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The article presents the discussion on COVID-19 pandemic highlighting the contributions critical care. Topics include intensive care units (ICUs) around the world suddenly inundated with patients who were critically ill from an unknown virus, along with all the other patients needing critical care services; and warrants consideration of energy, clinical supplies, pharmaceuticals, technical equipment and physical facilities.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is escalating all over the world and has higher morbidities and mortalities in certain vulnerable populations. People Who Use Drugs (PWUD) are a marginalized and stigmatized group with weaker immunity responses, vulnerability to stress, poor health conditions, high-risk behaviors, and lower access to health care services. These conditions put them at a higher risk of COVID-19 infection and its complications. In this paper, an international group of experts on addiction medicine, infectious diseases, and disaster psychiatry explore the possible raised concerns in this issue and provide recommendations to manage the comorbidity of COVID-19 and Substance Use Disorder (SUD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Public health ethics addresses moral dilemmas arising from balancing individual healthcare needs with societal interests. Ethical considerations in public health during pandemics and disasters aim to reduce mortality rates and minimize social injustice through fair principles. Objective: This paper analyzes public health ethics and ethical values in allocating resources during mass casualty incidents. The intersection of public health ethics, applied bioethics, and ethics of social consequences (through non-utilitarian consequentialism) guides addressing serious public health challenges in catastrophic scenarios. The application of the given interaction is significant for professional medical ethics. Methodology: The paper employs inductive, deductive, and normative methods of bioethics and the methodology of ethics of social consequences. Conclusion: The paradigmatic disparity between the bioethics of pandemics and disaster bioethics lies in the fluid application of bioethical principles and the accentuation of utilitarian demands depending on the severity and scale of mass casualty incidents. Applied bioethics in crisis situations respects the approaches of public health ethics and attempts to increase positive social outcomes. The application of (scarce) resource allocation criteria and triage of patients is derived from ethical decisions beneficial to public health and lege artis approaches of medical bioethics. The paper presents professional and ethical criteria for medically inappropriate treatment within the framework of patient triage; we approach crisis ethics from the perspective of maximization of benefit. Age is not an exclusion criterion of acute healthcare provision in crisis situations. Ethics of social consequences as a form of non-utilitarian consequentialism allowing for social consequences bridges public health ethics and applied bioethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To map the current evidence about the health concerns and the potential solutions related to the Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca. Design: A scoping review was applied. Papers published in English between 2012 and 2023 were included but non‐human research and sources without any related data were excluded. Data charting and extraction were used to map the current evidence. Results: The total of 36 papers were included with the total number of pilgrims of 17,075,887. The majority of studies were published in the Asia Pacific region (36.11%) as original articles (88.89%). The health concerns were grouped into five main aspects. There were 7603 deaths recorded or about 44 incidences of deaths per 100,000 pilgrims during the pilgrimage. There were recorded 11,018; 6178; 3393; and 17,810 cases for communicable diseases; non‐communicable diseases; injuries and trauma; and health services (i.e., cardiac catheterization) and vaccination, respectively. Conclusion: Relating to the five health concerns, this study identified the top seven issues in each category (i.e., hypertension, influenza vaccination), except for the death record. Moreover, there were three solutions (for general health, non‐ and communicable‐diseases) presented. Stakeholders could use this evidence to improve healthcare quality particularly related to the annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This American College of Physicians position paper aims to inform ethical decision making surrounding participation in short term global health clinical care experiences. Although the positions are primarily intended for practicing physicians, they may apply to other health care professionals and should inform how institutions, organizations, and others structure short-term global health experiences. The primary goal of short-term global health clinical care experiences is to improve the health and well-being of the individuals and communities where they occur. In addition, potential benefits for participants in global health include increased awareness of global health issues, new medical knowledge, enhanced physical diagnosis skills when practicing in low technology settings, improved language skills, enhanced cultural sensitivity, a greater capacity for clinical problem solving, and an improved sense of self-satisfaction or professional satisfaction. However, these activities involve several ethical challenges. Addressing these challenges is critical to protecting patient welfare in all geographic locales, promoting fair and equitable care globally, and maintaining trust in the profession. This paper describes 5 core positions that focus on ethics and the clinical care context and provides case scenarios to illustrate them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to describe the development and implementation of a co-designed value-based healthcare (VBHC) framework within the public dental sector in Victoria. Methods: A mixed-method study was employed. Explorative qualitative design was used to examine patient, workforce and stakeholder perspectives of implementing VBHC. Participatory action research was used to bring together qualitative narrative-based research and service design methods. An experience-based co-design approach was used to enable staff and patients to co-design services. Quantitative data was sourced from Titanium (online patient management system). Results: Building a case for VBHC implementation required intensive work. It included co-designing, collaborating, planning and designing services based on patient needs. Evidence reviews, value-stream mapping and development of patient reported outcomes (PROMs) and patient reported experience measures (PREMs) were fundamental to VBHC implementation. Following VBHC implementation, a 44% lower failure to attend rate and 60% increase in preventive interventions was reported. A higher proportion of clinicians worked across their top scope of practice within a multi-disciplinary team. Approximately 80% of services previously provided by dentists were shifted to oral health therapists and dental assistants, thereby releasing the capacity of dentists to undertake complex treatments. Patients completed baseline International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement PROMs (n = 44,408), which have been used for social/clinical triaging, determining urgency of care based on risk, segmentation and tracking health outcomes. Following their care, patients completed a PREMs questionnaire (n = 15,402). Patients agreed or strongly agreed that: the care they received met their needs (87%); they received clear answers to their questions (93%); they left their visit knowing what is next (91%); they felt taken care of during their visit (94%); and they felt involved in their treatment and care (94%). Conclusion: The potential for health system transformation through implementation of VBHC is significant, however, its implementation needs to extend beyond organisational approaches and focus on sustaining the principles of VBHC across healthcare systems, policy and practice. What is known about the topic? Value-based healthcare (VBHC) has gained significant momentum within the healthcare sector and is seen as a driver for improving patient outcomes and equitable use of resources. What does this paper add? The paper describes firsthand experience and lessons learnt from implementing VBHC within a Victorian public healthcare system; the learnings are applicable to other organisations wanting to implement VBHC. What are the implications for practitioners? In implementing a co-designed VBHC framework, we ensured that its principles are applicable at both patient and population levels, centres on equity of access to care, achieves the best possible health outcomes and sustainable use of resources. This article belongs to the Special Issue: Value-based Healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Value-based healthcare has been described as the sustainable, equitable and transparent use of healthcare resources to achieve improved experiences and outcomes for people and communities. It is supported by all levels of government in Australia, with recent initiatives championing a shift away from traditional, clinician-centric care delivery to a more contemporary, value-based approach. To date, however, efforts in Queensland have focused on smaller scale siloed models of care and have not extended to the transformational change required to create equitable and sustainable healthcare delivery. The Queensland Health Allied Health Framework for Value-Based Health Care (the Framework) builds on contemporary frameworks with reference to the local context in Queensland and provides a structure and starting point for clinicians and managers to work together with consumers to transform services to focus on preventative health and wellbeing, shifting the focus of care to the community and sustainably improving the quality of care delivered. The Framework outlines key considerations for the design and implementation of new services, including understanding the care pathway, supporting an outcome driven workplace culture, measuring what matters and designing for outcomes. Several key lessons were learnt during the development of the Framework, including the importance of early and sustained consumer partnerships, of establishing a shared definition of value-based healthcare that enables integration across the care pathway and the need for leadership at all levels to actively support the change management process. While developed for Queensland public allied health services, the Framework is intended to be a system-wide tool relevant to all health professionals and services. What is known about the topic? Value-based healthcare provides an approach to restructure healthcare systems to improve health outcomes and the holistic experience of care for people and communities. What does this paper add? This paper details the development of a framework to support health services to transition to a value-based approach. What are the implications for practitioners? By reflecting on the diversity of health practitioners, managers and consumer experiences and the unique opportunities and challenges of individual healthcare services, the framework provides a structure and starting point for services to transition to value-based healthcare. This article belongs to the Special Issue: Value-Based Healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper problematizes the precision medicine approach embraced by the All of Us Research Program (US) and by Genomics England (UK) in terms of benefits distribution, by arguing that current "diversity and inclusion" efforts do not prevent exclusiveness, unless the framing and scope of the projects are revisited in public health terms. Grounded on document analysis and fieldwork interviews, this paper analyzes efforts to address potential patterns of exclusion upstream (from participating in precision medicine research) and downstream (from benefitting from precision medicine outputs). It argues that efforts for inclusion upstream are not corresponded downstream, and this unbalance jeopardizes the equitable capacities of the projects. It concludes that enhanced focus on socio-environmental determinants of health and aligned public health interventions as precision medicine outputs would be to the benefit of all and especially of those who are most at risk of (upstream as well as downstream) exclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of emerging network technologies such as cloud computing, the background server-side of public health information services is widely deployed on the untrusted cloud, which has become one of the main threats of user health privacy leakage. To this end, this paper proposes an agent-based algorithm for the protection for user privacy health topics based on identity replacement. Its basic idea is to deploy a group of intermediate agents between the server-side and the client-side, to replace the identity of each health service request issued by client users and then submit it to the server-side, thereby, making it difficult to identify the real user corresponding to each request, and then improving the security of user health topic privacy on the completely-untrusted server-sides. Then, this paper proposes a client-based algorithm for the selection of intermediate agents, which evenly distributes the request data issued by client users to all the agents after topic identification and privacy computation for the request data, to improve the security of user health topic privacy on the incompletely-trusted agent-side. Finally, both theoretical analysis and experimental evaluation demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, i.e., it can effectively improve the security of user privacy health topics on the untrusted server-side, under the premises of no changes to user usage habits, server-side architecture, service algorithm, service accuracy and service efficiency, so as to provide a theoretical and technical foundation for building a privacy-preserving platform for public health information services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The advantages of patient-held portable health files (PHF) and personal health records (PHR), paper or electronic, are said to include improved health-care provider continuity-of-care and patient empowerment in maintaining health. Top-down approaches are favored by public sector government and health managers. Bottom-up approaches include systems developed directly by health-care providers, consumers and industry, implemented locally on devices carried by patient-consumers or shared via web-based portals. These allow individuals to access, manage and share their health information, and that of others for whom they are authorized, in a private, secure and confidential environment. Few medical record technologies have been evaluated in randomized trials to determine whether there are important clinical benefits of these interventions. The COMMUNICATE trial will assess the acceptability and long-term clinical outcomes of an electronic and paper patient-held PHF. Methods/Design: This is a 48-month, open-label pragmatic, superiority, parallel-group design randomized controlled trial. Subjects (n=792) will be randomized in a 1:1:1 ratio to each of the trial arms: the electronic PHF added to usual care, the paper PHF added to usual care and usual care alone (no PHF). Inclusion criteria include those 60 years or older living independently in the community, but who have two or more chronic medical conditions that require prescription medication and regular care by at least three medical practitioners (general and specialist care). The primary objective is whether use of a PHF compared to usual care reduces a combined endpoint of deaths, overnight hospitalizations and blindly adjudicated serious out-of-hospital events. All primary analyses will be undertaken masked to randomized arm allocation using intention-to-treat principles. Secondary outcomes include quality of life and health literacy improvements. Discussion: Lack of blinding creates potential for bias in trial conduct and ascertainment of clinical outcomes. Mechanisms are provided to reduce bias, including balanced study contact with all participants, a blinded adjudication committee determining which out-of-hospital events are serious and endpoints that are objective (overnight hospitalizations and mortality). The PRECIS tool provides a summary of the trial's design on the Pragmatic-Explanatory Continuum. Trial registration: Registered with Clinicaltrials.gov (identifier: NCT01082978) on 8 March 2010. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is not a research paper on risk factor surveillance. It is an effort by a key group of researchers and practitioners of risk factor surveillance to define the current state of the art and to identify the key issues involved in the current practice of behavioral risk factor surveillance. Those of us who are the principal authors have worked and carried out research in this area for some three decades. As a result of a series of global meetings beginning in 1999 and continuing every two years since then, a collective working group of the International Union of Health Promotion and Education (IUHPE) was formed under the name World Alliance of Risk Factor Surveillance (WARFS). Under this banner the organization sought to write a comprehensive statement on the importance of surveillance to health promotion and public health. This paper, which has been revised and reviewed by established peers in the field, is the result. It provides the reader with a clear summary of the major issues that need to be considered by any and all seeking to carry out behavioral risk factor surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need to evaluate program outcomes is a task facing many nurse faculty. This three-part capstone paper is used to evaluate the baccalaureate program outcomes of critical thinking, written communication, and therapeutic interventions. First, students interview clients from other cultures, religions, or sexual orientations. Second, students analyze the interview data and compare their findings with the literature. Third, students reflect on their own cultural beliefs and values and discuss their influence on future nursing practice. The development of a grading rubric, levels of achievement, outcomes, program revisions, and student comments are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irish health and social care policy has undergone a significant evolution in recent years to address inequalities, improve standards and update models of care to incorporate a rights‐based approach. The following account describes the Irish health and social care system, as delivered in the Republic of Ireland, and details how it operates for those with intellectual and developmental disabilities. The paper is informed by government policy, legislation, reviews, national plans, parliamentary reports, and population data. Clear progress has been made in shifting from a service‐led to a rights‐based, service‐user led model of care; however, resourcing this fundamental transition in approach to service provision poses challenges for the Irish State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Use of the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) has been essential to the success of the Massachusetts Hemovigilance Program and has allowed for the timely identification of signals and trends over a defined population that correlate with national and international hemovigilance (HV) data. Here, we outline how the NHSN system is used for monitoring HV data in Massachusetts and encourage adoption of NHSN for nationwide HV surveillance. Study Design and Methods: A collaboration that grew over time between local HV stakeholders and the Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH) resulted in the change from a paper‐based method of reporting adverse reactions and monthly transfusion activity for compliance with state requirements to replacement with statewide adoption of reporting via NHSN. Results: Over 1.5 million blood products were transfused in Massachusetts between 2017 and 2021, with 3000 adverse reactions among 10 defined types reported. Using NHSN, MDPH has been able to produce numerous reports, publications, and presentations that have made previously non‐obtainable HV and blood utilization data available. Discussion: Although limitations to these self‐reported data exist, such as lack of external validation, successful statewide implementation of NHSN for hospital blood bank reporting is possible and has benefits beyond those for regulatory oversight. It results in standardized, actionable data at both the hospital and state level, enabling inter‐facility comparisons, benchmarking, and opportunities for practice improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the updated position paper on the policies relating to HIV infection in the U.S. The position paper on HIV policy has been established in collaboration with the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American College of Physicians. The updated HIV policy highlights major advances on the treatment of HIV infection, the expansion of HIV as a pandemic and the prevalence of HIV transmission in health care settings. Details on these updates emphasizing public health and clinical imperatives in identifying HIV infection are discussed.

The article focuses on informed decision making in medical care when clinical evidence and conventional wisdom collide. It also discusses the U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality (AHRQ) involvement in exploring issues that impact clinical decision making under the AHRQ Effective Health Care (EHC) Program.

Objective To disentangle the concepts of primary health care and primary care as well as their conceptual and empirical ramifications for progressive transformation. Methods over 400 international and interdisciplinary abstracts and papers with 96 annotated bibliography abstracts of literature across multiple dimensions relating to the knowledge base around mechanisms in PHC development were reviewed. The text is confronted with the reality, as it exists in the field and makes the case for complexity perspectives to assess this phenomenon in its context. Conclusion PHC complexity is an important analytical tool to interrogate the ways in which this phenomenon is socially constructed as well as in the matrices in which it is embedded. It is also a potent analytical tool to assist in the deconstruction of prevalent linear thinking built around PHC as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The way that the current conception of mutual enactment is understood, any analysis, in order to be ultimately successful must first go badly for some period of time. Any analysis that goes too smoothly is subject to the suspicion that some very difficult interactional material is being mutually unaddressed. In this context I see that Dr. Lauren Levine enacted the role of her abandoned patient (concordant countertransference) and as well, for a time, indeed, figuratively abandoned her patient (complementary countertransference). The author's central contribution in this paper is an illustration of how drawing on difficult and painful dimensions in one's own personal analysis, the analyst has the advantage of being able to withstand highly toxic material in both the transference and the countertransference. Dr. Levine is fortunate in having had a personal analysis that helped her integrate highly shameful aspects of her self, though it must be recognized that this is not always the case in all training analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social determinants of health are nonmedical factors that can affect a person's overall health and health outcomes. Where a person is born and the social conditions they are born into can affect their risk factors for premature death and their life expectancy. In this position paper, the American College of Physicians acknowledges the role of social determinants in health, examines the complexities associated with them, and offers recommendations on better integration of social determinants into the health care system while highlighting the need to address systemic issues hindering health equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many European countries, paediatric junior staff has no formal training in adolescent medicine and is ill-equipped to deal with issues and health problems such as substance use, unprotected sex, eating disorders and transition to adult care. This position paper of the European Academy of Paediatrics proposes a set of competency-based training goals and objectives as well as pedagogic approaches that are expected to improve the capacity of paediatricians to meet the needs of this important segment of the paediatric population. The content has been developed from available publications and training programmes and mostly covers the generic aspects of adolescent healthcare, such as how to communicate effectively, how to review and address lifestyles, how to perform a respectful and relevant physical examination, how to address common problems of adolescents and how to support adolescents in coping with a chronic condition.Conclusion: The European Academy of Paediatrics urges national bodies, paediatric associations and paediatric teaching departments to adopt these training objectives and put them into practice, so that paediatricians will be better prepared in the future to meet the challenge of delivering appropriate and effective healthcare to adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to identify needs of Jordanian families of hospitalized, critically ill patients. The Critical Care Family Needs Inventory was introduced to 158 family members who were visiting their hospitalized, critically ill relatives. The findings revealed that ≥ 80% of the family members perceived 16 need statements as important or very important. The participants ranked order needs for assurance, information and proximity the highest and needs for support and comfort the lowest. Specifically, the most important needs of the families were to receive information about the patients, to feel that the hospital personnel care about the patients and to have the information given in understandable terms. Results of this study indicated that Jordanian families had specific and identifiable needs. Providing families of critically ill patients clear, simple and updated information about the patients, and assuring them about the quality of care the patients receive, should be essential components of the critical care nursing delivery system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postnatal depression is a major health issue for childbearing women world-wide, as it is not always identified early. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical application of three screening instruments for the early recognition of post-partum depression, the Postpartum Depression Prediction Inventory, the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and to examine nurse interventions following use of the instruments. Data were collected at two points, at 28 weeks prenatal (107 women) and eight weeks postnatal (84 women). Results showed that 17% of the women scored significant symptoms of post-partum depression and 10–15% had a positive screen for major postnatal depression. There was a statistically significant correlation between the total score on the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Of those eight women identified as being at risk, seven had received anticipatory guidance and five had received counselling by the nurses. The Postpartum Depression Prediction Inventory enabled nurses to identify women at risk of post-partum depression and offer interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The healthcare delivery system of Assam faces several challenges to provide affordable, accessible and quality care services. GNRC (Guwahati Neurological Research Center) is the first super-speciality hospital to address many of these gaps by delivering integrated affordable healthcare services to the populations of Assam and other parts of North-eastern India. Description & Discussion: This paper describes the implementation of a care delivery model which provides integrated care delivery services through linking hospitals to primary healthcare services, including preventive, promotive, and curative care, along with delivering easily accessible and affordable care to the people of Assam and other parts of North-eastern India. Conclusion: The proposed model is the first innovative approach from Northeastern India, Assam, to deliver affordable, accessible and patient-centric hospital led community-based preventive, promotive, and primary, secondary, and tertiary hospital-based care. It is anticipated that GNRC's "Affordable Health Mission" will help redesign and integrate the way primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare is delivered to the population of Assam in helping patients manage their own health and reduce the numbers that needs to be admitted to secondary care and tertiary care by improving patients' independence and well-being as well as dramatically reducing the cost to the overall health system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Russia-Ukraine war has undeniably impacted global science and healthcare in Ukraine. Many Ukrainian researchers have had their projects disrupted by this war, either due to loss of life, displacement, or destruction of resources. Despite these challenges, these researchers have sought to make their voices heard. This scoping review highlights the trend of healthcare-related publications on the current Russia-Ukraine war and characterizes the contribution of Ukrainian authors to these publications. Method: A comprehensive literature search was performed using two databases (Scopus and Pubmed) for publications related to the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war. We included articles only related to healthcare. We then extracted and analyzed bibliometric data. Result: One hundred and eighty-three articles were identified, including 12 (6.6%) original articles, 26 (14.2%) cross-sectional studies, 19 (10.4%) letters to the editor, 10 (5.5%) commentaries, 5 (2.7%) perspectives, 35 (19.1%) editorials, 2 (1.1%) randomized controlled trials, 11(6.0%) correspondences, 13 (7.1%) opinions, 8 (4.4%) reviews and 42 (23.0%) are identified as others. 180 (98.4%) studies were in English, and 3 (1.7%) were in German. 54 (29.5%) papers on the war had at least one author affiliated with a Ukrainian institution, and 29 (15.9%) studies had authors with Ukrainian affiliation as first authors. Conclusion: our study shows that there has been a significant number of publications on the Russia-Ukraine war and only a small portion of first authors, co-authors, and last authors of these publications are affiliated to an institution in Ukraine. Therefore, despite the relatively high number of publications, most publications do not arise from the perspective of Ukrainian authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most international definitions of palliative care in the worlds of policy and practice emphasize the 'holistic' dimensions of end-of-life experience and its care. To discover whether the definitions of palliative care are reflected in the field's research priorities. A content analysis of two research journals, one British and the other American, is described to provide a simple indicative answer to this question. The abstracts of 609 research papers drawn from these two journals between the years 2021–22 were examined thematically. The categories of physical alone, physical, and psychological, and psychological alone, when combined accounted for 69% of all research reports. The broader social aspects of care, outside of communication and advance care planning, were largely unaddressed. The social domain accounted for 29%, but 78% of this figure was about advance care planning and communication. Likewise, the role of spirituality, present in most of the definitions, was under researched and under reported. Even within this context, the results were disappointing. Spiritual care accounted for only 2% of reports. Examination of research publications of two major palliative care research journals showed a significant overemphasis on symptom management and health service delivery assessments. This significant dearth of investigation in the major areas of social and spiritual domains is a call to action for researchers, grant making bodies, researchers, ethics committees, and journal editorial teams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The burden of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare systems worldwide has been compromising the progress made in the fight against HIV. This paper aims to determine how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted HIV comprehensive care service delivery globally as well as to consolidate the evidence and recommendations that may be useful in averting future crisis. Methods: This review adheres to PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, DOAJ, Science Direct and other sources like Google Scholar and citations from included studies were searched methodically to locate studies evaluating the effects of COVID on services for HIV care. The NIH and JBI quality assessment tools were used for the quality assessment of individual studies. Results: In the present review 31 eligible studies were included and the impact on HIV care cascade were summarised under six themes: Lab services, Treatment and allied services, Counselling services, Outreach services, Psycho-social impact and Implementation of sustainable strategies. The studies also presented many innovative alternatives which were lucidly highlighted in the present article. Conclusion: Current evidence depicts multiple factors are responsible for the interruption of HIV care service delivery during the pandemic, especially in low resources settings. The prospective, alternative solutions that have been used to circumvent the threat have also been addressed in this review, in addition to the negative aspects that have been observed. Transition with new innovative, sustainable care paradigms may prove to be the building blocks in removing HIV-AIDS as a public health threat. Registration: Open Science Framework (DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/74GHM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines abstracts of papers submitted but not included in the program of the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association, Medical Care Section, 1962. Some of these are "Experiences and Activities at a Medical Computing Center," by L.D. Cady, M.A. Woodbury, and L.J. Tich and "An Internist's Experiences With Medical Care of Welfare Patients in Proprietary Nursing Homes," by Sidney M. Greenberg. The first abstract focuses on the center that is cooperating with investigators in the area of mathematical and theoretical analysis and statistical data handling and analysis, information coding, keypunching and storage of medical data for further study and retrieval. The second abstract contains observations of the medical, nursing, and administrative practices in four nursing homes as made by an internist responsible for the medical Scare of welfare patients in these homes. In evaluating these activities the recognition and meeting of the patient's total needs was utilized as the criterion of quality of performance.

The humanitarian crisis precipitated by the ongoing conflict in Sudan poses profound risks to the health and welfare of the country's children. This paper explores essential policy interventions to safeguard child mental health services under these challenging circumstances. Crucial strategies include enhancing healthcare accessibility for children and their caregivers, promoting education, and improving household living conditions. Additionally, it is vital to provide improved access to information about nutritious food and strengthen health systems in areas directly exposed to conflict. Cooperation with international aid organizations is paramount to delivering medical supplies to functioning health facilities. The paper also recommends partnerships with local non-governmental and humanitarian organizations to execute public health programs effectively. These multi-faceted policy measures underscore the importance of a comprehensive response to ensure the health and well-being of children amid the turmoil in Sudan. Through these strategies, we aim to provide a blueprint for policymakers and humanitarian organizations to mitigate the devastating impacts of the conflict on the country's most vulnerable population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Covid-19 pandemic caused an unusual population mortality rate. This paper aims to determine a causal relationship and its incidence between the Technical Efficiency (TE) of health systems and the Covid-19 mortality rate. Using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methodology and the OLS, GLS and 2SLS adjustment methods, in 108 countries grouped according to per capita health expenditure, it was found that a 1% increase in the TE of the health systems of the analyzed countries reduces the number of deaths from Covid-19 by between 61 and 127 per hundred thousand inhabitants, concluding that the efficiency of expenditure was transcendental in the prevention of mortality caused by the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the case of a 48-year-old female patient who was involuntary admitted by the authorities for a psychotic episode characterized by delusional ideas of grandeur, filiation and reference. The patient firmly believed that she was not only a member of the royal family of Monaco, but also had a special familial connection to the ruling dynasty. This case highlights the complexities of psychotic disorders and the presence of multiple delusional themes that can significantly impact an individual's perception of reality and functioning. These delusions profoundly affected the patient's daily life and interpersonal relationships. Her strong conviction in her royal filiation led to strained interactions with family members, who were unable to validate her claims. The patient's preoccupation with her imagined connection to the royal family overshadowed her personal responsibilities, causing disruptions in her overall functioning. This paper underscores the intricate nature of psychotic disorders and the multifaceted delusions that can arise within them. Understanding the interplay between these delusional themes is vital in guiding diagnosis and treatment strategies. By implementing a comprehensive approach that includes medication, psychotherapy, and a supportive environment, healthcare professionals can assist patients in regaining a more accurate perception of reality and improve overall functioning and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern health‐care systems have customarily approached hepatitis C in ways that resemble the public health approach to HIV/AIDS known as 'HIV exceptionalism'. HIV exceptionalism describes the unusual emphasis on privacy, confidentiality and consent in approaches to HIV and was partly developed to address HIV/AIDS‐related stigma. In the case of hepatitis C, exceptionalist approaches have included diagnosis and treatment by specialist physicians and other 'boutique' public health strategies. The recent availability of highly effective, direct‐acting antivirals alongside goals to eliminate hepatitis C have heralded dramatic changes to hepatitis C health care, including calls for its 'normalisation'. The corollary to exceptionalism, normalisation aims to bring hepatitis C into routine, mainstream health care. This article draws on interviews with stakeholders (n = 30) who work with hepatitis C‐affected communities in policy, community, legal and advocacy settings in Australia, alongside Fraser et al.'s (2017, International Journal of Drug Policy, 44, 192–201) theorisation of stigma, and Rosenbrock et al.'s (1999, The AIDS policy cycle in Western Europe: from exceptionalism to normalisation. WZB Discussion Paper, No. P 99‐202) critique of normalisation to consider the perceived effects of hepatitis C normalisation. Stakeholders described normalisation as a stigma‐reducing process. However, they also expressed concerns about the ongoing stigma and discrimination that is not ameliorated by normalisation. We suggest that in centring normalisation, changes in health care may exaggerate the power of technological solutions to transform the meanings of hepatitis C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is among the most common cancers found in women, causing cancer-related deaths and making it a severe public health issue. Early prediction of breast cancer can increase the chances of survival and promote early medical treatment. Moreover, the accurate classification of benign cases can prevent cancer patients from undergoing unnecessary treatments. Therefore, the accurate and early diagnosis of breast cancer and the classification into benign or malignant classes are much-needed research topics. This paper presents an effective feature engineering method to extract and modify features from data and the effects on different classifiers using the Wisconsin Breast Cancer Diagnosis Dataset. We then use the feature to compare six popular machine-learning models for classification. The models compared were Logistic Regression, Random Forest, Decision Tree, K-Neighbors, Multi-Layer Perception (MLP), and XGBoost. The results showed that the Decision Tree model, when applied to the proposed feature engineering, was the best performing, achieving an average accuracy of 98.64%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public health officials promoted COVID-19 vaccines to limit burdens placed on the U.S. healthcare system and end the pandemic. People in some closed religious communities refused to vaccinate and likely acquired temporary immunity through infection. This paper compares the death rates in Amish, Old Order Mennonites, and conservative Mennonite groups to a rate estimated for the U.S. population. Approximately two-thirds of the U.S. population was immunized against COVID-19, while few in the Amish/Mennonite community were. We find divergent patterns. Once vaccines became available, excess deaths declined in the general population and remained elevated among Amish and Mennonites. Vaccination campaigns must consider and value the cultural beliefs of closed religious communities to be effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination response in primary health care provides important learnings for strengthening health systems and preparing for surge response. The aim of this study was to examine the contributions of service providers to the COVID-19 vaccination program in Victoria, Australia, to gain insight into the role of primary health care during surge response and determine if this differs with rurality. Methods: A descriptive quantitative study design using existing COVID-19 vaccination data extracted from the Australian Immunisation Record via the Department of Health and Aged Care, Health Data Portal, de-identified for primary health networks, was used. Vaccination administrations were categorised by provider type for the first year of the Australian COVID-19 vaccination program in Victoria, Australia from February 2021 to December 2021. Descriptive analyses describe the total and proportional vaccinations administered by provider type and patient rurality. Results: Overall, primary care providers delivered half (50.58%) of total vaccinations for the population, and the number and proportion of vaccinations increased with patient rurality. The largest difference was observed in remote communities where 70.15% of COVID-19 vaccinations were administered by primary care providers. Primary care providers administered fewer COVID-19 vaccines in regional centres at 42.70%, compared to 46.45% administered by state government (and 10.85% administered by other). Conclusion: The contribution of primary health care to the COVID-19 vaccine program highlights the importance of rural primary care providers and settings, primarily general practice, to the delivery of population health interventions in rural communities especially during times of crisis. What is known about the topic? Research on pandemic response provides important insights for future surge planning and preparedness. What does this paper add? The contribution of primary care to the COVID-19 vaccine program highlights the importance of rural general practice to the delivery of population health interventions during times of crisis. What are the implications for practitioners? Policymakers must tailor reforms towards strengthening rural primary health care in preparation for future surge response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The views expressed here are based on my professional experience as a consultant obstetrician, and previous role as clinical head of service for a small (<1800 births/year) obstetric unit in Perth metro. The obstetric unit in which I work has no 24/7 on‐site staffed theatre capacity, no high dependency unit, and at night is staffed by a resident medical officer and junior obstetric registrar, with a consultant on‐call within 30 min travel time. Based on my review of the literature on obstetric services nationally and various state guidelines (see Sources section), other Australian metro‐located obstetric services appear to have similar challenges, but in this paper I focus on the health service models and patient safety systems that I am most familiar with (Perth metro) and ask why obstetric services in this, and by inference, other areas of the country which have similar high population density, would continue to have these staffing/service profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has created an unprecedented natural experiment in drug policy, treatment delivery, and harm reduction strategies by exposing wide variation in public health infrastructures and social safety nets around the world. Using qualitative data including ethnographic methods, questionnaires, and semi-structured interviews with people who use drugs (PWUD) and Delphi-method with experts from field sites spanning 13 different countries, this paper compares national responses to substance use during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Field data was collected by the Substance Use x COVID-19 (SU x COVID) Data Collaborative, an international network of social scientists, public health scientists, and community health practitioners convened to identify and contextualise health service delivery models and social protections that influence the health and wellbeing of PWUD during COVID-19. Findings suggest that countries with stronger social welfare systems pre-COVID introduced durable interventions targeting structural drivers of health. Countries with fragmented social service infrastructures implemented temporary initiatives for PWUD led by non-governmental organisations. The paper summarises the most successful early pandemic responses seen across countries and ends by calling for greater systemic investments in social protections for PWUD, diversion away from criminal-legal systems toward health interventions, and integrated harm reduction, treatment and recovery supports for PWUD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This paper highlights integrity as a central tenet in the journey of ethical leadership among nurse leaders and dialogue as a way of working within integrity. Background: Nurse leaders play a critical role in ensuring ethically sound, safe patient care by supporting staff and fostering positive working environments. Although there is an abundance of literature on leadership, no universally accepted leadership theory exists. Hence, it can be difficult to apply leadership theory and principals to real‐life clinical practice. Evaluation: From the literature, it is evident that integrity is a crucial aspect of leadership. This paper proposes suggestions for nurturing integrity and fostering open and honest dialogue. Key issues: Globally, public health care is complex and evolving and effective nursing leadership is paramount to meet public health needs and support health care systems. Conclusion: This paper explores integrity with leadership, re‐envisaging personal and professional integrity as a portal to authentic leadership, which has human relationships and dialogue at its core. Implications for Nursing Management: Nurse leaders need support in guiding the nursing profession and promoting ethically sound patient care. The true nature of leadership is dialogue, and nurturing a culture of listening and openness at different levels within an organisation is crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I will argue that a number of well-known health interventions or initiatives could be considered anarchist, or at the very least are consistent with anarchist thinking and principles. In doing this I have two aims: First, anarchism is a misunderstood term—by way of example, I hope to first sketch out what anarchist solutions in health and healthcare could look like; second, I hope to show how anarchist thought could stand as a means to improve the health of many, remedying health inequalities acting as a buffer for the many harms that threaten health and well-being. On this second point, I will argue that there are a number of theoretical and instrumental reasons why greater engagement with anarchism and anarchist thinking is needed, along with how this could contribute to health and in addressing broader injustices that create and perpetuate poor health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread adoption of virtual care technologies has quickly reshaped healthcare operations and delivery, particularly in the context of community medicine. In this paper, we use the virtual care landscape as a point of departure to envision the promises and challenges of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare. Our analysis is directed towards community care practitioners interested in learning more about how AI can change their practice along with the critical considerations required to integrate AI into their practice. We highlight examples of how AI can enable access to new sources of clinical data while augmenting clinical workflows and healthcare delivery. AI can help optimize how and when care is delivered by community practitioners while also improving practice efficiency, accessibility, and the overall quality of care. Unlike virtual care, however, AI is still missing many of the key enablers required to facilitate adoption into the community care landscape and there are challenges we must consider and resolve for AI to successfully improve healthcare delivery. We discuss several critical considerations, including data governance in the clinic setting, healthcare practitioner education, regulation of AI in healthcare, clinician reimbursement, and access to both technology and the internet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The 1978 Alma Ata Declaration initiated international recognition of non-biomedical healing systems and their relevance for primary health. World Health Assembly (WHA) resolutions have called for the study and inclusion of traditional and complementary medicine (T&CM) into national health systems through policy development. The increased public, political, and scholarly attention given to T&CM has focused on clinical efficacy, cost-effectiveness, mechanisms of action, consumer demand, and supply-side regulation. Although >50% of WHO member states have T&CM policies, scant research has focused on these policies and their public health implications. This paper defines a novel term "therapeutic pluralism," and it aims at characterizing related policies in Latin America. Methods: A qualitative content analysis of Latin American therapeutic pluralism policies was performed. Policies' characteristics and the reported social, political, and economic forces that have made possible their development were assessed. Pre-defined policy features were categorized on an MS-Excel; in-depth text analyses were conducted in NVivo. Analyses followed the steps described by Bengtsson: decontextualization, recontextualization, categorization, and compilation. Results: Seventy-four (74) policy documents from 16 of the 20 sovereign Latin American countries were included. Mechanisms for policy enactment included: Constitution, National Law, National Policy, National Healthcare Model, National Program Guideline, Specific Regulatory Norms, and Supporting Legislation, Policies, and Norms. We propose a four-category typology of policy approaches in Latin America: Health Services-centered, Model of Care-based, Participatory, and Indigenous People-focused. Common themes countries used when justifying developing these policies included: benefits to the health system, legal and political mandates, supply and demand, and culture and identity. Social forces these policies referenced as influencing their development included: pluralism, self-determination and autonomy, anticapitalism and decolonization, safeguarding cultural identity, bridging cultural barriers, and sustainability. Conclusion: Policy approaches to therapeutic pluralism in Latin America go beyond integrating non-biomedical interventions into health services; they offer perspectives for transforming health systems. Characterizing these approaches has implications for policy development, implementation, evaluation, international collaboration, the development of technical cooperation tools and frameworks, and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The model of recovery is based on an individualized and personalized journey of change and growth that is recognized both to be socially supported and mediated and to be contextually bound in terms of community resources and assets (as well as barriers and challenges in the local community). Specificity and precision has been added to recovery models by the emerging concept of 'recovery capital' creating not only the potential for a recovery metric but also the opportunity to assess changes in three key components of recovery capital (personal, social and community) and how they influence and shape each other. The paper builds on this by suggesting that not only can recovery capital have a residual impact on the community but that our understanding of this approach can be significantly enhanced with reference to John Braithwaite's model of macro-criminology and in particular the concept of ink spots to explain spread. The paper integrates the contagion ideas of recovery with the cascade effects Braithwaite describes to explain crime reductions and concludes with a discussion of the potential of concepts like collective efficacy and social contagion to be used to supplement public health approaches to the implementation of recovery-oriented interventions at a systems level. While there has been a huge growth in the 'evidence base' around recovery in recent years, there remain two primary gaps that this paper attempts to address. The first is around the paucity of conceptual frameworks and models for recovery and the second is around recovery as a social and community phenomenon. In this paper, we build on previous work by the authors and supplement it with inter-disciplinary work around a 'big picture' model of recovery communities and recovery spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The healthcare systems of almost every country have been facing an unprecedented crisis since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020. In response, numerous countries have designed and launched their unique applications to inform their citizens about COVID-19 and to follow their health situation. While South Korea has been showing an effective fight against COVID-19, Turkey is one of the most affected ones by the virus. This paper aims to identify key differences and similarities between the contact tracing apps that are used by Turkey and South Korea during COVID-19. In this way, it addresses how two members of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), one developing (Turkey) and other developed (South Korea) countries, integrated their public policies and crisis management responses with the mobile phone applications and at what scale they are successful. Also, this paper investigates how these differences/similarities between their applications have affected their paths in the pandemic. Comparing their applications, it discusses policy-making processes, technological differences, and contact tracing strategies with policy recommendations for other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The accessibility and fairness of the floating population's access to basic public health services have an important impact on improving the health level of the whole population. Existing studies have shown that medical insurance and social integration have an impact on basic public health services, but there are few studies on the specific influence path between the three. Therefore, the research purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of medical insurance for urban and rural residents and basic medical insurance for urban employees on the utilization of basic public health services, and to analyze the mediating effect of social integration. Methods: The data in this paper are derived from the 2017 China Mobile Population Dynamic Monitoring Survey data, which collects information on 31 provinces (regions, cities) and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps mobile population 169,989 people, all of whom come from China's relatively concentrated mobile population inflow areas (NHC FPSCo. 2021. Floating Population Service Center of NHC). After deleting part of the missing data and replacing the mean value, 154,586 people were finally included in the analysis. The proportion is 90.9%. Based on the data of China's floating population dynamic survey in 2017,we used Logistic regression method to analyze the effects of basic medical insurance for urban and rural residents, basic medical insurance for urban employees and social integration on the utilization of basic public health services. Then we used the Bootstrap method of structural equation model to analyze the mediating effect of social integration. Results: Medical insurance for urban and rural residents (β = 0.236;95%CI:1.195 ~ 1.342) has positive impact on health education, it (β = 0,190;95%CI:1.150 ~ 1.272) also has positive impact on the establishment of residents' health records. Social integration (including political participation (β = 0.312;95%CI:1.324 ~ 1.410),activity participation (β = 0.724;95%CI:2.009 ~ 2.119), identity (β = 0.421; 95%CI:1.387 ~ 1.675))has positive impact on health education, it ((β = 0.312;95%CI:1.324 ~ 1.410), (β = 0.404;95%CI:1.463 ~ 1.534), (β = 0.282;95%CI:1.191 ~ 1.477)) also has positive impact on the establishment of residents' health records. In addition, BMIUE (β = 0.169;95%CI:1.150 ~ 1.219) has an impact on the establishment of residents' health records. The direct effect of medical insurance on the utilization of public health services was 0.092 (95%CI: 0.093 ~ 0.103), social integration was a partial mediator, the mediating effect was 0.127 (95%CI: 0.108 ~ 0.127), and the mediating effect size was 57.73%. Conclusions: Medical insurance can directly promote the floating population to use basic public health services, and can indirectly promote the improvement of public health service utilization level through social integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organisations spanning social services, public health and healthcare have increasingly experimented with collaboration as a tool for improving population health and reducing health disparities. While there has been progress, the results have fallen short of expectations. Reflecting on these shortcomings, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) recently proposed a new framework for cross‐sector alignment intended to move the field towards improved outcomes. A central idea in this framework is that collaboratives will be more effective and sustainable if they develop collaborative systems in four core areas: shared purpose, governance, finance and shared data. The goal of this paper is to provide a foundation for research on the four core areas of the cross‐sector alignment framework. Accordingly, this study is based on two guiding questions: (1) how are collaboratives currently implementing systems in the four core areas identified in the framework, and (2) what strategies does the literature offer for creating sustainable systems in these four areas? Given the emergent nature of research on health‐oriented cross‐sector collaboration and the broad research questions, we conducted a systematic scoping review including 179 relevant research papers and reports published internationally from the years 2010–2020. We identified the main contributions and coded each based on its relevance to the cross‐sector alignment framework. We found that most papers focused on programme evaluations rather than theory testing, and while many strategies were offered, they tended to reflect a focus on short‐term collaboration. The results also demonstrate that starting points and resource levels vary widely across individuals and organisations involved in collaborations. Accordingly, identifying and comparing distinct pathways by which different parties might pursue cross‐sector alignment is an imperative for future work. More broadly, the literature is ripe with observations that could be assessed systematically to produce a firm foundation for research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public health care in Germany, whilst having many advantages, has reportedly strong deficiencies in regards to sustained therapeutic relationships, mostly due to reduced or dysfunctional doctor-patient-communication, which would need to be improved when promoting therapeutical alliance. Communication culture and role modelling between doctors as well as between teachingdoctors and medical students play a critical part in shaping and constituting medical professionalism. To collectively move towards a more patient-centred communication style, it is necessary to address aspects of intra-professional culture that are vital to an empathic attitude. In this paper some of the major concerns with medical professionalism as part of teaching by example will be examined and put into perspective with some prevalent counterproductive practices, such as hierarchical competitiveness, abbreviated conversational habits and problems with hazing in higher education. These will need to be addressed in order to create a more constructive professional environment that is healthy for both patients and medical practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In Ethiopia, the community health information system (CHIS) is implemented at the health post (hp) level with the aim of improving service delivery and use. We conducted a national level assessment of CHIS utilization and explored the associations of CHIS utilization with use of antenatal care (ANC), postnatal care (PNC), institutional delivery and child immunization in rural Ethiopia. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study measuring community-based health service use and HP based CHIS assessment from March to May 2019. Data were collected from 343 HPs and 2,864 women who delivered in the last five years, and multistage sampling was used to select the study subjects. We used descriptive statistics for CHIS implementation and service utilization and multilevel logistic regression to investigate the association of CHIS implementation with maternal and child health care services use. RESULTS: Fifty five percent of the HPs were implementing CHIS. These HPs were using a paper-based household data collection tool called family folder (FF). Of the HPs, one third implemented lot quality assurance sampling (LQAS) based data quality check and 60.4% documented and followed execution of decisions. Overall, among the eligible women, 40% used ANC, close to 50% of currently married women used ANC services; 28% of women that fall in the high wealth index category used PNC within 48 hours after delivery; and 86.1% of women who had at least a high school education delivered at a health facility. Implementation of CHIS and family folder utilization and conducting LQAS based data quality check in the HPs were significantly associated with increased odds of ANC, delivery, and vaccination services use. CONCLUSION: We found that better implementation of CHIS was associated with better maternal and child health service use which implies that increasing utilization of CHIS at HPs will improve mother and child health service use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses community knowledge, perceptions, and experiences of effectiveness of healthcare service provision on malaria prevention/treatment in two disease-endemic villages of the Okavango Delta panhandle in northern Botswana. A stratified random sampling of 355 households was conducted in October–November 2015. Follow-up retrospective cohort interviews were undertaken in August 2016 from 79 households that reported malaria incidences during the household survey. Data were also collected from 16 key informant interviews and 2 focus group discussions participants. Descriptive statistics and content analyses were used to summarise quantitative and qualitative data, respectively. Results indicate that communities in the study sites had positive perceptions about efficiency of health services based on availability, accessibility and utilization, adequacy of prevention and treatment interventions. Local health clinics were crucial information channels used by respondents. Additionally, factors related to acceptability, availability and accessibility are likely to contribute to perceived effectiveness of the interventions provided by healthcare service providers. Affirmation of efficiency health service provision against malaria has public health implications for adherence to treatment/prevention and participation in community health education campaigns and program implementation in the Okavango Delta region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loneliness is a major public health concern, particularly during pandemics such as Covid. It is extremely common, and it poses a major risk to human health. Technological solutions including social media, robots, and virtual reality have been advocated and implemented to relieve loneliness, and their use will undoubtedly increase in the near future. This paper explores the use of technological solutions from a normative perspective, asking whether and to what extent such measures should indeed be relied upon. The conclusion is that technological solutions are unquestionably part of the solution to loneliness, but that they cannot and should not constitute the whole solution. It is important to note that this is not a straw‐man argument, as several organizations and scholars have strictly focused on such technological solutions for loneliness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]