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Background As future health educators, nursing and physiotherapy students will play an essential role in the prevention of smoking. Aim To determine the prevalence of smoking among students and to analyse their knowledge of and attitudes towards smoking. Method This was a descriptive cross-sectional study using an anonymous questionnaire and conducted in a Spanish Faculty of Health Sciences in 2013. Findings 247 nursing and physiotherapy students (82.33%) participated in the study. The global prevalence of smoking (18.2%) was lower compare with the general population group of the same age. We have observed statistical significance in relation to previous studies. Nursing and physiotherapy students showed a low nicotine dependence. We found a lack of knowledge about the harmful effects of cigarette consumption on health. Statistically significant results were also found in relation to degree courses (p < 0.01) as regards students' opinions about their knowledge of strategies and methods to help patients stop smoking. Conclusion Most students started smoking before commencing their university studies; consequently, interventions should focus on cessation programmes. An analysis of university curricula leading to the award of a degree in the health sciences could serve to identify educational deficiencies in order to implement the necessary modifications. Implications for nursing and health policy This paper presents an update in tobacco use characteristics amongst nursing and physiotherapy students. Those results have showed a need to improve the curricula in order to develop specific programmes to improve knowledge, attitudes and beliefs. Measures to prevent smoking must be taken at school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To analyse the perception of patient safety culture among nursing students and to compare patient safety outcomes between the different year nursing groups. Design: A cross‐sectional descriptive study was conducted with nursing students (n = 266) between first and fourth years from one university in Spain. Methods: The project was conducted during the 2020/21 academic year. The data were collected using a translated and adapted version of the "Hospital Survey on Patient Safety" developed by the Agency of Healthcare Quality (AHQR). Results: Significant differences were found between the year of study of the nursing degree and whether or not specific training in patient safety culture had been received. The nursing students who had received specific training gave scores lower than anyone else in all questionnaire items, but only the indicators of "good practice" (p = 0.00) and "frequency of reported events" (p = 0.0012) showed significant differences. In some cases, fourth‐year students had lower significant mean scores in their "perception of patient safety within unit/sector," "indicators of good practice" and "total score." Public Contribution: Adverse events related to clinical practice continue to be a global problem. Improvements in patient safety require an increase in the patient safety culture of professionals and the promotion of development facilitators. Clinical practice and specific theoretical training foster greater awareness and demand related to patient safety, which is of interest when it comes to the development of new programmes that combine both methodologies and improve their effectiveness. Patient safety will continue to be a focus for all healthcare systems. The patient safety culture of future healthcare professionals should be developed at the university level in order to avoid unnecessary adverse events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to measure of health literacy in the migrant population and establish a type of immigrant profile with a higher risk of presenting low levels of health literacy. Design: A cross‐sectional descriptive study. Methods: Health literacy was measured in a total of 278 immigrants using HLS‐EU‐Q16. An inferential descriptive and multiple regression analysis was carried out. Results: 65.1% having inadequate and problematic health literacy. Significant correlations were found between health literacy and length of stay in Spain (r =.398), age (r =.178p) and perceived social status (r =.151). Participants with shorter length of stay (β =.405 1), without health sciences education (β =.205) and low education level (β =.182) had limited health literacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID‐19 pandemic had a notable impact on the psychological well‐being of a large part of the population, putting them at risk of developing depressive symptoms, different levels of anxiety disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). One group considered to be at high risk are Nursing students; they were affected as learning strategies changed and clinical practices were cancelled. This study attempts to assess the psychological impact COVID‐19 pandemic had on Nursing students and to explore the sociodemographic differences that can be risk factors for mental health disturbance. The psychological impact was evaluated using the Impact of Event Scale‐Revised (IES‐R) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The study took place 4 months after the state of alarm was declared over in Spain. From a total sample of 304 Nursing students, 26.7%, 39.8%, and 15.5% showed PTSD, anxiety, and depression symptoms, respectively. Severe levels of psychological impact have been associated with being a female, a smoker, and feeling fear and stress. Having a relative test positive has been linked to lower anxiety levels while being afraid or stressed to higher anxiety levels. Being a female, co‐habit with friends and feeling stress have been associated with higher depression levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study explores the profile of pregnant women interested in the online assessment of their emotional status according to their sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics, history of psychopathology, and healthcare setting used (private vs. public). Design: This is a comparative and descriptive cross‐sectional study. Method: Participants were 281 Spanish pregnant women assessed with the MamáFeliz (HappyMom) website. Results: Participants were probably to be unemployed, in a relationship, and generally had a high educational level and an intermediate economic status. Most of them were primiparous, had non‐complicated natural pregnancies and presented healthy habits and good physical and emotional health, despite 31.3% of them had a history of psychological treatment. Our results reveal the profile of women interested in the online assessment of their emotional status, which can contribute to improving future initiatives to facilitate rapid screenings of perinatal mental health by nurses in both public and private settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To explore the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the mental health of nurses working in primary, secondary, and tertiary healthcare centers in Navarre (Spain). Background: Healthcare workers, especially nurses, are at high risk for developing mental health problems during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Introduction: Spain ranks among the European countries with the highest incidence of and mortality from COVID‐19 and has a 31% deficit in the number of nurses compared with the average for the European Union. Methods: This was a cross‐sectional study involving 800 Registered Nurses in Navarre, Spain. Four standardized instruments, along with a self‐administered online questionnaire, were used to measure the impact in terms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and posttraumatic stress disorder. The STROBE checklist for cross‐sectional studies was used to report this study. Results: Of the 800 nurses, 68% had some level of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and distress, and of these, 38% had moderate or severe symptoms. Those who worked in hospital COVID units and in nursing homes showed a higher impact on their mental health. Discussion: The sustained pressure that nurses have experienced in their work during the COVID‐19 pandemic has negatively affected their mental health. Conclusion: This study found that nurses who worked in hospital COVID units and in nursing homes during the pandemic had worse mental health outcomes. Implications for nursing/policy: Recommendations for nursing policy include the need to implement coaching and emotional programs to support nurses on the frontlines of the pandemic. There is also an urgent need for the implementation of national training programs to strengthen health emergency preparedness, improve response capacity, and increase the resilience of nurses to disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of feelings of being a second victim among midwives and obstetricians in Spain and to explore possible differences between the two professions. Design: Cross‐sectional descriptive‐analytical observational study. Methods: An online survey collecting several variables was administered throughout the Spanish territory. Spanish version of the Second Victim Experience and Support Tool (SVEST) was used. The data collection period was from May to December 2020. Results: A total sample of 719 obstetricians and midwives were studied. There were significant differences between the two groups with respect to seven dimensions of SVEST: greater feelings of being a second victim among obstetricians in the dimensions physical distress/p ≤.001, non‐work‐related support/p ≤.001 and absenteeism/p ≤.001 and greater feelings of being a second victim among midwives in the dimensions psychological distress/p ≤.001, supervisor support/p =.011, professional self‐efficacy/p ≤.001 and intention to change jobs/p ≤.001. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The Memory Failures of Everyday (MFE) is a widely used instrument for assessing memory failure. The aim of the study was to analyze the MFE items using the Rasch model in a sample of cognitively older adults in Spain. Methods: A cross‐sectional validation study in a sample of 214 healthy people aged ≥60 years who used centers for older people in Madrid (Spain). The MFE for the assessment of memory complaints was used. The following properties of the Rasch model were assessed: data fit, reliability, unidimensionality, local dependence and lack of differential item functioning by gender, age and marital status. Results: The MFE showed a good fit to the Rasch model (χ2(140) = 160.2; P = 0.116) and high reliability (person separation index = 0.808). The questionnaire was unidimensional (6.54% t‐test; IC binomial = 0.036–0.095). The items showed lack of local dependence between them and differential item functioning. The MFE scores were transformed into linear interval scores with a median of 44.31 and an observed range of 17.9–89.2 (theoretical range: 0–100). Conclusions: The MFE is a unidimensional, reliable instrument to assess memory complaints in cognitively healthy older adults in Spain, with usefulness in clinical research and practice. The construct validity of the MFE linear score could not be fully confirmed and this deserves further investigation. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22: 332–337. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To describe the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on stress, resilience and depression in health professionals from a public hospital in Barcelona, Spain after the first peak of pandemic. Background: The COVID‐19 pandemic in Spain has pushed boundaries in health systems and, especially, for health professionals. Analysis of resilience as an individual resource and it is essential to understand the mechanisms that make staff react unfavourably to stressors caused by the pandemic. Design: A descriptive cross‐sectional study was designed. Participants: Health professionals supervised by the nursing department, including registered nurses, health care assistants, health technicians, final year nurse student nurses, foreign nurses, and other nurse‐related health workers. Methods: The study complies with the STROBE checklist for cross‐sectional studies. An online survey was administered to all health professionals supervised by the nursing department between 6 and 27 May 2020. The survey included the ER‐14 Resilience Scale, the widely‐used PHQ‐9 depression scale, the Spanish version of the Nursing Stress Scale, and an ad‐hoc questionnaire to obtain sociodemographic and occupational variables. Results: A total of 686 participants answered the survey. Resilience was high or very high in health professionals, with an inverse correlation with stress and depression scores. Personal on fixed shifts showed better resilience. The most stressed health professionals were full‐time registered nurses, followed by health care assistants. Up to 25% of nursing professionals had depression. Conclusion: Our study showed a high degree of resilience among nurse professionals despite the overwhelming nature of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Relevant signs of depression and stress were detected among participants. Occupational factors heavily influenced nurses' resilience, stress and depression. Implications for Nursing & Health Policy: Government policy shifts are needed in Spain to improve nurses' workforce conditions, enhance the ratio of nurses to patient numbers, and avoid workforce losses. Maintaining the resilience of health professionals would assist in improving their health and their capacity to possible future emergency situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: To develop a preliminary clinical validation the NANDA‐I nursing diagnosis "Grieving" in cases of perinatal loss. METHODS: Descriptive cross‐sectional study using the Fehring model. FINDINGS: The overall clinical validity index for the diagnosis was 0.15. Only four defining characteristics and five manifestations identified in the literature were validated. CONCLUSIONS: The variability of manifestations identified in the study participants is considered to be detrimental to the overall clinical validity index. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: The clinical validity of the diagnosis could not be substantiated by the preliminary results of this study and, therefore, additional research is necessary to determine the ability of the diagnosis to adapt to perinatal loss situations in real contexts. Some manifestations have been proposed to NANDA‐I for inclusion as defining characteristics in the nursing diagnosis of grieving. OBJETIVO: Validar clínicamente de forma preliminar el diagnóstico enfermero NANDA‐I duelo en caso de pérdida perinatal. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo transversal usando el modelo de Fehring. RESULTADOS: El índice de validez clínica global del diagnóstico fue de 0.15. Se validaron únicamente cuatro características definitorias y cinco manifestaciones identificadas en la literatura. CONCLUSIONES: Se considera que la variabilidad de las manifestaciones presentadas por los participantes actuó en detrimento del índice de validación clínica global. IMPLICACIONES PARA LA PRÁCTICA ENFERMERA: La validez clínica del diagnóstico no pudo ser corroborada por los resultados preliminares de este estudio y, por tanto, se necesita investigación adicional para terminar la capacidad de este diagnóstico para adaptarse a las situaciones de pérdidas perinatales en contexto reales. Se han propuesto a NANDA‐I algunas manifestaciones para que sean incluidas como Características Definitorias del diagnóstico enfermero Duelo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Doppler ultrasound cardiotocography is a non-invasive alternative that, despite its poor specificity, is often first choice for intrapartum monitoring. Doppler ultrasound suffers from signal loss due to fetal movements and is negatively correlated with maternal body mass index (BMI). Reported accuracy of fetal heart rate monitoring by Doppler ultrasound varies between 10.6 and 14.3 bpm and reliability between 62.4% and 73%. The fetal scalp electrode (FSE) is considered the reference standard for fetal monitoring but can only be applied after membranes have ruptured with sufficient cervical dilatation and is sometimes contra-indicated. A non-invasive alternative that overcomes the shortcomings of Doppler ultrasound, providing reliable information on fetal heart rate, could be the answer. Non-invasive fetal electrocardiography (NI-fECG) uses a wireless electrode patch on the maternal abdomen to obtain both fetal and maternal heart rate signals as well as an electrohysterogram. We aimed to validate a wireless NI-fECG device for intrapartum monitoring in term singleton pregnancies, by comparison with the FSE.Material and Methods: We performed a multicenter cross-sectional observational study at labor wards of 6 hospitals located in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Spain. Laboring women with a healthy singleton fetus in cephalic presentation and gestational age between 36 and 42 weeks were included. Participants received an abdominal electrode patch and FSE after written informed consent. Accuracy, reliability, and success rate of fetal heart rate readings were determined, using FSE as reference standard. Analysis was performed for the total population and measurement period as well as separated by labor stage and BMI class (≤30 and >30 kg/m2 ).Results: We included a total of 125 women. Simultaneous registrations with NI-fECG and FSE were available in 103 women. Overall accuracy is -1.46 bpm and overall reliability 86.84%. Overall success rate of the NI-fECG is around 90% for the total population as well as for both BMI subgroups. Success rate dropped to 63% during second stage of labor, similar results are found when looking at the separate BMI groups.Conclusions: Performance measures of the NI-fECG device are good in the overall group and the separate BMI groups. Compared with Doppler ultrasound performance measures from the literature, NI-fECG is a more accurate alternative. Especially, when women have a higher BMI, NI-fECG performs well, resembling FSE performance measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nurses play an important part in the education of patients with HF. To prepare patients with HF for self‐care maintenance behaviours, nurses must have knowledge of basic self‐care maintenance principles. Aim study: The aim of this study was to determine the degree of knowledge of primary care (PC) nurses on the principles of self‐management of HF and variables associated with this. Methodology: This is an observational, cross‐sectional descriptive study, carried out in 2014, in the city of Barcelona (Catalonia). Nurses' Knowledge of Heart Failure Education Principles questionnaire (NKHFEP) was used to assess the principles of HF self‐care education. Instrument items assess knowledge of nurses on 5 themes: diet, liquids/weight, worsening signs or symptoms, medication and exercise. Factors related to adequate knowledge were evaluated. Results: Of 216 PC nurses, who completed the questionnaire, the average score was 15.6 (SD: 2.2). Only 36 (16.7%) obtained an adequate level of knowledge and defined as a score ≥ 18 points. In multivariate logistic regression, nurse factors associated with an adequate knowledge of principles of self‐care of HF were having achieved a PhD degree (OR: 36.4, 95% CI: 2.8–468.2, p = 0.006) and previous specific training in HF (OR: 19.8, 95% CI: 1.4–279.3, p = 0.026). Conclusions: The degree of knowledge of PC nurses in the principles of self‐care in HF was higher among nurses who had completed the doctorate and in nurses who had received specific training in HF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Talking about sex with people living with HIV receives insufficient attention in health care. A cross‐sectional and exploratory study describes the preferences of people living with HIV to talk about sex with specialized HIV physicians and nurses in a clinic in Barcelona (Spain). A 27‐item self‐administered questionnaire was used between June 2017 and May 2018. One hundred fourteen people agreed to participate. Data were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Most of the participants reported "never or almost never" having been asked about sex practices in visits with the HIV specialist physician (n = 65 [57.0%]) or nurse (n = 74 [64.9%]). Older participants stated that neither physicians nor nurses talked about sex during visits. Women felt that physicians hardly ever asked about their sexual practices. Men who had sex with other men indicated that their physicians always asked about their sex practices compared with heterosexuals living with HIV. Health professionals should reformulate how to talk about sex with people living with HIV to facilitate communication and provide adequate care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this cross-sectional study, we explored course content related to pharmacology and/or healthcare products and supplies in all nursing degree programs in Spain. Changes in nurse-prescribing legislation in Spain require that nurses take a certification course before prescribing over-the-counter products and medications. Using a cross-sectional descriptive study, between July and September 2014, the degree programs of all centers that offer a degree in nursing in Spain were examined, selecting those with course information available online. All centers offered at least one pharmacology course. One-third of the required courses had content related to pharmacology and healthcare products/supplies. The analysis showed that the course content and training received during the current nursing degree program provides the knowledge and skills needed to prescribe healthcare products/supplies and medications that do not now require a doctor's prescription, without the need for additional training and certification. It is essential that government regulation of nursing education be aligned with nursing competencies, curriculum standards, clinical practice, and evidence-based research to provide the maximum level of confidence for nursing professionals and their patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background People with developmental disabilities are at high risk for a limited participation in leisure activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the participation in, preference for and interest in leisure activities of young and adults with developmental disabilities, and to examine the factors associated with leisure activity. Methods A cross-sectional design was used with a convenience sample of 237 people aged 17 to 65, living in the community. Leisure participation was assessed with the Spanish version of Leisure Assessment Inventory. Percentages were calculated by types of activity, and repeated measures anovas were used to analyse the differences between types of activities, and mixed anovas to analyse the factors that explain differences in leisure activity participation, preference and interest. Results Leisure social activities and recreation activities at home were mostly solitary and passive in nature and were identified as those being most commonly engaged in. Respondents expressed preference for more social and physical activity, and they were interested in trying out a large number of physical activities. Age and type of schooling determine participation in leisure activity. The results underscore the differences in leisure activity participation, preference and interest depending on the severity of the disability. Conclusions The findings reveal interesting patterns of participation in leisure activities from the viewpoint of youngsters and adults with developmental disabilities. Leisure participation among people with developmental disabilities is likely to be more affected by environmental factors than by personal factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine and identify the psychological, clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with emotional well-being by type of caregiver. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 185 primary caregivers and 92 secondary caregivers of patients with an eating disorder using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Experience of Caregiving Inventory and the Eating Disorders Symptom Impact Scale. According to a multiple regression analysis, a total of four models were obtained accounting for 42%-47% of the variance in emotional well-being. The variable that accounted for most of the variance of emotional well-being in three of the models was the impact of nutrition. Improving aspects of the relationships with the patients reduced anxiety and depression levels in primary caregivers. Similarly, a positive personal experience reduced depression in secondary caregivers. A higher education level was associated with decreased anxiety levels in both types of caregivers. Specific family interventions including both types of caregivers may be useful for providing emotional and adaptive personal coping skills. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]