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The aggressive industrial upgrade in China's first-tier cities has caused a shift in scholarly attention from peasant migrant workers to skilled migrants. Contrasting with a few elite migrants who are entitled special settlement policies, there is a large group of skilled migrants struggling for permanent homes and settlement amidst the rapid property inflation in the first-tier cities. However, these new floaters' housing experiences and settlement intention have not been studied. This paper fills this gap with a specific focus on skilled migrants' initiatives in expanding access to homeownership from the informal sector and showing how informal homeownership reshapes their settlement intention. Using a structural equation model on a dataset collected from Beijing and Shenzhen, this paper reveals the sorting and enabling effects of informal homeownership (small property rights housing, SPRH) on skilled migrants' settlement intention. The modelling results showed skilled migrants with an intention to settle down in Beijing/Shenzhen tend to buy an informal house as a residence instead of renting a home. Living in owned SPRH encourages migrants' intention to settle down because informal homeownership enables them to offset their structural disadvantages in the formal housing system. Therefore, SPRH serves as a stepping-stone for skilled migrants towards formal homeownership and permanent settlement in China's first-tier cities. Our empirical findings substantiate the socially inclusive nature of SPRH and contributes a new justification to tenure pluralism. • Skilled migrants are struggling for settlement in China's first tier cities. • Their housing experiences and settlement intention have not been studied. • Sorting effects of SPRH: Those with settlement intention tend to buy a SPRH. • Enabling effects of SPRH: Living in owned SPRH encourages settlement intention. • SPRH serves as a stepping-stone for skilled migrants to settle down. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper is the second in a series of three papers aimed at understanding the emissions of vehicles in China by conducting on-board emission measurements. This paper focuses on light-duty gasoline vehicles. In this study, we measured 57 light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs) in three Chinese mega-cites (Beijing, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen), covering Euro 0 through Euro IV technologies, and generated CO, HC, and NOx emission factors and deterioration rates for each vehicle technology. The results show that the vehicle emission standards have played a significant role in reducing vehicle emission levels in China. The vehicle emission factors are reduced by 47–81%, 53–64%, 46–71%, and 78–82% for each phase from Euro I to Euro IV. Euro 0 vehicles have a considerably high emission level, which is hundreds of times larger than that of Euro IV vehicles. Three old taxis and four other Euro I and Euro II LDGVs are also identified as super emitters with equivalent emission levels to Euro 0 vehicles. Of the measured fleet, 23% super emitters were estimated to contribute 50–80% to total emissions. Besides vehicle emission standards, measures for restricting super emitters are equally important to reduce vehicle emissions. This study is intended to improve the understanding of the vehicle emission levels in China, but some key issues such as emission deterioration rates are yet to be addressed with the presence of a sufficient amount of vehicle emission measurements. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]