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Open Dialogue is a need‐adapted approach to mental health care that was originally developed in Finland. Like other need‐adapted approaches, Open Dialogue aims to meet consumer's needs and promote collaborative person‐centred dialogue to support recovery. Need‐adapted mental health care is distinguished by flexibility and responsiveness. Fidelity, defined from an implementation science perspective as the delivery of distinctive interventions in a high quality and effective fashion is a key consideration in health care. However, flexibility presents challenges for evaluating fidelity, which is much easier to evaluate when manualization and reproducible processes are possible. Hence, it remains unclear whether Open Dialogue and other need‐adapted mental health interventions can be meaningfully evaluated for fidelity. The aim of this paper was to critically appraise and advance the evaluation of fidelity in need‐adapted mental health care, using Open Dialogue as a case study. The paper opens a discussion about how fidelity should be evaluated in flexible, complex interventions, and identifies key questions that need to be asked by practitioners working in need‐adapted mental health care to ensure they deliver these interventions as intended and in an evidence‐based fashion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article seeks to develop a better understanding of the contribution of materiality in a discourse between a creator (content producer) and an interface, dealing with analogue and digital artefacts. Focus is in the materiality of the two different art‐creation learning processes, acrylic painting and digital painting. The objective of this paper is to consider especially the affect and meaning of these two different content creation modalities and intra‐action within that. Through reflective autoethnographic consideration, the purpose is to consider the essences of materials manifesting and modulating the processes of content creation as a posthumanist phenomenon. It will be shown that the creation processes with paper are more experimental whereas the processes with digital screen are more playful. There is a growing need to deeper understand the cultural change of material cultures and the people's intra‐action with the materials also enabling arts creation. This paper will widen our limited understanding and deepen our theoretical perspectives of the essence of materials which then avails confronting analogue and digital when developing teaching and learning in the posthuman era especially in early education. Practitioner NotesWhat is already known about this topic There is a growing interest in the new materialism and posthuman thinking amongst educational technology research and development.Reading analogue versus digital is well‐documented.What this paper adds New materialist thinking offers a useful perspective in education for looking at the essence of analogue and digital materiality modulating content creation.Characterising the nuances in analogue and digital production can help in evaluating their educational potential.Implications for practice and/or policy As practitioners we should critically question the political vision of education digitalisation especially concerning early childhood education.There is a need to move beyond debates about analogue versus digital to look at more specific examples of their advantages (and disadvantages) in developing posthumanist education and intra‐active pedagogy especially for young children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research on competitive dynamics has failed to offer tools to understand distorted patterns of competition that emerge from distinct institutional and historical contexts. Our analysis suggests that a joint effect of institutional rules, governance structures, and shared cognition plays a pivotal role in firm-level competitive behavior and capability development. We show how globally significant market positions can result from specific institutional arrangements between firms and governments, especially if coupled with interfirm contractual commitments. Our results call for more attention to these interfirm commitments that are built on formal rules and governmental support, but whose impact they yet exceed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2008, the collective agreement of the Finnish paper industry was significantly rewritten. This case study analyses the influence of internal factions on the capability of the Finnish Paper Workers' Union to shift to a strategy of partnership. It is shown that resistance to change was especially strong with longer-serving shop stewards, and the strong division into factions implies limits to the extent of partnership in the Finnish paper industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Open Dialogue is a resource‐oriented approach to mental health care that originated in Finland. As Open Dialogue has been adopted across diverse international healthcare settings, it has been adapted according to contextual factors. One important development in Open Dialogue has been the incorporation of paid, formal peer work. Peer work draws on the knowledge and wisdom gained through lived experience of distress and hardship to establish mutual, reciprocal, and supportive relationships with service users. As Open Dialogue is now being implemented across mental health services in Australia, stakeholders are beginning to consider the role that peer workers might have in this model of care. Open Dialogue was not, initially, conceived to include a specific role for peers, and there is little available literature, and even less empirical research, in this area. This discussion paper aims to surface some of the current debates and ideas about peer work in Open Dialogue. Examples and models of peer work in Open Dialogue are examined, and the potential benefits and challenges of adopting this approach in health services are discussed. Peer work in Open Dialogue could potentially foster democracy and disrupt clinical hierarchies, but could also move peer work from reciprocal to a less symmetrical relationship of ‘giver’ and ‘receiver’ of care. Other models of care, such as lived experience practitioners in Open Dialogue, can be conceived. However, it remains uncertain whether the hierarchical structures in healthcare and current models of funding would support any such models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this multiple-case study the BAT-associated techniques and relative emission levels presented in the EU's best available techniques (BAT) reference document for the pulp and paper industry (PP-BREF) are compared with the techniques applied and the relative emission levels achieved in the Finnish pulp and paper industry. Information on the emissions of 24 Finnish pulp and paper plants was compiled from the national databases maintained by the Finnish Environment Institute. Moreover, a supportive study was conducted on the use of the PP-BREF in the environmental permitting process. The techniques applied in the studied plants represented the BAT as defined in the PP-BREF to a high degree, but the emission levels showed a larger variation. Possible reasons for this variation were discussed. A BAT emission index (BEI) was designed to trace the degree to which the BAT-associated emission levels were achieved as a whole. The BEI appeared to be a useful indicator for assessing the BAT-related environmental performance of the plants. An important area for improvement, identified from the point of view of the applicability of the PP-BREF in the permit process, was the information on waste management issues. Moreover, a consistent cross-media assessment in the PP-BREF was called for. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Presents a study which examined perch and roach populations in a state of late vitellogenesis downstream of two pulp and paper mills and at upstream references in southern Lake Saimaa, Finland. Exposure of fish to pulp mile effluents; Vitellogenin concentrations in plasma and liver cytosol of roach; Growth and age at maturity of exposed perch and roach.

Studies of industrial symbiosis (IS) focus on the physical flows of materials and energy in local industrial systems. In an ideal IS, waste material and energy are shared or exchanged among the actors of the system, thereby reducing the consumption of virgin material and energy inputs, and likewise the generation of waste and emissions. In this study, the environmental impacts of an industrial ecosystem centered around a pulp and paper mill and operating as an IS are analyzed using life cycle assessment (LCA). The system is compared with two hypothetical reference systems in which the actors would operate in isolation. Moreover, the system is analyzed further in order to identify possibilities for additional links between the actors. The results show that of the total life cycle impacts of the system, upstream processes made the greatest overall contribution to the results. Comparison with stand-alone production shows that in the case studied, the industrial symbiosis results in modest improvements, 5% to 20% in most impact categories, in the overall environmental impacts of the system. Most of the benefits occur upstream through heat and electricity production for the local town. All in all it is recommended that when the environmental impacts of industrial symbiosis are assessed, the impacts occurring upstream should also be studied, not only the impacts within the ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A periodontal study was conducted in a paper mill in Finland. To adapt the Periodontal Treatment Need System (PTNS) to a Finnish adult population the estimates of Finnish periodontologists were used. The mean estimate of periodontal treatment need was 97 ± 58 (s.d.) min per person and 32 ± 18 min per jaw segment. Periodontal treatment need increased with age. No significant differences in periodontal treatment need by sex, education, type of employment, regularity of working hours or frequency of dental visits were observed. Adjusted family income and toothbrushing frequency did not produce significant differences in periodontal treatment need, except in the group having four dentulous jaw segments. The groups using sugar, other sweetening agents or neither of these, mainly in coffee or tea, differed significantly: the non-users of sugar had lowest treatment time and those who used other sweetening agents than sugar had highest treatment time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at providing empirical content for the theoretical concept of the ‘acceptability of operations’ as an indicator of corporate social performance (CSP) through a qualitative field study. The data were gathered at four mills belonging to a Scandinavian-based pulp and paper company located in four countries, China, Finland, Germany and Portugal. An experimental acceptability model was formulated on the basis of summaries for the individual countries. Issues such as importance of the mill for the local economy and environmental impacts were the most important elements of the acceptability concept at the local level, while the reputation of the entire sector was one of the major factors influencing the concept at the national and global levels. In addition, the level of social participation and discussion in society served well to indicate the extent and depth of the acceptability concept in the societies studied. The results suggest that the acceptability of operations is a good indicator of corporate social performance. However, it is recommendable to study further the applicability of the stakeholder approach in this kind of context. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This section presents the topics and organizers of individual sessions at the 29th General Conference of the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth from August 20 to 26, 2006 in Joensuu, Finland. The Luxembourg Wealth Study is developing international standards for comparisons of micro data that are compatible with national accounts data. The session will include papers concerning measurement of wealth from both a micro and a macro point of view, methodological issues concerning micro and macro estimates, the relationship between micro and macro estimates as well as comparative studies on portfolio composition and the distribution of wealth. Stephen Jenkins and Holly Sutherland will seek papers concerned with innovative approaches to addressing the imperfections of survey data, using improvements to survey instruments and addressing the issues after data collection. David Caplan and Tim Smeeding will discuss the state of the art in the measurement of government output and productivity following these developments and discuss how the views of producers of economic statistics and the needs of policy makers can be reconciled. Miles Corak will highlight developments in the measurement of child poverty, offer comparisons in levels and changes of child poverty rates across rich and developing countries, and relate poverty and low income to the well being of children as well as their capacity to become successful adults.

This article calls for papers for the 29th General Conference of the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth that will be held in Joensuu, Finland, August 20 to 26, 2006.

Ninety-three percent of the 300 employees of a paper mill in central-eastern Finland answered a questionnaire in the context of a clinical dental survey. One third had visited the dentist annually, 22 % once in 2 years and the rest irregularly. Dental visit frequency of females was somewhat higher than that of males. People in younger age groups and higher income groups used more dental services, whereas those who had dentures used clearly less dental services than others. Subjective assessment of treatment need was the main reason for dental visits, more than half of the subjects had attended the dentist the last time because of self-assessed need. Thirty-eight percent went to the dentist because of toothache and only 9 % for regular check-up. Although more than one third had gone to the dentist because of toothache only one third of those who had toothache during the preceding year had visited the dentist during that period. People without toothache, in fact, used more dental services than those who had had it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores issues concerning the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth (IARIW). The twenty-ninth general conference of the association will be held in Joensuu, Finland on August 20-26, 2006. There will be six Submitted Papers Sessions, and the Conference Program Committee will make coherent sessions from selected papers that do not fit within the purview of the Main sessions. The association's revenue is derived primarily from sales of its journal "The Review of Income and Wealth" and from Institutional and Individual Members. Expenses are connected mainly with publication of the journal and the biennial and special conferences. The number of Individual Members has remained steady but revenues increased in 2003 due to more timely payments. The revenues received from Blackwell, the IARIW publisher, have increased from 2002 despite a very competitive market and budgetary constraints faced by libraries and corporate buyers of journals. This has been accomplished by tight spending controls on editorial and production costs and aggressive marketing. IARIW Institutional Members have responded positively to the campaign undertaken in 2003 to solicit increased contributions.

The article presents abstracts of papers presented at the 11th annual meeting of the society for cutaneous ultrastructure research in Helsinki, Finland from June 17-20, 1984. The article "Fibronectin and the Pericellular Matrix," by J. Keski-Oja, discusses several features of fibronectin. The article " Intermediate Filaments in the Analysis of Cell Differentiation and Tumor Histogenesis," by I. Virtanen, V.P. Lehto and M. Miettinen, discusses intermediate filaments that are cytoskeletal structures found in virtually nucleate mammalian cells.

Presents updates on upcoming international congresses in the systems research and behavioral science sector happening in 2003. 47th Annual Conference of the International Society for the Systems Sciences in Crete, Greece; Informing Science+IT Education Conference in Pori, Finland.

Artificial intelligence (AI) expands the more‐than‐human perspective on creativity and creative geographies, as new techno‐material relations and spatialities are formed when humans and AI create together. In this paper, we suggest the concept of 'co‐creative spatiality' to refer to the special sites, relations and processes of human–AI collaboration in artistic creative practice. Our study builds on interviews with 26 Finland‐based artists who have used AI in their artistic work. In our analysis, we focus on the questions of what, how, where, who and with of creativity, through which we study the spatialities of creativity and their links to AI. We discuss, how the emerging techno‐materialities of AI affect co‐creative spatiality by stretching the boundaries of (human) imagination and sparking creativity across new imaginative terrains. Co‐creative spatiality reveals novel and unfamiliar collaborations that constitute our material worlds and, therefore, we believe it invites geographical analysis from all those interested in the transformations of creative and artistic practices in the age of AI. In this paper, we suggest the concept of 'co‐creative spatiality' to refer to the special sites, relations, and processes of human–AI collaboration in creative practice. Our study builds on interviews with 26 Finland‐based artists who have used AI in their artistic work. We discuss, how the emerging techno‐materialities of AI affect co‐creative spatiality by stretching the boundaries of (human) imagination and sparking creativity across new imaginative terrains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation: Agenda 2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) expand the development agenda. While all major development actors support policy coherence for development (PCD), analysis has been lacking on how this can be achieved as the development agenda expands. We discuss the relationship between SDGs and PCD through a comprehensive case study from Finland. Purpose: To examine the coherence of Finland's foreign and development policy for achieving the SDGs, while leaving no one behind. Particular focus is given to policies related to the private sector's role in development, and attention is also paid to ministries other than the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Approach and methods: We carried out interviews with policy‐makers and other stakeholders, and analysed relevant documents. We reviewed governmental high‐level policy statements, sectoral alignments, and development aid documents. We also reviewed the position papers that the Finnish Government had issued on European Union (EU) processes, particularly regarding development relating to the private sector. Findings: Finland has been uniquely positioned to advance PCD in its foreign policy, thanks to co‐ordination structures across government. Nonetheless, mainstreaming of the expanded development agenda has been largely limited to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and its development policy department. The breadth of the SDG agenda has enabled individual targets to be cherry‐picked, with less attention paid to advancing the Agenda 2030 as a whole and to implementing its Leave No One Behind (LNOB) principle. Despite an institutional framework seemingly ideal for policy coherence, traditional sectoral divisions between development policy as a separate field and sustainability as an environmental issue, remain. Five factors in particular hindered policy coherence: (a) Finland's position papers to the EU on taxes and migration all but ignored Agenda 2030 commitments; (b) the Finnish emphasis on the private sector in development narrowed the considerations of development to economic growth; (c) sustainability was seen as green technology, with scant regard to social sustainability; (d) private firms interpreted the SDGs to mean that environmental sustainability could address human rights‐related concerns with corporate social responsibility initiatives; and (e) cuts to staffing in the Finnish Government stymied innovative thinking and working across departmental boundaries. Policy Implications: Finland is generally seen as a front‐runner in mainstreaming development issues, which makes it an interesting case. We outline the key challenges that Finland has faced in tackling PCD, which should be relevant for other Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) countries as well. Many challenges related to PCD are political and organizational. As such, they are highly dependent on the particular institutional settings in each country. Our methodological approach could be replicated in other similar countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines how a small rural town Kauhava, Finland, is reconfigured in the wake of a reception centre being established. Drawing on the conceptual toolbox of the sociology of associations, we find that regardless of attitudes towards asylum seekers, people springing into action and enroling others leads to the problematisation and intensification of place. This involves turning public and private spaces into contested places. Competing definitions of community and identity emerge. While new identities are configured, new associations and ways of linking actors and places together also take form. The paper examines how the micropolitics of place and belonging are carried out in practice, and what types of mechanisms bring about or prevent new conjunctions and transformations in places. The data consist of interviews in Kauhava with town officials, reception centre volunteers, opponents of the centre and refugees who have stayed in the town. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a description and the analysis of a fire test on a cellular beam made from grade 1.4301 stainless steel. Cellular beams are increasingly popular in the construction as they provide a structurally and materially efficient design solution as well as allowing the passage of services. In addition, stainless steel is also increasing in popularity for structural applications owing to its inherent durability and ductility, as well as other attractive properties such as structural efficiency and low maintenance requirements. However, the behaviour of stainless steel cellular beams in fire has received little attention from the research community until recently. In the current paper, a description is presented of an experimental investigation into the fire behaviour of grade 1.4301 stainless steel cellular beams. The experimental arrangements are described together with the details of the specimen. The test occurred at the fire testing laboratory at Tampere University, Finland. For the member test, the beam spanned 4,3 m, with an overall depth of 290 mm and 200 mm diameter openings along the span. It was found that the unprotected beam lasted for 29 minutes during the test, after being exposed to a standard fire, and the experiment was eventually stopped due to excessive rate of deflection. The test specimen has been analysed using available design methods and the results are presented herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In everyday conversations, a person with aphasia (PWA) compensates for their language impairment by relying on multimodal and material resources, as well as on their conversation partners. However, some social actions people perform in authentic interaction, proposing a joint future activity, for example, ordinarily rely on a speaker producing a multi‐word utterance. Thus, the language impairment connected to aphasia may impede the production of such proposals, consequently hindering the participation of PWAs in the planning of future activities. Aims: To investigate (1) how people with post‐stroke chronic aphasia construct proposals of joint future activities in everyday conversations compared with their familiar conversation partners (FCPs); and (2) how aphasia severity impacts on such proposals and their uptake. Methods & Procedures: Ten hours of video‐recorded everyday conversations from seven persons with mild and severe aphasia of varying subtypes and their FCPs were explored using conversation analysis. We identified 59 instances where either party proposed a joint future activity and grouped such proposals according to their linguistic format and sequential position. Data are in Finnish. Outcomes & Results: People with mild aphasia made about the same number of proposals as their FCPs and used similar linguistic formats to their FCPs when proposing joint future activities. This included comparable patterns associated with producing a time reference, which was routinely used when a proposal initiated a planning activity. Mild aphasia manifested itself as within‐turn word searches that were typically self‐repaired. In contrast, people with severe aphasia made considerably fewer proposals compared with their FCPs, the proposal formats being linguistically unidentifiable. This resulted in delayed acknowledgement of the PWAs' talk as a proposal. Conclusions & Implications: Mild aphasia appears not to impede PWAs' ability to participate in the planning of joint future activities, whereas severe aphasia is a potential limitation. To address this possible participatory barrier, we discuss clinical implications for both therapist‐led aphasia treatment and conversation partner training. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on the subject: PWAs use multimodal resources to compensate for their language impairment in everyday conversations. However, certain social actions, such as proposing a joint future activity, cannot ordinarily be accomplished without language. What this paper adds to existing knowledge: The study demonstrates that proposing joint future activities is a common social action in everyday conversations between PWAs and their family members. People with mild aphasia used typical linguistic proposal formats, and aphasic word‐finding problems did not prevent FCPs from understanding the talk as a proposal. People with severe aphasia constructed proposals infrequently using their remaining linguistic resources, a newspaper connecting the talk to the future and the support from FCPs. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?: We suggest designing aphasia treatment with reference to the social action of proposing a joint future activity. Therapist‐led treatment could model typical linguistic proposal formats, whereas communication partner training could incorporate FCP strategies that scaffold PWAs' opportunities to construct proposals of joint future activities. This would enhance aphasia treatment's ecological validity, promote its generalization and ultimately enable PWAs to participate in everyday planning activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While computing has been (re)introduced into the basic education curricula in various countries, its actual implementation appears to be inconsistent. There are schools in which computing education is commonplace, while the implementation seems to be lagging behind in others. There is emerging evidence that some teachers do not consider computing education relevant, meaningful and important and, thus, intentionally neglect its provision. This is problematic as understanding the principles of code and computing is crucial for agentic citizenship in the post‐digital era. This paper argues that one main reason for these teachers' reluctance is the economy‐driven discursive framing of computing education, which is in contrast with the socialization‐oriented manner in which teachers approach their work. To contribute to resolving this issue, the present paper introduces a transversal approach to computing education. It conceptualizes code as a sociomaterial text with social and societal histories and consequences. Theoretically and conceptually, the approach draws on the pedagogy of multiliteracies. The leading idea is that digital technologies are examined with students from functional and critical dimensions and through micro and macro perspectives. The use of wearable sports technologies, such as activity wristbands, are used as practical examples to put the theoretical ideas into context. Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic Computing has been (re)introduced in the curricula of basic education in various countries.Some teachers are found to be reluctant to teach computing in basic education.What this paper adds This paper introduces a transversal multiliteracies‐based approach for computing education.Implications for practice and policy Computing should be included in curricula and classrooms in a holistic manner that includes both functional and critical approaches to computing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forestry, forest, pulp and paper industries provide important cases for environmental and ecological economics and for corporate environmental management, because of the large quantities of flows of material and energy that are derived from the natural ecosystem. Because of the natural capital intensive nature of its activity, the forest industry also offers a fruitful case study for industrial ecology (IE), the practical concern of which is the comparison of material and energy flows of nature to these same flows in economic and industrial systems. In this paper, the concept of an industrial ecosystem is reflected in a typical local forest industry system in Finland, known as ‘a local forest industry integrate’. We present a material and energy flow model that can be used to study forest industry environmental management and for the planning of environmental policies directed to forest industry. Flows of matter (biomass), nutrients, energy and carbon are described, and the waste utilization possibilities are considered. A local forest industry system can be a fruitful case for IE development as the cuttings of forests in Finland are below the renewal rate, material cycles, nutrient cycles and energy cascades are developed and the carbon dioxide (CO2) binding capacity of the forest ecosystem is maintained. The difficulties and barriers in light of the industrial ecosystem vision of a materially closed local system include the high export rates of paper, energy intensive production and problem displacement in waste utilization efforts. The presented material and energy flow model of forest industry environmental management is compared with a case of a local agricultural and food industry system. For agro-food sector applications, a different emphasis on the flows may have to be adopted than in a forest industry application. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leadership from a distributed pedagogical perspective involves engaging multiple professionals in implementing shared responsibilities. In educational organizations, leadership responsibility structures have changed, with researchers advancing a more decentralized leadership system for sustainable pedagogical improvement. These global changes in education systems have informed the demand for sustainable quality teaching, the desire for 21st‐century learning skills, and rapid progress in education. As a result, traditional individual ‘heroic leadership’ is no longer tenable in any learning environment that intends to achieve quality pedagogical outcomes. Therefore, this narrative review paper aims to examine the essence of distributing pedagogical leadership responsibilities among multiple professionals to understand how the concept is perceived in diverse educational contexts and settings. This study reviewed relevant empirical research studies conducted to investigate the concept of distributed pedagogical leadership in Finland, Norway and Singapore. The findings revealed some gaps that informed our understanding of the concept and recommended further research studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Finnish government has set a target of reaching carbon neutrality by 2035 and renewable energy is playing an increasingly important role in the Finnish energy sector. Bioenergy from forest biomass is currently the most utilized renewable energy resource. European Union regulations are imposing limitations on the use of forest biomass for environmental reasons, however, and the energy sector is having to look for alternative renewable energy options to reach carbon neutrality. This paper reviews the latest changes in the energy industry in Finland and evaluates prospective renewable energy development and fossil fuel replacement in the future Finnish energy system. The study shows that only a combination of all available renewable energy forms can enable the carbon neutrality target to be achieved by 2035. There is a good possibility that Finland can replace fossil fuels fully in the energy sector; wind energy will increase its share of electricity production, and biomass will continue to play a crucial role in the heating sector. Industry and the transport sector, however, face greater challenges and should be studied in more detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As worldwide infrastructure is ageing, significant efforts have been paid to the development of strengthening techniques that will restore or increase the initial capacity of existing structures. Considering that it is expected that shear failure happens in a less ductile mode than that observed under bending actions, special attention has been devoted to shear strengthening methods. These methods included externally bonded fiber reinforced polymers (EB‐FRP), near‐surface mounted (NSM‐FRP) method, and the embedded trough‐section (ETS) technique, among others. In this paper, ETS method is used for the strengthening in shear of a reinforced concrete railway bridge located in Finland. The ETS method consists in the embedment of FRP or steel bars through predrilled holes into the concrete core. The bars are bonded to the concrete using adhesives. The paper includes a brief review of recent advances in the use of ETS and comparison with other available techniques, the description of the case study, instrumentation of the bars using fiber optic sensors (FOS) for strain monitoring, the procedure used for the installation of the bars in the field, and a preliminary analysis of the data collected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the genealogy of the Scandinavian populist‐party family, agrarian populism has been largely neglected and, when discussed at all, it is traced back to Finland in the late 1950s. This paper argues: (i) that agrarian populism long predated the 1950s and that it was politically salient from the decade before Finnish independence in 1917; (ii) that it is useful to distinguish between an agrarian‐class and agrarian‐populist party type; (iii) that in wider comparative perspective, first‐wave Finnish agrarian populism was distinctive; and iv) that during the critical party‐building phase, the Finnish Agrarian Party (AP) is best characterised a populist party embodying a diffuse small‐farmer antipathy towards socially superior urban elites. The AP did not create this 'bigwig hatred' (herraviha), but in perpetuating it and 'othering it' within a binary 'us‐and‐them' paradigm, it became the first populist party in both Finland and Scandinavia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the effect of fractures within crystalline bedrock on glacial erosion processes in fast flowing hard bed glacier environments. In particular, we examine (i) whether the fracture type is critical for the capability of a glacier to erode the bedrock through quarrying/plucking processes and (ii) whether we can recognize specific fracture‐controlled erosion signatures from bedrock surface morphologies. We conducted an investigation within the northern part of the Åland Islands, southern Finland, where the ice‐flow direction (N–S) has remained constant through Late Pleistocene glaciations and where the bedrock is characterized by a lack of any mesoscopic anisotropies (such as foliation) and hence provides an optimal target to recognize the relationships between fractures and erosional morphologies. We characterized the fracture systems within the bedrock using both UAV‐acquired orthophotographs and standard field approaches and extrapolated the results to larger scales using LiDAR‐based digital elevation models. Our findings indicate that individual joints or shear fractures are associated with the development of minor vertical breaks along the bedrock surface. However, they do not provide sufficient mechanical weakness zones in the bedrock to allow effective glacial quarrying, even though their lengths can be relatively large (>50 m). By contrast, the linkage of several parallel shear fractures or the presence of larger faults with gouge‐bearing cores and well‐developed damage zones leads to localized disintegration of the rock material and the subsequent development of distinct topographic depressions along the bedrock surface. Consequently, the results allow predictions to be made about the bedrock features underlying the observed topographic signatures along the bedrock surface. Applied to the area of this investigation, abrasion associated with N–S‐directed glacial flows is responsible for the N–S‐oriented elongate but smooth fjord‐like megagrooves, whereas the more abrupt topographic breaks were generated by quarrying controlled by sub‐vertical, E–W‐trending zones of localized brittle deformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Browning of surface waters, also known as brownification, is a process of decreasing water transparency, particularly in boreal lakes surrounded by intensively managed forests and wetlands. In this paper, we review the ecological consequences and ecosystem‐based management (EBM) of browning through a systematic review approach and adopt an interdisciplinary approach to formulating new governance of this complex phenomenon. To understand the effects of browning on the recreational value of freshwaters, we present primary survey data on public perceptions of recreational fishing tourists on water quality in Finland. We identify a need to develop EBM beyond the EU's Water Framework Directive (WFD) to fully account for the extensive implications of browning. We also highlight the need for a better understanding of the within‐lake microbial processes to estimate the browning‐associated changes in the greenhouse gas balance of lakes. Tourist perceptions of the quality of waterbodies in Finland were largely in agreement with the general proportion of waterbodies classified in a good or excellent ecological status class, but these perceptions may be detached from biological quality assessment criteria. Consequently, we suggest that the EBM of inland waters should improve the utilization of information on not only biogeochemical processes but also users' perspectives on aquatic ecosystems beyond the EU WFD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While existing research offers an understanding of the antecedents, forms, and consequences of resistance to gender equality work in organizations, studies primarily regard resistance as a challenge to be overcome or as something that can at times be beneficial for change. In this paper, we argue that resistance shapes gender equality work. We focus on covert forms of resistance and give voice to experts in Finland and Sweden who work for gender equality in organizations. Analyzing the discursive politics involved in (de)legitimizing and (de)politicizing equality work, we elucidate how experts deal with resistance by shaping the meaning of equality and working for it. Our findings suggest that covert resistance undermines the quest for gender equality by molding the conditions for how equality work can be done, thus influencing what it can achieve in organizations and in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This paper analyses the factors that influence home care employees' intention to introduce robots. Background: The introduction of different kinds of care robots is a topical issue in elderly care now and in the near future. Methods: Cross‐sectional research conducted through a questionnaire. The survey data (N = 162) were collected in five locations around Finland in 2019. The analysis was carried out by regression analysis, Sobel test and by Hayes' bootstrapping method. Results: The results show that self‐efficacy is pivotal in the willingness to introduce care robots. Employees' age increases the enthusiasm to introduce robots but reduces self‐efficacy. Work engagement does not correlate with self‐efficacy or behavioural intention related to the introduction of care robots. Conclusions: The present paper reveals the significance of attitudes, cognitive factors and age in the adoption of care robots in home care facilities. Practical implications: It is important to pay attention to supporting the employees' sense of technology management and the construction of a robot‐positive atmosphere when introducing care robots, and the development of skills of older employees and employees with a lower educational level should be supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper combines three major concepts: regional development platforms, business ecosystems and competitiveness policy. The framework of business and innovation ecosystems is gaining ground in the discussion of competitiveness and innovation policy. The framework challenges competitiveness and innovation policies because ecosystems are seen as highly self‐organising and self‐renewing systems. Is there still room for innovation and competitiveness policies? This paper focuses on ecosystem‐facilitating competitiveness policy at the regional level and argues that the emergence, growth and renewal of business ecosystems can be facilitated by a competitiveness policy focused on related variety platforms embedded in a regional innovation ecosystem. As a case illustrating this point, we present the strategic themes and development platforms in the Lahti urban region, which are constructed following the ecosystem theory. This paper contributes to the previous literature on regional development and innovation policy by presenting a policy framework for a modern competitiveness policy that is based on constructed competitiveness, development platforms and business and innovation ecosystem theory. For policy practice, this paper provides a real‐life example of a regional competitiveness strategy and the construction of a strategy that is based on the ecosystem frame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an increasing interest in the role of actors in the pursuit of sustainability transitions. In this paper, we adopt a life course perspective to explore active sustainability actors. To this end, we interviewed 16 professionals across private, public, and third sectors in Finland. The paper's main implication is in introducing a life course perspective to the study of active sustainability actors. Second, we propose a grounded model of active actors' sustainability engagement. The model details sustainability agency formation and maintenance dynamics. Going forward, our findings are a call for further research on sustainability agency, be it in its engagement, via life courses, or via the study of different actor types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Most previous studies of teaching styles and reading skills have been cross‐sectional. Longitudinal research is needed to clarify the direction of effects. The present longitudinal study examined the degree to which differences in teaching styles in the third grade predict the sixth‐grade reading performance. The consistency of the findings was addressed by comparing results across students in two countries (Finland and Estonia). Methods: A total of 1,057 students (50.9% boys) were followed from the third to sixth grade. Teaching styles of third‐grade teachers (N = 70) were examined as predictors of the development of reading (i.e., third‐grade to sixth‐grade reading fluency and comprehension). Results: Five patterns of third‐grade teaching practices were found across two countries: child‐centred style, teacher‐directed style, child‐dominated style, extreme child‐centred style, and mixed child‐centred and teacher‐directed style (mixed teaching style). The mixed teaching style and the child‐centred style in the third grade were related to the greatest increases in reading fluency from the third to sixth grade, over and above the contribution of age, gender and maternal education. Conclusions: The findings underscore the importance of the flexible use of child‐centred and teacher‐directed practices, which are both linked to the development of reading fluency during late primary school years. Highlights: What is already known about this topicA person‐oriented approach is an effective method to identify groups of teaching practices, known as teaching styles.Teaching styles have been differentially linked to reading skills, but the associations have been limited to cross‐sectional data.Finnish teachers apply effective teaching styles more often than Estonian teachers. What this paper addsThis paper adds to previous studies by examining longitudinal associations between teaching styles and reading skills.The study established the consistency of teaching styles between Finland and Estonia.The study found that mixed teaching style is beneficial for reading fluency development. Implications for theory, policy or practiceThe combinations of child‐centred practices and teacher‐directed practices are the most effective teaching styles for reading development.The beneficial effect is consistent across Finland and Estonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finland is known for low income inequality by international comparison. In this paper we provide a long‐run perspective on inequalities in Finland, and show that inequality is higher in the 21st century compared with many previous decades. We discuss the drivers of inequality in more detail, focusing on wages, earnings, employment and education, and also social outcomes such as partner‐finding and family formation in the working‐age population. The collective wage‐setting system is a likely contributor to the relatively low and stable wage and earnings inequality among working indviduals. However, women fare worse in the labour market than men, despite having a higher education level on average. We also find that individuals who are out of work or have low education have a lower probability of finding a partner, indicating that social inequalities are linked with those in the labour market. Finally, we discuss the importance of redistribution as well as changes in tax legislation that have contributed to an increasing concentration of capital income, which has been an important factor in increasing households' disposable income inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiversity offsetting is a governance mechanism proposed as a solution to ecosystem degradation and the underlying economic drivers. Biodiversity offsetting's potential is often evaluated and argued with ecological and economic criteria. These factors are intertwined with a multitude of social and ideological conditions for acceptance and legitimacy, which have received less systematic empirical attention especially from the perspective of the actors who implement the offsets. In this paper, we empirically analyse how companies and authorities, the central actors applying biodiversity offsetting in practice, perceive the social acceptance in the design and implementation of the emerging mechanism in Finland. The interview data analysed with three interlinked dimensions of social acceptance, namely socio‐political acceptance, market acceptance and community acceptance reveal where the mechanism's implementation may face friction with the central actors. While the importance of social acceptance of biodiversity offsetting shows to be a priority for the actors that will be implementing the mechanism and carrying the responsibility of the offsets in practice, the division of roles and benefits remains a point of tension, in the political sphere, in the market and in the community. Our analysis points to the necessity of integrating social and local values alongside ecological and economic ones as a way to address social acceptance. Finding the limits to flexibility between ecological, economic and social aspects is important in order to reach the diverse objectives of a BO mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Projects are used in large numbers as a method to steer societal development, especially in contemporary Western societies. This so‐called projectification has relevant socio‐political effects on sustainability transitions, especially from the policy perspective. The aim of this paper is to analyse how projects and policy framework programmes can accelerate transition processes. The paper introduces the concept of a 'projectified transition policy process' by synthesising research on projectified governance, transitions and policy processes. The concept's empirical relevance is addressed with a case study analysis focussing on a framework programme that supports nutrient recycling technologies and practices via project funding. The framework programme was the first measure to actualise transition‐driven nutrient recycling policy in Finland, which has been ongoing since 2010. The conceptual exploration and case analysis in this paper show that projects and framework programmes can accelerate transition processes by mobilising actors, creating synergies between them with intermediary actions and producing project outcomes that can be turned into effective transition inputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summarizes the article 'The Structure of Output and Exports in the Finnish Paper and Pulp Industries, 1955–1975, and Their Estimated Course to 1985,' by Tom Wallden. Prospects for development of the sector; Emphasis on the sufficiency of raw material resources, manpower and productivity; Use of the data collected for industrial and foreign trade statistics.

The practice of multiple‐mandate holding is widespread across Europe. Critics argue that this practice contributes to a concentration of political power, a higher risk for conflicts of interest and damage to the public image of political actors. Advocates meanwhile claim that it provides clear benefits, such as local embeddedness of the national or regional political decision‐making and a greater degree of professionalisation in politics. However, little is known about how political actors themselves look upon this practice. This especially in a context like Finland, where this practice is said to be embedded in the political culture and where another institutional level has recently been implemented, making it possible for political actors to simultaneously hold political mandates at the local‐, regional‐ and national levels. This paper examines attitudes towards multiple‐mandate holding among local political decision‐makers using unique survey data gathered through a new online panel. The results suggest that councillors from a populist radical right party and those who perceive corruption and partial treatment as more common were the most negatively disposed towards this practice, while councillors from the traditionally strongest rural party were the most in favour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organizations far beyond traditional academic institutions have become prolific science producers, with many now providing evidence‐based advice for national governments and policy‐makers. Neo‐institutional sociology explains organizations' growing investment in research activities and research‐based policy advice by the all‐embracing scientization and the expansion of the educated population, phenomena observable throughout the world. There is, however, considerably less knowledge about how the organizations' increased knowledge production and the supply of science‐based policy advice are reflected in national policy‐making, including the legislative work of parliaments, and to what extent distinct organizations are deemed authoritative in different countries. In this paper, we examine how different organizations are used as scientific authorities in parliamentary debates over new legislation. Drawing on analyses of 576 parliamentary debates from Australia, Finland, Kenya, and the United Kingdom, we study what organizations are acknowledged as scientific authorities and the relative weight of different organization types in the context of political debates over new legislation. The results reveal that while organizations in general are frequently evoked as scientific authorities in all four countries, there is remarkable variation in the types of organizations considered authoritative in different national contexts. We elaborate these findings by analysing ways in which politicians evaluate organizations as sources of scientific authority. While the same set of evaluative schemas are used in all four countries, each is typically applied to certain types of organization. The results suggest that both the supply of scientific policy advice and political culture shape legislators' rhetorical practices when drawing on organizations' scientific authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes asset pricing in a partially segmented market where citizens of a small country are allowed to hold only their domestic securities, whereas the rest of the investors (“foreigners”) are essentially allowed to hold all securities. In this market setting it may occur that the citizens of the small country are willing to pay less for their domestic securities than are the foreign investors. The paper derives equilibrium required rates of return for different investors in this market setting which perfectly occurred in Finland and tests this equilibrium model using data from the Finnish stock market. Empirical results are consistent with the hypotheses derived from the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing worries over young people's lack of engagement in institutionalized political processes have been appeased by theories of young people's political preferences for alternative, more engaged political activities. However, young people's institutionalized participation is important for the quality of participation. Democratic innovations, institutions that are designed to increase citizen participation, have been suggested as one solution to bring young people back into institutionalized politics. However, in research, different forms of democratic innovations are often treated as a bulk measure and not examined separately—depriving us of knowledge of youth support for different types of participatory processes. This paper contributes to the literature by examining youth support for a direct versus talk‐centric democratic process in Finland. The results indicate that young people support both referendums and discussion forums more than older people do and that discussion forums are more popular than referendums. Additionally, democratic satisfaction has a reversed effect on support for discussion forums for young and old people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ultralow frequency (ULF) wave was simultaneously observed in the ionosphere by the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) radar at Hankasalmi, Finland and on the ground by the International Monitor for Auroral Geomagnetic Effects (IMAGE) magnetometers with close proximity to the radar. The onset time of the wave event was around 03:00 magnetic local time. Fourier wave analysis of the event suggests a wave period of about 1,340 s with an equatorward latitudinal and eastward longitudinal wave phase propagation, and an effective azimuthal wave number of 17 ± 1, in the intermediate range of those observed in ULF waves. This wave has been interpreted as resulting from drifting electrons of energies of 13 ± 5 keV in a drift resonance condition linked to energetic particle populations during a magnetospheric substorm. The latitudinal phase characteristics of this wave experienced temporal evolution, believed to be caused by additional injected particle populations associated with the same substorm driving the wave, which resulted in an observed loss of HF backscatter. This observation of a unique type of temporal evolution in the phase propagation characteristics of ULF waves enhances current understanding about the structure, dynamics and source of these types of ULF waves. Plain Language Summary: The ultralow frequency (ULF) waves provide information about the Earth's global magnetic field known as magnetosphere. These waves contribute to the circulation of mass, energy and momentum in the near‐earth space environment. However, the sources of these waves as well as the generation and propagation mechanisms behind them are not fully understood. In this paper, we have used Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) radar and magnetometer observations to characterize a ULF wave event and investigate noticeable changes in the wave phase propagation over space and time during the wave event. The results show that the case‐study ULF wave is localized with very long period. We find that the wave appears to be driven by resonance with energetic electrons injected into the magnetosphere by a process in the magnetosphere known as a substorm. We also find that the wave event is particularly unusual in that its phase propagation characteristics appear to change during the event. The results enhance current understanding of changes in the characteristics of ULF waves over space and time using a multi‐instrument measurements. Key Points: The case‐study ultralow frequency wave, localized but with very long period, and with m number of ≈17 was simultaneously observed in the ionosphere by ground‐based radar and on the Earth's surface by ground‐based magnetometersThe wave phase propagates eastward and appears to be driven by resonance with energetic electrons injected into the magnetosphere during a recent magnetospheric substormThe wave event is particularly unusual in that its latitudinal phase propagation characteristics appear to change during the event [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to systematically and critically appraise the available scientific evidence concerning the prevalence of edentulism among diabetic patients compared to non‐diabetic people. Methods: MEDLINE‐PubMed and Cochrane‐CENTRAL databases were comprehensively searched up to April 2023 to identify appropriate studies. The inclusion criteria were observational studies conducted in human subjects ≥18 years of age with the primary aim of investigating the prevalence of edentulism among diabetic patients. Based on the extracted data, a meta‐analysis was performed. Recommendations based on the body of evidence were formulated using the GRADE approach. Results: Independent screening of 2085 unique titles and abstracts revealed seven publications that met the eligibility criteria. Study size ranged from 293 to 15,943 participants. Data from all seven studies were suitable for meta‐analysis. Overall, 8.3% of the studied population was edentulous. The weighted mean prevalence of edentulism among diabetic and non‐diabetics was 14.0% and 7.1%, respectively. The overall odds ratio for diabetic patients to be edentulous as compared to non‐diabetics was 2.39 (95% CI [1.73, 3.28], p < 0.00001). Conclusion: There appears to be moderate certainty that the risk of being edentulous for diabetic patients compared to non‐diabetic people is significant, but the odds ratio is estimated to be small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the capacity of welfare policies to support sustainability transitions. Welfare policy involves the discussion on public and private responsibilities and choices in public spending. The Finnish government's decision to turn Finland into a carbon neutral welfare society by 2035 is interpreted as a possible sustainability transition. The government launched a social security reform at the same time as the carbon neutrality target was announced. It was assumed that one of the major reforms would be utilised to achieve the carbon neutrality target. The research material consists of administrative, policy and political documents. The chosen documents describe how the issues are presented in policymaking. The qualitative analyses focused on the frames. It was examined how the current problems of the system were framed because the frames guide the possible solutions. According to our analysis, the Finnish government showed strong political will for sustainability transition. However, one of its major reforms was not utilised to create policies to support the shift towards a carbon neutral welfare society. The political will did not convert into action on the social security reform. The main reason seems to be related to the strongly guiding legislative frame in the reform. The legislative frame impacted on the utilised knowledge, which focused solely on the system level of social security. It could have been useful to utilise research knowledge about large‐scale reforms and how to formulate them cross‐sectionally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper empirically examines the relationship between business sustainability and firm competitiveness and the role of sustainability partnerships in the relationship between business sustainability and firm competitiveness. By classifying two dimensions (environmental sustainability and social sustainability) that are needed to realize business sustainability, this study suggests that a sustainability partnership serves as a moderator in the relation between business sustainability and firm competitiveness. Three developed hypotheses were tested using regression analysis to find the relationship between business sustainability, sustainability partnership, and firm competitiveness. Using a structured survey questionnaire, the data were collected from 135 firms that operate in construction industries in Finland. The findings suggest that investing in environmental sustainability will directly improve firm competitiveness, but investing in social sustainability will not. In addition, sustainability partnerships serve as a promoter in the relationship between social sustainability and firm competitiveness but inhibit the relationship between environmental sustainability and firm competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines Generation Z consumers' perceptions of a good life beyond consumerism and how their perceptions and practices have evolved during crises and the cultural context in which they live. We present a unique theoretical and empirical cross‐cultural investigation which focuses on the ecological crisis and COVID‐19 pandemic, and the changes they have caused to Gen Zs' daily lives in the United States (California) and Finland. Two large qualitative data sets were collected through focus group interviews and open‐ and closed‐ended surveys before and during COVID‐19 and analyzed via the PERMA framework. Findings revealed that Gen Zs' pathways that lead to a good life include: healthy behaviors and balance; positive and meaningful relationships; happiness and positivity; meaningful things; productivity and goals; and daily routines. Findings also indicated that since COVID‐19, Gen Zs are increasingly shifting toward virtuous behaviors and eudaimonic‐oriented life, in which moderation, meaningfulness, and self‐realization play key roles. Gen Zs are characterized as a global consumer cohort and a driver of change for a sustainable future, thus understanding how these future professionals, leaders, and mainstream consumers perceive a good life provides theoretical and practical insights into how to provide ecologically sustainable well‐being for nature and future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harvested wood products (HWP) may contribute to climate change mitigation by storing carbon and by replacing energy‐intensive materials and fossil energy, reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, when assessing improved HWP utilisations, interactions between wood use pathways, the carbon stock dynamics, and the resulting effect on the GHG balance are still not well‐understood. This research aims to assess the carbon sequestration effects of alternative wood product utilisations in four European Union (EU) countries. We conducted a material flow analysis of wood uses in France, Finland, Germany, and Spain for 2017 taking into account national production, imports, and exports. Then, we quantified the future dynamics of carbon stock in the HWP through time, assuming the same as in 2017 input and ignoring the forest sink. We then ran six alternative scenarios: two energy‐focused (Energy, Energy+), two material‐focused (Cascading, Material), one with extended half‐life of the wood products (HL) and one as business as usual. For the simulation period (2020–2050), the material scenario leads to the highest mitigation benefits with a cumulative HWP net CO2 removals of −502 Mt CO2 for Germany, −290 Mt CO2 for France, −118 Mt CO2 for Spain, and −116 Mt CO2 for Finland over the 30 years. The Energy+ scenario with an increase in wood usage for bioenergy generates a loss of the HWP pool of 351, 80, 77, and 6 Mt CO2 for the same countries, not accounting for energy substitution effects. Overall, our results suggest that the HWP carbon stock can be increased in the short‐medium term by prioritizing the use of wood for material purposes, while maintaining constant harvest. The HWP mitigation potential differed greatly according to national wood industry characteristics. Hence, tailoring the HWP mitigation strategies to the specific characteristics of the national wood chain would enhance the HWP climate benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]