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This article emphasizes the crucial significance of personal data and the potential dangers arising from its unauthorized processing, which can violate an individual's basic rights and freedoms. To address these worries, the European Union has implemented a comprehensive regulatory structure, widely recognized as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). In the domain of data privacy and security, personal data is defined as encompassing any information with the capacity to identify an individual, whether it be anonymized, encrypted, or pseudonymized data. The regulatory purview of GDPR spans all modes of data processing, automated or manual, and remains indifferent to the storage medium or technology employed. Illustrative examples of personal data comprise an individual's name, identification number (like a CNP), location data (such as GPS coordinates), online identifiers (for instance, specific types of cookies), and a diverse array of attributes pertaining to an individual's physical, physiological, genetic, psychological, economic, cultural, or social identity. This classification also encompasses information such as IP addresses, email addresses, or residential addresses. It is of utmost importance to acknowledge that personal data, whether examined in isolation or in conjunction with other data elements, retains the potential to unveil the identity of an individual. This paper expands the scope of analysis to critically assess the multifaceted implications of GDPR within the contemporary landscape of data privacy and security, with a specific focus on its relevance within the realm of management practices. The examination encompasses an indepth exploration of the foundational principles of GDPR, its legal framework, and its global impact across businesses, individuals, and regulatory bodies. Additionally, the study delves into the complexities associated with GDPR compliance, illuminating the evolving dynamics of data protection within an increasingly digitized world. It emphasizes the essential role played by effective management strategies in addressing these challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering that the base erosion and the profit shifting practiced by multinationals could deprive governments of their fair share in taxes and, as a consequence of the financial resources needed to achieve the sustainable development goals ('SDGs'), governments have started to be interested in the implementation of transfer pricing regulations. The objective of the paper is to analyze the transfer pricing regulations and practices adopted by the EU countries that record a good progress in terms of SDGs vs. EU countries that record a moderate progress in this respect. The results of the study show that the strictness of the transfer pricing system influences the progress regarding the achievement of the SDGs. More exactly, the countries which record a good progress in achieving SDGs have, in general, a stricter transfer pricing system. In order to increase the strictness of the transfer pricing system and the progress in terms of SDGs, countries could implement regulation which envisage: the preparation of an annual transfer pricing documentation; the preparation of a documentation on three levels according to BEPS 13; the adoption of certain measures in order to increase the number of APAs, MAPs and transfer pricing audits; imposing of penalties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the issue of using genetic tests for insurance purposes. After introductory remarks, the paper provides an overview of various international and European legal sources both on data protection in general, and on the protection of data from genetic tests. The paper then researches into different solutions proposed by comparative law concerning the use of data from genetic tests for insurance purposes. Some solutions explicitly ban the use of genetic tests for insurance purposes (France, Austria, Portugal, Croatia), while others adopt a more liberal approach, allowing for its use (the USA, the UK, Germany). It is concluded that personal data protection does not exclude the possibility using data from genetic tests for insurance purposes, which proves the need for a common EU approach to the issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains the legal framework for cross-border transfers of personal data outside the EU and assesses its impact on a selection of Asia-Pacific data protection laws. It studies the position defended by the EU in the debates for a new general framework on e-commerce in the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the sections regarding data flows of some free trade agreements recently concluded by Asia-Pacific countries such as the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership. This paper shows how the regulation of data flows has surpassed national data protection laws to be increasingly present in free trade agreements with the tensions this may entail, paying special attention to the EU and Asia- Pacific. A holistic view is necessary because the consequences for human rights in trade negotiations should not be overlooked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inception of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) in 2018, an event which redefined the institutional dimensions of Africa-European relations, is at the centre of historic normative debates between two dominant contending schools on the imperatives of African unity. While Pan-Africanists advocate for African unity as a strategy to rupture trade relations between the two continents in question, Afro-European integrationists assert that the quest for African unity should not be divorced from deeper exchanges between Africa and Europe. The AfCFTA is embedded in an ensemble of Africa-EU free trade institutions and therefore is bound to be perceived by Pan-Africanists as Africa yielding to European domination and mobilized by Afro-European integrationists as a vindication of the validity of their assertions. With the aid of Bob Jessop's regulation analysis, Radhika Desai's concept of combined development, and my notion of syndic neo-corporatism as well as the method of sequence analysis, this paper makes a case beyond the normative perspectives of the two schools. It does so in order to demonstrate that while Pan-Africanists miss the point that African elites instrumentally value the AfCFTA as a rent extraction scheme, Afro-European integrationists fail to recognize that the AfCFTA fits the strategic quest of the EU to prevail over its global competitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper addresses solutions of the recently adopted Digital Content Directive (abbreviated: DCD) with the focus on its major novelty being the possibility of a consumer to provide his personal data in lieu of a price in return for a digital content or a digital service. Though this social phenomenon has been known in practice for quite some time, the DCD is the first instrument of the European Union (abbreviated: EU) that accepted such reality by laying down a legal framework tailor-made to such contractual performance. Prior to its adoption, the main concern was how to reconcile two aspects of personal data: the fact that the right to the protection of personal data presents a fundamental human right, on one hand, and a rising use of such data as an object of contractual performance in the digital environment, on the other hand. The need to conciliate these two dimensions of personal data led to some revisions of the European Commission’s Proposal of the DCD. These changes led, inter alia, to a clear reference in the DCD to the already existing regime for the protection of personal data at the EU level epitomised in the General Data Protection Regulation (abbreviated: GDPR). Apart from relevant solutions of the DCD, the paper also examines arguments favouring the DCD implementation in Serbian legal system, proposing at the same time the most appropriate piece of legislation for that. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Possession of accurate, complete and reliable relevant data on electronic communications traffic and timely access of authorised competent state bodies to such data is without a doubt a useful tool in the fight against modern forms of crime. For that reason, It is justified to establish an obligation for providers of electronic communications services to keep certain data on communications for a certain period of time in the realization of which they mediate and to hand over that data at the request of authorized state bodies, in order to use them for legitimate purposes. For this reason, the Data Retention Directive was adopted in 2006, which Member States were required to transpose into national law However, data retention poses a risk to basic human rights and freedoms, if the regulation establishing this obligation does so without respecting the essence of these rights and freedoms, especially the right to privacy and rights related the processing of personal data for which reason the Court of Justice of the Euro pean Union declared the Directive invalid is 2014. Despite this decision, Member States continue to regulate the obligation to retain data in their national regulations. In this regard the question of compliance of these regulations with the fundamental rights and freedoms and principles of the Union is raised. The subject of the paper is the analysis of the case law of the Court of Justice of the EU on this issue after the annulment of the Data Retention Directive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Union (EU) General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR) has a direct impact on research activities, as it raises the awareness of personal rights not only among the scientists but also among the data-subjects scientists process information from. This paper presents the dilemma related to the privacy of audio and video data, compliance with the EU GDPR, and techniques to anonymize and pseudonymize such data. We further discuss issues of "in the wild" personal data collection by focusing on multi-modal collections, mainly of audio, video via these channels. Throughout this paper we define relevant core issues and highlight two challenges of "in the wild" data collection: Internet crawling and public data collecting. In the last section, some exemplary use cases are demonstrating the raised issues, illuminating how GDPR affects the collection of publicly available data; how privacy concerns influence participant behavior, and which deanonymization levels can be reached with what kind of data. The key point we present is that the identity of the participants is revealed in the voice or video signal, while the latter is at the same time the object of the research. One implication is that the research community has to actively disconnect the data from the personal information on the participants. Hence the importance of a process of anonymity or omission of data for research activity. This entail the development of an infrastructure for data access control to enable data sharing among researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study seeks to identify the specifics of personal data protection in the context of EU legislation. The focus is on the personal data transferred outside the Union. It is described how the EU data protection law provides specific measures in order to ensure the protection of individuals and legal persons from malicious acts. The article also highlights the reform of the EU data protection legislation in the context of the reliability of the data transfer mechanisms to third countries. The legal regulation in this matter goes through various stages of development, and the latter one includes the implementation of rules with a focus on ensuring greater data sharing between institutions and companies. The analysis of the international data flows as a priority topic in relations between the EU and countries outside its borders, including international organizations, also find its place in the study. In this sense, transfers to specific sectors based on specific international agreements will be considered in connection with the improvement and strengthening of the existing procedures for international data transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]