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The paper goes into detail about what psychological barriers are and how they can affect performance on the instrument for particular individuals. Furthermore, it provides some practical steps that can be taken to fix or avoid these issues. The study is mainly conducted to analyze the effectiveness of transmitting values to the next generation. The study is done by taking a quantitative research method. The instrument used to collect information was a questionnaire. The question is distributed among 100 participants who belong to Beijing to China. The data is analyzed by using SPSS software. It is revealed that the intergenerational approach plays an active role in transmitting knowledge, economic support and spiritual values to the next generation. It is suggested that a sound parenting system can provide excellent benefits for the next generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to characterize the extreme rainfall event on 21-22 July 2012 in Beijing, and its impact on human vulnerability. Based on the available meteorological and rainfall data from Beijing meteorological stations and Surface Weather Observation Stations, the study draws hourly rainfall maps to simulate the rainfall amount and spatial distribution. Using these maps, this paper provides a quantitative analysis of the impact of the temporal and spatial characteristics of rainfall on the vulnerability of three population groups, according to age, gender and total number of victims. The results of three linear regression models indicate the different effects of extreme rainfall parameters on victims with different characteristics. The analysis of victim data in this extreme rainfall event represents the distribution and characteristics of victims in the eight affected districts, and concludes that the "vulnerable group" are males and adults in this extreme rainfall event. This paper is an initial effort to analyze the impact of an extreme rainfall event on the vulnerability of populations with different characteristics quantitatively, which can be used by stakeholders to prioritize the extreme rainfall event impact issues, and develop contingency plans to address and prevent the human and structural damages caused by the extreme rainfall events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the stochastic concept for freeway capacity, the procedure of capacity estimation is developed. Due to the fact that it is impossible to observe the value of the capacity and to obtain the probability distribution of the capacity, the product-limit method is used in this paper to estimate the capacity. In order to implement estimation of capacity using this technology, the lifetime table based on statistical methods for lifetime data analysis is introduced and the corresponding procedure is developed. Simulated data based on freeway sections in Beijing, China, were analyzed and the results indicate that the methodology and procedure are applicable and validated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Based on the various fog remote sensing information products abstracted from the polar orbit meteorological satellite data (NOAA and FY), this paper analyzes the characteristics of the frequency and distribution that dense fogs have taken place in the Beijing district from 2001 to 2005. Among those information products, the statistical graph of the foggy days in Beijing from 2001 to 2005 by means of satellite remote-sensing reflects the frequency that dense fog has occurred in the different regions in Beijing; and the statistical graph of the foggy days of each season by satellite remote-sensing shows the characteristics of the temporal and spatial change of the fog distribution in Beijing in different seasons; the fog degree index(like pixel-level spatial measurement) by satellite remote-sensing reflects the fog frequency difference on unit area in different counties of Beijing. Meanwhile, based on the satellite remote-sensing pictures, data on the main meteorological elements that contribute to the formation of fog, geographic information, and DEM data, this paper makes an analysis in 3 areas, the traits of the fog distribution in the different regions of Beijing in different seasons; meteorological causes for temporal and spatial changes of the main fog types (advection fog, radiation fog). This paper also gave a brief introduction of the general principles of meteorological satellite remote sensing fog, fog information extraction method, as well as the process of satellite orbit selecting according to the ground visibility, data processing and product generation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Slope stability models traditionally use simple indicators of root system structure and strength when vegetation is included as a factor. However, additional root system traits should be considered when managing vegetated slopes to avoid shallow substrate mass movement. Traits including root distribution, length, orientation and diameter are recognized as influencing soil fixation, but do not consider the spatial and temporal dimensions of roots within a system. Thick roots act like soil nails on slopes and the spatial position of these thick roots determines the arrangement of the associated thin roots. Thin roots act in tension during failure on slopes and if they traverse the potential shear zone, provide a major contribution in protecting against landslides. We discuss how root traits change depending on ontogeny and climate, how traits are affected by the local soil environment and the types of plastic responses expressed by the plant. How a landslide engineer can use this information when considering slope stability and management strategies is discussed, along with perspectives for future research. This review encompasses many ideas, data and concepts presented at the Second International Conference ‘Ground Bio- and Eco-engineering: The Use of Vegetation to Improve Slope Stability—ICGBE2’ held at Beijing, China, 14–18 July 2008. Several papers from this conference are published in this edition of Plant and Soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: GPR (Ground penetrating radar) is one kind of the detection technologies with rapid, non-destruction, uninterrupted detection, and high-resolution. GPR can be applied to detect underground holes and loose soil layer and the other baneful anomalies, and therefore is widely applied to hole survey of the subway project in recent years. Based on briefly describing engineering geological background between F station and L station of a subway project in Beijing, this paper gives the arrangement method of GPR survey line in the construction area of shield method, analyzes detection results, verifies an anomaly by spading, determines the distribution range and its characteristic of the hole anomalies. The results showed that three obvious anomalies were detected in the area between F station and L station, and seriously loose soil layer was the cause of No. 1 and No. 3 anomalies, and hole was the cause of No. 2 anomaly. Thereby the anomalies of loose soil layer and hole could be detected accurately by the GPR technology, and then basic data of underground holes could be obtained. On the base of analyzing these data, effective measures could be adopted to avoid the hidden danger, then the safety of subway construction and surrounding environment of the subway project could be ensured. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Land utilization is mainly the one of the human conscious activity in natural environment, Remote sensing is a most common and most effective method of testing the changes in the economic environment and the type of land development. This paper conducts a preliminary analysis based on the land use in Beijing that land-use change in Beijing and the reasons according to data analysis, and pointed out the advantages and disadvantages and limitations of various methods. according to data analysis, land-use change in Beijingland the reasons For future land development and utilization of analytical basis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Road safety conditions in China have worsened following rapid urbanization and motorization. For a long time now, China has ranked first in the world in the number of road accidents and fatalities. Therefore, evaluating safety levels is essential to implementing effective countermeasures. For developing countries like China, however, assessing safety levels via crash data statistical analysis is difficult because of limitations on a short history of collecting crash data, small samples and an incomplete collection of information. To address these limitations, the method of surrogate safety analysis using the traffic conflict technique (TCT) has become a widely used evaluation procedure. On the basis of the mechanism analysis of TCT, the paper presents a conflict hazardous assessment model (CHAM) for the mixed traffic safety evaluation of urban intersections. In the proposed model, the principle of the conservation of momentum is used. CHAM is a model used for assessing safety levels from the aspects of severe conflict numbers and conflict hazardous levels (CHLs) when traffic conflicts among mixed-traffic modes occur. Factors such as the conflict type and conflict angle of different traffic modes, weight and velocity are considered and incorporated into the model through the integration of the accident collision theory and the head injury criterion (HIC) index for head hazard assessments. The calibration and validation of CHL models are also carried out using 341 intersection crash reports in Beijing from 2006 to 2008. The results show that the established CHL models have good validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Air pollutant emission inventory is an important input parameter for chemical transport models (CTMs). Since great uncertainties exist in the emission inventory, further improvements and refinements are required. In this paper, genetic algorithm (GA), a global search and optimization method, was applied to optimize the emission inventory for the Models-3/Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. An emission optimizing system based on GA was developed and embedded to the CMAQ through the design of several core modules, which implemented the basic functions such as emission adjusting, GA population initializing, CMAQ results evaluating and GA operating. Hypothetical and real-data experiments were respectively performed to examine the validity of GA for emission calibrating. GA showed good performance in both experiments and was always able to find the global minimum. The emission optimizing system was then used to calibrate seasonal PM10 emission inventories of Beijing. Results revealed that PM10 emission in Beijing was underestimated in 2002, an average of 62.74% higher adjustment factor should be imposed on the original emission in target months of different seasons. With the calibrated emission inventories, CMAQ model errors were decreased by 6.46% on average in different seasons. It was concluded that GA was a promising search technique in calibrating emission inputs for CTMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we applied a fractal approach to analyze the traffic data collected from the Beijing Yuquanying. The power spectrum, the empirical probability distribution function, the statistical moment scaling function and the autocorrelation function are used as indicators to investigate the presence of the fractal. The results from the fractal identification methods indicate that these data exhibit fractal behavior. A fractal framework seemed well suited for description of the data observed here, but its suitability for general traffic systems was not clear. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To our knowledge, the previous studies did not answer the following questions: how much does window analysis differ from the original Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approaches and how to develop DEA window analysis? To address these questions, we propose three intermediate approaches (cross-sectional approach, window efficiency analysis and window index approach) and statistically compare their performances. The underlying concern is that we need to examine whether a metrological bias exists in our study. The concern is important in guiding policy issues such as energy policy and climate change. Empirically, the proposed approaches are applied to measure the unified efficiency of fossil fuel power plants at a provincial level in China from 2007 to 2017, since these plants are important energy consumers and CO 2 emitters. We obtain two important implications. First, considerable differences were confirmed among the three approaches, thus implying an existence of the methodological bias. Second, Beijing (the capital of China) outperformed the other provinces in terms of their measures, since the government has paid serious attention to air pollution emitted from fossil fuel power plants. The governmental regulation in Beijing is a good example of pollution prevention in China. It is expected that the success on Beijing will be disseminated to the other provinces. This paper proposed three approach, i.e. one conventional approach (cross-sectional approach) and two new approaches (window efficiency analysis and window index approach). The two new approaches were capable of measuring efficiency shifts or technology shifts over time. Empirically, these approaches were adopted to evaluate the performance of Chinese fossil fuel power plants. Image 1 • We evaluate the performance of China's fossil fuel power plants from 2007 to 2017. • Three formulations are utilized for DEA intermediate approach. • The first policy effort was put on Beijing and gradually on other provinces. • China made a progress on economic and environmental measures during this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertical ozone and meteorological parameters were measured by tethered balloon in the boundary layer in the summer of 2009 in Beijing, China. A total of 77 tethersonde soundings were taken during the 27-day campaign. The surface ozone concentrations measured by ozonesondes and TEI 49C showed good agreement, albeit with temporal difference between the two instruments. Two case studies of nocturnal secondary ozone maxima are discussed in detail. The development of the low-level jet played a critical role leading to the observed ozone peak concentrations in nocturnal boundary layer (NBL). The maximum of surface ozone was 161.7 ppbv during the campaign, which could be attributed to abundant precursors storage near surface layer at nighttime. Vertical distribution of ozone was also measured utilizing conventional continuous analyzers on 325-m meteorological observation tower. The results showed the NBL height was between 47 and 280 m, which were consistent with the balloon data. Southerly air flow could bring ozone-rich air to Beijing, and the ozone concentrations exceeded the China's hourly ozone standard (approximately 100 ppb) above 600 m for more than 12 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a new global ocean reanalysis of the second generation Global Ocean Data Assimilation System of the Beijing Climate Center (BCC_GODAS2.0) spanning the period 1990-2009, we firstly quantify the accuracy of BCC_GODAS2.0 in representing the temperature and salinity by comparing with OISST and SODA data. The results show that the assimilation system may effectively improve the estimations of temperature and salinity by assimilating all kinds of observations, especially in the equatorial eastern Pacific. Moreover, the root mean square errors of monthly temperature and salinity are respectively reduced by 0.53°C and 0.28 psu, compared with the model control simulation results. Then, the applicability of this ocean reanalysis for sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly variability in the tropical Pacific is evaluated with the observational HadISST data. The NINO3 index of the new reanalysis shows a good agreement with that of HadISST, with a correlation of 93.6%. Variations in SST from BCC_GODAS2.0 are similar to those obtained from HadISST data along the equator, showing the major large zonal-scale features such as the strong magnitude of seasonal cycle. The amplitude of SST anomaly standard deviation in the equatorial eastern Pacific is also closer to observations (HadISST) than NCEP GODAS does. Besides, the first two leading empirical orthogonal function (EOF) modes of the monthly SST anomalies over the tropical Pacific region are explored. The EOF1 pattern of BCC_GODAS2.0 captures a traditional El Niño pattern, which improves magnitudes of the positive SST anomaly in the cold tongue of the eastern Pacific. The EOF2 pattern exhibits a El Niño Modoki pattern. Comparatively, the EOF2 pattern of BCC_GODAS2.0 extends more strongly toward the subtropics. It also overcomes the problem that negative loadings are confined in the narrow equatorial eastern Pacific. Consequently, the magnitude and spatial distribution of the leading EOF patterns of BCC_GODAS2.0 are well consistent with those of HadISST. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]