Search

One sustainable method of removing oil spills is the use of sorbents. In this study, aerogels made from paper waste and crosslinking starch are investigated as sorbents. Aerogels have a high porosity and, thus, achieve a high sorption capacity. The paper waste aerogels are compared with aerogel samples that also contain hemp fibres as a composite. After hydrophobisation with methyltrimethoxysilane, the maximum sorption capacity of crude oil, marine diesel oil and lubricating oil is investigated. Aerogels made of cellulose from paper waste with starch show the highest sorption capacity of about 50 gg−1 for all studied oils. Unfortunately, hemp fibres offer no advantage in sorption capacity, but they do mitigate a decrease in sorption capacity with an increase in cellulose fibre content. This could be an advantage in a possible commercial product, so that the properties do not vary as much. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The current work aims to investigate the presence of petrol, kerosene, diesel and motor oil on four kinds of exhibits: paper, cloth, wood and cotton after their partial burning. The purpose of this study is to enlighten the choice of selection of target exhibits at the arson scene that will surely serve the detection of ignitable liquids. Materials and Methods: The experimentation was performed after preparing 20 samples from the obtained 20 exhibits after the 2 days of procurement of using the n-hexane for extraction followed by the analysis on an indispensable tool named GC-FID. Results: Based on the physio-chemical properties of petroleum products along the characteristics of the exhibits, positive results have been obtained indicating the presence of petroleum products in the samples highlighting the detection levels ranging from low to intermediate to high degrees. Low level of petrol has been detected in paper indicating due to less adsorption stimulates the evaporation of petrol to greater extent than from the other exhibits. On the contrary, best results have been encountered for petrol detection from cotton and cloth (made up of Cotton fabric) reflecting the good retention capacity and the best material to select at the time of collection of fire debris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diesel soot particles are of concern for both the environment and health. To catalytically remove them, it is important to know their structure and composition. There is little described in the literature on how catalysts favor the combustion of different soot fractions. In this work, programmed temperature oxidation (TPO) experiments were carried out using Co,Ce or Co,Ba,K catalysts supported on ceramic papers. Soot particles were obtained by burning diesel fuel in a vessel (LabSoot) or by filtering exhaust gases from a turbo diesel engine in a DPF filter (BenchSoot), and compared with a commercial diesel soot: Printex U. Various characterization techniques were useful to relate the characteristics of both the soot particles and the catalysts with the TPO results. The maximum catalytic soot burn rate (TM) temperatures were in the range of diesel exhaust temperatures that would facilitate in-situ regeneration of the DPF. The Co,Ba,K catalyst showed a higher catalytic effect in LabSoot, as the latter exhibited the largest primary particles and the higher order of graphene layers, for which the potassium-containing catalyst improves the contact between soot and catalyst and favors the combustion of soot, while the Co,Ce catalyst preferentially enhanced the combustion of commercial soot by supplying active oxygen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With every oil tanker comes the risk of an accident and oil spill. Sorbents are the most suitable means to remove oil spills. Aerogels as sorbents have high porosity and can be made from cellulose from paper waste. The literature does not distinguish between paper and cardboard as sources of cellulose aerogels and little is known about composites of cellulose aerogels consisting of cellulose fibres and chemically untreated, unprocessed fibres or particles of straw, wool, macroalgae or cellulose acetate from cigarette butts. In this study, the sorption properties for marine diesel oil and biodiesel of such aerogels and their regenerative capacity with bioethanol were investigated. Methods: Cellulose aerogels were prepared from office paper and cardboard waste without and with chemically untreated algae, straw, wool and cellulose acetate as a composite by freeze drying. All samples were hydrophobised with methylsilane. The density to calculate the porosity and the contact angle were determined. Then the sorption capacity was determined over five cycles of sorption of oil and regeneration with bioethanol. Results: The average contact angle of all samples was 125°, indicating hydrophobicity. Paper-based aerogels were found to consistently have higher sorption capacities for biodiesel, marine diesel oil and bioethanol than cardboard-based aerogels. In particular, the wool/cellulose aerogel composite was found to have better sorption capacity for biodiesel, marine diesel oil and bioethanol than all other samples. The cellulose acetate/cellulose aerogel composite showed significantly higher sorption capacities than the paper and cardboard control samples (highest value is 32.25 g g−1) only when first used as a sorbent for biodiesel, but with a rapid decrease in the following cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ample interest for more efficient utilization of bio-based residues has emerged in the Nordic pulp and paper (P&P) industry, which uses virgin wood as feedstock. Although different bioenergy retrofit technologies for production of liquid, solid, and gaseous bioenergy products have been applied in the existing P&P mills, the number of installations remains small. The lack of profound knowledge of existing bioenergy retrofits hinders the replication and market uptake of potential technologies. This review synthesises the existing knowledge of European installations and identifies the key drivers and barriers for implementation to foster the market uptake of potential technologies. The bioenergy retrofits were reviewed in terms of technical maturity, drivers, barriers and market potential. Based on this evaluation, common drivers and barriers towards wider market uptake were outlined from political, economic, social, technical, environmental, and legal perspective. Technologies already commercially applied include anaerobic fermentation of sludge, bark gasification, tall oil diesel and bioethanol production, whereas lignin extraction, biomethanol production, hydrothermal liquefaction and hydrothermal carbonization are being demonstrated or first applications are under construction. The findings of this review show that a stable flow of residues at P&P mills creates a solid base for retrofitting. New innovative bio-based products would allow widening the companies' product portfolios and creating new businesses. Also, European Union's (EU) legislation drives towards advanced biofuels production. Wider uptake of the retrofitting technologies requires overcoming the barriers related to uncertainty of economic feasibility and unestablished markets for new products rather than technical immaturity. • Bioenergy retrofits can widen the product portfolio of the pulp and paper industry. • Bioenergy retrofits in Europe were comprehensively reviewed for the first time. • Drivers and barriers for the market uptake were assessed from different perspectives. • Retrofits support the REDII targets for advanced biofuels in transport sector. • Utilization of residues for bioenergy products improves mills' resource efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This work analyzes the application of a ceramic paper to the diesel soot combustion reaction in air. The catalytic paper is made of ceramic fibers, cerium oxide and potassium nitrate. The synthesis of this material is easy and fast, and provides a high-temperature resistant paper that can be readily adapted to different conformations and geometries. The presence of potassium and cerium as active ingredients confers high catalytic activity for the reaction studied under loose contact, showing a maximum combustion rate at 395°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new, fast, and ultra‐sensitive headspace sampling method using the Capillary Microextraction of Volatiles (CMV) device is demonstrated for the analysis of ignitable liquid residues (ILRs) in fire debris. This headspace sampling method involves the use of a heated can (60°C) to aid in the recovery of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from medium and heavy petroleum distillates. Our group has previously reported the utility of CMV to extract gasoline at ambient temperature in less than 5 min in the field. This work evaluates the recovery and analysis of low mass loadings (tens of ng) of VOCs from charcoal lighter fluid, kerosene, and diesel fuel. Nonane, decane, undecane, tridecane, tetradecane, and pentadecane were selected for evaluation of recovery to represent these ILR classes. The face‐down heated can headspace sampling technique was compared to the previously reported, non‐heated, paper cup headspace sampling technique. Mass recovery improvements of 50%–200% for five of the six target compounds in diesel fuel were achieved compared to the non‐heated sampling method. The average relative standard deviation (reported as % RSD) between the replicate trials decreased from an average of 28% to 6% when using the heated can method. Ignitable liquids were spiked onto burned debris in a live burn exercise and sampled using the heated can and paper cup headspace sampling techniques. The heated sampling technique reported here, for the first time, demonstrates an effective extraction method that when coupled to a portable GC–MS instrument allows for a sampling and analysis protocol in the field in less than 30 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Density is an important indicator for evaluating diesel fuel quality that directly affects the injection timing and injection rule of the engine, and also has a significant impact on the spray broken particle size, the spray penetration distance, the spray cone angle, and so forth, which in turn affects the combustion process and pollutant emission of the compression-ignition engine. Therefore, it is important to accurately predict the diesel fuel mixture density in industrial and compression-ignition engines. However, the mathematical models for predicting the density of diesel fuel mixture with changed temperature are relatively lacking and less accurate, especially for ternary diesel fuel mixtures with different physicochemical properties. This paper proposes a mathematical model including binary and ternary diesel mixtures under changed fuel volume fraction and temperature, and published data were used for verification. The data verification results show that: for the density prediction of binary diesel fuel mixtures at constant temperature, the average relative deviation (ARD) is 0.0245%, the RMS error (RMSE) is 0.000344, and the correlation coefficient (R) is 0.9993. For the density prediction of binary diesel fuel mixtures at changed temperature, the ARD is 0.0609%, the RMSE is 0.000695, and R is 0.9980. For the density prediction of ternary diesel fuel mixtures at constant temperature, the ARD is lower than 0.0571%, the RMSE is lower than 0.000610, and R is higher than 0.9861. For the density prediction of ternary diesel fuel mixtures at changed temperature, the ARD is 0.0484%, the RMSE is 0.000513, and R is 0.9996. The diesel mixed fuel density prediction model proposed in this paper has good accuracy and calculation convenience, and provides important reference value for measuring or designing the density of diesel mixed fuel in the field of compression-ignition engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generation of fines and ultra-fines is a concept that mining and metallurgical sectors can never shy away since the beginning of coal exploration. These coal fines and ultra-fines are what coal mines regarded as waste material without economic value until the present moment. Poor technologies in the past led to stockpiling of large quantities of fines and ultra-fines. Increase in mechanization in the coal mining industry has also led to the generation of large quantities of coal fines and ultra-fines. Several techniques in the mineral processing sector have been explored to beneficiate the coal fines and ultra-fines. The explored beneficiating technologies include enhanced gravity separation, oil agglomeration, flotation, flocculation, spirals, water only cyclone and dense medium cyclone. These beneficiating technologies have their own limitations when treating fine and ultrafine coal. Major limitations were operation cost and separation efficiency. However, many researchers have improved these beneficiation technologies in terms of cost and separation efficiencies producing clean coal product that meet the end user product specifications. This paper reviews recent developments in beneficiation technologies of coal fines and coal ultra-fines. • Developments in processing of fine and ultra-fine coal have been reviewed. • Recovery efficiency of different beneficiation processes of coal fines was analysed. • Enhanced gravity separators are the new alternative in the beneficiation of coal fines and ultra-fines. • Bio waste and waste oil to replace diesel collector or binder for surface based beneficiation. • Future developments in the processing of coal fines and ultra-fines have been proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrocracking is a vital process in the refining industry that converts heavy crude oil into high-value products such as gasoline, jet fuel and diesel. The optimization of hydrocracking units is crucial for improving the efficiency and profitability of these units. Optimization techniques have emerged as a powerful tool in process engineering to address conflicting objectives such as maximizing product yield while minimizing energy consumption. A refinery in Africa started commercial production in 2019. Using Aspen HYSYS V.14, Industrial hydrocracking unit was simulated and survey was done to find opportunities for optimization. In this paper, it presents case studies on the optimization of an industrial hydrocracking unit using Aspen HYSYS. it begins with a brief overview of the hydrocracking process and its typical outputs then introduces some techniques of energy optimization. The case study description and methodology, including the specific objectives and simulation setup, are presented. it discusses the results and analysis of the optimization process, including the impact on the unit's performance and trade-offs between different optimization objectives. The case studies handled in the paper are optimization of reactor effluent air cooler (REAC) with saving of 5.4 MMKcal/hr of its duty, optimization of fractionator feed heater duty with saving of 12.75 MMKcal/hr of its duty and optimization of unit's downtime required for catalyst change over with saving of 5 days downtime. Finally, it explores the implementation and implications of the results for industrial practice and the potential benefits and challenges of applying optimization in hydrocracking unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black liquor, a by-product of the papermaking alkaline Kraft process, is an important liquid fuel in the pulp and paper industry. Black liquor consists of Kraft lignin constituents and residual carboxylic acids. The black liquors can be converted to liquid, gas, and char fuels by chemical and thermal treatments. The yields of liquid and gaseous products generally depend on pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, and particle size. The yields of total liquid and gaseous products from the black liquor by pyrolysis increase from 8.5 to 60.2% with increasing temperature from 600 K to 950 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a simple analytical method for determining the viscosity index (VI) that effectively aligns with results obtained from the applicable standards. This method simply needs the kinematic viscosity of the tested oil at 40 and 100 °C as input parameters and does not need to use tables that are an integral part of the mentioned standards. This work presents a method and evaluates the accuracy of determining auxiliary parameters in the form of kinematic viscosity values at 40 °C for two hypothetical oils. These oils have a kinematic viscosity at 100 °C equal to that of the oil under testing and have VI = 0 and 100. The relative fitting error percentage and the coefficient of determination are found for the specified auxiliary indicators. The method is validated using data obtained from previous studies in the form of the kinematic viscosity of lubricating oil–diesel mixtures. The mixtures of viscosity grades SAE 30 and SAE 40 lubricating oil with diesel oil at concentrations of 0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50% w/w are tested. The viscosity index for each mixture is determined using a standard-based manual calculation using the Anton Paar viscosity index calculator and the proposed method. The results obtained from the proposed analytical method are compared with those from two other methods. The maximum percentage relative fitting error (δmax ≈ 1%) and the coefficient of determination (R2 > 0.999) are determined. The obtained results demonstrate a very good fit and, thus, confirm the usefulness of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The imperative for sustainable energy development has become increasingly evident, primarily due to the finite nature of fossil fuel reserves and the associated environmental apprehensions. In light of these concerns, biodiesel emerges as a compelling alternative. Its key attributes include renewability, reduced emissions, and the ability to be produced from a variety of sources, rendering it a promising candidate in addressing these energy and environmental challenges. Biodiesel holds significant promise as an energy source due to its lower environmental impact compared to traditional diesel fuels. This alternative fuel is non-toxic, safe, and biodegradable, primarily derived from renewable biological feedstocks like used cooking oils, making it an affordable and sustainable resource. This paper provides a comprehensive review encompassing biodiesel properties, feedstock options, diverse production techniques, catalyst variations, and the challenges associated with biodiesel production. Furthermore, this study delves into the evolution of biodiesel conversion processes and innovative approaches to enhance scalability. Detailed examinations of pivotal factors influencing transesterification, including catalyst weight percentage, temperature, alcohol-to-oil molar ratio, and reaction duration, are presented. Ultimately, this review concludes with future perspectives and suggestions. It emphasizes the importance of judiciously selecting catalysts, feedstock materials, and production methodologies to develop cost-effective, energy-efficient biodiesel solutions with reduced environmental impact and enhanced operational efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of the surge in solar and wind energy in the recent years, the IC engines, particularly the diesel engines may be expected to stay on for the next 30 years at least. In this context, it is imperative to find alternative fuel sources for petro diesel, at least in part. Inedible oil based biodiesels are one good option for India. There is a slight decrease in performance of a diesel engine when run with biodiesel blends. It is also feared by some that pollution from exhaust gas by using biodiesel blends may be higher. This paper summarizes the results of experiments carried out on biodiesel blends with diesel to determine the amounts and particle sizes of carbon particulate matter emissions in engine exhaust. Blends of two esterified oils, viz., Honge (Pongamia Pinnata) and Jatropha, with petro diesel were used to operate a single-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine. Blend ratios used were 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. The carbon particles in exhaust were collected on an INDICA filter paper for 5 minutes. The carbon content was ascertained by the standard procedure, and the size of particles was found by microscopic examination. Further ANOVA of the data was carried out separately for the Honge and Jatropha blends. The results from the experiments are clear and interesting. Both Honge and Jatropha blends increase the amount of carbon particulates in engine exhaust when compared with diesel. Carbon particulates increase with increase in load on the engine. Increase of blend ratio generally increases the carbon in exhaust in case of Jatropha blends. The behaviour with Honge blends is different. While blend H5 has highest carbon in exhaust at low loads, at high loads, H10 has the maximum carbon in exhaust. Blending with Honge or Jatropha biodiesel increases the carbon particle size in exhaust. While the size of carbon particles with diesel is < 20 µm, it is > 20 µm with all blends, increasing with load or blend ratio. In all cases, lower loads result in finer carbon particles in exhaust. The study helps in concluding that both Honge and Jatropha blends could be used in diesel engines, Honge being superior. Though the PM level in the exhaust will be higher with blending, the particle sizes will be much larger and hence causing less health hazard. Further, idling (no load), or low loads should be avoided since these result in smaller carbon particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a modern agricultural farm, efficient management of power used in the farm is fully as important as efficient management of machinery. This paper studied the importance of using one or other type of fuels in the final result, which is the efficiency of the engine used by a tractor or other machinery used in the farm. The fuels considered are diesel oil, hydrogen, liquified petroleum gas, premium gasoline, propane, methanol and ethanol. The manager decision of using one or another fuel is based on each fuel energy value, combustion characteristics and economy. The farm manager also must consider the adjustments that must be made to tractor engine if using one or another fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comments on the paper "Age Dating of Environmental Organic Residues," by Isaac Kaplan. Focus of the commentary on the petroleum fuels of organic materials; Recognition of the factors considered during age dating of petroleum releases; Importance of establishing a constituent in the fuel; Development of ratios of dateable constituents relating to fuel constituents; Proposal to estimate age in gasoline contaminated groundwater; Discussion of the nC17/ pristane ratio for age dating diesel fuels and the T8 ratio for dating regular and mid-grade gasolines.

The greenhouse gas emitted due to transportation is the third greatest emitter globally, and its impact has become a threat to the environment, public health, and economic development. Waste transportation is excluded in studies of waste management despite its significant environmental impacts such as global warming and human toxicity. The objective of this study is to develop a quantification model to estimate the carbon footprint of waste transportation and environmental impact assessments in three categories applied in Tehran using IPCC guidelines. In Tehran, light and heavy vehicles ran on diesel fuel. Data on fuel and waste characteristics were provided by Tehran's department of transportation and municipality, respectively. In this study, transportrelated emissions are 8.47 k tonCO2eq/y, and the carbon footprint of waste transportation is 93.57 g of CO2 eq per ton of waste transported (t.km), which is relevant to three main parameters: the amount of waste transported annually, the freight shipped from the temporary station to the disposal landfill site, and fossil fuels consumed. Also, an environmental impact assessment in three categories - human health (global warming, abiotic depletion, and ozone layer depletion), resources (fossil fuels), and ecosystem quality (acidification and eutrophication) - using SimaPro, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) tool is presented. Global warming (3.49 kg CO2 eq/t MSW), human toxicity (0.95 kg 1,4-DB eq/t MSW), and freshwater aquatic eco-toxicity (0.04 kg 1,4-DB eq/t MSW) have the greatest impact among categories. Sensitivity analysis of the effective parameters allows us to conclude one of the potential implications of this study would be the introduction of natural gas or biogas-based trucks replacing diesel fuel vehicles to improve air quality and mitigate the greenhouse gas emission. Implications: This paper addresses the significant issue of global warming, particularly in Iran, a developing country that ranks among the top contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. The study emphasizes the importance of evaluating emissions across various sectors such as electricity, waste, etc., Specifically, in this paper we focus on developing a model to quantify the environmental impact resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels in vehicles, focus on the metropolitan city of Tehran as a case study. By examining the waste transportation process, we aim to provide decision-makers with effective strategies to mitigate the environmental consequences. In this paper, we develop a simple quantification term of Carbon Footprint to calculate total greenhouse gas emission of waste transportation process. Carbon Footprint is a fraction which, its numerator is total greenhouse gas emission and its denominator is total waste transported in traveled distance. Effective parameters have been investigated and based on parameters and emission factors taken out of IPPC, the carbon footprint model have been developed. The total greenhouse gas emission of this study and the carbon footprint has estimated at 8.47 k tonCO2eq/y and 93.57 g CO2eq/t.km respectively. Furthermore, the paper explores additional environmental impacts beyond global warming, including abiotic depletion, ozone layer depletion, acidification, eutrophication, human toxicity, photochemical oxidation, and freshwater aquatic eco-toxicity. Using SimaPro software these eight impact categories have been estimated. in this study we identify fossil fuel consumption, traveled distance, and mass transported are the primary parameters influencing greenhouse gas emissions and the carbon footprint. To reduce emissions in the waste transportation system, we suggest promoting renewable biofuels, highlighting Iran as a suitable candidate due to its high percentage of biodegradable material in municipal solid waste. Additionally, the study assesses nonrenewable energy and mineral extraction using the IMPACT 2002+ V2.15/IMPACT 2002+ method, revealing that global warming (100 years), human toxicity (100 years), freshwater aquatic eco-toxicity, nonrenewable energy, and mineral extraction have the most significant impacts on the municipal solid waste transportation system. Overall, this research underscores the need for quantifying environmental impacts and recommends strategies to mitigate them in waste transportation processes, particularly in developing countries like Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil pollution caused by heavy shipping traffic in the Baltic Sea could be removed by the help of highly porous aerogels made from the waste. These could be produced from environmentally friendly cellulose, e.g., from paper waste, but would have to be hydrophobized for oil sorption. Such a cellulose aerogel was investigated in this research work. Six types of aerogel with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 wt% cellulose with porosities in the range of 96–98% stabilized by unsaturated polyester as cross-linker have been produced. Aerogel's sorption capacity as well as its regeneration for sorption of crude oil, marine diesel oil, and biodiesel sorption from water surface and mechanical strength has been estimated. It was found out that crude oil sorption capacity reach 29.67 ± 0.39 g g−1, biodiesel—29.07 ± 0.26 g g−1, while marine diesel oil—26.26 ± 0.39 g g−1. The aerogel with 0.5 wt% cellulose shows the best sorption properties after 10 cycles of the sorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document discusses the importance of computational and data-driven modeling in understanding and optimizing combustion in reciprocating engines and gas turbines. The Paris Agreement's goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and global warming necessitate the reduction of pollutants emitted by transportation and energy production. While new technologies like electrification and carbon capture are emerging, internal combustion engines and gas turbines remain crucial in the short and medium term. Computational modeling allows for the investigation of various operating conditions, reducing costs and risks. The document includes research articles and a review on the role of micro gas turbines in distributed energy production, covering topics such as reducing emissions in internal combustion engines, exploring alternative fuels, and improving the efficiency of gas turbines. [Extracted from the article]

This paper investigates the feasibility of the Biofuel and diesel used in a proportionate mixture as a Biodiesel as a replacement for Diesel fuel. Biodiesel has gained significant attention in the power world as an alternative to biodiesel blends prepared in this study is 50% Neem and 50% Pongamia pinnate. During the study, the blends used for testing were B5%, B10%, B15% and B20% with a varying load condition of 3kg to 20kg in a single-cylinder diesel engine at rpm of 1600 with a load of 19.01kg. A pyrolysis method is used for making Biodiesel. The viscosity values of the Biodiesel blend lie in the range of 3.89 to 8.756 Nm/s2 1. The performance of biodiesel has been analysed in terms of break power, indicated power, break and indicated thermal efficiency, mechanical efficiency, torque, specific fuel consumption, and volumetric efficiency. The parametric value of the all curve shows the increasing behaviour from lower to higher value. Volumetric efficiency shows only decreasing behaviour concerning load. The result shows the B5% blend is better in break power by 13.43% than a diesel at a load of 19.01kg. And specific fuel consumption. The torque generated is more efficient in B20% blends. Break thermal efficiency is proportional to the load of the engine. Indicated Thermal efficiency is much higher than diesel of B5% Biodiesel. The maintenance of a fuel pump is required regularly due to more viscosity problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, many studies have been published in the field of using different biodiesels in diesel engines. However, the use of these fuels has not been used for different case studies. Moreover, scholars have not paid attention to factors like the price of utilized biodiesels and their costs, considerably. In the present paper, we are concerned with the use of palm oil as a cheap and abundant biodiesel in two different light and heavy diesel engines, and its environmental blueprint was also investigated for Helsinki. A CFD code was taken into consideration to estimate the amount of NO and PM emissions from different diesel engines. Although many different diesel engines can be utilized in a city, however, this research showed how an engine fueled by palm-based biodiesel can be balanced to satisfy the requirements related to the limitation of emissions for Helsinki, annually. It was found that, for this region, the 30% palm oil/diesel mixed fuel led to an insignificant increase in NOx emissions by 0.2% for the light-duty engine and a decrease of 0.7% for the heavy-duty engine whereas a significant decrease in PM emissions by 24 and 11.5% for light-duty diesel engine and heavy-duty diesel engine, respectively. The results of the presented paper demonstrated that there is a narrow border between the fuel waste amount and the exhaust NOx, highlighting the need for obtaining a balanced state between them for different cities based on their sources and their pollution status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particle emissions from marine activities next to gaseous emissions have attracted increasing attention in recent years, whether in the form of black carbon for its contribution to global warming or as fine particulate matter posing a threat to human health. Coastal areas are particularly affected by this. Hence, there is a great need for shipping to explore alternative fuels that both reduce greenhouse gas emissions, as anticipated through IMO, and also have the potential to reduce particle emissions significantly. This paper presents a comparative study of the particulate emissions of two novel synthetic/biofuels (GTL and HVO), which might, in part, substitute traditionally used distillate liquid fuels (e.g., MDO). HFO particulate emissions, in combination with an EGCS, formed the baseline. The main emphasis was laid on particle concentration (PN) and particulate matter (PM) emissions, combining gravimetric and particle number measurements. Measurements were conducted on a 0.72 MW research engine at different loads (25%, 50%, and 75%). The results show that novel fuels produce slightly fewer emissions than diesel fuel. Results also exhibit a clear trend that particle formation decreases as engine load increases. The EGCS only moderately reduces particle emissions for all complaint fuels, which is related to the formation of very fine particles, especially at high engine loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific paper conducted empirical studies related to the effectiveness of the use of dimethyl ether as an additive to diesel fuel and its impact on the efficiency of the mixture creation and combustion process. The measure of the above quality was the observation and parametric assessment of the then generated vibroacoustic processes, the relations of which were assessed using the peak and effective value of vibration accelerations, and also assessment of toxic exhaust gas components. The transformation of the main process into its vibroacoustic and emission representations allowed for the construction of mathematical relations between them, expressed in a specific engine operating space, and a vector of tribological parameters, expressing specific friction changes occurring in the critical kinematic pairs of the combustion and mixture formation area. The tests were carried out on a single-cylinder research engine with direct fuel injection, in stationary conditions with a time-invariant control vector. As part of the procedures, a constant and optimal value of thermodynamic parameters defining the thermal state of the engine was maintained, minimizing external forces and disturbances that could affect the active value of the measurement signal. The research results are empirical vibroacoustic and emission characteristics for various signal domains and their parameterization supplemented with a detailed analysis of the results, developed vibroacoustic and emission mathematical models depending on the operating parameters, type of fuel and combustible mixture formation variables, supplemented with an assessment of their degree of mapping to the dynamic source process. The dimethyl ether application resulted in a emission reduction by the coefficient: 24.3-57.8 (hydrocarbons), 1.03-1.24 (carbon monoxide), and an increase in nitrogen oxides in the range of 1.01-1.08. The use of dimethyl ether as a base fuel component has a positive effect on reducing the peak value of vibration accelerations in the range of 16-28%, and the root mean square in the range of 14-65%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outcomes of research regarding pyrolysis oils obtained from waste sources (WPO) used to power a compression-ignition engine have been presented in this paper. Oils obtained in an industrial process based on polypropylene (PPO), polystyrene (PSO) and used car tires (TPO) were used. Prior to conducting engine tests, a in-depth examination of the tested fuels parameters was undertaken. An advanced single-cylinder research engine utilizing split fuel injection technique was used for the tests. Emission analysis was performed using multi-compound FTIR analytical system. The WPO were blended with diesel fuel in proportions of 20%, on the mass basis and tested at middle engine load and variable EGR rates. Tests have shown that modern combustion systems compliant with the Tier 4/Stage IV standard with multi-pulse injection can handle fuels with a WPO content of 20% without the need for recalibration. The addition of PPO did not significantly affect the emission, while mixing with PSO resulted in elevated levels of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions. Regarding to the mixture with TPO, increased levels of particulate matter, sulfur oxides, aromatic compounds and formic acid were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Biodiesel is a renewable and ecofriendly fuel for internal combustion engines. However, fuel standards need to be adapted for efficiency and commercial use. This paper deals with a novel process of its production using a purification step that counters the high costs of production and experimental analysis using multiresponse optimization. Methods: Soybean oil was chosen as a biodiesel of 5%, 10%, and 15% blend with common diesel fuel and is experimentally tested in a variable compression ratio compression ignition engine. The biodiesel is blended with common diesel fuel to run the engine without any modification in its setup, which also solves most of the operational problems. The functional relationship between the input parameters and the performance characteristics of the engine is evaluated by statistical response surface methodology using the Box–Behnken design model, which generates a design of experiment resulting in an optimum experimental run that reduces the overall cost of the experimental investigation. Uncertainty analysis is done to minimize the gap between the results considering the errors of each piece of equipment. Validation of the results is also carried out. Results: The analysis of variance is used to measure the acceptability of the model and the competency of the model to predict output performance. The optimum value of input parameters which are obtained are 4.5 kg for the load, the compression ratio of 18, and B05 for the fuel blend, which results in maximum performance of brake power of 3 kW, minimum fuel consumption and emissions of CO and NOx, which are 0.39 kg/kWh, 0.01%, and 50 ppm. Conclusions: Cost analysis reveals that biodiesel produced from the novel process of transesterification is reasonable as compared with the conventional process. It is also environmentally more sustainable, which cannot be ignored. This technique can be used in future research for cost-effective production fields such as combustion parameters and biofuels produced from waste, which need to be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diesel engine combustion is dependent mainly on the fuel injection characteristics, particularly the injection pressure and rate, which directly affect the engine efficiency and emissions. Herein, an electrically controlled supercharger is added to a traditional high-pressure common rail system to form an ultrahigh-pressure common rail system. Then, the variations in the spray, combustion, and emission characteristics of a diesel engine with a variable fuel injection rate are analyzed. Moreover, a simulation model for a diesel engine combustion chamber is built and verified by experimental results for numerical analysis. The results reveal that the injection rate can be flexibly adjusted via regulation when the solenoid valves are opened on the electrically controlled supercharger. Specifically, (1) the boot-shaped injection rate has greater potential than the traditional rectangular injection rate in terms of combustion and emission; (2) the main injection advance angle at the boot-shaped injection rate can be properly increased to improve combustion; and (3) the pilot injection quantity and advance angle are strongly coupled with the boot-shaped injection rate, potentially enhancing the mixing efficiency of fuel and air in the cylinder to achieve favorable emission results. This paper provides good guidance for the reliable design and optimization of noble-metal-based diesel engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experience shows that dilution of lubricating oil with diesel oil is unfavorable to the engine, causing issues including deterioration of engine performance, shortening of oil life, and reduction in engine reliability and safety. This paper presents the verification of the hypothesis that the changes in lubricity, friction coefficient, and decreasing oil film thickness (using a relative approach, given as a percentage) are similar for lubricating oil and diesel mixtures prepared from fresh lubricating oil and used lubricating oil. To validate this hypothesis, an experiment is conducted using a high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFFR), in which the lubricity is determined by the corrected average wear scar WS1.4, the coefficient of friction μ, and the percentage relative decrease in oil film thickness r. A qualitative visual assessment of the wear scars on the test specimens is also performed after the HFFR tests. The testing covers mixtures of SAE 30 grade Marinol CB-30 RG1230 lubricating oil with Orlen Efecta Diesel Biodiesel. The used lubricating oil is extracted from the circulating lubrication system of a supercharged, trunk-piston, four-stroke ZUT Zgoda Sulzer 5 BAH 22 engine installed in the laboratory of ship power plants of the Maritime University of Szczecin. Mixtures for the experiment are prepared for fresh lubricating oil with diesel oil and used lubricating oil with diesel oil. Mixtures of these lubricating oils with diesel oil are examined for diesel oil concentrations in the mixture equal to 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20% m/m. The results of the experiment confirm the hypothesis, proving that, for up to 20% m/m diesel oil concentration in lubricating oil, the changes in the lubricity of used lubricating oil diluted with diesel oil can be evaluated based on reference data prepared for mixtures of diesel oil with fresh lubricating oil. The linear approximation of μ and r trends is made with a certain margin of error we estimated. The experiment also confirms the results of previous studies which state that oil aging products in small quantities contribute to improved lubricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implementation of new emissions regulations calls for a reassessment of the emissions levels of newly built ships sailing in Chinese regions. In this paper, marine diesel engines are subjected to emissions bench tests using high-precision testing equipment. A total of 135 marine diesel engines meeting the Limits and Measurement Methods for Exhaust Pollutants from Marine Engines (CHINA I/II) were first systematically analyzed. The emission factors of marine main engines (ME) and auxiliary engines (AE) were obtained under different displacements. The results show that the fuel-based emission factors for NOX + HC and CO meeting CHINA I/II are 25.80~44.87/16.47~46.35 and 2.47~13.22/1.64~5.62 kg/t-fuel, respectively. The energy-based emission factors for NOX + HC, CO, CO2, and PM satisfying CHINA I/II are 5.70~9.24/3.70~9.07, 0.49~2.30/0.36~0.99, 620~683/612~718, and 0.05~0.36/0.05~0.27 g/kWh, respectively. Additionally, the specific emission of NOx rises with the increase in single-cylinder displacement, so the CO emission limit of pure diesel fuel is recommended to be lower than 5 g/kWh. The results in this paper provide valuable basic data for research on and estimation of ship emissions in waterway transportation and for understanding the emission characteristics of marine diesel engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]