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The apps for drawing are present in our children's life. Nevertheless, little is known about the impact of mobile technology on the freehand drawing educational activity. There are few works which are contextualised within short periods of time, with teachers who are not theirs and, in some cases, outside the children's classroom. In this paper, we are focussed on the use of technology on freehand drawing activity. Thus, we have compared the graphics produced by 4- and 5-year-old children with paper&crayon in comparison with those with tablet-finger. Children made the drawings during a planned free-drawing activity, in their ordinary classrooms, with their teachers and during five sessions. Assessment of drawings has evidenced tablet feasibility for making graphics. Nevertheless, with the passing of time, quality of graphics (tablet-finger vs paper&crayons), are nearly matched, demonstrating the low impact level technology has on this activity. In addition, if drawings are analysed specifically according to ages, results have shown that both groups have to develop adaptation strategies of visual perceptual skills and fine motor skills for the touch screen in order to obtain the same quality in the drawings made on both support types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigenous Australian artist Tracey Moffatt's 3-minute short Vigil, part of her My Horizon show at the 2017 Art Biennale in Venice, captures the increasing fear, hysteria and obsession regarding the borders of Australian national identity in the new millennium. Moffatt's interest in Asian asylum seekers and refugees ties her critique of immigrant control into Indigenous exclusion, both of which define what is known as Fortress Australia. Taking the Australian particulars as its lead, this paper looks at the xenophobic rhetoric and practice that characterize so-called Fortress Europe, which rejects immigration and clamps down on its native minorities' claims for sovereignty. It narrows the analysis down to Fortress Spain, whose policies of exclusion affect immigrants as well as Peninsular ethnic minorities, such as Catalonia. In using Moffatt's video as a lead, this paper calls on art and literature as powerful means to unpack and rewrite identity from the margins of the nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the course of the Spanish Civil War, Francoists set up special teams to seize documents from organizations which had backed the Popular Front government. In the immediate wake of occupation, these squads would frequently enter towns and cities and appropriate lorry loads of paperwork which they ferried to Salamanca. Nationalist officials trawled through their copious bounty in order to scout out the names of opponents who could be punished for their activities in favour of the Republic. For good reason historians have viewed the Salamanca Papers as a stark example of state directed plunder. By focusing on the role of volunteers in willingly providing information to the authorities, this article seeks to complement the focus on the role of the state. The article also shows that the authorities exploited the information they gleaned to pick out and reward supporters as well as identify and punish enemies. The article further discusses some of the efforts made by Salamanca officials to return documents to Francoists. By examining the Salamanca Papers from these perspectives, the article seeks to throw light upon the close ideological and emotional identification between Francoist state officials and some of their eager supporters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of European Journal of Social Work is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Information about several papers discussed at the Methodology of Research in Educational Effectiveness Symposium that was held in Barcelona, Spain in 2005 is presented. The paper of Bert Creemers provided an overview of the educational effectiveness theory and research and the international studies in educational effectiveness. On the other hand, Leonidas Kyriakedes paper focused on the importance of developing and testing integrated multilevel school effectiveness models.

Are elections becoming personality contests? A growing literature is concerned about the increasing personalization of politics and its democratic consequences. This paper argues that part of the phenomenon is due to voters using politicians' personalities to infer their party and valence and that voters of populist parties are especially able in this inferential task. Using a varying conjoint experiment in Spain, the author certainly finds evidence that the importance of personality decreases when voters learn both about candidates' party and valence and that this mediating effect is especially relevant for Vox and UP voters. These results dispel concerns about the irrationality of today's politics by showing that the independent effect of personality is minimal and suggesting that populist voters efficiently use the personality of politicians to infer classical vote determinants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemp has long been a traditional crop in Spain, although it almost disappeared in 1972. In that year the paper industry started using hemp as a raw material, and as a consequence, there was a renewed interest in the crop. At present, hemp is mainly grown in northeast Spain (800 ha). Farmers appreciate its agronomic and economic advantages but the future of the crop depends on the effect of the recent EU regulations and the ability of the industry to develop new hemp based products. The objective of this paper is to describe to hemp cropping practices, fibre processing and uses in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses two policy papers within the issue on topics including Spanish urban development, Spanish housing sector, and Spanish government laws.

This paper addresses attitudes around the projection of the EU among Latin American elites, namely the determinants of support for a Free Trade Agreement between the two regions and the trustworthiness of the EU government. We take as data elite surveys conducted in 15 Latin American countries (2014–2019) and consider sociodemographics, ideology, support for democracy, views of foreign powers, exports to the EU, and electoral democracy. Results show that ideology and support for democracy are key determinants of support for an interregional FTA, and that the trustworthiness of governments in the US, China, and Spain covary with attitudes toward the EU. The latter (trust in the government in Spain) proves to be the main driver and, furthermore, its impact is conditional on the economic strength (observed as exports) of the EU: wherever the EU is not a strong economic actor in Latin America, trust in the Spanish government does nothing but improve the image of the EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When laws change the rules of the game, it is important to observe the effects on the players' behavior. Some effects can be anticipated while others are difficult to enunciate before the law comes into force. In this paper we have analyzed articles authored by Spanish accounting academics between 1996 and 2005 to assess the impact of a change in the Spanish university regulation. Results indicate a switch from publishing professional papers to academic ones and also to change research methodologies in order to meet the new requirements. This was to be expected due to the explicit mention of the law in favor of academic journals. However, we have also detected a significant decrease in the publication of professional papers. These side-effects could have a negative impact on the transmission of knowledge from university to society putting the relationship between accounting research and professional practice in jeopardy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper investigates the innovative intensity (iMID effect) in the local production systems (LPSs) using dynamic territorial units that modifies their geographical boundaries and specialization over time. The paper is based on the idea that the local communities are the real unit of generation of innovation and that they are constantly changing, behaving like a 'living innovation machine'. To explore this dynamic relationship, the paper applies the Marshallian industrial district (MID) as an approach to industrial change. Then, it focuses on the Marshallian industrial districts (MIDs) as a type of LPS and asks how the innovation effect changes in MIDs and other types of LPSs when dynamic territorial units are used. The differences in innovation intensity between the different types of LPSs are explained for Spain in the period 1991–2014 using new methods of analysis that combine causal analysis, a variable and adaptive geometry of territorial units and industrial specialization, and machine learning methods. The results show that the transformation of an LPS into another type of LPS does not automatically imply a change in innovative capacity, and the type of LPS of origin continues to be relevant in explaining current innovation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emerging debate on transnational populism has thus far mainly focused on cases, which have remained relatively inconsequential due to the weak institutionalisation of the political transnationalism arena. By bringing in a better-structured arena of migrant transnationalism, this paper introduces populist political parties mobilising transnational migrants to the debate and explores the resulting phenomenon of homeland populism. The paper investigates three populist parties that operate transnationally – Ecuadorian APAIS in Spain, Turkish AKP in Germany and Estonian EKRE in Finland. The analysis demonstrates that the phenomenon of homeland populism shares several distinct features despite the ideological, geographic, cultural and migratory differences between the three cases. The cases also sport differences: while the construction of 'the people' depends on migratory context, the construction of 'the antagonist' is more related to the ideational variations of populism. The study also suggests that the key target group of homeland populism are economic migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the evolutionary resilience approach and using Principal Component Analysis, this paper proposes a composite weighted index to measure levels of rural resilience and, in addition, to unravel why some rural areas are less resilient than others. Taking the region of Cantabria (northern Spain) at the municipal level as a sort of ‘laboratory’, the overall results unveil poor levels of resilience and suggest that the main factors limiting resilience are related to cultural interest, rural potential, natural endowment, and connectivity. Our findings also reveal considerable spatial heterogeneity across the different domains of resilience. As a specific contribution, the study brings together rural resilience levels and population growth (as population decline is the first direct consequence of a lack of resilience) in order to define different categories of rural territories, among which laggard rural areas are singled out as areas to be targeted for political intervention. When focusing on such areas, a crucial finding of the paper is that some municipalities that are lagging behind have not been included by the Regional Government as being at severe risk of depopulation, meaning that they cannot benefit from close public monitoring and fiscal support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth of short-term rentals (STRs) is leading researchers to frame these urban transformations indifferently as gentrification, touristification or tourism gentrification. This paper proposes that these concepts, though closely related, are not best suited to explain the urban transformations created by STRs. Using a theoretical and empirical approach, it attempts to delve into this theoretical debate. Since housing assetization is what ultimately drives the process, STRs should be framed as a specific form of housing assetization. It is suggested that the term that best captures this urban accumulation strategy and has greater explanatory power is that of STR housing assetization. The aim of this paper is twofold. Firstly, to theoretically justify the suitability of the STR housing assetization concept and specify its particularities as an urban accumulation strategy. Secondly, this accumulation strategy can be empirically observed by analyzing how STR markets develop in particular cities. For this purpose, the Spanish city of Valencia has been chosen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the relationship between the articulation of the 15-M movement in Spain and the expansion of Feminist Economics (FE) at the feminist base of this movement, in particular, in Feminism Committees (FC-15 M). We assert that this expansion was due to FE's capacity to explain the 2008 crisis beyond its economic-financial dimensions and to analyse the effects of the political-economic austerity measures on the sustainability of life. We claim that a differentiating feature of FE in Spain is its permeability to dialogue with social movements. Therefore, it has become more politicized and critical than other academic fields. This influence has also been reflected in the structure and contents of the most recent FE national conferences, which from 2013 on included not only the classic academic strand but also training and political action strands. In order to explore this development, our methodology includes interviews with key informants; document analysis of material generated in the conferences and the Feminism Committees of 15-M; questionnaires to activists, academics, and practitioners of FE; and informal observation as direct participants of the described processes and events. The paper begins with an introduction to FE thought and its connections with so-called 'Feminism for the 99%' and continues with a methodological section. The twofold results section analyzes the dialogues between FE and FC-15 M. It concludes with a summary of the key ideas presented and some final remarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between economic development and inequality has been closely examined by researchers. From the seminal work of Kuznets to the more recent work of Piketty, market forces in boom cycles, on the one hand, and institutional action, on the other, have been featured as the main drivers of change in income distribution towards more egalitarian societies. In the Spanish case, previous research has described varied processes with regard to the period of growth that followed the approval of the Stabilisation Plan during the Franco dictatorship (1959–1973). Thus, Alcaide reportedly detected a limited capacity of the developmentalist growth model to reduce inequality, which he attributed to institutional limitations. In contrast, later studies have highlighted the decline in inequality during the same period. This paper aims to investigate the effects of this growth cycle by examining the behaviour of wages in the most dynamic sector of the Spanish economy, industry. Specifically, by using the wage survey compiled by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística, the paper nuances previous research and shows how despite explosive growth, the developmentalist model and the peculiar institutional framework built within the Franco dictatorship contributed to increasing wage dispersion and income inequality in most industrial sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International large-scale assessments have gained much attention since the beginning of the twenty-first century, influencing education legislation in many countries. This includes Spain, where they have been used by successive governments to justify education policy change. Unfortunately, there was a problem with the PISA 2018 reading scores for this country, meaning the OECD refused to initially release the results. Therefore, in this paper we attempt to estimate the likely PISA 2018 reading scores for Spain, and for each region within. The figure finally published by the OECD for Spain – in terms of reading scores – was 476.5 points, which is between the lower and upper bound of the interval we find (475 to 483 test points in 2018). Additionally, we report some robustness checks for the OCED countries participating in PISA 2018, which show that the difference between the actual scores and the ones we found with the imputation methods are quite close. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of political marketing's theoretical tenets is the translation of commercial advertising techniques to politics. This paper focuses on celebrity endorsement as a commercial technique which is translated into political campaigning. Celebrity endorsement relates directly to celebrity politics, that is, the result of celebrity culture getting in touch with politics, as a way of revitalizing the offering of parties and candidates. In this context, our study analyzes the representation and use of celebrity politicians in Spain by the conservative Popular Party (PP) during the April 2019 national election. In order to shed light on the way celebrities were used in the PP's social media campaign, we content-analyze 1,117 Twitter messages taken from the party's profile, as well as conservative presidential candidate Pablo Casado's profile. Analytical variables include frequency of mentions, the strategic axis (rational/emotional) with which celebrities were depicted, the features which were highlighted, and the type of endorsement performed by the celebrities. Message topics and functions were also added to the analysis. Results indicate a weak and flawed strategic use of celebrities, who were scarcely mentioned, and depicted in a non-innovative, traditional fashion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conversations regarding moral values are increasingly becoming a pivotal dimension of public discourse. This paper presents a new approach to unacceptable discourse. Drawing on René Girard's cultural anthropology and Luciano Elizalde's dissent management theory, this work develops a scale of situations of dissent, such as controversy, polemic and public discourse scandal. It offers a detailed study of the polemic raised by the book Marry Him and Be Submissive, a process of dissent which was generated in Spain in November 2013 on the occasion of the publication of this Italian bestseller and lasted until January 2014. The book was written by the Italian journalist Costanza Miriano and translated and edited by the Archdiocese of Granada. The case study uses a triangular approach to discourse analysis, which aims to comprehend the enunciator's legitimacy and social positioning, the communication context in which the debate takes place, and the characteristics of the public discourse. A central element regards how reactions are organized around the signifier 'submissive' and the different frames of interpretation assigned to this word, in what will be called 'feminist' and 'post-feminist' paradigms. Mechanisms of dissent and consensus are explained, and takeaways and actors' strategies are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The management of municipal solid waste (MSW) in cities is one of the most complex tasks facing local administrations. For this reason, waste management performance measurement structures are increasingly implemented at local and national levels. These performance structures usually contain strategic objectives and associated action plans, as well as key performance indicators (KPIs) for organizations investing their resources in action plans. This study presents the results of applying a methodology to find a quantitative-based prioritization of MSW action plans for the City Council of Castelló de la Plana in Spain. In doing so, cause-effect relationships between the KPIs have been identified by applying the principal component analysis technique, and from these relationships it was possible to identify those action plans which should be addressed first to manage public services more efficiently. This study can be useful as a tool for local administrations when addressing the actions included in their local waste plans as it can lead to financial savings. Implications: This paper introduces and implements a methodology that uses principal component analysis to analyze real data from waste management KPIs and provide municipal solid waste managers with a decision-making tool for prioritizing action plans. The methodology saves financial resources and time, as well as reinforcing the probability of reaching the meta values of the main performance system KPIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses whether peer-to-peer (P2P) accommodation substitutes traditional accommodation, taking into account dynamic and spatial spillover effects. We also analyse the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis on the demand and substitution effect. To do this, we use a spatial dynamic panel data demand model for occupancy rates related to prices of P2P accommodation units, prices of competitors (hotels and apartments) and income. Its dynamic component allows estimation of the short- and long-term effects of prices and income on P2P accommodation demand. The model was applied to the P2P accommodation demand in the Canary Islands, Spain. The results indicate that, in the pre-pandemic period, occupancy rates were positively autocorrelated, demand was own-price elastic and substitution with hotels was significant in the short-term. This substitution effect and consumer sensitivity to prices and substitution increase in the long term. However, the irruption of COVID-19 largely distorted price and income-elasticities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inauguration of high-speed rail (HSR) services is often associated with renewed expectations of revitalization of local tourism activity in sparsely populated regions. However, the empirical literature on the actual ex-post effects of this transport mode is scarce. This paper contributes to this line of research by estimating the causal impact of the HSR on the number of visitors in three small cities located in low-density areas in Spain. Our results, using the synthetic control method, robustly show that the ex-post causal effects of the HSR on overnight visitors are insignificant and, if any, they seem to exert a negative influence rather than a positive contribution. This suggests that smaller cities should be very cautious about the short-run expected impacts of transport improvements, and policy makers and planners should be aware of the actual contribution of such investments in their assessment of the net social benefits of HSR projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports an experiment that investigates interpretive distinctions between two different expressions of generalization in Spanish. In particular, our aim was to find out when the distinction between generic statements (GS) such as Tigers have stripes and universally quantified statements (UQS) such as All tigers have stripes was acquired in Spanish-speaking children of two different age groups (4/5-year-olds and 8/9-year-olds), and then compare these results with those of adults. The starting point of this research was the semantic distinction between GS and UQS in that the former admit exceptions, unlike the latter. On the other hand, several authors have observed a Generic overgeneralization effect (GOG) consisting in allowing for UQS to be felicitous in the face of exceptions, thus proposing that this "error" stems from GS being defaults (simpler, more easily learned and processed). In the current paper we aimed to test the "Generics as Default" (GaD) hypothesis by comparing GS and UQS in three different age ranges. Our data show that, overall, the accuracy of GS is greater than the accuracy of UQS. Moreover, we also confirm a hypothesized interaction between age and NP type (GS vs UQS). Further, we present several data points that are not predicted by the GaD, including an observed decline in the accuracy of GS in the older group of children as well as in adults, and that children fail at rejecting statements that are not considered to be true generalizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the relationship between quality management, performance appraisal and pay for performance in a sample of 203 manufacturing plants (including firms that do not apply quality management) in Spain employing at least 20 workers. We make a distinction between collaboration with suppliers, customer focus and the use of quality tools. This consideration of quality management as multidimensional will help to disentangle the complex interrelationships with performance appraisal and pay for performance. Our findings point to a positive association of customer focus, collaboration with suppliers and quality tools with performance appraisal evaluating results and behaviours. Regarding pay for performance, closer collaboration with customers is positively related to individual pay for performance. The use of quality tools is positively related to individual and firm pay for performance. The managerial implications point out that there is still room for improving the effectiveness of quality initiatives by incorporating changes in pay for performance and performance appraisal oriented to the adaptation to the principles of quality management. From the theoretical perspective, our paper underlines the importance of not considering quality management as a unidimensional reality when examining its relationship with other management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critical geopolitics conceives of the internal organization of the state as a relevant geopolitical subfield. In this context, this paper aims to develop a geopolitical interpretation of the covid-19 crisis management in Catalonia and Spain from March 2020 to mid-April 2020. The paper begins by providing an overview of internal geopolitics literature by Spanish geographers, focusing on the Catalonia/Spain conflict, followed by a thorough analysis of written and oral materials compiled for that purpose. Three discursive periods are identified: up until the declaration of the State of Alarm in mid-March 2020, the first two weeks with this in force, and the first half of April 2020. The paper evinces that the examined materials support contested visions about the distribution of territorial powers within Spain, while also unearthing some specificities that ultimately relate to the Catalan national question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a critical assessment of equality policies from a theoretical standpoint. As an analytical proposal, this idea is exemplified within the educational context of Vocational Education and Training in Spain, specifically in the Region of Valencia. We have analysed Order 85/2016, insofar as it establishes mechanisms that seek to encourage access by women to professional fields which have been historically and culturally masculinised. Our analysis is based on two key questions: Does this policy succeed in increasing the number of women who undertake studies in masculinised professional fields? Is providing access to training sufficient to drive changes in gender relations? To approach these questions, we have reviewed the theoretical framework that gives rise to public policy and performed a comparative analysis of the number of enrolments registered since these mechanisms came into force. Our findings have led us to conclude that not only does this policy fail to fulfil its goal of encouraging women to enrol in certain studies, but its theoretical implications have paradoxically been found to heighten the gender divide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how climate change and the environment have been incorporated into Spain's security documents and policymaking. We have examined forty-plus documents issued by Spain's National Security Department to identify the evolution of the climate and environmental discourse. A keyword filter helped to single out the eleven most environmentally relevant documents, which have been qualitatively analysed to better understand the context in which environmental language is used. In our work we identify how both common practices of security analysts and policy-makers different level policies have been strongly influenced by environmental knowledge, and, therefore, incorporated new considerations into security policies as well as. Our findings suggest that climate is not the only challenge incorporated into security documents. Other environmental issues such as desertification, access to water, energy transition or loss of biodiversity are also included, which implies that they are part of a broader concept of national security more in line with the new challenges of the twentity-first century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social changes tied to late modernity and an increasingly precarious labor market have facilitated the emergence of fortune as a potentially significant element for understanding contemporary society. This article approaches this contingent, individualized, secularized, and uncertain panorama from the perspective of the young adults tasked with navigating these societal transformations and the effects of a prolonged economic crisis. Based on a discourse analysis of 20 in-depth interviews and three focus groups with young adults in Spain, it examines how chance/luck is employed by these individuals. A typology is presented and discussed, consisting of four different relationships with fortune. In the participants' narratives this paper finds a meritocratic approach, which involves an understanding that good luck is attained through individual initiative, but also relationships less concerned with human agentic power where it can be conceived as an explanatory or meaning making device, as a threat or as an element tied to hope. Consequently, the article seeks to address a gap in sociological research, which has tended to overlook the analytical relevance of fortune, arguing that it constitutes a central element to the symbolic frameworks of these vulnerable young adults as they make their way through a changing world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural innovation implies sharing information between researchers and farmers. Acknowledging the value of the other partner's knowledge is a preliminary step to facilitate agricultural interactive models. Traditionally, researchers' knowledges have been dominant, and farmers' knowledges have been underestimated. A large number of innovation papers pay attention to farmers' attitudes, interests, perceptions, barriers or drivers to change their practices. However, there is not so much information about researchers' point of view. The present paper analyses researchers' perceptions about farmers' knowledges and information sources. It is based on a survey of 156 agricultural researchers mostly from public institutions in Spain. Descriptive statistics and principal component analysis (PCA) focused on researchers' perceptions of farmers' knowledges and information sources. This paper finds that there are two distinct profiles of researchers according to their perceptions on the relevance of knowledges and information sources for farmers. However, both profiles shared the view of 'own experience' as a highly relevant source for farmers' knowledges. It advises how to promote knowledge sharing according to different researchers' perceptions of farmers' knowledges and information sources. This paper classifies agricultural researchers according to their perceptions of farmers' knowledges and information sources. This classification enriches the discussion about agricultural interactive knowledge models. This paper pays attention to researchers' perceptions of farmers' knowledges and information sources. It particularly focuses on multi-actor approaches and the integration of farmers' and researchers' knowledges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is now a wealth of research on obesity both from biomedical and socially critical perspectives. However, less research has focused on the lived experiences of young children and particularly those who are perceived as 'sedentary'. This paper critically examines the issue of obesity as related to children's experiences of physical (in)activity, via a focus on the circulation of socio-cultural and economic discourses in the context of Spain. We report on data obtained from interviews with 13 children identified as 'sedentary'. Data were analysed using thematic content analysis and based on the analysis a collective story was constructed to represent and give voice to the children's experiences. The collective story sketches a day in the life of 'Diego' to indirectly reveal the limitations associated with assuming that sport and school physical education (PE) are pragmatic 'answers' to the presumed issue of childhood obesity. In our analysis we draw on Foucauldian notions of bio-power and governmentality to highlight how neoliberal and capitalist logics shape and constrain children's experiences and opportunities. By presenting a narrative that delves into the various domains of these children's lives, their families, friends, peers and lifestyles, we argue there is still a need to reformulate and rethink how we understand childhood wellbeing and the role of PE. We conclude by suggesting that the conflation of PE with sport and health can subtly undermine some children's views of self. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Support for universal basic income is one of the key conundrums of the politics of welfare reform. Research shows that the predictors of UBI favourability also explain support for other policy alternatives, which differ substantially from a UBI, like targeted or conditional cash transfers. What is attractive or objectionable about a UBI to individuals, and which policy alternatives does public opinion actually prefer? In this paper, I tackle these questions with a conjoint experiment conducted in Spain. The results show that the universality of UBI, i.e., the fact that it is given to everyone, is what generates opposition. On the other hand, its unconditionality or the idea that it does not attach any conditions to recipients, is not particularly unpopular. However, the results also reveal that progressive funding mechanisms and restricting eligibility criteria to citizens only, can boost approval for this policy. These results have far-reaching implications for the study of welfare preferences, UBI support and theories on deservingness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is the construction of computerized 3D visualization of geological structures. Several Python applications have been used to adapt the paper map-based geological classical information to numerical geological maps represented in HTML files. The models include a map with the stratigraphic and structural contacts and symbols, five serial vertical sections, and a geological block diagram, all with real topography. This block diagram made with 2D figures allows a 3D visualization. Palomeque area (Murcia region, southeastern Spain) has been used as a key-case. This area consists of a deformed Upper Cretaceous to Oligocene succession belonging to the Internal Zone Malaguide Complex. The main structure consists of two thrust-fold sheets forming an imbricate system, also affected by a set of strike-slip faults with a sinistral regime. The constructed maps show a good agreement with the published classical geological maps and cross-sections demonstrating the benefits of using these Python applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the origin, development and fall of the 'school voucher' system in Spain. It was called the Ley de Financiación de la Enseñanza Obligatoria (Compulsory Education Financing Law) (LFEO), and this reform represented the first attempt at an international level to establish a school voucher model for a whole country. This article attempts to explain the importance of the new ideas that emerged from the Economics of Education and International Organisation to understand the origin of the proposed LFEO. It also focuses on its development and the parliamentary debate of the law. Finally, it explains how other foreign ideas began to compete to establish models of equal opportunities in education different from the one proposed. The paper provides a valuable insight into how educational transfers take place, and the importance of the role that local actors can play in the development and, in this case, the failure of such transfers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GeoHumanities is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In relation to the dynamic behavior of soils, the damping (D) and the dynamic shear modulus (G) has always acquired special relevance, since its evaluation has allowed the application of simplified models of dynamic soil behavior. They depend on many factors, being necessary to include the combination of monotonic (τo) and cyclical shear stress (τc) that are inevitably present under any structure. As part of an extensive testing programme, the objective of the present paper, besides the identification and classification tests, was to perform 139 simple cyclic shear tests with different levels of static stresses (τo) before the cyclic phase. This paper refers to the influence that the combination of monotonic (τo) and cyclic shear (τc) stresses has on the damping of a soft cohesive soil susceptible to sudden failure. Laboratory tests were carried out on undisturbed samples from the Port of Barcelona, in Spain. The samples were obtained at depths between 29 m and 52 m, that correspond to an effective vertical stress of (σ′ov) between 277 kPa and 413 kPa, respectively. In general, the results indicate that: a) the combination of τo and τc controls the damping ratio (D), b) in the combined monotonic and cyclic case, it is possible to establish empirical functions of the type D = D(N, γc), D = D(N, G/σ′ov) and D = D(N, u/σ′ov), for different (τo/σ′ov) ratios and c) it is possible propose a chart to evaluate the damping ratio as a function of N, G/σ′ov and u/σ′ov, for different (τo/σ′ov) ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Portugal and Spain have reformed their national standards to adapt them to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). This paper explains the process of implementing the IPSAS for consolidated reporting in the two countries and the advantages and disadvantages which have emerged. The results highlight the role of the IPSAS in improving the quality and use of consolidated financial statements (CFS) and will be of interest to other countries that are intending to implement the IPSAS. This paper will be of value to academics and practitioners with an interest in IPSAS and in the use of consolidated financial statements (CFS). The authors describe the experiences of two European continental countries in the implementation of accrual basis providing important lessons for countries that are considering implementing accrual accounting and/or IPSAS. Findings from this study will help managers and policy-makers to decide about the use of CFS taking IPSAS as a reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes a neo-institutional approach to the increase in supplementary tutoring (ST) in Sweden, understanding it as an ongoing expansion of the institution of formal education. A narrative analysis of tutors' narrated experiences of for- and non-profit tutoring improves our understanding of how actors animate the cultural clusters of the meaning of formal education in new educational contexts. The narrative identities of stand-by and self-sacrificing tutors illustrate how time and interpretation are crucial aspects of private tutoring in the dominant discourse on the importance of testing in formal education. The paper discusses the re-emergence of ST in Sweden and argues that the social and spatiotemporal settings of for- and non-profit tutoring relate to Swedish mainstream education in different ways, and that non-profit tutoring merits more attention from comparative international research on ST. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic and resultant lockdown and containment measures have instigated substantial changes in our daily lives and have affected many people's mental health. This paper reports two studies exploring gender-based differences with regard to the impact of COVID-related confinement on individuals' self-efficacy to regulate negative emotions (RESE-NE) and anxiety. Methods: Study 1 (cross-sectional; 269 participants; 52% women) explored the evolution of RESE-NE and anxiety. To this end, participants assessed their status at two time points: a retrospective assessment of the period before confinement in Spain, and a current assessment during confinement. Study 2 (longitudinal; 114 participants; 72.2% women) explored the evolution of the variables by adding a post-confinement time point and analyzed the mediating role of RESE-NE in the positivity–anxiety and resilience–anxiety relationships. Results: The results confirmed that: (a) RESE-NE decreased and anxiety increased more among women than among men during confinement (Study 1); (b) women recovered their pre-pandemic levels of mental health more slowly than did men following confinement; and (c) the mediating role of RESE-NE could be observed in the two relationships under analysis. Conclusion: In practical terms, the research highlights the need to pay special attention to women undergoing mental health interventions related to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to the differential burden that the pandemic may entail for men and women and to the contrasting social roles traditionally attributed to them. From the gender differences identified, it is possible to infer how stereotypes and social roles influence the behavior and mental health of men and women, leading them to cope differently with stressful situations such as confinement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Game-based science learning (GBSL) provide an alternative route for learning genetics, but its effects on students' conceptual learning is contested. In this paper we assess the utility, in primary teacher education, of Recal: a game designed to promote participants' learning of key genetic concepts through acting as detectives investigating a case. The purpose of the study was to analyse and compare teacher students' learning of genetics through the game, and both their attitudes towards and experiences of it. Tests were conducted in Spanish and Swedish contexts to assess its potential utility in contrasting cultural and educational contexts to obtain indications of the potential breadth of its application. Participants included 120 pre-service teacher students from a university in north-eastern Spain and 51 from a university in western Sweden. The research involved an intervention, in which students played the game, and assessment of its efficacy by questionnaires designed to investigate students' knowledge of genetics before and after the game, their expectations and experience of it, and their satisfaction with it. The results were analysed statistically. The game appeared to enhance both Spanish and Swedish participants' knowledge of genetics, and they reportedly found it both educationally beneficial and engaging. It was also assessed in terms of the following characteristics of GBSL, based on experiential data: contextualisation, authenticity, collaboration, problem-solving, guided paths and competition. The results clearly indicate that the game has utility in different countries and educational contexts. The article discusses how the six characteristics of GBSL facilitate or hinder learning, and implications (for educational professionals and researchers) of the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to identify potential causal relationships between macroeconomic variables and the stock market in Spain. Numerous articles recognize the influence of macroeconomic variables on the stock market and value this knowledge as essential for good investment management. However, there are very few empirical studies that justify the influence of disaggregated macroeconomic variables on the stock market in Spain and vice versa. This article uses the general index of the Madrid Stock Exchange as a proxy variable of the stock market and numerous macroeconomic variables, analyzing monthly data from January 2001 to December 2020 from various published data sources. A descriptive analysis is carried out and a vector autoregressive model (VAR) is applied. Finally, the causality is analyzed identifying the transmission of effects between them. The results confirm the impact of lagged interest rate, monetary aggregate M1 and unemployment rate on the stock market but also identify new features, such as the influence of the stock market on the interest rate, industrial production index, manufacturing activity index and economic sentiment index. This research is useful for Public Administration to detect possible risks in the economy, and it enables investors to better manage their investments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intrapreneurs are needed in the sport sector due to its competitive nature. However, little attention has been paid to this topic within sport entrepreneurship literature. This paper aims to examine the cross-cultural applicability of Ajzen's theory of planned behavior for predicting the intrapreneurial intentions (II) of sport science students from two European countries and to discover if there is a moderating effect of country's culture on the antecedents of II. A questionnaire to collect the data was used. The sample is composed by 736 final year sports sciences students from Spain and Lithuania. The combination of a symmetric (Structural Equations Modelling) and asymmetric (Qualitative Comparative Analysis) approach was used to examine the students' country culture as a potential moderator. Results indicate Ajzens's theory of planned behavior as a suitable framework to predict intrapreneurial intentions (II). Moreover, it is highlighted that the country's culture can have a moderating effect on the university students' II. Educational policy makers should consider the impact of county culture when promoting intrapreneurial behavior. In Spain, it should be developed a positive attitude towards intrapreneurial behavior, while in Lithuania it is more important to foster that they perceive as having the necessary skills to be an intrapreneur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most studies on the benefits of late life civic engagement have focused exclusively on formal volunteering. Older adults' political participation is much more overlooked. The current paper explores the benefits of long-term participation in political organizations as described by actively engaged Spanish older people. We used an adaptation of McAdams' life-story interview with 40 participants from three types of political organizations who occupy a responsible position within the organization. We identified three main themes in participants' answers: personal benefits, relational benefits, and community benefits. Overall, our results showed that the benefits arising from long-term political participation go far beyond the well-studied individual benefits that research on late-life volunteering has typically identified, and spread to relational and community areas. Social work practitioners should consider these benefits when they implement plans and programmes to promote healthy, active ways of aging, fostering age-friendly communities or reducing old-age social exclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using panel data for Spanish firms, this paper examines the role of firms' regional knowledge environment for commitment to innovation of innovation active firms. The empirical results show that a stronger regional knowledge environment increases the likelihood that an innovator engages continuously in R&D as opposed to occasionally. This positive relationship with the regional knowledge environment is robust and significant in manufacturing and specifically for small firms and for technology-intensive firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on care in Chinese transnational families often rely on bi-generational exchanges, failing to capture how care circulates within the families from a fully-generational perspective. The so-called 'elderly' is a key group for understanding care and mobility in these families; nevertheless, the existing research focuses either on their role as children caregivers or sees them as dependent people, resulting in a polarized perspective which also fails to understand the fluidity of care roles along the life course. Moreover, the generic term 'the elderly' may refer to one of several generations (grandparents/ great-grandparents). Based on qualitative data from a multi-sited ethnography (in China and Spain), this paper explores the circulation of care within four-generation transnational Zhejianese families. In these, the gendered construction of care work is the norm, despite the fact that new spaces for challenging specific gendered roles and practices are being created. In contrast, a high level of plurality and fluidity in care exchanges and care roles across generations, time and space has been observed. These factors are shaped, to different degrees, by local and transnational contexts, with the Chinese culture-system playing a key role. Finally, the paper highlights the contributions of the grandparents' generation to families and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses two questions: Which manufacturing industries are associated with the inception of knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS)? Do cross-sectoral interdependencies between the two sectoral macro-domains exhibit geographical heterogeneity? We use a job multiplier approach using decadal employment data of 399 municipalities in Spain over the period 1981–2011. The main result is that only traditional supplier-dominated industries exhibit significant employment effects, both positive and negative, on KIBS. Coherent with the prior literature, this is most prominent in denser areas. Our findings draw attention to the specificities of user industries, and lend support to the notion that KIBS are a heterogeneous group of activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Initial needs assessment can be useful for obtaining information about the issues that should be addressed in newly launched intergenerational centers. However, there are few examples of how such studies should be conducted. This paper shares insights and lessons learned during a needs assessment study conducted nine months after the inauguration of an intergenerational shared site in Spain. In addition to presenting the needs identified, such as accurate and complete job descriptions, the paper offers methodological recommendations to practitioners embarking upon a similar needs study. The value of needs assessment as an educational endeavor is also highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the innovation impact of R&D subsidies in Spain. It contributes to the literature on technology policy by challenging the assumption considering this impact as homogenous across firms. The paper presents a conceptual framework in which the human capital composition of a firm's R&D staff, defined in terms of education and skills, conditions the innovation impact of R&D subsidies. Using panel data for Spain, we find that the shares of Ph.Ds. and researchers within a firm's R&D staff positively moderate the effect of national R&D subsidies on the production of technological knowledge. This fact shows the strategic value of Ph.Ds. and researchers in exploiting R&D subsidies. We also show that the contribution of Ph.Ds. is limited to the production of technological knowledge. In contrast, the contribution of researchers goes beyond the production of technological knowledge, also enhancing the R&D subsidy impact on the commercialisation of firms' innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates the poverty level in Spain and the Czech Republic during 2013–2016 and analyzes the reason why poverty in Spain is higher. The contribution of this paper lies in decomposing horizontal poverty disparities between countries with similar development level. We find that in Spain inequality is higher, and the poor (especially the ultrapoor) are poorer than those in the Czech Republic, which offsets the poverty reduction effect of Spain's higher mean income and renders its poverty level higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper deals with the debate over centralization versus decentralization in road safety management, and specifically in traffic law enforcement. We address the case study of Spain, where a single traffic law acquis is enforced by two systems: road policing decentralized for some regions and national road policing for all others. Our econometric findings reveal that the Spanish regions with centralized traffic policing present better safety figures, which might be useful for reinforcing the coordinated performance of road safety policy in other traditionally decentralized countries. Furthermore, our evidence indicates that cautious analyses have to be carried out on a case-by-case basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the origins and development of trade unions in Spanish football. The origin of the Spanish Football Players' Union (Asociación de Futbolistas Españoles, AFE) and the process that led to the first footballers' strike held in March 1979 are specifically studied. Particular emphasis is placed upon the specific industrial and organizational contexts in which the AFE emerged, as well as on the structure, membership and leadership of this trade union. The paper argues that the AFE managed to wield considerable influence by directly challenging the authority of the controlling bodies represented by the Royal Spanish Football Federation (Real Federación Española de Fútbol, RFEF). The findings of this study shed light on the behaviour shown by RFEF, the media and football fans themselves in the face of the emergence of the football union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]