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Examines the development of print repositories in the U.S. as of 2003. Kinds of print repositories; Use of libraries as repositories of microforms during the post World War II period; Construction of university libraries for print collections in the 1980s.

In this paper, we present findings from a three-year research project funded by the US Institute of Museum and Library Services that examined how advanced broadband measurement capabilities can support the infrastructure and services needed to respond to the digital demands of public library users across the US. Previous studies have identified the ongoing broadband challenges of public libraries while also highlighting the increasing digital expectations of their patrons. However, few large-scale research efforts have collected automated, longitudinal measurement data on library broadband speeds and quality of service at a local, granular level inside public libraries over time, including when buildings are closed. This research seeks to address this gap in the literature through the following research question: How can public libraries utilize broadband measurement tools to develop a better understanding of the broadband speeds and quality of service that public libraries receive? In response, quantitative measurement data were gathered from an open-source broadband measurement system that was both developed for the research and deployed at 30 public libraries across the US. Findings from our analysis of the data revealed that Ookla measurements over time can confirm when the library's internet connection matches expected service levels and when they do not. When measurements are not consistent with expected service levels, libraries can observe the differences and correlate this with additional local information about the causes. Ongoing measurements conducted by the library enable local control and monitoring of this vital service and support critique and interrogation of the differences between internet measurement platforms. In addition, we learned that speed tests are useful for examining these trends but are only a small part of assessing an internet connection and how well it can be used for specific purposes. These findings have implications for state library agencies and federal policymakers interested in having access to data on observed versus advertised speeds and quality of service of public library broadband connections nationwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To fill the gap in health research capacity-building efforts, we created the 'Virtual Library' (VL) – a web-based repository of context-relevant resources for health researchers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This paper describes the participatory process used to systematically develop the VL, and describes how our interprofessional team – representing both an LMIC (Nepal) and a high-income country (HIC) (USA, US) – engaged in shared meaning-making. A team of researchers and clinicians representing a range of subdisciplines from Nepal and the US created a replicable search strategy and standardized Resource Screening Guide (RSG) to systematically assess resources to be included within the VL. Descriptive methods were used to summarize findings from the RSG and lessons learned from the collaborative process. Collectively, 14 team members reviewed 564 potential resources (mean = 40, SD = 22.7). Mean RSG score was 7.02/10 (SD = 2). More than 76% of resources met each of the four quality criteria (relevant; reputable, accessible; understandable). Within the published VL, 298 resources were included, organized by 15 topics and 45 sub-topics. Of these, 223 resources were evaluated by the RSG; 75 were identified by team member expertise. The collaborative process involved regular meetings, iterative document revisions, and peer review. Resource quality was better than expected, perhaps because best practices/principles related to health research are universally relevant, regardless of context. While the RSG was essential to systematize our search and ensure reproducibility, team member expertise was valuable. Pairing team members during peer-review led to bi-directional knowledge sharing and was particularly successful. This work reflects a highly collaborative global partnership and offers a model for future health research capacity-building efforts. We invite engagement with the Virtual Library <> as one supportive pillar of infrastructure to develop individual and institutional research capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While increasing the diversity of the library profession has been a long-running concern of Library and Information Science (LIS), the diversity of LIS doctoral students and faculties has received far less attention. This paper argues that libraries will be best equipped to provide inclusive services and outreach to diverse populations when LIS doctoral students and faculties better reflect the diversity of the United States population. After a brief overview of efforts to diversify LIS, this paper examines the current state of faculty diversity. The concept of a ‘virtuous circle’ is then introduced, examining the ways in which an increase in faculty diversity can ultimately lead to more culturally aware LIS graduates whose education will prepare them to help libraries provide inclusive services and outreach to diverse communities of patrons. The paper then discusses ways that LIS programs and LIS research can work to create this virtuous circle to promote diversity and inclusiveness in LIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the enthusiastic embrace of the digital library, with its anytime, anywhere characteristics, some people have assumed that physical libraries will become obsolete. Yet an examination of the behavior of students and faculty and of recent renovation and construction of academic and research libraries shows that brick and mortar buildings are enjoying a renaissance. Libraries have traditionally supported the housing of collections, reader services, and the staff who manage collections and provide services. These three components continue in the 21st century, but librarians, architects, and users are collaborating to produce elegant and functional designs that reflect new spatial allocations and new purposes. Modern libraries incorporate flexibility and comfort to create an environment that is welcoming and that supports a range of research and learning activities. This paper draws on examples from recent construction and reconfiguration of academic libraries in the United States to illustrate the changing scope of the physical library and the important role it plays in serving as a community hub within a university. Among the examples selected are several relating to the challenges of collection management, including the use of compact shelving and high-density storage facilities. The paper also traces the evolution of spaces from the catalog card era to the present state in which wireless access is a standard feature. Lastly, the author touches on new and expanded roles for librarians and the ways in which design advances the effectiveness of information professionals in fulfilling these new roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on acceptance of papers and important documents by the Archives of American Art in New England, United States. These include Charles Kurtz's correspondences with artists and his wife on his expositions, comments, and descriptions of the art works he saw while traveling, John Steuart Curry's group clippings and printed materials, James E. Fitzgerald's papers depicting rural and urban California, western Ireland and Maine coasts, Harold Zimmerman's letters, photographs, and first-hand description of a teaching method, Ralf Nickelsen's photographs, notes, contracts, letters, designs of his WPA murals in Boston and Worcester, and Louis E. Stern's papers relating his ventures into the art world.

Despite the great advances in the field of electronic health records (EHRs) over the past 25 years, implementation and adoption challenges persist, and the benefits realized remain below expectations. This scoping review aimed to present current knowledge about the effects of EHR implementation and the barriers to EHR adoption and use. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore Digital Library and ACM Digital Library for studies published between January 2005 and May 2020. In total, 7641 studies were identified of which 142 met the criteria and attained the consensus of all researchers on inclusion. Most studies (n = 91) were published between 2017 and 2019 and 81 studies had the United States as the country of origin. Both positive and negative effects of EHR implementation were identified, relating to clinical work, data and information, patient care and economic impact. Resource constraints, poor/insufficient training and technical/educational support for users, as well as poor literacy and skills in technology were the identified barriers to adoption and use that occurred frequently. Although this review did not conduct a quality analysis of the included papers, the lack of uniformity in the use of EHR definitions and detailed contextual information concerning the study settings could be observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States Department of Education's 2010 National Educational Technology Plan called for educators to transform learning and teaching with digital resources and tools. However, classroom teachers are especially challenged by information seeking, use, and management as well as by increased pressure to provide accountability data and serve diverse learners. In response to these challenges, the digital library community, spurred to improve science, technology, education, and mathematics (STEM) education, is developing solutions that include metadata and paradata schema; highly curated, centralized collections; and integrated planning, management, and assessment tools. Still, local and external factors can hinder change and must be considered in design and implementation. In this paper, we integrate an extensive collection of research relating to educators' digital "lives," or processes; provide an overview of very recent developments in digital library technology that pose possible solutions; and illustrate essential facilitating conditions, including the vital role of the teacher librarian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on plans of the U.S. Public Library of Science to establish its own scientific publishing online. Rather than waiting for the publishers to get on hoard, the U.S. Public Library of Science (PLOS) has decided to take matters into their own hands. The idea underlying Pub Med Central and the new PLOS initiative is that scientific research should be freely available to the scientific community in a way that does not hurt the publishers financially taking into account that the public pays for most of that research.

Editorial. Discusses the impact of the digital movement on academic libraries in the United States and what needs to be done for their survival. Questions raised about the necessity of paper-based collections due to the expansion of digital libraries; Decline in circulation figures and reference transactions of libraries; Need for librarian expertise in paper-based and electronic environments.

Although continental urban areas are relatively small, they are major drivers of environmental change at local, regional and global scales. Moreover, they are especially vulnerable to these changes owing to the concentration of population and their exposure to a range of hydro-meteorological hazards, emphasizing the need for spatially detailed information on urbanized landscapes. These data need to be consistent in content and scale and provide a holistic description of urban layouts to address different user needs. Here, we map the continental United States into Local Climate Zone (LCZ) types at a 100 m spatial resolution using expert and crowd-sourced information. There are 10 urban LCZ types, each associated with a set of relevant variables such that the map represents a valuable database of urban properties. These data are benchmarked against continental-wide existing and novel geographic databases on urban form. We anticipate the dataset provided here will be useful for researchers and practitioners to assess how the configuration, size, and shape of cities impact the important human and environmental outcomes. Measurement(s) local climate zones Technology Type(s) digital curation Factor Type(s) building footprint • building height • impervious surface area • Sky view factor • anthropogenic heat flux • population Sample Characteristic - Environment anthropogenic environment • city Sample Characteristic - Location contiguous United States of America Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12599966 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article summarizes the results of interviews with Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) service hub participants to determine whether and how standardized rights metadata is included in their digital collections. Providing accurate standardized rights metadata is crucial to communicating with patrons regarding how they can use objects in digital collections. Results from the interviews reveal key findings on effective rights statement implementation techniques as well as common tools used by librarians when applying rights statements to digital collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the activities and acceptance of papers and important documents by the Archives of American Art in the South East coast of the United States. These include the microfilming of Morgan Russell Papers owned by the Montclair Art Museum which includes correspondences and Russell's writings, the acceptance of the final installment of the papers of Gene Davis which includes programs and tributes from memorial services and award ceremonies and personal snapshots and photos of works of art, and the donation of early gallery records that includes magazine articles, news clippings, and business correspondence and files on artists such as Rodney Alan Greenblat and Rhonda Zwillinger of the Gracie Mansion Gallery which closed in 1991.

This article is the first of two that present a six-part conceptual framework for the design and evaluation of digital libraries meant to support mathematics education in K-12 settings (see also pt. 2). This first article concentrates on (i) information organization, (2) information literacy, and (3) integrated learning with multimedia materials. The second article reviews (4) adoption of new standards for mathematics education, (5) integration of pertinent changes in educational policy, and (6) ensuring pedagogic and political accountability. Each article concludes with specific recommendations for digital libraries meant to support K-12 mathematics education appropriate to the topics the article discusses. This framework, which may be of some use to researchers and educators in many settings and countries, emphasizes the importance of communication, community building, and learning activities that use different media for the design of digital functionalities and online collections of mathematics learning materials. The major goal of the framework described here is to consider how to bring the larger computationally intensive collections called digital libraries closer to the existing structures and practices of learners and teachers while recognizing the new functionalities and learning opportunities that digital libraries offer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the circumstances under which cultural institutions (CI) should seek to control non-commercial reuse of digital cultural works. It describes the results of a 2008 survey of CI professionals at U.S. archives, libraries and museums which gathered data on motivations to control access to and use of digital collections, factors discouraging control, and levels of concern associated with different types of unauthorized reuse. The analysis presents three general themes that explain many of the CI motivations for control: "controlling descriptions and representations"; "legal risks and complexities"; and, "getting credit: fiscal and social costs and revenue." This paper argues that CI should develop a multiplicity of access and use regulations that acknowledge the varying sensitivity of collections and the varying level of risk associated with different types of reuses. It concludes by offering a set of examples of collections employing varying levels of reuse control (from none to complete) to serve as heuristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Library of Medicine produces websites for the general public that are supposed to meet official standards of scientific rigor. These sites exist in the context of the World Wide Web, where anyone is able to make claims about medical science and recommend treatment. Medical sites that are sponsored or endorsed by the government are not especially prominent online. For those who trust the medical profession, the failure of the official sites to draw the lion's share of public attention is a problem, and government medical sites should be more aggressively promoted. However, the official sites have provoked controversy and criticism. Those who are skeptical of the "medical establishment" may welcome the pluralism and diversity of views available on the Internet; they may oppose efforts to channel viewers to official sites. This paper argues in favor of the government-sponsored sites, but with some caveats.on the Internet; they may oppose efforts to channel viewers to official sites. This paper arguon the Internet; they may oppose efforts to channel viewers to official sites. This paper arguWhat Should be the Role of Government-Supported Medical websites? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This survey sought to investigate how the transition to the new cataloging standard, Resource Description and Access (RDA), has been handled in one hundred of the largest US public libraries, specifically examining whether catalogers believe that some of RDA's major goals have been met, and how some of the anticipated impacts of RDA implementation have been handled. A large majority of these libraries have implemented RDA for original cataloging, but respondents also generally believe that RDA has failed to meet some of its most important goals, primarily ease of use and cost-effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Editorial. Focuses on the implementation of the United States of the Next Generation Internet and Internet 2. Benefit of the programs; Challenges faced by the National Information Infrastructure for developing the Digital Library Initiative; How the initiative help the implementation of Internet 2.

This essay enumerates some of the pleasures and perils of doing research on 1910s US cinema in digitized newspapers. The pleasures include working at one's home or office computer rather than taking lengthy trips to city and state libraries and, more important, discovering a wealth of unexpected documents that can change the direction of one's analysis or argument. The perils, however, are many: different newspaper databases can be very uneven in what they choose to digitize (and their principles inexplicable), their keyword searches can be unreliable and inconsistent, and their virtuality eliminates the community of librarians, archivists, and other researchers with whom one can confer at an actual site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on the benefits received by new members of the Electrochemical Society (ECS) in the U.S. Beginning September 2008, ECS members will have flexible online access to key research articles, as well as content of papers presented during meetings from the entire Digital Library of the organization. It states that the new package will provide ECS members with 100 full-text downloads from its journals and digital archives.

An essay is presented on the wisdom and legitimacy of granting copyright to book publishers in the U.S. in the digital age in the 21st century. One of the effects of electronic books (eBooks) and digital libraries on print culture are changes in the nature of book production. Also cited are the implications of eBooks for copyright policy including the issue of unbundling the book. The need for copyright law to eliminate hindrances to competition in the eBook era is emphasized.

The ECHO DEPository (also known as ECHO DEP, an abbreviation for Exploring Collaborations to Harvest Objects in a Digital Environment for Preservation) is an NDIIPP-partner project led by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in collaboration with OCLC and a consortium of partners, including five state libraries and archives. A core deliverable of the project's first phase was OCLC's development of the Web Archives Workbench (WAW), an open-source suite of Web archiving tools for identifying, describing, and harvesting Web-based content for ingestion into an external digital repository. Released in October 2007, the suite is designed to bridge the gap between manual selection and automated capture based on the "Arizona Model," which applies a traditional aggregate-based archival approach to Web archiving. Aggregate-based archiving refers to archiving items by group or in series, rather than individually. Core functionality of the suite includes the ability to identify Web content of potential interest through crawls of "seed" URLs and the domains they link to; tools for creating and managing metadata for association with harvested objects; website structural analysis and visualization to aid human content selection decisions; and packaging using a PREMIS-based METS profile developed by the ECHO DEPository to support easier ingestion into multiple repositories. This article provides background on the Arizona Model; an overview of how the tools work and their technical implementation; and a brief summary of user feedback from testing and implementing the tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the viewpoints expressed during the roundtable discussion on the issue of "Periodicals and Access" during the 2006 American Literature Association conference in San Francisco, California. On one hand, many people expressed their delight in seeing images from formerly inaccessible periodicals. On the other hand, may people expressed their concern regarding various problems such as the lack of funds for libraries to be able to offer electronic access.

Objective: To meet the information needs of isolated primary care providers and their patients in the US Navy, a digital health sciences library, the Virtual Naval Hospital, was created through a unique partnership between academia and government. Methods: The creation of the digital library was heavily influenced by the principles of user-centered design and made allowances for the nomadic nature of the digital library's patrons and the heterogeneous access they have to Internet bandwidth. Results: The result is a digital library that has been in operation since 1997, continues to expand in size, is heavily used, and is highly regarded by its patrons. Conclusions: The digital library is dedicated to delivering the right information at the right time to the right person so the right decision can be made, and therefore the Virtual Naval Hospital functions as a knowledge-management system for the US Navy Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]