their teaching methods. In this research, factors having less influence on the student motivation are parental communication, student characteristics and study fields. In addition, relational search type was used more than others, mostly students were selected as the study group and most researches were conducted in USA and Turkey.

This article describes a qualitative study that investigated critical reflection in the hope that effective learning is objectified. It is the fruit of rumination on how critical reflection approach would affect learners' performance in narrative writing. The idea for this paper arose when the researchers consistently utilized ploys effective for five EFL students' learning of narrative writing in critical reflection process in an institute. Later, these ploys were categorized in three themes under three categories in teaching narrative writing. Data were gathered via students' reflective writings. Gathered data were interpreted in the real setting by small scale grounded theory analysis. The final upshot demonstrated the criticality of students' thoughts in their paper. The findings reveal the significance of optimal rapport and intimacy in which participants move ahead from mechanical learning to more cooperative approach in language learning with thorough reflection in their narrations for effective learning to take place.

This paper provides an account of social integration and professional recognition of non-English-speaking-background (NESB) teachers of English in Australia. The case study profiles two Iranian postgraduate students of English teaching in an Australian university and describes their struggle to construct a social and professional identity. The students' intercultural interaction strategies within their academic and professional community are explored and compared with those of their native colleagues. This paper emerged from a larger-scale qualitative study on identification of second language interaction strategies of postgraduate international students in Australia. The discussions can help Iranian English teachers to gain a foretaste of the ongoing struggles they may face as nonnative English teachers in English-speaking countries.

This paper contributes to the growing body of knowledge which identifies benefits for Blended Learning in the understanding of social processes role. It reports on an exploratory study into the role of social presence in blended learning environment. Employing a qualitative methodology, the study sought to understand social presence of learners in Blended Learning environment. The paper presents the definition of social presence as described by blended learning instructors and it's role in the development of Blended Learning environment.

Background: Challenge between parents and their children is a rapidly growing phenomenon in Iran. The communication challenges of adolescence with emphasis on social media in this study is a phenomenon that based on the changes and developments of adolescence, can affect the nature and quality of family relationships, question the parental authority, and cause changes in regulations. The present study explored the communication challenges of parents and adolescents with a focus on the use of the Internet and social media. Methods: This qualitative study was performed using content analysis. The research population consisted of several parents with children (daughters) who were studying in the first secondary school in District 11 of Tehran in the academic year 2019-2020. The participants were 15 parents who were selected using purposive sampling and based on the theoretical saturation criterion. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and were then analyzed, codified, and categorized. Finally, after the extraction of the themes, the relevant and common themes were combined in the form of secondary and main categories. Results: Based on the content analysis of the data collected from the interviews, 4 main categories were identified: social media opportunities, social media coping strategies, social media problems from the parents’ point of view, and communication problems with the child. Conclusion: In the modern world, parent-adolescent communication challenges are intermingled with the common challenges of using social media. However, it is impossible to ignore the effective and useful presence of social media in modern life. Acquiring knowledge, training conflict resolution skills, and recognizing the factors related to conflicts between parents and adolescents can help parents and pave the way for reducing parent-adolescent conflicts and improving the quality of parent-adolescent communication concerning social media use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Problem Statement (PS) section of a thesis, usually a subsection of the first chapter, is supposed to justify the objectives of the study. Postgraduate students are often ignorant of the rhetorical moves that they are expected to make in their PS. This descriptive study aimed to explore the rhetorical moves of the PS in Iranian master's (MA) degree theses. The study focused on 30 PSs written by MA Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) students. The samples were analyzed based on Swales' (1990) Create-a-research-space (CARS) model. The findings revealed the students' flaws in writing the PS where they typically presented the significance of their study. The results of the analysis of their written samples also showed that some of the students failed to address a problem as an academic issue based on the existing gap in the previous studies and failed to recommend ways to solve the problem. Students' awareness of the rhetorical structure of the PS may help them create higher-quality works in academic settings. This study has theoretical and pedagogical implications, a discussion of which concludes the paper.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to study and identify the effective components of higher education marketing and providing a marketing model for Iranian higher education private sector institutions. Design/methodology/approach: This study is a qualitative research. For identifying the effective components of higher education marketing and providing a marketing model the thematic analysis was used. First all the themes related to higher education marketing from the research references were collected and was analyzed by template analysis and thematic network methods. Findings: The results of thematic analysis revealed that there are 2 dominant themes, 13 global themes, 40 organizing themes and 503 basic themes related to higher education marketing. The relationships between these themes are provided as a marketing model for Iranian private sector higher educational institutions. Originality/value: There are few studies of higher education marketing in the Iranian higher education market. This study provides useful information about effective components of higher education marketing and marketing models.

Life in a society requires the acceptance of some restrictions and rules that they applied to the individuals from the community and other social organizations. So, it can be said that socialization is a process that citizens, by its help, learns the values, beliefs and behavior standards which social environment has expected of them. In order to, the aim of this paper is analysis of the status of sociability variables in the Iran high school textbooks with point on Shahid Motahari (Note 1) derived thoughts in framework of social theories. Applied methodology is based on librarian and documentary approach, and these proofs are like data for this research. According to this research goal, sampling was used of purposeful and theoretical sampling. Results showed that if a person does not put itself as a separate part of its community, and if some activities carried out are in accordance with the society existence and applied, it as an element to affirm their identity. Finally, we analyze other parts of social ownership, social trust, and it is presented some suggestions.

During the last three decades in Iran, the government has had different policies on the privatization of education. After victory of the Islamic Revolution in 1979, the new government closed all private schools for nearly a decade. Establishing and reopening Non-Governmental Schools (NGS) was the first action toward the privatization of education after the end of the war with Iraq in 1988. In recent years, there has been an increasing trend among owners of NGS toward closing their schools. This paper investigates factors influencing the closure of NGS through in-depth interviews with three groups: owners of active NGS, officers in the NGS Office, and owners of non-active NGS. The paper starts with an introduction, which is followed by the methodology of the research. The third section presents the findings of interviews. More specifically, this paper analyzes Iran's different strategies concerning the privatization of education based on Klein's Model. The paper ends with the conclusions.

The aim of this research is to do a critical development exploration based on the Islamic education in Iranian higher education. In this paper, logical analysis qualitative method was used. Through library studies, information was collected and analysis of the results was done. The information collecting tool was note taking and information was analyzed based on deductive category system. In the section of content analysis, the most important findings show that, for critical development in Iranian higher education four main and outstanding categories are necessary; the first category is: 1. Education and training of academics with spirit of critical thinking, 2. The continuity of on-going latitudinarianism of the seats and criticism in the universities. The second category is: 1. Creating room for liberality 2. Providing arguments and theorizing seats; third category: Reforming and accepting criticism; the fourth category: 1. Legal security for critics 2. Non-authoritarian and absolutism of officials and teachers. Results indicate that the above can bring the best solutions for critical development exploration in Iranian higher education based on the Islamic education.

The purpose of this paper is to express Avicenna's standpoints in the area of teachers' professional ethics. Making use of a qualitative approach and a descriptive-analytic method, this study attempted to describe and analyze Avicenna's viewpoints on prerequisites of teaching profession by the help of the available resources. In general, the results showed that skillful teacher needs to possess admirable ethical characteristics in his individual and social dimensions. He should attempt to educate his own soul before making any effort in educating others considering some important points. It is better for him to have prudence in all his affairs. He should not try to educate anybody before being acquainted with his/her traits. He also should be generous and faithful toward the others. Eventually, it is expected from such a kind of teacher to gain a very high level of skillfulness in advising and guiding the learners.

The present research sought to investigate how expert EFL teachers manage their class and keep its discipline. To this aim, the existing prior ELT (English Language Teaching) research on exemplary teachers' practices were reviewed and the typical class management strategies used were extracted. Moreover, 20 ELT specialists including teacher educators, university professors of applied linguistics, mentor teachers and language institute supervisors were selected through purposive snowball and convenience sampling methods, and were interviewed. Since they were directly dealing with teachers as trainers, supervisors, and mentors, they were considered as qualified informants. There were finally 4 themes and 3 sub-themes extracted from the qualitative content analysis of the interviews, which were presented in this paper along with sample extracts of the actual interview content. The themes included: expert teachers' identification power, use of external control, use of preventive management strategies and monitoring student behavior. The 3 sub-themes of the second theme were: clarification of expectations, use of body language and establishing rules and routines. Knowledge of these themes and sub-themes can shed light on a key behavioral aspect of expert English language teachers in class. These strategies, if followed properly, can set good examples for novice teachers and those who have problem managing their classes.

Reading strategies are plans for solving problems encountered during reading while learners are deeply engage with the text. So, comprehension is not a simple decoding of symbols, but a complex multidimensional process in which the leaner draws on previous schemata applying strategies consciously. In fact, metacognitive strategies are accessible versatile vehicles if the readers are aware and cognizant of their applications. This paper studied the most frequent used strategies by Iranian ESP students. Fifty six students completed 30-item questionnaire of MARSI (2002). It included three strategy categories: Problem Solving strategies (PROB), Global Reading strategies (GLOB), and Support strategies (SUP). Results indicated that students at the highest level perceived PROB strategies up to 58.93%, SUP strategies up to 32.14%, and GLOB strategies up to 30.37%. Ranking the individual strategies represented that the highest used strategies are strategy 8 (overall mean = 3.51), strategy 20 (overall mean = 3.52) and strategy 11 (overall mean = 3.77).

Needs analysis is fundamental to determine what students need to achieve through the medium of English accurately analysis. In this regard, the present study seeks to evaluate the ESP course book entitled "The ESP Course of Qur'anic Sciences and Tradition" taught at some universities in Iran. More specifically, the study aims to identify the students' perceptions of their needs and their attitudes towards the course book. To this end, a researcher-made questionnaire was used and accordingly an interview was run. Sample of this study consisted of 80 junior students majoring in Qur'anic Sciences and Tradition and 6 teachers teaching them. Results of the study revealed that the course book is appropriate for the students of the Qur'anic Sciences and Tradition course in general sense. However, the book did not get high evaluation in some issues. The findings of this study would enable the ESP instructors to pay more attention to the students' needs in designing the Qur'anic Sciences and Tradition textbook. The paper concludes with suggestions that may help improve the current English language course based on the students' attitudes and needs.

With the shift in language teaching towards a more learner-centered approach, there is now an emphasis on considering learners' views on what goes on in the classroom. Involving learners in selecting and evaluating classroom activities as well as listening to their voices and preferences can be helpful for teachers in planning lesson and designing materials. With this idea in mind, the present study focuses on the tertiary students' perceptions of "ideal English lesson" in Iran and Japan. 115 Iranian students completed a questionnaire designed by Littlewood (2010). The results were compared with the Littlewood's (2010) study with Japanese students as well as students from three Asian countries (Hong Kong, Singapore, and Mainland China). The findings show that for Iranian students non-communicative activities were regarded as an "ideal English lesson". Japanese students expressed generally more conservative preferences than their counterparts in Iran and the three other Asian countries. The results suggest that learners' beliefs about language learning, proficiency level, and future needs may affect their current preferred classroom activities. Implications for lesson planning and curriculum development are also discussed in this paper.

Background: This study aims to identify policy content challenges related to high-risk sexual behaviors, stimulant drugs, and alcohol consumption in Iranian adolescents., Methods: This qualitative study analyzed high-level and national documents pertaining to adolescent health, high-risk sexual behaviors, stimulant, and alcohol consumption in adolescents. The documents, which were published by public organizations between January 1979 and February 2023 and publicly available, were complemented by interviews with policymakers and executives. The study involved reviewing 51 papers and conducting interviews with 49 policymakers and executives at the national, provincial, and local levels who were involved in addressing adolescent behaviors related to high-risk sexual behaviors, stimulant, and alcohol consumption. The data collected was analyzed using conventional content analysis., Results: The study's results involved examining policy content and identifying challenges related to policy content. The analysis revealed that from the beginning of the Iranian revolution in 1979 until the late 1990s, the dominant approach in Iran was to deny the existence of high-risk behaviors among adolescents. However, in the early 2000s, the country began to adopt a new approach that acknowledged the social harms and ineffectiveness of previous strategies. As a result, a new policy framework was introduced to address high-risk behaviors among adolescents. The study's interviews with policymakers and executives identified 12 challenges related to policy content, including parallel programs, lack of institutional mapping, lack of evidence-based policymaking, lack of integrated approach regarding training, late parent training, lack of consideration of all occurrence reasons in adolescents' high-risk behaviors policymaking, and the existence of many abstinence policies regarding high-risk behaviors., Conclusions: The study's findings suggest that high-risk behaviors among adolescents in Iran are primarily a health issue, rather than a social or ideological one. Unfortunately, ideological approaches, stigma, and policymaking based on anecdotes rather than evidence have had a significant impact on this area. To improve policymaking in this domain, it is crucial to address these challenges by tackling stigma, adopting an integrated and holistic approach, and implementing evidence-based policies that consider all relevant aspects, including adolescents' subcultures and policy audiences. Such an approach can also be useful for other countries facing similar conditions., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

In contemporary Iran, women with higher education face both gender discrimination and an unfavourable economic system, one that is not conducive to employment-generation for women. This paper provides an analysis of women's access to higher education in Iran, which has varied over the last 30 years, and their continuously limited participation in the job market. Based on qualitative field research, this paper includes the voices of individual women, discussing their experience of higher education and factors they think are contributing to their limited choice of employment. The paper suggests that while the recent trend in negotiating "mehrieh" (a nuptial gift which is payable by the groom to the bride) has been a strategy employed by Iranian women to overcome some of the discriminatory laws they are subject to, this trend cannot actually be explained by the fact that women's employment opportunities are limited. The paper concludes by asserting that limited labour force participation for educated women is a consequence of both political economy and gender ideology. (Contains 9 tables and 21 footnotes.)

This paper addresses the faculty perception on web-based instruction in order to explain the nature of learning and instruction in this setting. Using a mixed method approach, the research studied a sample of 132 University Faculty (lecturers and professors) in University of Kurdistan. The research tools were interview and questionnaire. The results of Exploratory Factor Analysis suggested that five basic components could explain the nature of learning and instruction of web-based instruction in higher education: "the lack of authentic learning, autonomy in learning tasks, the weakness of faculty role in instruction, technical skills in web-based instruction and infrastructure and policy-making." These five components could explicate two more fundamental themes: the overall nature of learning and teaching in web-based instruction and web-based obstacles.

As stated in numerous studies, entrepreneurship education is becoming more and more important everywhere in the world and research in entrepreneurship are growing and getting legitimacy in the scientific communities, however a few scholars have focused on the subfield of entrepreneurship education. Although the key to a successful entrepreneurship education is to find the most effective way to manage the teachable skills and identify the best match between student needs and teaching techniques, there is no universal pedagogical recipe to teach entrepreneurship and the choice of techniques and modalities depends mainly on the objectives, contents and constraints imposed by the institutional context. Education programs in entrepreneurship are a new phenomenon in Iran. These programs vary widely in terms of short term objectives, target audiences, format and pedagogical approach. The first M.Sc. entrepreneurship management program has been initiated in the University of Tehran in 2005. One of the basic courses in this entrepreneurship curriculum is "business planning". This paper attempts to identify the appropriate teaching methods in this course conducting two qualitative studies by semi-structured interviews. Results of the first study on a sample of experts in teaching methods complete the list of teaching methods that could be used in entrepreneurship education. The results of second study on a sample of lecturers of "business planning" course show that appropriate teaching methods of this course are respectively group project, case study, individual project, development of a new venture creation project, and problem-solving. Furthermore, in this study, the appropriate teaching methods in each component of this course have been presented.

This paper looked into the interplay between language and culture based on the metatext categories utilized by the writers in three speech communities: Philippines, Iran, and Taiwan. Specifically, it answered the following subproblems: (1) What metatext categories exist in the results-and-discussion section of ESL/EFL research articles written in Philippine English, Iranian English, and Taiwanese English?; (2) At what points are the metatext categories in the three speech communities parallel or contrasting?; and (3) What cultural features are revealed by the use of metatext categories in the three Asian Englishes? Data analyzed were the results-and-discussion sections of 15 research articles (RAs): ESL RAs representing the Philippine-English variety were published in the TESOL Journal in 2009, and EFL RAs representing both the Taiwanese-English and Iranian-English varieties were from the Asian EFL Journal published in 2008 and 2009. Two inter-raters helped in the coding of metatext categories in the genre examined and in the validation of the data gathered. Frequency and percentage counts were employed to examine the corpus. Results revealed that the relative frequency of preview and review categories was highest in Philippine English RAs than in Taiwanese English RAs and Iranian English RAs. In the three Asian Englishes, the number of previews was larger than the number of reviews. With regard to the use of connectors, all three Englishes were built on the additive cohesive relation. Further, they used both simple connectors, such as and, but, though, and yet and their complex alternatives, such as furthermore, on the other hand, in a similar vein, and in a similar sense--a preference for a more elaborate and a change-oriented rhetorical pattern. In addition, Philippine English had the most number of action markers, thus, implying the Philippine English's tendency to be more writer-responsible as compared with the Taiwanese English and Iranian English.

Background: Smuggling health goods given the importance and critical nature of health services should be undeniably addressed and controlled by all countries. This issue is especially more widespread in developing countries with more damaging consequences. This paper therefore aims to identify and analyze the challenges of preventing smuggling of health goods in Iran., Method: Within this qualitative study, we conducted face-to-face, semi-structured interviews with 30 purposefully recruited key informants and stakeholders in the detection, prevention, and combating of health goods smuggling. Each interview was analyzed thematically, using an inductive approach to generate codes, then categorized and presented in the form of main themes and sub-themes. Maxqda 11 assisted in coding, analysis, and data management., Results: Three main themes emerged representing the challenges of prevention of smuggling in Iran in the areas of anti-smuggling policy development, including categories of inefficient policy and plan, and failure to reach agenda; policy implementation; categorized into actors, resources and instruments, and implementation guarantee; and finally monitoring and evaluation; including, procedures and practices, and the role of surveyors., Conclusion: Prevention of smuggling health goods proves to be a highly complex, challenging, and multi-faceted practice. Therefore, strengthening policy-making, regulatory frameworks, and facilitation functions about smuggling, counterfeiting, and corruption should be promoted in parallel., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Self-management, as the most common method of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) management, is not an isolated behaviour, but a set of physical, social, cultural, psychological and existential factors affecting it., Aim: This study aimed to explore the facilitators and barriers to self-management in men with COPD in the unique social, cultural, political and economic context of Iran., Methods: This paper reports part of the findings of a qualitative grounded theory study aimed at exploring the process of self-management in Iranian men with COPD, which was conducted in Iran from January 2019 to July 2023. Participants included men with COPD, their family members and pulmonologists. The selection of participants in this research began with the purposeful sampling method. Data was collected using semistructured interviews. Data collection continued until the data saturation was achieved. A total of 15 interviews were conducted with nine patients, three family members of patients and three pulmonologists. The data was analysed using the constant comparative analysis method., Results: The findings of this study showed that knowledge, education, experience, family involvement and financial support are the factors that facilitate self-management. Factors related to deficits include lack of education, lack of treatment support, family cooperation deficit, financial problems, medication obtaining problems and factors related to disease impacts include specific nature of the disease, residual effect, comorbidity and factors related to negative patients characteristics include false beliefs, poor self-efficacy, feeling shame and non-adherence are barriers to self-management in men with COPD., Conclusion: Based on results of this study, healthcare providers and health planners can strengthen the factors that facilitate self-management and weaken or remove the barriers to self-management, so that these patients use self-management strategies with maximum capacity to control the disease., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

In the field of English Language Teaching (ELT), attention has been shifted toward the alternative role of teachers as transformative intellectuals whereby transformation in teaching occurs from control and technical operations to criticism and intellectual reflection. This role enables teachers to focus on marginalized students' lived experiences and worlds to transform them into active and critical citizens who are emancipated to develop their voices and question the status quo. Through critically examining the learning milieu that maintains injustice and inequality, students struggle to connect it to sociopolitical conditions in wider society, and eventually transform it to meet the desired ideologies and thinking. This paper attempts to scrutinize teachers' role as transformative intellectuals and their challenges through the transformation process. Thus, the researcher used purposive sampling to select 26 teachers in four private language institutes of Tehran, Shiraz, and Yazd, Iran to adopt the role of transformative intellectuals based on theoretical principles and concepts of critical pedagogy. Semi-structured interview and an online focus group were used to collect data. Data analysis disclosed transformations and benefits as well as the challenges resulting from teachers becoming transformative intellectuals. The fruitful findings of this study are insightful, since this study is an example to show how language teachers can create transformation in the EFL context, change their fossilized role, and empower oppressed students within the institutionalized and oppressive system of schooling.

This paper explores the impact of modernization and globalization on Iranians’ cultural and identity-based relationship with the environment, resulting in a loss of mental and semantic dimensions. This has led to environmental numbness and disregard for the natural world. The study argues that virtual education can complement holistic education and provide a platform for Iranians to learn about the mental and semantic aspects of their relationship with nature, thereby restoring their sense of connection to the natural world. The paper suggests that virtual education can help develop environmental awareness, critical thinking skills, and social responsibility while providing access to educational resources for individuals who may be geographically or socially isolated. Integrating virtual education into formal and non-formal education in Iran can play a critical role in promoting sustainable development, addressing environmental challenges, and preserving cultural identity. The study uses qualitative and descriptive research methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Clinical trials play an important role in expanding the knowledge of diabetes prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, and data management is one of the main issues in clinical trials. Lack of appropriate planning for data management in clinical trials may negatively influence achieving the desired results. The aim of this study was to explore data management processes in diabetes clinical trials in three research institutes in Iran. Method: This was a qualitative study conducted in 2019. In this study, data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 16 researchers in three endocrinology and metabolism research institutes. To analyze data, the method of thematic analysis was used. Results: The five themes that emerged from data analysis included (1) clinical trial data collection, (2) technologies used in data management, (3) data security and confidentiality management, (4) data quality management, and (5) data management standards. In general, the findings indicated that no clear and standard process was used for data management in diabetes clinical trials, and each research center executed its own methods and processes. Conclusion: According to the results, the common methods of data management in diabetes clinical trials included a set of paper-based processes. It seems that using information technology can help facilitate data management processes in a variety of clinical trials, including diabetes clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Widespread public vaccination is one of the effective mechanisms to ensure the health and prevent deaths in societies. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine is a stark instance in this regard. Vaccine development is a complex process requiring firm-level capabilities, various infrastructures, long-term planning, and stable and efficient policies. Due to the global demand for vaccines during the pandemic, the national capability to produce vaccines is critical. To this end, the current paper investigates influential factors, at the firm- and policylevel, in the COVID-19 vaccine development process in Iran. By adopting a qualitative research method and conducting 17 semi-structured interviews and analyzing policy documents, news, and reports, we extracted internal and external factors affecting the success and failure of a vaccine development project. We also discuss the characteristics of the vaccine ecosystem and the gradual maturity of policies. This paper draws lessons for vaccine development in developing countries at both firm and policy levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Ambiguity arises when more than one meaning and concept can be understood from a word, phrase or sentence. Since it seems necessary to understand this by the information retrieval system in order to increase the accuracy of the information retrieval system and increase the retrieval of related resources, the present research aims to identify the ambiguous and disambiguating factors through a systematic review of studies. It has been done in Iran. Methodology: The research method is applied in terms of purpose, in terms of approach, qualitative and in terms of information gathering method, systematic review using PRISMA standard. The statistical population includes journal articles, conferences, and dissertations indexed in Iranian databases, including: Magiran, Noormags, Shiraz Regional Center for Science and Technology, Civilica, and Academic Jihad Center (SID) and Scientific Information of Iran (treasure). 175 scientific sources and 138 scientific sources were excluded based on the output criteria and 37 scientific sources were selected based on the input criteria. Input criteria: focusing on the studies conducted on the subject of ambiguity and disambiguation, in the fields of linguistics, information technology, artificial intelligence, computer and information science, and epistemology, scientific sources published in Persian language, without publication time limits, review articles, Scientific research, master's and doctorate theses and national and international conference papers held inside Iran. Output criteria: studies carried out except for ambiguity and disambiguation, non-Persian language scientific sources, books, reports, editorials, abstract writings and short articles (less than 5 pages). Findings: The results show that the main topic of interest in this research was "ambiguity of the meaning of words" (53%) and "disambiguation of words" (44%) and the least topics of ambiguity in machine translation (21%) and disambiguation through ontology (5 percent). The most research methods with the "neural network" approach (22 percent) and the least research methods used were content analysis, methodology and machine learning (5 percent), the largest number of sources related to the articles of conferences and national conferences and was international (48 percent) and the least were master theses and doctoral dissertations (5 percent). Computer and linguistics fields (27 percent) have had the most scientific productions in this regard, and information science and epistemology fields (9 percent) have had the lowest productions. Conclusion: The present research is considered innovative in the sense that it deals with the issue of ambiguity and disambiguation in information retrieval with a systematic review approach. Its findings indicate that most Iranian researches were focused on disambiguation, which were mostly presented in national and international conferences and meetings. The topic of ambiguity and disambiguation is more important in the fields of computer science and linguistics, and the fields of information science and epistemology have not dealt with it. The semantic ambiguity of words and, by nature, the disambiguation of words has been the concern of format in Iranian researches. Ontology as a new approach to disambiguation has received less attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's world, it is unavoidable for older adults to use technology, which causes some challenges for them. In this qualitative study, we used grounded theory to evaluate information and communication technology (ICT) adoption strategies among Iranian older adults. The participants included 18 older adults, five experts, and five family members of older adults. The data collection method included conducting semi-structured interviews, taking field notes, and observation. The data were analyzed using the Corbin and Strauss approach. Three main themes were extracted as follows: support from others, effort for learning, and smart choice. The subthemes of support from others included creativity in educating older adults; having access to an educational supporter; and receiving informational, emotional, and financial support. The subthemes of effort for learning included utilizing aids, adaptive measures, shortcut techniques, and self-learning. The subthemes of smart choice included physical characteristics, technical features, price sensitivity, and availability of an active sales representative. Accordingly, it is essential to teach older adults to increase their ICT adoption rate and continued use of technology. In this respect, developing a standard ICT manual for older adults can be beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Risk communication is a complex, multifaceted process that plays a significant role in disaster management. One of the criticisms of Iran's health system risk communication is the existence of legal gaps and deficiencies in upstream documents. Objectives: This research evaluated national documents to identify and assess the legislative gap in health system risk communication. Methods: This research is a gap analysis study using the qualitative content analysis method. National documents from 2002 to 2022 related to disaster management were collected. Documents were entered into the blueprint designed by the researcher and analyzed. Results: In the present study, 58 documents due to disaster management were extracted. After the initial review, 36 documents involving 266 items concentrating on risk communication were included in the research. In initial thematic analysis, 47 approvals due to the mitigation phase (five subcategories of information, education and public awareness, infrastructure development, community engagement, and preparation and maintenance of information systems), 61 approvals due to the preparedness phase (nine subcategories of monitoring, information and maintenance of database, creation and maintenance of network and communication infrastructure, coordination, organizational training, planning, determining level of access to information, communication, monitoring and evaluation), l33 approvals due to the response phase (11 subcategories of information management, informing, communication management, media management, trust building, organization and coordination, appointing a spokesperson, monitoring and control, use and management of social media, content production, and supply and maintenance of equipment and infrastructure), 25 approvals due to the phase of rehabilitation and reconstruction (four subcategories of documentation, information, training, and community engagement). Conclusions: The field of risk communication has been mentioned according to the revision and updating of documents in recent years, but in these documents, many aspects of risk communication were dim; therefore, experts in the field of disaster management should pay more attention to a review of these papers and the creation of a special document on risk communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: One of the prominent vital needs for implementing a community-based rehabilitation (CBR) program is correct perception and we know that CBR is linked to several challenges. The current study was performed to identify the challenges of implementing a CBR program in Iran based on the perceptions of the stakeholders. Methods: This study was qualitative conventional content analysis. In total, 25 participants who were staff of the Welfare Organization at different levels, managers, and experts working in the CBR project and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) were selected according to purposive sampling. Data gathering was performed by semi-structured and in-depth interviews and continued until saturation. The interviews were performed in 2020. To test the trustworthiness of data, the Guba and Lincoln criteria (credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability) and MAXQDA were used for data analysis. Results: The challenges of implementing a CBR program were identified. Eight novel categories and 39 subcategories were generated as follows: neglecting the local conditions and role of provinces, poor policymaking, and planning, deviation from the main goals, lack of a comprehensive evaluation system, inefficient resource management, weakness in facilitation, ineffective communication, and the inefficiency of NGOs). Discussion: Policymakers, service providers, and managers must understand the challenges of implementing a CBR program. Also, they are expected to address to this issue. This paper showed evidence for all stakeholders. Paying attention to these challenges can lead to the program's tremendous success and ultimately, improved service provision and quality of life for people with disabilities and their families. The results support the need for policymakers and managers in the rehabilitation sector to change their vision and address the CBR as an essential part of the rehabilitation system. Also, the collected data could help to reinforce the CBR services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modern world has given rise to a new phenomenon known as 'divergence of sciences', meaning that various scientific activities occasionally affect a particular matter in different and sometimes contradictory ways. Considering this phenomenon, this paper discusses the relationships between the mutual interplay of legal, managerial, and engineering activities pertaining to the sustainable development of green buildings and has designed and explained a legal management model with an approach to green buildings in Iran as its main contribution. For this purpose, the qualitative research method was adopted, which entailed interviewing subject experts through the snowball research method, in combination with the quantitative method. The necessary requirements and identified indicators including, General Practical Approaches, Engineering, Managerial and Legal Indicators (EI, MI, LI), presented in this study, can significantly help coordinate the aggregate force of the three disciplines, and the main priorities set to achieve the comprehensive sustainable development goals (SDGs). According to the analyses of fifty-one identified indicators and their influence in four different fields on the SDGs, the study underscored the theory that even in the engineering world there is not a significant difference between these four fields in terms of implementing the SDGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) is a rare genetic disorder, associated with some physical symptoms including spots and tiny bumps on the skin, and internal organ involvement. People suffering from neurofibromatosis face various challenges in their daily lives. However, there is little understanding on how patients deal with neurofibromatosis. This study aimed to investigate the life challenges of patients with NF1. Methods: This qualitative study was performed by implementing a grounded theory with the cooperation of the Society for Neurofibromatosis Patients over the course of 15 months in 2019 across 4 provinces in Iran. Twenty‐four patients with NF1 were interviewed. An analysis was performed using the constant comparative method. Findings: The results of the analyses indicated that the major concern of the NF1 patients was feelings of failure and falling behind in life. In the face of failure in life in such a context, patients used the main strategy of "unsuccessful struggle to escape" the disease and its complications, which was represented itself in the forms of 'hopelessness and impatience', 'suicidal thoughts and unsuccessful suicide attempts', 'isolation and seclusion', 'expressing complaints and grievances to God', 'hiding the disease' and 'hopelessness and refusing to receive care'. The implementation of such strategies helped patients reduce tension and achieve a temporary, though vulnerable and fragile, sense of relief and peace. Conclusion: Given an unfavourable life condition, NF1 patients turned to a harmful passive strategy in the face of the challenges posed by the disease. Patient or Public Contribution: Public contributors were active partners throughout, and co‐authored the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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BACKGROUND: Traditional medicine is a complete system, including diagnostic methods, etiology and treatment based on interpersonal differences. Owing to a lack of investigations in the field of Iranian traditional medicine as well as its many present challenges, certain studies in this area can prove quite practical in identifying and solving ongoing challenges. This study investigates the challenges of the health system in Iranian traditional medicine in the context of control levers. METHODS: The study was qualitative content analysis. A framework analysis, "Control Knob Approach", was considered appropriate to promote apprehension of challenges of health systems in Iranian traditional medicine. Data were collected by purposeful sampling through in-depth and semi-structured individual interviews with 35 experts of Iranian traditional medicine. Directed content analysis was used to analyze the data, which extracted the initial codes after performing the recorded interviews on paper and immersing them in the data analysis. RESULTS: Upon analysis of data by Iranian medicine experts, five main categories including financing, payment system, regulations, behavior and organization were defined alongside 13 subcategories. CONCLUSION: According to current challenges and the tendency of society to receive traditional medicine services, as well as the long history of traditional medicine in Iran, fair access to traditional medicine services should be provided. This access must be through the production of indigenous knowledge and the formulation of regulatory and educational policies and guidelines and the empowerment of relevant, healthy, effective, evidencebased and cost-effective forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Electronic Health Records (EHRs) were introduced to all Iranian medical universities in 2015 with the launch of Integrated Electronic Health System (which is known as SIB: a Persian backronym in Persian meaning apple), and a number of studies were conducted on SIB. However, most of these studies did not consider the benefits and challenges of adopting SIB in Iran. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify the benefits and challenges of SIB in health centers of Khuzestan Province, Iran. Methods: This was a qualitative study using qualitative conventional content analysis conducted on 6 experts and 24 users of SIB in six health centers of three cities in Khuzestan province, Iran. The participants were selected using a purposeful sampling method. Maximum variation was considered in selecting the group of users, and snowball sampling was used in the group of experts. Data collection tool was semi-structured interview. Data analysis was performed using thematic analysis. Results: Overall, 42 components (24 for benefits and 18 for challenges) were extracted from the interviews. Common sub-themes and themes were identified for challenges and benefits. The components formed 12 sub-themes, and they were placed in 3 main themes, namely structure, process and outcome. 1) Structure included four sub-themes of Financial resources, Human resources, Facilities, and Access to the Internet; 2) Process involved three sub-themes of Training, Providing services, and Time and workload; and 3) Outcome incorporated five sub-themes of Quality of health services, Access, Safety and personal distance, Screening and evaluation, and Research. Conclusions: In the present study, the benefits and challenges of adopting SIB were examined in three themes: structure, process, and outcome. Most of the identified benefits were related to the theme of outcome, and most of the identified challenges were related to the theme of structure. Based on the identified factors, by strengthening the benefits of SIB and also trying to eliminate or reduce its challenges, it is possible to institutionalize and use it more effectively in order to solve health problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An estimated 96% of registered refugees in Iran are Afghan. Almost half of them are young women at the reproductive age. The adequate maternity care is crucial for healthy pregnancy. There is limited knowledge regarding the access and adequacy of maternity care among Afghan women in Iran. The reports from ministry of health (MOH) implicate higher prevalence of perinatal complications in Afghan population. This mainly attributed to the inadequate prenatal care during pregnancy. Therefore, this paper explores the potential barriers to prenatal care among Afghan women in Iran.Methods: Using convenience sampling, thirty pregnant Afghan women were recruited at three community health centers with the highest number of Afghan visitors in Tehran, the capital city of Iran. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews in Persian language using an interview guide. The interviewers were two bilingual Afghan graduate midwifery students. Each interview lasted for an hour. The questions regarding the concerns and experienced obstacles in seeking prenatal care were asked. The interviews were transcribed into original language (Persian) and analyzed using content analysis and further translated back into English. The main themes were extracted grouping the similar codes and categories after careful consideration and consensus between the researchers.Results: The financial constraints and lack of affordable health insurance with adequate coverage of prenatal care services, particularly the diagnostic and screening tests, were the most frequent reported obstacles by Afghan women. In addition, personnel behavior, transportation issues, stigma and discrimination, cultural concerns, legal and immigration issues were also mentioned as the source of disappointment and inadequate utilization of such services.Conclusions: The findings of present study emphasize the necessity of available and most importantly, affordable prenatal care for Afghan women in Iran. Providing an affordable health insurance with adequate coverage of prenatal and delivery services, could reduce the financial burden, facilitate the access, and ensure the maternal and child health in this vulnerable population. The issues of fear and concern of deportation must be removed for at least illegal Afghan mothers to ensure their access to maternity care and improve the health of both mother and offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) has the second highest cancer mortality rate in Australia. The Australian National Bowel Cancer Screening Program (NBCSP) aims to increase early detection of CRC by offering free Faecal Occult Blood Testing (FOBT), although uptake is low for culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) groups. Aim of paper: To present data on trust and mistrust in the NBCSP by population groups with low uptake and thus to highlight areas in need of policy change. Methods: A qualitative study was undertaken in South Australia, involving interviews with 94 people from four CALD groups: Greek, Iranian, Anglo‐Australian, and Indigenous peoples. Results: Our study highlights the complexities of institutional trust, which involves considerations of trust at interpersonal, local and national levels. In addition, trust and mistrust was found in more abstract systems such as the medical knowledge of doctors to diagnose or treat cancer or the scientific procedures in laboratories to test the FOBTs. The object of institutional (mis)trust differed between cultural groups – Anglo‐Australian and Iranian groups indicated a high level of trust in the government, whereas Indigenous participants were much less trusting. Conclusion: The level and nature of trust in the screening process varied between the CALD groups. Addressing program misconceptions, clarifying the FOBT capabilities and involving medical services in collecting and transporting the samples may increase trust in the NBCSP. However, broader and more enduring mistrust in services and institutions may need to be dealt with in order to increase trust and participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nurses, as the main healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic, were at high risk of contracting the disease. Family caregivers played a vital role in the support and recovery of patients with COVID-19. The experiences of family caregivers of nurses are very important due to the nature of their job. However, little information is available in this field. To this end, the present study aimed to explore the experiences of family caregivers of nurses who recovered from COVID-19. Methods: This descriptive qualitative study was conducted in one of the hospitals in southeastern Iran in 2022. The participants were 12 family caregivers of nurses who recovered from COVID-19 and were selected through purposive sampling. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using conventional content analysis. The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative research checklist was used to report the findings. Results: The analysis of the data revealed psychosocial consequences as main theme, three categories and nine subcategories including negative emotions and attitudes (fear of deterioration/death, fear of frequent infection, fear of transmitting infection to others, despair of recovery, Changing attitudes toward the nursing profession), caregiver burden (role conflict, economic pressure) and lack of support, ineffective interactions and isolation (Lack of support from nursing managers and colleagues, ineffective interactions and isolation). Conclusion: Like other caregivers, family caregivers of nurses recovered from COVID-19 experienced psychosocial consequences and a heavy burden of responsibility. However, what differentiates our findings from the results reported in previous studies is the change in caregivers' attitudes toward nursing and regret for their family members being nurses. The lack of support from medical staff and managers for nurses, the condition of nurses frequently contracting COVID-19 due to the nature of their profession, and the fear of transmitting the infection to others due to contact with COVID-19 patients in the workplace expose these caregivers to additional stress and many risks. Thus, these caregivers need more attention and support in similar situations; an issue that seems to have been neglected during the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To explore the professional identity of nursing during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Iran. Professional identity guides nurses' interaction with patients. In the COVID‐19 pandemic, recent developments in society's view of the nursing profession are expected to change the perception of nurses' professional identities. Design: The qualitative study used a conventional content analysis approach. Methods: Data were collected using in‐depth semi‐structured interviews from June 2020 to January 2021. Data analysis was performed using Landman and Granheim's analysis and Lincoln and Guba's criteria to ensure the data's rigour. Results: After analysing the 20 interviews with 17 participants, including 11 nurses with an average age of 32.63 ± 6.71 years and six varius community members with an average age of 38.66 ± 5.85 years, three main categories were formed: (1) The dual role of the media in the two subcategories (the positive role and the negative role of the media), (2) Changes in public view of nursing during the COVID‐19 pandemic (respect for avoidance and understanding the value of nursing practice) and (3) Change of professional identity by showing self‐sacrifice (dealing with adversity and commitment to professional obligations). Conclusion: The image in the public view of the nursing profession during the COVID‐19 pandemic media differs from before and shows self‐sacrifice, professional commitment and humanity in nursing. Nurses' experience of caring during the COVID‐19 pandemic has positively affected their professional identity; however, they are concerned about the instability of improving the nursing image in society. Impact: Nursing leaders and policymakers can utilize media platforms to portray the nursing profession in a positive light and emphasize the scientific capabilities of nurses. This approach goes beyond highlighting sacrifice and compassion, aiming to shift societal perceptions of nursing and bolster the professional identity of nurses. Reporting Method: We used the COREQ (COnsolidated criteria for REporting Qualitative research) checklist as a reporting method. Patient or Public Contribution: No patient or public contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Improving the ethical competencies of nursing students, as an important dimension of professional competence, is a primary objective of nursing education. Thus, this study aimed to explore a guide for codes of ethics for the development of ethical competence among nursing students in the healthcare system of Iran. Methods: This is a systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative studies conducted in the healthcare system of Iran. The review included studies published between January 1, 2000 and March 2024. We conducted a comprehensive search in various international and national databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Scopus, Barakatns, MagIran and SID. Initially, 86 qualitative studies were identified, and after a meticulous screening process, 39 studies were carefully reviewed. Finally, 10 qualitative studies were selected for analysis. The meta-synthesis employed an interpretive approach by thematic synthesis. Results: Based on our results, four main themes and 10 categories, along with summarized codes, were extracted as crucial elements of the codes of ethics for the professional competence of Iranian nursing students. The main themes identified were knowledge, standards, experiences, and attitudes (KSEA). Conclusions: The concept of codes of ethics for developing professional competencies in Iranian nursing students was detected as a multidimensional concept with four major areas. By emphasizing the rights of clients and the standardization of nursing practice, this set of ethical codes can contribute to preventing clinical errors and legal issues at hospitals and educational settings. Furthermore, it fosters a positive environment that encourages professional behaviors among nursing students. Nursing students, as future nurses, should apply codes of ethics when facing emerging ethical challenges. Nurse educators have a crucial role in providing students with the necessary preparation and guidance during their professional socialization process in nursing schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotional contagion (EC) occurs when one person's moods and emotions influence others' feelings. This study aims to understand employees' lived experiences regarding EC and its consequences in Iran during the pandemic. This study used a phenomenological framework to elicit employees' experiences. Forty interviews with Iranian employees in 40 public organizations were conducted. Purposive sampling was used to identify the participants. The unearthed consequences were categorized into seven themes: mental disorders, negative emotions, negative physiological changes, job burnout, communication apprehension, venting at the workplace, and work-family spillover. Although several studies have considered the role of EC in the workplace, the consequences of EC during the COVID-19 pandemic in organizations have not yet been studied. Moreover, the findings illustrated that EC during the COVID-19 pandemic has dire consequences, which are not only confined to the individual sphere of employees but also permeate organizations, clients, and even families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study explored the strategies to overcome diabetes-related social stigma in Iran. Materials and Methods: This paper is part of an action research study which was designed in Iran in 2012 to plan and implement a program for overcoming diabetes-related stigma. Participants were people with type 1 diabetes, their family members, people without diabetes, and care providers in a diabetes center. Data collection was done through unstructured in-depth interviews, focus groups, e-mail, Short Message Service (SMS), and telephone interview. Data were analyzed using inductive content analysis approach. Results: Participants believed that it is impossible to overcome the stigma without community-based strategies. Community-based strategies include education, advocacy, contact, and protest. Conclusions: The anti-stigma strategies obtained in the study are based on the cultural context in Iran. They are extracted from statements of a wide range of people (with and without diabetes). However, during planning for stigma reduction, it is necessary to note that the effectiveness of social strategies varies in different studies and in different stigmatizing conditions and many factors are involved. These strategies should be implemented simultaneously at different levels to produce structural and social changes. It should be accepted that research on reducing health-related stigma has shown that it is very difficult to change beliefs and behavior. Evidence suggests that individuals and their families should be involved in all aspects of the program, and plans should be made according to the local conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Emergency medical service providers are frequently exposed to a variety of stressors as a result of their work environment. These stressors can have detrimental effects on both the physical and mental well-being of individuals. This study was conducted with the aim of exploring stress management strategies in emergency medical service providers. Methods: This study was conducted in 2023 using a qualitative approach and content analysis method. A purposive sampling method was used to include 16 emergency medical system providers from Hamadan city. Semi-structured interviews, with a duration of 45–60 min, were conducted for data collection. The Data were analyzed using Graneheim and Lundman's conventional content analysis approach. Results: The analysis of the interview data revealed three themes: readiness for the worst conditions, assistance based on supportive partnerships, and striving for balance. The six categories within these three themes were mental preparation, risk management, collaborations in emergency response, supportive communication, adaptive behaviors, and maladaptive responses. Conclusions: The results of this study shed light on the various stress management strategies employed by emergency medical service providers. Understanding and implementing effective stress management strategies can not only enhance the well-being of emergency medical service providers but also improve the quality of patient care. Further research and action are essential to promote the resilience and mental health of these professionals, ensuring their overall well-being and job satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Medical error is a leading cause of disability and death in healthcare settings and reporting colleagues' medical errors is one of the main strategies for medical error management and an ethical responsibility of all healthcare providers, including nurses. Most studies into reporting colleagues' medical errors used quantitative designs while it seems that using qualitative designs can provide better insight in this area. Purpose: This study explored nurses' experiences of reporting the medical errors of their colleagues. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted using the conventional content analysis approach. Participants were 22 hospital nurses purposively selected in 2021–2022 from different cities in Iran. Twenty-two in-depth semi-structured interviews were held for data collection. The data were analyzed via Graneheim and Lundman's conventional content analysis and trustworthiness was maintained using the criteria proposed by Guba and Lincoln. Findings: The main categories of the study were burnout and intention to leave the profession and growth and development. The two subcategories of the first category were the experience of injury and the experience of violence and the two subcategories of the second category were sense of worthiness and sense of motivation. Moral distress was the most important experience of almost all participants. Conclusion: Nurses mostly have negative experiences in terms of reporting their colleagues' medical errors. Negative experiences can act as the barriers to report colleagues' errors while positive experiences can act as its facilitators. Improvement of the patient safety culture in healthcare settings and interpersonal relationships among healthcare providers can reduce the negative experiences and promote the positive experiences of reporting colleagues' medical errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Communication disorders in children can change the parents' lives. Some quantitative studies have investigated the effects of children's disorders on parents' quality of life (QoL) using questionnaires. These quantitative studies cannot comprehensively determine the extent of the impacts of such disorders in children on parents' QoL. Quantitative studies have investigated the QoL using a few limited questions. However, qualitative studies can explore aspects of reality using a full, comprehensive, and in-depth way that may not be quantified by questionnaires. Therefore, this study qualitatively explains the effects of communication disorders in children on parents' QoL. Methods: In this original research, 14 parents who had children with communication disorders consented to participate in semi-structured interviews. The participants were selected purposefully and the sampling was continued until the data was saturated. The interviews were transcribed and then analyzed through qualitative content analysis. Results: Qualitative content analysis of the interviews extracted five main themes, including physical effects, psychological effects, economic effects, family dynamics effects, and jobeducational effects. Each of these themes consists of several subthemes. Discussion: The study revealed the depth of the negative influences of children's communication disorders on the parents' QoL. Screening for parental QoL and providing family support systems for parents of children with communication disorders are warranted based on these findings. Moreover, the findings of the current study can be used for the development of new instruments for measuring QoL or caregiver burden among parents of children with communication disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To overcome of patients with COVID-19 over the capacity of hospitals and mild to moderate severity of the disease in most cases, the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States, recommend home care for these patients. Receiving care at home will face challenges that can be context-based, especially in crises like the Coronavirus pandemic. The present study aimed to describe the experiences of patients with COVID-19 and their relatives from receiving professional home care nursing. Methods: This study was conducted using a qualitative content analysis method. Nine participants with COVID-19 who were receiving home care nursing in Semnan participated in this study. The purposive sampling method was used. Sampling continued until no new categories appeared, meaning the category's theoretical saturation. Deep and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data based on the research question. Data was analyzed using the conventional content analysis method using Graneheim and Lundman's approach. Results: After analyzing the interviews and comparing codes based on similarities and differences, three main themes, 11 categories, and 30 subcategories were identified. The main themes included "The value of home care" (personalization of care, being economical, providing intellectual security, and reducing the concern of family), "Comprehensive care" (professional commitment, empathy, mastery in care, and patronage), and "Care challenges" (cultural barriers, inadequate services, and lack of information about costs and conditions). Conclusion: The patients with COVID-19 who received professional nursing care at home mentioned some challenges, such as the caregiver not being of the same sex as the patient, delay in receiving the service, the inadequacy of the centers, the limitation of the right to choose the care provider, and insufficient information about the cost of services received before receiving each care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mistreatment during childbirth is a growing concern worldwide, especially in developing countries, such as Iran. In response, we launched a comprehensive implementation research (IR) project to reduce mistreatment during childbirth and enhance positive birth experiences in birth facilities. This study identified the challenges of implementing a multi-level intervention to reduce mistreatment of women during childbirth using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Methods: An exploratory qualitative study, involving 30 in-depth interviews, was conducted between July 2022 and February 2023. Participants included a purposive sample of key stakeholders at different levels of the health system (macro: Ministry of Health and Medical Education; meso: universities of medical sciences and health services; and micro: hospitals) with sufficient knowledge, direct experience, and/or collaboration in the implementation of the studied interventions. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and coded using directed qualitative content analysis (CFIR constructs) in MAXQDA 18. Results: The identified challenges were: (1) individual level (childbirth preparation classes: e.g., adaptability, design quality and packaging, cosmopolitanism; presence of birth companions: e.g., patient needs and resources, structural characteristics, culture); (2) healthcare provider level (integrating respectful maternity care into in-service training: e.g., relative priority, access to knowledge and information, reflecting and evaluating); (3) hospital level (evaluating the performance of maternity healthcare providers: e.g., executing, external policies and incentives); and (4) national health system level (implementation of pain relief during childbirth guidelines: e.g., networks and communications, patient needs and resources, executing, reflecting and evaluating). Conclusions: This study provides a clear understanding of the challenges of implementing a multi-level intervention to reduce mistreatment of women during childbirth and highlights potential implications for policy makers and practitioners of maternal health programs. We encourage them to take the lessons learned from this study and revise their current programs and policies regarding the quality of maternity care by focusing on the identified challenges. Plain English summary: Evidence suggests that mistreatment during childbirth is a growing concern worldwide, especially in developing countries, such as Iran. In this qualitative study, through 30 in-depth interviews with key stakeholders at different levels of the health system (macro: Ministry of Health and Medical Education; meso: universities of medical sciences and health services; and micro: hospitals), we identified the challenges of implementing a multi-level intervention to reduce mistreatment of women during childbirth using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). The data were analyzed using directed content analysis and a deductive approach in MAXQDA 18 software. The identified challenges were: (1) individual level (childbirth preparation classes: e.g., adaptability; presence of birth companions: e.g., patient needs and resources); (2) healthcare provider level (integrating respectful maternity care into in-service training: e.g., relative priority); (3) hospital level (evaluating the performance of maternity healthcare providers: e.g., executing, external policies and incentives); and (4) national health system level (implementation of pain relief childbirth guidelines: e.g., networks and communications). This study provides a clear understanding of the challenges of implementing a multi-level intervention to reduce mistreatment of women during childbirth; and highlights potential implications for policy makers and practitioners of maternal health programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]