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The idea of graphics has long been associated with entertainment, thus underlying the sense of gravity that graphic narratives attempt to portray. But lately this perception has changed and the scholarship in the field of graphic narratives has emerged tremendously, owing much to the texts by Eisner, Spiegelman, McCloud, and Chute, among many others. Bui's sombre narrative presents the dreadful and horrifying reality of the Vietnam War and brings attention to the alternate representations which are mostly negated by the dominant discourse. Her aim is to locate the marginalised and give a material form to the absent. Loss, absence, trauma, history, and memories are rooted in the framework of the narrative. The choice of the graphic novel as a medium to narrate her story provides a dynamism to the understanding of the above-mentioned ideas. The very structure of the graphic novel is capable of vivifying these ideas. This paper, therefore, attempts to analyse Thi Bui's debut graphic memoir, The Best We Could Do, in order to understand the ideas of intergenerational trauma and counter narration of history as presented in the text and how she uses the medium of graphic novel to elaborate such ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of new states has always been an uncertain process. Yet with the emergence of global war and the destabilization of the political categories of modernity, state founding has become even more indeterminate. This paper examines how the contemporary conditions of endless war and sovereign instability thwart the performative acts of declarations of independence, especially, and paradoxically, when they result from a peaceful referendum. Drawing from Derrida's analysis of the aporetic nature of declarations, I focus on how the globalization of war has actualized this aporetic nature by turning the creation of new states into permanently unsettled events. I illustrate this state of affairs with the 2017 (non-)Declaration of Independence of Catalonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In field-based research, masking practices, as well as the general practice of relegating historical context to abstracted 'site descriptions' in a paper's methodology section, can produce a tacit inattention to historical specificity. By juxtaposing two case studies of schools, this article examines the ways school sites are haunted by histories—that is, how the past is revived and revised in the present, and in turn what this means for field-based qualitative inquiry. Pairing archival and field-based methods, we trace how the haunting of history animated the present-day practices of stakeholders in two schools. In doing so, we show how history itself became an actor in these sites—as something administrators and teachers put to work in their approaches to schooling—and suggest expanding views of unmasking within qualitative inquiry that allow for these ghosts of the past to announce themselves more openly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leather was an important commodity for the British empire in terms of industrial production and scientific innovation. From the mid nineteenth century in India, the British sought to convert leatherwork into a scientific industry. Leather, however, also has a life in caste. The profound stench inherent to the process of leather tanning marks leather workers as polluted. Examining archival material and contemporary ethnography from Uttar Pradesh, this paper examines how the scientific colonial intervention in leatherwork was made complicated due to the sensorial politics of caste. The leather chemist, trained to impart scientific knowledge to leather workers, often failed to negotiate the caste-based sensorial nature of leatherwork, thereby allowing caste to limit the reach of modern science in the industry. Understanding this interaction between colonial science and leatherwork has important consequences for our understanding of the politics of caste and scientific knowledge in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Changes and Challenges of the Archives" is based on a still-in-progress master's thesis that I will complete by May 2021 at Sarah Lawrence College. The purpose of this article is not to come to any conclusions about the challenges of researching lesbian history during the COVID-19 pandemic but, rather, to explore how these world circumstances have further complicated the labor required of a lesbian historian. Many elements of this thesis and research are still in flux, including my investigation of the role race played in creating and developing a sexually deviant, criminalized definition of lesbian(ism). My ultimate hope is that this paper provides some valuable knowledge for my queer historian comrades and sparks a dialogue that can benefit historians who are continuing their research through debilitating circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1852 and 1868, the architect and amateur naturalist Pierre Trémaux (1818–1895) produced three groups of plates and accompanying texts on the geography, architecture, and people of African and Anatolian regions. These luxe publications, produced with the support of the French government, exploit an array of graphic techniques; they combine salted paper prints, engravings, tinted and colour lithographs, photolithographs, and texts in ways never previously attempted. Their examination provides insights into the ways these media interacted, and how comfortably photography in fact sat amongst its predecessors within the long-established context of the travel narrative. This paper will probe the implications of photography for Trémaux’s project through an investigation of his first book,Voyages au Soudan oriental et dans l’Afrique septentrionale. To what extent did the new, mechanical medium clarify or confound his effort to “explain” parts of Africa still hardly known to Europeans? What does this reveal about the role of photographic authenticity in familiarizing imperial audiences with distant places, during a transitional moment in visual culture? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the powerful stereotypical media discourse that shapes and reproduces a certain racialised and prejudiced perception of people identified as “Roma” in Germany. Using a close analysis of a single picture – appearing as harmless at first glance – and through the reconstruction of its various interpretational contexts and semantics the paper identifies mechanisms used in stereotypical media coverage of “Roma”. This qualitative analysis draws on media analysis of antigypsyism as well as on research of photographic construction of the “gypsy” in order to analyse the contemporary visual regime of “Roma” in Germany. As it portrays “the Roma” as a fundamentally different and socially deviant group, this visual stereotyping is shown to be an integral element of the persistent antigypsyist ideology, deeply embedded in German society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I argue that history is a large-scale transmedia project that is not understood as such, and this causes friction when history is engaged with through media in which historical research is not usually presented. To do this, I go through Henry Jenkins' ten-step definition of transmedia and argue that history matches the definition very well. This transmedia discussion brings forth the concept of 'world-building', in which narrative is superseded by world-building as the all-encompassing concept and as the beginning point of analysis. In the analysis, history (as a product of historiography) is treated as phenomenon instead of a discipline and compared to other forms of transmedia world-building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Doesn't a breath of the air that pervaded earlier days caress us as well?' Walter Benjamin asks in 'On the Concept of History'. 'In the voices we hear, isn't there an echo of now silent ones? ... If so, then there is a secret agreement between past generations and the present one'. What does it mean to be in secret agreement with people that came before? To recognise that coming after involves the taking on of certain obligations – for example, to pay tribute, to make amends. This paper examines the role played by the cinema in Patrick Modiano's Dora Bruder. Part history, part memoir, Modiano's book investigates the events leading to the deportation of a sixteen-year-old Jewish girl during the Nazi Occupation of France. The author's examination of these events commemorates the lives lost during the Occupation and alerts us to what remains still to be said about these lives. The issue that I address concerns cinema's role in the author's evocation of Dora's afterlife, in other words, its facilitation of a type of writing in which the experience of the present is shaped by the unfinished business of people and events that demand something of us. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article calls the attention of interested individuals to submit article that will be presented during conferences of Associations concerning economics. The organizers of the Seventh Annual Heilbronn Symposium in Economics and the Social Sciences Christian Freiherr von Wolff that will be held on June 22-25,1995 is inviting everyone to submit abstract and correspondence relevant to the theme. Likewise, the organizers of the 22nd Annual Meeting of the History of Economics Society that will be held on June 2-5, 1995 in South Bend, Indiana is calling the same.

One factor that has united Fijians of Indian descent is the language of Fiji Hindi, or Fiji Baat. Developed on the plantations of the indenture period, it is now the mother tongue of virtually all Indo-Fijians, distinct from the Standard Hindi that is taught in schools. This paper examines the way these two varieties of Hindi have been metalinguistically reconstructed from the early colonial period to the present day, focusing particularly on the labels Hindustani, Hindi, Fiji Hindi and Fiji Baat. We examine the extent to which Fiji Hindi fits into the pan-Fijian identity that is supposed to unite all Fiji citizens without drawing attention to ethnic difference. We argue that the acceptance of Fiji Hindi as part of a hybrid national identity is impeded both by this political erasure of ethnicity, and by the lingering negative attitudes expressed by its own speakers about the intralingual variation within Hindi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paul Natorp is better known as a key figure of Neo-Kantian epistemology than as a great educationist. This paper discusses the affinity for Natorp's theory of education in Japan in the first decades of the twentieth century. It presents an overview of Natorp's educational way of thinking and analyses the interest of Japanese educationists in the educational thought encapsulated in the conception of Natorp's educational theory, which he called Sozialpädagogik. Addressing the debate around Natorp's Sozialpädagogik within the Japanese national community of scholars, key points of the inception of the theory in Japan are examined, central scholars involved are identified, and the impact of Natorp's conception on the Japanese philosophy of education and educational practice is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing literature on transcultural doctoral education remains largely silent about how history enters knowledge creation and the supervisory relationship. This paper draws upon Andzaldúa's borderlands theory and de Sousa Santo's theory on epistemologies of the South to examine the complex ways that history impacts upon First Nations, migrant, refugee and culturally diverse doctoral candidates' epistemological border-crossing. We explore how our life history study of 40 research candidates and supervisors across seven Australian universities casts new light on knowledge creation in transnational and First Nations doctoral education. Findings show research supervision as a multimodal process of epistemological border-crossing that is deeply embedded in intersected histories. We argue that a history-informed supervision approach demonstrates the deconstructive possibilities of epistemological border-crossing and contributes towards global epistemic justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Music's ability to stimulate the emotions has long been fundamental to the aesthetics and reception of India's elite rāga-based traditions. These emotions are generally studied aesthetically through the lens of 'rasa': the Sanskrit theory that proposes the musician's role is to stimulate one of nine distilled emotional essences (rasas) that is 'tasted' by the audience. But here I ask the inverse question: what emotions arose when historical listeners were threatened with the loss of that crucial source of emotional stimulus; and how were those negative emotions expressed through historical texts? In this paper, I consider the Hayy al-Arwāh, a music treatise and tazkira (biographical collection) written by an ex-Mughal official from Delhi living in exile in Patna c. 1785–88, Miyan Zia-ud-din 'Zia'. Zia-ud-din's work reveals much about the emotions felt by musicians and music lovers affected by the violent political upheaval centred on late Mughal Delhi c1740–80 – but not in obvious ways. For such an emotional subject, his writing is curiously dispassionate. Nevertheless, I argue that his writing was impelled by one very powerful emotion in particular: anxiety. In order to approach the question I examine some alternative ways we might get at the emotional resonances of texts like the Hayy al-Arwāh: through genre, in this case the tazkira; the etic observations of modern neuroscience; and a turn outwards to writings of more emotionally loquacious contemporaries, here the Urdu poet Mir Taqi 'Mir'. I argue it is precisely Zia-ud-din's detatched attention to detail, as he traced hundreds of lost and scattered musicians and listeners, that reveals the emotional driving force behind the writing of the Hayy al-Arwāh to be a deep and abiding anxiety engendered by the very real existential threat of war and exile to the music of late Mughal Delhi. In writing the Hayy al-Arwāh, Zia-ud-din acted as witness and record keeper for his community to insure against the potential loss of the music of his beloved homeland. At the same time, the work of gathering and reporting information acted to alleviate his anxiety over the threatened disappearance of what was to him a most important source of personal solace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the ramifications of the fact that a majority of (Jewish) Israeli citizens no longer considers the Israeli military occupation of the Palestinian territory of the West Bank to be an 'occupation'. Informed by qualitative research conducted in Israel and the occupied territory of the West Bank, the paper argues the case for understanding of this process of social legitimation as being rooted in complex structures of cultural processes and practices grounded in ideological and religious beliefs. Identifying Zionism as an ethno-national ideology, located within the wider ethno-national impulse of nineteenth century Europe, the paper further investigates a number of cultural processes that have led to the domestic justification and rationalisation of occupation in the Israeli public consciousness and consequently, the legitimisation of continued occupation. These cultural practices are inherently highly political, constituting a long-term strategy aimed at maintaining the occupation. The paper argues that this strategy is articulated not only by cultural practices of ethnonationalism and identity politics, but ultimately by various acts and facets of violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ireland has a temperate climate influenced by the Atlantic Gulf Stream. This, combined with fertile soils and adequate rainfall, provides an environment ideally suited for grass. Grass is an inexpensive, nutritious feed for livestock, giving Ireland a competitive advantage in this sector. Tillage farming is also an important sector for Ireland, and evidence of the Great Irish Famine of the mid-eighteen hundreds is still visible in the landscape. In this paper, we examine aspects of meteorological involvement in Irish agriculture, from the perspective of the Irish Meteorological Service. We examine the rise of agrometeorology in Ireland and take a look at the development of related services, including potato blight warnings. Two influential characters of Irish agrometeorological history, Austin Bourke and Tom Keane, are examined, as well as organisations such as the AGMET Group. The paper concludes with a brief snapshot of current Irish agrometeorological activities along with future ambitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Umteteli wa Bantu, launched in 1920, was much more than the moderate, black newspaper most of its contemporaries assumed it to be. Established by the Native Recruitment Corporation as an exercise in "soft power" through propaganda, the split created between its business and editorial functions facilitated editorial autonomy. Umteteli form, a term taken from Kevin Barnhurst and John Nerone's work on newspaper history, included the casual and irregular intermingling of social and personal news with all the other paper content. By sewing people and their activities into the fabric of the paper, Umteteli created a niche and identity for itself as constitutive of black sociality in which the constraints imposed by racial segregation no longer impeded upward social mobility. This playfulness and creativity contradict much of what is written about the paper, usually assessed for whether its political content was supportive or not of African nationalism. Also, through ongoing encouragement and exhortation to its readers, the paper drew readers into a status as co-producers, creating commonality through the relationship of readers to the paper where that commonality might not have existed otherwise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sketches out the historical emergence and progress of political Islam in modern Turkey by emphasizing its statist and clientelistic aspects emanating from the authoritarian basis of Turkish political modernization. The paper contends that there has always been an authoritarian and autocratic tendency in modern Turkish politics that depends on a peculiar and modernist articulation of both Islamism and secularism, which eventually stand on the same ground. This very ground is formed upon a sacred understanding of the state that can be defined as an all-encompassing and absolute perfection of political power, which manifests itself differently in content for secular nationalists and Islamists, and yet produces the same authoritarian tendency. Both the secular nationalism and Islamism appear to be state oriented movements in the sense that they both have emanated from the state, and envisage to control the state in an absolute sense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This paper aims to examine the development of personality research within Australia, from the emergence of Australian psychology to the current time. Method: The paper first identifies the central role of personality research in shaping early Australian psychology. The paper then addresses the emerging directions of Australian personality research in the post‐war years up to the end of the 20th Century. The paper then highlights the present contributions of personality research, noting both the world‐leading impact made by Australian researchers and real‐world applications of this field. Results: Australian personality research has a long history of providing important contributions to both Australian and international psychology. Future prospects and challenges related to attracting research funding for Australian research are also identified. Conclusions: Australian personality research was important for the successful emergence of Australian psychology. Present Australian personality researchers are making world‐leading impact and addressing a number of important social issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Federation of Jewish Youth Associations of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (SŽOU-KSHS) was founded in 1919, and it encompassed a series of Jewish youth associations in Yugoslavia and abroad. Very Zionist in its outlook from the start, its aim was to recruit the future halutzim (pioneers) from the ranks of the Yugoslav Jews. This paper will examine the history of the Federation, especially through its official journal Gideon, and through other Jewish press articles of the same period. It will focus not only on the promotion of a new 'Jewish mentality', but also on the construction of new gender relations and of a new Jewish identity as a whole. Finally, though this paper will not give an account of all affiliated associations, it will attempt to focus on the most important moments of some of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the organization and activities of the Dai Nippon Heiwa Kyōkai (Japan Peace Society, founded in 1906), a group that was loosely affiliated with peace societies in Britain, the US, and other countries, as well as with the International Peace Bureau in Berne. The paper examines Japanese initiatives in the context of the global campaign to identify and implement strategies for the peaceful resolution of international disputes, in the global 'peace moment' of the early 1900s. The paper describes the activities of the Dai Nippon Heiwa Kyōkai and reviews its successes, but also analyzes some of the complexities and contradictions inherent in the movement. Foremost among these was the propensity of Japanese peace activists to focus on dispute resolution with the European and American powers, while ignoring or condoning Japanese militarist imperialism on the Asian mainland. While some were motivated by pacifist ideals, the senior members of the society - many of whom were members of Japan's political elite - tended to see peace activism as an extension of Japan's cooperative diplomacy, seeking practical solutions (including military aggression) that ensured Japan's continued status as one of the world's great powers. Their vision of cooperative governance within a global imperial system was, however, severely undermined by Euro-American racist discourses. The strength of anti-Japanese sentiment - as reflected in American exclusion laws and global discourses of a 'yellow peril' - ultimately swung many peace activists into the camp of outright imperialist militarism. However, from the threads of Japanese peace activism in the 1910s emerged a vision of global governance that helped establish the framework for Japan's participation in the League of Nations, and in the multilateral peace-keeping institutions of the post-Second World War era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on Mission Raquez, a French ethnographic expedition through Laos to collect material for the Marseille Colonial Exposition of 1906. This paper discusses the location of extant material and considers the ethnographic methods used on the mission in conjunction with anthropological study, mass media, and popular celebrity in turn of the century France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper raises a series of historiographical issues about the nature of lunatic asylum archives. It addresses one central thread, namely the relationship between the phenomenology of mental illness, and the many kinds of records in which it is reflected. It suggests that there is a fundamental paradox involved in the rational, orderly and coherent representation of mental illness generated by lunatic asylum bureaucracy, and the chaotic multiplicity of the lived experience of patients, many suffering from illnesses that involved irrational, disordered and incoherent states of mind. The paper begins by raising as background the relationship between thought, language and experience, and ways in which this defies straightforward representation in clinical case histories. It goes on to examine aspects of lunatic asylum archives, including statistics, correspondence and case records, and ways in which these might either mislead, or fictionalize histories of these institutions. It suggests that archival work, particularly with respect to capturing the complexity and emotional violence of these institutions might require historians to ‘dream the archive’. This is the work of disciplined imagination that might act as a guide in traversing deeply irrational territory. The paper ends by highlighting several issues that historians of lunatic asylums might address. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following Laura Bear et al.’s discussion of ‘generating capitalism’, this article presents an account of two historical periods in which certain Mongolian rulers made the deliberate decision to embrace Euro-American capitalism. They explain that this was done to help Mongolia entice ‘third neighbours’ whose interests secure Mongolia’s independence by preventing Mongolia from being occupied by China or Russia. This paper then recounts how, during each of these historical periods, the nation-state’s rulers prioritized the declaration and consolidation of de facto constitutive political independence. Building on this prioritization of the political, this paper argues that the generation of capitalism in Mongolia is not for the sake of the economy itself, as Bear et al. suggest, but for the sake of independence. Reflecting on this, this article shows how global capitalism can be seen not as a threat to the nation-state but as a help to balance dependences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a short history of social work education in Scotland. Its aim is to understand the patterns of the present through the lens of the past. A key argument is that social work education and practice exists persistently in the crossroads, that is, in the spaces between competing and often conflicting perspectives regarding that ‘what’, ‘why’, ‘how’ and ‘who’ of social work and social change. At the same time, there is a dearth of robust theory and research underpinning social work education and practice, leaving the profession vulnerable in periods of rapid social and political change. Attention is given to the implications of these constants for education and practice, and to how we might address these going forward. The paper concludes that if we wish to realise the potential of social work education, learning and practice, we need to more collectively address long-neglected questions of learning identity, learning philosophy and learning practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Working Party on Social Workers in the Local Authority Health and Welfare Services was established in 1955 to enquire into the kind of work which social workers in the health and welfare departments of local authorities should be carrying out and, because very few were qualified, to make recommendations about their recruitment and training. This paper evaluates the influence of the Report’s recommendation for 2-year training courses on the development of social work in the United Kingdom. It places the recommendation in the historical context of the period by reviewing some of the key submissions to the Working Party, highlighting the interests and concerns of social work, medical and academic bodies; responses of those bodies to the final report are analysed. The paper argues that the discussion about social work in the final report and the introduction of training courses in 1961 for social workers in the local authority health and welfare services were significant in providing an initial basis for expanding the numbers of social workers and contributing to their wider development as a single occupational group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several Asian-American groups are more educated than their non-migrant compatriots in Asia and their native-born white competitors in America. Lee and Zhou show that this "educational hyper-selectivity" has significant implications for the socio-economic success of Asian immigrants and their children. But they devote relatively little attention to its causes. This paper develops an answer in the Taiwan case. Using interviews and statistics, it shows that the Taiwanese secured an educational advantage because those arriving before 1965 consisted almost entirely of graduate students. Although they entered on student visas, prevailing political and economic conditions led them to settle in the U.S. After the passage of the Hart-Celler Act, these movers reproduced their advantage by sponsoring the arrival of kin, most of whom were also well-educated. The paper's conclusion assesses the ability of American immigration law to foster the formation of hyper-selected groups.en. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an intellectual history of the idea that the later Roman empire and, subsequently, the whole of Byzantium were less 'free' in comparison to the Roman Republic. Anxiety over diminished freedom recurred throughout Roman history, but only a few specific expressions of it were enshrined in modern thought as the basis on which to divide history into periods. The theorists of the Enlightenment, moreover, invented an unfree Byzantium for their own political purposes and not by examining the facts about its political culture. The second part of the paper proposes that the Byzantines valorized a model of positive freedom as legal-institutional protection against arbitrary oppressive power, including against both barbarian domination and domestic abuses. In contrast to modern thought, which tends to see the imperial position as the chief threat to liberty, the Byzantines viewed it as its bulwark. Yet they too had remedies for oppressive emperors, suggesting that the otherwise well-attested invocations of freedom were not a mere rhetorical trope for them but an actionable cultural norm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports published within the issue on topics including the history of the development of nuclear reactors in Germany and Sweden in the 1950s and 1960s, the history of the Soviet Union's pulp industry from 1940 to 1960s, and the electric power research program of the Electric Power Research Institute.

The cultural and linguistic heritage of Chinese Australians is complex and often poorly understood by Australian communities. It can be challenging for GLAM sector organisations to both understand and share the complexity of Chinese culture in Australia in a meaningful and coherent way. Using the Chinese Museum in Melbourne, Australia as a case study, this paper reflects on how this diversity shaped the work of the Museum. Drawing on personal experience as the curator of the Museum, the author argues that communities are evolving, our understandings of them imperfect and so learning about cultural complexity is an ongoing iterative process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of physiotherapy can be seen as a history of boundary conflict, as the profession sought to first establish, then maintain, its distinctive professional identity. Traditional approaches to the sociology of the professions support this, seeing professionalization as an ongoing process of enclosure, encroachment, and conflict. Recent work, however, has emphasized the fluidity and collaborative nature of professionalization projects, and placed more emphasis on inter-professional negotiations and disciplinary coexistence. In this paper, we draw on this work to analyze the harmonization of the independent Mensendieck System of medical gymnastics in Norway, and the emerging state-sponsored physiotherapy system. Our contention is that over the course of the middle decades of the 20th century, advocates of the Mensendieck System and providers of orthodox, biomedically informed physiotherapy, came together and found a way to work collaboratively in a shared space without compromising their distinctive professional identities. We argue that this approach both points to ways we might revisit traditional conflict-based analyses of the history of physiotherapy, while also suggesting new ways of imagining how the profession might change in the years to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conceptual history of the political that Pierre Rosanvallon explained in his methodological papers and practiced in major works endorsed a distinctive reflexivity. The present contribution claims that the specificity of this approach largely rested on using the methodological and interdisciplinary openness to account for the indeterminacy and entropy of democracy, and the experiences that accompany its incompleteness and its pathologies. It is also shown that more recently, in the so-called tetralogy on the mutations of contemporary democracies, the conceptual history of the political is remodelled and put at the service of a complex, interdisciplinary and self-proclaimed realist, but at the end normative-laden theory that aims to arrive at sound diagnoses of the present in view of the current transformations in Western democracies. While the conceptual elaborations appear again as a result of historical research, the theory actually advances a reframing of our understanding of contemporary democracy which incorporates the view of a mixed modern regime. Finally, it is suggested that the value of the civic involvement at the theoretical kern of the conceptual history of the political was also underpinned by the methodological choices on pluralism and interdisciplinarity and continues nowadays to be central to Rosanvallon's theoretical project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In early twentieth-century China, the term New Woman was introduced in intellectual discourses both as a solution to the perception of national weakness and as a gendered symbol of modern pursuit. The New Woman in real life took on a look peculiar to her locality while sharing some qualities. This paper will examine the Beijing New Women with a concentration on their leisure-time activities such as skating, appreciating Beijing opera, hosting salons, and shopping on donkey-back. The author points out that what characterized these women's pleasurable pastimes was their combination of tradition and modernity, which they achieved by imbuing Beijing's historical legacies with modern elements and adapting Western models to the city's conditions. Not only did their activities transcend entrenched gender boundaries and demonstrate their agency but also went beyond self-recreation and turned out to be instrumental in sustaining the city's modern enterprises through the hard times of 1928–1937. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Adam Smith used history extensively in his Wealth of Nations, his contribution to economic history is neither systematised nor explicitly presented. The aimof this paper is to investigate the ways in which history is incorporated in Smith's political economy and to elucidate the role of historical investigation in Smith's Wealth of Nations. We propose a "four thematic" approach of Smith's use of history, corresponding to four distinct ways in which Smith incorporates the historical element in his political economy. First, as method through a progressive version of proto-historical materialism, second, as illustration in order to verify his theoretical conclusions, third, as theory in the form of his stages theory, and, finally, as economic history to describe the emergence of modern Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lately, theme parks have emphasized the learning and edutainment aspects of their business. This has created new opportunities for theme parks and schools to cooperate. Research has shown that learning at science centers, a similar form of learning arena, tends to be out of context and that the learning outcomes are meager. High Chaparral, in southern Sweden, is a theme park primarily focusing on the American 1870s. With 160,000–170,000 visitors each year, the theme park is one of the largest arenas for history communication in Sweden, alongside traditional cultural heritage institutions. This paper presents an analysis of students, mainly aged 10–12 years, visiting the park. In the park, the children are presented with various fact- and skills-oriented activities. While the children enjoy the activities, they do not align the presentations with their school history education. Rather, the children relate them to their own everyday life experiences, and the idea of 1870s America they take from the park is, to a high degree, informed by popular TV and movie Westerns. While the theme park seems fun for the children, the findings of this analysis show that the park's theme is not easily connected to the Swedish history curriculum for the studied group of students. In particular, the park does not align with the constructivist ideals of the Swedish curriculum. This does not mean that learning possibilities are absent. The park contains multifaceted leaning opportunities, but given the park's present focus, these are not fully developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contemporary community archives movement is described as a grassroots social movement that evolved out of social, political and cultural change in the 1960s and 70s in the U.K. What is Australia's community archives story? In this exploratory essay, I set out to identify and examine who is talking about community archives in Australia and what they are (and are not) saying about it. Drawing from evidence obtained from web and literature searches, this paper highlights the complexity around the conversation about community archives in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have been skeptical about the capacity of law to shape what police do, but that skepticism results from a myopic view of the relationship between legal systems and policing practices. This paper develops a more holistic view of that relationship by exploring the legal standards, social understandings, and policing practices that played a role in the regulation of alcohol and drunkenness from roughly 1750–1860 in the United States. From the late colonial period through the 1830s, alcohol regulation did not aim to reduce drinking but to prevent public disorder – a task that was well-suited to the character of the early American legal system. From the 1830s through 1860, however, the temperance movement successfully pressed legislators to enact more explicitly moralistic liquor laws, demanding that police ferret out private alcohol sales rather than merely regulating their impact on public order. That new mandate quickly unravelled, for it proved incompatible with a wide range of legal restraints, including traditional protections against searches of private homes, skepticism about the testimony by criminal accomplices, and liability rules related to official enforcement actions. No single restriction on policing tactics undermined antebellum prohibition, but the basic orientation of criminal procedure and the social understandings and practices through which it operated informed a wide range of specific restrictions on morals policing that collectively made prohibition unworkable. To understand that story, we need to take a broader view of the relationship between law and policing than most policing research has taken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the first women to hold teaching and research positions in Spanish universities during the first third of the twentieth century. It traces the paths of the pioneers who used their intellectual capacity to broaden the scope for their working lives. Legal changes introduced in 1910 made it possible for women with a university degree to work as professors in the university or in secondary schools, and in libraries, museums or archives. The writer Emilia Pardo Bazán, was the first woman to be appointed as a lecturer for her literary merits. She taught on a PhD course at the University of Madrid, and was followed by other female lecturers, at the Faculties of Philosophy and Letters, Science, Pharmacy and Law; in this order. The paper recalls these first female lecturers, the posts they occupied, the situations they encountered, and their overall trajectories. All began to work in the midst of a strong androcentric culture. Very few of those who started as lecturers before 1936 – the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War – continued later at university on a permanent basis. The majority chose other types of employment which offered greater stability in less time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the relocation of the former International Export Company 4 years ago, its building group, which includes not only the earliest existing modern food industry buildings imported from Western countries but also the earliest large-scale reinforced concrete buildings in good condition domestically, has now ceased the functions of food processing and cold storage since first establishment in 1912. This earliest foreign-funded factory with a history of over 100 years in Nanjing will be transformed into a landmark complex integrating commerce, culture and tourism according to the requirements of regional development. As a main member of the design team, as well as a participant in the project 'Research on reinforced concrete building protection technology in early modern China' supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China, I have the ability to provide a comprehensive evaluation and research on this industrial architectural heritage from the different perspectives of architectural history and regeneration in this paper. Given the significance of this historic building group in modern China, this research will fill a gap in relevant historical study, offering a typical case study of modern industrial buildings and their utilization in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Britain, the use of concrete as a construction material is relatively recent. The first recorded concrete bridge in Britain was built in 1867, but because it used lime concrete it did not survive and was replaced by a Portland-cement concrete bridge in 1873. It was not until 1880 that the first mass-concrete railway bridge in Scotland was constructed. By the end of the nineteenth century mass concrete for bridges was being replaced by reinforced concrete. This paper discusses the issues surrounding the early concrete bridges in Scotland that were constructed up to 1950. This was the period when concrete developed from an innovative but poorly understood material to what might be recognised as modern concrete with research-based design codes. Within Scotland approximately forty-eight percent of all concrete bridges built up to 1950 are listed buildings, with many more being of genuine historic interest and part of our heritage. These early bridges are now of an age where concrete deterioration is becoming more of a concern and unless appropriate, conservation-based action is taken, their survivability as part of the built heritage may be compromised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sankofa is an Akan principle which philosophizes that in order to move forward and build a future, one must reach into the past to retrieve that which is at risk of being left behind or forgotten. Marvel Cinema's Black Panther which is usually perceived as a speculative, Afrofuturist representation of Black identities has a strong concern with the historical African past. In its construction of the futuristic, high-tech African nation Wakanda, the film brings into play some aspects of erstwhile ancient African cultural practices which faded out, or were disregarded during and after colonialism. In this paper I argue that in its treatment of the futurist African space, Black Panther shows many analogies consistent with the Sankofa theory and also shows a de-colonial agenda. I first elaborate on the Sankofa theory by outlining its history and relevance. Secondly, I examine the treatment of three indigenous practices in the film: Wakandan architecture, Wakandan writing systems and the representation of Wakandan women, as elements Black Panther retrieves from the ancient African past in order to build its futuristic African space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives:This paper analyzes the relationship between ongoing change and final outcome in therapies carried out in natural settings with 39 clients.Method:Ongoing change was assessed through generic change indicators (GCIs), an observational method designed to label the content of change moments by selecting one specific GCI from the sequence of 19 that covers from more rudimentary and low complexity to more elaborated and complex changes. These GCIs can also be grouped into three broad stages of change, according to their level of complexity. Productivity indicators were generated to account for the number of GCIs (total and grouped by stage) adjusted by the length of therapy and the respective individual production of GCIs. Outcome, in turn, is understood as the final result of therapy and was measured by Lambert's Outcome Questionnaire (OQ 45.2).Results:Using the Reliable Change Index of this measure, which qualifies the difference between initial and final scores, therapies were grouped into “good outcome” and “poor outcome” cases. Findings indicate that therapies with good final outcome show a greater presence of Stage III GCIs during the process. Furthermore, in these therapies there is a significant association between Stage I GCI productivity and the productivity of Stages II and III GCIs. This is not the case for poor outcome cases, where results show a greater productivity of initial stage GCIs, mostly in the second half of therapy and no relation of this productivity with Stage II and Stage III GCIs.Conclusions:Results support the relation of ongoing change and final outcome. Possibilities for the clinical use of GCIs, specifically for monitoring ongoing therapies, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The transfer of disability history research to new generation audiences is crucial to allow lessons from the past to impact the future inclusion and equality agenda. As today’s children are the policy makers and the legislators of tomorrow, it is important for them to have opportunities to engage with disability life story narratives to understand personal experiences of disability and the social systems that influenced their construction through time and space. Through the embodiment and manipulation of these powerful narratives, children have the opportunity to challenge traditional perspectives of disability that may be disabling and oppressive. Such materials contribute to the making of an inclusive society by enabling children to craft mechanisms of intervention that can used to build resilience and resistance to barriers, and thereby generate social change. This paper examines how performance techniques can be used as a pedagogical tool to transpose new understandings of disability history and culture to school-based audiences. It builds on two previous projects: one focusing on life history narratives of three generations of disabled people, and the other exploring the potential for text-based disability narratives to move beyond text in interesting and creative ways. In so doing, this paper reports on a cross-disciplinary project which brought together academics (from performance and social science backgrounds), three performing arts secondary schools and disabled theatre performers. It presents qualitative evidence of how performance workshops delivered in three schools, by disabled performers, and stimulated by disability life history research, has the potential to increase disability awareness in the mainstream classroom and challenge negative disability stereotypes that influence how disabled people are made known in society. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The use of geographical information systems (GISs) for making sense of geospatial data has a long history at Stellenbosch University's Department of Geography and Environmental Studies and has become an anchor identity of the department. As part of the department's centennial celebrations, this article reflects on the circumstances and events that contributed to the evolution of GIS at Stellenbosch University (SU) by highlighting some milestones and achievements. Within this historical context, the paper provides a review of the current state of geographical information science (GISc) training and research at SU and attempts to forecast the role of geographers and GISc practitioners in the fourth industrial revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Just after the First World War the English Association published The Teaching of English in Schools. It argues that developing children's 'creative spirit' is fundamental to maintaining peace in Europe. Seventy years later, the first National Curriculum promotes a creative, unitary English appropriate for 'a European context'. In contrast, today's national curriculum contains no reference to the role of English in international relations; simultaneously, all references to creativity have disappeared. As Britain struggles to cope with the fallout from Brexit, this paper – written from a hermeneutic perspective – discusses the correlation between how each of the three documents positions English in an international context and how they value creativity. Without wishing to over–simplify complex issues, it questions how to what extent a curriculum might echo or shape national politics. It calls for a new curriculum that embraces a creative, internationalist view of English to inspire communities of the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea that two words can be instances of the same word is a central intuition in our conception of language. This fact underlies many of the claims that we make about how we communicate, and how we understand each other. Given this, irrespective of what we think words are, it is common to think that any putative ontology of words, must be able to explain this feature of language. That is, we need to provide criteria of identity for word-types which allow us to individuate words such that it can be the case that two particular word-instances are instances of the same word-type (on the assumption that there are such types). One solution, recently further developed by Irmak (2018. "An Ontology of Words." Erkenntnis. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s10670-018-0001-0), holds that words are individuated by their history. In this paper, I argue that this view either fails to account for our intuitions about word identity, or is too vague to be a plausible answer to the problem of word individuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the relationship between ideology, the state and the transnational as it bears on European integration. Though typically studied in national contexts, ideologies and their clash have been Europe-wide since their emergence. As I argue, the European Union (EU) can be understood both as the continuation of these long-standing cross-border dynamics, and as the attempt to supersede them. Contemporary developments renew this dialectic. By exploring how ideology and European integration entwine, the paper underlines the value of a research agenda of heightened importance as the ideological hegemony of recent decades breaks down. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dyslexia is a difficulty in learning to decode (read aloud) and to spell. DSM5 classifies dyslexia as one form of neurodevelopmental disorder. Neurodevelopmental disorders are heritable, life-long conditions with early onset. For many years, research on dyslexia proceeded on the basis that it was a specific learning difficulty – specific meaning that the difficulty could not be explained in terms of obvious causes such as sensory problems or general learning difficulties (low IQ). However, the failure to find qualitative differences in reading, and phonological skills, between children with dyslexia and children with more general learning problems led this kind of 'discrepancy' definition to fall from favour. The Rose Review stated that dyslexia can occur across the IQ range and that poor decoding skills require the same kinds of intervention irrespective of IQ. In this paper, we argue that loosening the criteria for dyslexia has influenced common understanding of the condition and led to diagnostic confusion. In the longer term, the use of the term may need to change. Implications for research and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In late-socialist states, what are the drivers of shifts in national narratives and how can a focus on the museum method reveal the way state institutions construct national myths and nationalist ideologies? This paper addresses these questions by focusing on a behind-the-scenes ethnography of an exhibition celebrating 30 years of Doi Moi - the economic reform period in Vietnam that commenced in 1986. Focusing on the museum as method - the process of documenting how curators deliberate over labels, objects, photos and so forth - the paper analyses how national narratives are authored and transformed through curatorial exchanges and expert forums. By focusing on how aesthetics and achievement provide a foundation for inclusive interpretative strategies that integrate official histories alongside personal memories, this paper reflects on the alienating effects of official histories in state institutions and the strategies by which people appropriate these to reclaim their past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiences in the post-partition Indian subcontinent refute the conventional expectation that the ‘possession of citizenship enables the acquisition of documents certifying it’ [Jayal 2013. Citizenship and Its Discontents: An Indian History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 71]. Instead, identity papers of various types play a vital part in certifying and authenticating claims to citizenship. This is particularly important in a context where the history of state formation, continuous migration flows and the rise of right-wing majoritarian politics has created an uncertain situation for individuals deemed to be on the ‘margins’ of the state. The papers that constitute this special issue bring together a range of disciplinary perspectives in order to investigate the history, politics and materiality of identity documents, and to dismantle citizenship as an absolute and fixed notion, seeking instead to theorise the very mutable ‘hierarchies’ and ‘degrees’ of citizenship. Collectively they offer a valuable lens onto how migrants, refugees and socio-economically marginal individuals negotiate their relationship with the state, both within South Asia and in South Asian diaspora communities. This introduction examines the wider context of the complex intersections between state-issued identity documents and the nature of citizenship and draws out cross-cutting themes across the papers in this collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]