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This study is to historically survey the development of English language education policies in Korea to show that English education policies in Korea have developed to cultivate Korean students who are capable in a globalized world. This study has the following purposes: first, this paper surveys the origin of English education from the ending period of Chosun dynasty, and the developmental process through the Japanese Colonial period into the modern national curriculum periods. Second, this study emphasizes the development of English education policy by analyzing the 6th and the 7th national curriculum policies based on the progressive principles of educational philosophy. Based on the 6 progressive principles, this research paper can prove that English education policies in Korea have many traits for progressive orientation, which can play essential evidence for the development of English education policy. Third, this study can reveal the innovations of English education policies from the 1990s after the 6th and 7th national curriculums were reformed to direct English education in Korea appropriate for the globalized world. From the historical survey on the development of English education, we can conclude that the policies of English education in Korea have developed in the direction of cultivating the communicative competence of Korean learners. In the future, English education policies of Korea have to develop in the direction that can lead the communicative and cultural competence of Korean learners. Further, the direction of English education in the future needs to accommodate World Englishes with Korean, English as one variety of World Englishes. (Contains 1 table.)

This study aims to synthesize the research findings on the effects of K-12 invention education regarding creativity, attitudes toward invention, attitudes toward science, and tendency for technological problem solving in South Korea. Meta-analyses were conducted by calculating the effect size of 37 studies, including theses and journal papers associated with the implementation of invention education, published in South Korea. The overall effect size was medium (0.694), and invention education was found to have an effect on education. The effect sizes determined by the dependent variables and the categorical variables indicated that invention education had a positive impact. In other words, invention programs have helped improve K-12 students' creativity, attitudes toward science, and tendency for technological problem solving. However, the number of program sessions and participants in invention programs did not have an impact on the benefits of invention education. Considering the effects of invention education on the students' perspectives, this study could be helpful to both K-12 educational researchers and practitioners in the fields of science and technology education. Further studies are needed to develop the concrete instructional strategies of invention education for K-12 science and technology classrooms.

At the 8th National High-Performance Computing (HPC) Committee convened in 2021, the "National High-Performance Computing Innovation Strategy (draft) for the 4th Industrial Revolution Era" was deliberated and the original draft was approved. In this proposal, the Ministry of Science and ICT in KOREA announced three major plans and nine detailed projects with the vision of "Realizing the 4th industrial revolution quantum jumping by leaping into a high-performance computing powerhouse." Thereby the most important policy about national mid-term and long-term HPC development was established and called the HPC innovation strategy (hereinafter "the innovation strategy"). The three plans of the innovation strategy proposed by the government are: Strategic HPC infrastructure expansion; Secure source technologies; and Activate innovative HPC utilization. Each of the detailed projects has to be executed nationally and strategically. In this paper, we propose a strategy for the implementation of two items ("Strategic HPC infrastructure expansion" and "activate innovative HPC utilization") among these detailed plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Recently, there has been an increased availability of information and communication technologies to support healthy aging and caregivers' activities. While there is no substitute for the human touch, new technologies can help to support paid (e.g., health care aides in continuing care) and family caregivers or friends and neighbors. Technologies can also improve the quality of care, especially for residents of continuing care centers who might have complex health and social needs (Lindeman et al., 2020). Thus, technologies can facilitate caregiver responsibilities by enhancing communications and supporting person-centered care. Mobile technologies can offer some advantages for caregivers (Perez et al., 2022) and people living with chronic conditions such as dementia (Neubauer et al., 2021), as well as enhance quality of care. An understanding of the factors that influence the acceptance and usability of technologies is necessary to implement new tools in caregiving roles (Liu et al., 2015). Methods In collaboration with continuing care centers and industry, we developed and evaluated the SmartCare System, a multifeatured mobile application system intended to support paid caregivers' workflows and provide information and updates to encourage the engagement of family caregivers. We followed a sequential explanatory mixed-method approach to evaluate the usability of these technologies. Paid (n=60) and family (n=27) caregivers participated in this evaluation by trialing the SmartCare System for one month. Our study included pre- and post- paper-based questionnaires with no control group. In addition, we conducted four focus groups with a subsample of paid and family caregivers. We evaluated the acceptance and usability of the SmartCare System using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology Model (Venkatesh et al., 2003). With the quantitative data, we employed univariate, bivariate, and partial least squares analyses. With the qualitative data, we used content analysis. Results and Discussion The acceptance of the SmartCare System was high for both groups of caregivers. The SmartCare System was functional, portable, and simple due to its design and easy-to-follow layout interface. For paid caregivers, usefulness, was the only predictor of intention to use, and intention to use the technology predicted usage behavior. For family caregivers, ease of use and potential improvement in their ability to perform caregiver activities using the technology were related to the behavioral intention, while the existing organizational and technical infrastructure was related to user behavior. In addition, family caregivers reported that the SmartCare System was easy to use. Regular updates sent to family were described as a significant advantage of this technology. Family caregivers suggested that family interactions and involvement in care activities could increase by using the SmartCare System and the ease of use of this technology could incentivize technology adoption. Both participant groups suggested including more information and features, such as compatibility with multiple devices and visual indicators. In general, the participants recognized the benefits of this technology to enhance communications and interactions. In conclusion, this study confirms the value of mobile technologies to support the workflow of paid caregivers and social connections with family members of residents in continuing care centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A number of scholars examine the impact of information flow associated with Google search queries of various search terms on heteroskedasticity of stock return data using the framework of Lamoureux and Lastrapes (1990). This paper examines the role of internet search queries in carrying the new information flow regarding economic innovation to the stock market for ten countries from a sample of top twenty innovative counties (based on Global Innovation Index 2018). When the internet search volume is included in the conditional variance equation of GJR-GRACH model, the ARCH coefficient becomes statistically insignificant for Canada, South Korea, Switzerland and USA (Hong Kong and South Korea to some extent). These findings suggest that the number of internet search volume is a manifestation of residual heteroskedasticity (ARCH type) in stock return data. As such, the internet provides a much-needed infrastructure for carrying the new information flow attached to economic innovation to the stock market as the common stockholder (i.e. capital providers for innovation) expectations reflect such persistent flow of new knowledge to the stock market. Trading volume testifies the specification used and, as such, the internet search queries could possibly be interpreted as an absorptive capacity variable as stock of new knowledge flow of the economy could be successfully traced by volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a dearth of literature on international trade fair (ITF) staffing functions from the perspective of the exhibitor, and on firm-level internationalization and innovation-related activity within the ITF environment. This research explores specific ITF staffing considerations and their linkages with a number of measures related to firm-level internationalization strategies, relationship building, and innovative activity. A relationship marketing perspective and two research questions are deployed. Results are based on quantitative analyses of firm-level data on smalland-medium-sized (SME) Korean advanced machine tool manufacturers. Results indicate that firms staffed with senior management place more emphasis on meetings with overseas agents and on market information gathering. Firms staffed with technicians emphasize benchmarking activity. The presence of engineers emerges as vital to the setting of clear goals for ITF attendance. Engineers fill even more pivotal roles in the use of ITFs for establishing relationships with potential buyers, for information gathering on them, and for innovative activity. SMEs in technologically advanced sectors and those seeking to expand their export horizons should diversify and enhance their ITF staffing, namely by including more engineers and technicians in conjunction with upper management. They should also move beyond a sales-only motivation and make sure that cross-training helps to better prepare all staff for functions outside of their general job descriptions. Findings may have a direct bearing on Korean firms given the context surrounding the industry, and on (East) Asian firms in particular given an organizational preference to staff with lower-level management and sales personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to present and test a model of innovativeness improvement based on the impact of organizational learning culture. The concept of organizational learning culture (OLC) is presented and defined as a set of norms and values about the functioning of an organization. They should support systematic, in-depth approaches aimed at achieving higher-level organizational learning. The elements of an organizational learning process that we use are information acquisition, information interpretation, and behavioral and cognitive changes. Within the competing values framework OLC covers some aspects of all four different types of cultures: group, developmental, hierarchical, and rational. Constructs comprising innovativeness are innovative culture and innovations, which are made of technical (product and service) and administrative (process) innovations. We use data from 201 Korean companies employing more than 50 people. The impact of OLC on innovations empirically tested via structural equation modeling (SEM). The results show that OLC has a very strong positive direct effect on innovations as well as moderate positive indirect impact via innovative culture. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper addresses the issue of catching and convergence at the level of firms, and investigates whether Korean firms tend to converge toward mature firms represented by the US firms in terms of their behavior and performance as well as firm-level innovations systems. It conducts regression analyses of several behavior and performance variables, using the data of the Korean and US firms during the 1990s, the 2000s, and 2010s. It finds some evidence of convergence, such that Korean firms become more profitability- rather than growth-oriented, borrowing and investing less, and thus being less indebted. However, they have not changed much in terms of their behavior toward firm values and dividend tendencies. Further analyses, using the patent-derived, innovation system variables, also confirm some aspects of convergence, compared with the early results, for which self-citations become significant and positive for firm values; furthermore, the variable of cycle time of technology is no longer significant for profitability, which is consistent with the results from the US firms. Meanwhile, changes in corporate governance associated with the rise of foreign shareholder are also shown to have resulted in higher profitability but insignificant change in firm values. An emerging conclusion is an ongoing but partially completed process of convergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We perform an econometric assessment of the role that pharmaceutical innovation-- the introduction and use of new drugs--has played in improving the health of Koreans, by investigating whether diseases for which more new drugs were launched had larger subsequent increases in longevity and smaller subsequent increases in hospitalization. Drugs launched during 1993-2012 are estimated to have increased mean age at death from all diseases by 1.71 years between 1995 and 2015 and 1.09 years between 2005 and 2015. We also estimate that new drugs increased the five-year relative survival rate from all cancers combined by 23.2 percentage points--78.5% of the total increase--between 1993-1995 and 2011-2015, and that new drugs launched during 2008-2010 reduced the number of hospital days in 2017 by 13.0 million. If the drugs launched during 2003-2012 had had no effect on other medical expenditure in 2015, the cost per life-year gained would not have exceeded 6332 USD. Therefore, even if we ignore the effect of new drugs on hospital utilization, the drugs launched during 2003-2012 were very cost-effective, overall. When reduced hospital utilization is accounted for, the evidence indicates that, in the long run, pharmaceutical innovation was cost-saving as well as life-year saving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study examined the mediating role of perceived organizational support (POS) in the relationship between group-incentive participation and organizational commitment. The study also investigated the moderating role of innovation in the relationship between group-incentive participation and POS and the relationship between group-incentive participation and organizational commitment. Design/Methodology/Approach: The proposed hypotheses were tested by hierarchical linear modeling by means of survey data that were collected in South Korea in 2008. Findings: The results showed that the relationship between group-incentive participation and organizational commitment was fully mediated by POS. Cross-level analyses revealed that group-incentive participation had stronger relationships with POS and organizational commitment in more innovative companies than in less innovative companies. Implications: These findings contribute to the literature by identifying the characteristics of organizations in which group-incentive participation is more effective. In particular, innovative companies could benefit from adopting group-incentive practices because these practices are more strongly related to POS and organizational commitment in more innovative companies. Originality/Value: Whereas previous studies on group incentives have mainly focused on the effects of group incentives at the organizational level, this study bridged the gap between macro- and microapproaches through multilevel analyses. This study is unique in that it examined the vertical fit between group incentives and organizational characteristics while focusing on individual employees' perceptions and attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]