Search

Traditionally, "the operator calculus of Born and Wiener" has been considered one of the four formulations of quantum mechanics that existed in 1926. The present paper reviews the operator calculus as applied by Max Born and Norbert Wiener during the last months of 1925 and the early months of 1926 and its connections with the rise of the new quantum theory. Despite the relevance of this operator calculus, Born–Wiener's joint contribution to the topic is generally bypassed in historical accounts of quantum mechanics. In this study, we analyse the paper that epitomises the contribution, and we explain the main reasons for the apparent lack of interest in Born and Wiener's work. We argue that they did not solve the main problem for which the tool was intended, that of linear motion, because of their reluctance to use Dirac delta functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we use proof-theoretic methods, specifically sequent calculi, admissibility of cut within them and the resultant subformula property, to examine a range of philosophically-motivated deontic logics. We show that for all of those logics it is a (meta)theorem that the Special Hume Thesis holds, namely that no purely normative conclusion follows non-trivially from purely descriptive premises (nor vice versa). In addition to its interest on its own, this also illustrates one way in which proof theory sheds light on philosophically substantial questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract??We study a multiple-succedent sequent calculus with both of the structural rules Left Weakening and Left Contraction but neither of their counterparts on the right, for possible application to the treatment of multiplicative disjunction (fission, ?cotensor?,par) against the background of intuitionistic logic. We find that, as Hirokawa dramatically showed in a 1996 paper with respect to the rules for implication, the rules for this connective render derivable some new structural rules, even though, unlike the rules for implication, these rules are what we callipsilateral: applying such a rule does not make any (sub)formula change sides?from the left to the right of the sequent separator or vice versa. Some possibilities for a semantic characterization of the resulting logic are also explored. The paper concludes with three open questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a comprehensive investigation of stress propagation in a two-dimensional elastic circular disk. To accurately describe the displacements and stress fields within the disk, we employ a scalar and vector potential approach, representing them as sums of Bessel functions. The determination of the coefficients for these expansions is accomplished in the Laplace space, where we compare the boundary conditions. By converting the inverse Laplace transforms into complex integrals using residue calculus, we successfully derive explicit expressions for the displacements and stress fields. Notably, these expressions encompass primary, secondary, and surface waves, providing a thorough characterization of the stress propagation phenomena within the disk. Our findings contribute to the understanding of mechanical behavior in disk-shaped components and can be valuable in the design and optimization of such structures across various engineering disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we consider the semiclassical version of pseudo-differential operators on the lattice space ħ Z n . The current work is an extension of the previous work (Botchway et al. in J Funct Anal 278(11):108473, 33, 2020) and agrees with it in the limit of the parameter ħ → 1 . The various representations of the operators will be studied as well as the composition, transpose, adjoint and the link between ellipticity and parametrix of operators. We also give the conditions for the ℓ p , weighted ℓ 2 boundedness and ℓ p compactness of operators. We investigate the relation between the classical and semi-classical quantization in the spirit of Ruzhansky and Turunen (Pseudo-differential operators and symmetries. Pseudo-differential operators, vol 2. Theory and Applications, Birkhäuser, Basel, 2010; J Fourier Anal Appl 16(6):943–982, 2010) RTspsJFAA and employ its applications to Schatten–von Neumann classes on ℓ 2 (ħ Z n) . We establish Gårding and sharp Gårding inequalities, with an application to the well-posedness of parabolic equations on the lattice ħ Z n . Finally we verify that in the limiting case where ħ → 0 the semi-classical calculus of pseudo-differential operators recovers the classical Euclidean calculus, but with a twist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we construct a symbol calculus yielding short exact sequences for the dual Toeplitz algebra generated by all bounded dual Toeplitz operators on the Hardy space associated with the polydisk D n in the unitary space C n , that have been introduced and well studied in our earlier paper (Benaissa and Guediri in Taiwan J Math 19: 31–49, 2015), as well as for the C*-subalgebra generated by dual Toeplitz operators with symbols continuous on the associated hypertorus T n . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lambek categorial grammars is a class of formal grammars based on the Lambek calculus. Pentus proved in 1993 that they generate exactly the class of context-free languages without the empty word. In this paper, we study categorial grammars based on the Lambek calculus with the permutation rule LP. Of particular interest is the product-free fragment of LP called the Lambek-van Benthem calculus LBC. Buszkowski in his 1984 paper conjectured that grammars based on the Lambek-van Benthem calculus (LBC-grammars for short) generate exactly permutation closures of context-free languages. In this paper, we disprove this conjecture by presenting a language generated by an LBC-grammar that is not a permutation closure of any context-free language. Firstly, we introduce an ad-hoc modification of vector addition systems called linearly-restricted branching vector addition systems with states and additional memory (LRBVASSAMs for short) and prove that the latter are equivalent to LBC-grammars. Then we construct an LRBVASSAM that generates a non-semilinear set and thus disprove Buszkowski's conjecture. Since Buszkowski's conjecture is false, not so much is known about the languages generated by LBC-grammars or by LP-grammars. The equivalence of LRBVASSAMs and LBC-grammars allows us to establish a number of their properties. We show that LP-grammars generate the same class of languages as LBC-grammars; that is, removing product from LP does not decrease expressive power of corresponding categorial grammars. We also prove that this class of languages is closed under union, intersection, concatenation, and Kleene plus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent paper, Negri and Pavlović (Studia Logica 1–35, 2020) have formulated a decidable sequent calculus for the logic of agency, specifically for a deliberative see-to-it-that modality, or dstit. In that paper the adequacy of the system is demonstrated by showing the derivability of the axiomatization of dstit from Belnap et al. (Facing the future: agents and choices in our indeterminist world. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2001). And while the influence of the latter book on the study of logics of agency cannot be overstated, we note that this is not the only axiomatization of that modality available. In fact, an earlier (and arguably purer) one was offered in Xu (J Philosophical Logic 27(5):505–552, 1998). In this article we fill this lacuna by proving that this alternative axiomatization is likewise readily derivable in the system of Negri and Pavlović (Studia Logica 1–35, 2020). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper initializes higher-order uncertain calculus that deals with higher-order differentiation and multiple integration of uncertain process based on uncertainty theory. Fubini theorem and fundamental theorem of higher-order uncertain calculus are derived. Finally, this paper rigorously defines higher-order uncertain differential equations and introduces some analytic methods for solving these equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multivariate uncertain calculus is a branch of mathematics that deals with differentiation and integration of uncertain fields based on uncertainty theory. This paper defines partial derivatives of uncertain fields for the first time by putting forward the concept of Liu field. Then the fundamental theorem, chain rule and integration by parts of multivariate uncertain calculus are derived. Finally, this paper presents an uncertain partial differential equation, and gives its integral form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we establish some reversed dynamic inequalities of Hilbert type on time scales nabla calculus by applying reversed Hölder's inequality, chain rule on time scales, and the mean inequality. As particular cases of our results (when T = N and T = R ), we get the reversed form of discrete and continuous inequalities proved by Chang-Jian, Lian-Ying and Cheung (Math. Slovaca 61(1):15–28, 2011). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calculus continues to be an important topic of discussion among mathematics education researchers given how it often acts as a gatekeeper for students in STEM. In their extensive 2017 review of calculus literature, Larsen and colleagues identified two main areas of applied research that had largely been neglected: research related (1) to efforts to improve calculus teaching and learning and (2) to equity and social justice. In this review we investigate how scholars have answered this call by reviewing recent literature related to these two themes. First we identified some promising intervention studies that investigated changes at the course level (e.g., calculus courses intended for engineering students) and at the level of specific calculus topics (e.g. using digital tools to help students understand the Fundamental Theorem). Second, we identified several studies on diversity, equity, and inclusion. We found that some studies in this collection still approached this research through traditional methods (e.g., so called achievement gaps) but we also identified promising new directions for research in which scholars utilize critical theories and provide counter-narratives that highlight the strengths of calculus students from historically marginalized groups. We conclude our review by discussing future directions we hope to see in the field that we argue will strengthen current work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduce a biparametrized multiplicative integral identity and employ it to establish a collection of inequalities for multiplicatively convex mappings. These inequalities encompass several novel findings and refinements of established results. To enhance readers' comprehension, we offer illustrative examples that highlight appropriate choices of multiplicatively convex mappings along with graphical representations. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of our results to special means of real numbers within the realm of multiplicative calculus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a fundamental exploration of quantum theory within the quadratic Fock space in consistency with the quadratic quantization program, with a particular focus on two sets of operators that hold immense significance: the quadratic creation and preservation operators. In this paper, we highlight a critical contribution to the quadratic quantization program. In which we prove that when the argument f is a real valued function, the quadratic preservation operator is symmetric and even essentially self-adjoint. This mathematical confirmation not only solidifies the foundations of quantum theory but also amplifies its practical applicability in real-world scenarios. In consistency with previous result, we give the exponential action of the creation operator on the domain of quadratic exponential vectors. This is an expansion of what obtained in Accardi, Ouerdiane, Rebei (Infin Dimens Anal Quantum Probab Relat Top 13(4):551–587, 2010) for the one-mode case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this introductory paper we take partial stock of the current state of field on calculus research, exemplifying both the promise of research advances as well as the limitations. We identify four trends in the calculus research literature, starting with identifying misconceptions to investigations of the processes by which students learn particular concepts, evolving into classroom studies, and, more recently research on teacher knowledge, beliefs, and practices. These trends are related to a model for the cycle of research and development aimed at improving learning and teaching. We then make use of these four trends and the model for the cycle of research and development to highlight the contributions of the papers in this issue. We conclude with some reflections on the gaps in literature and what new areas of calculus research are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we will consider the existing notions of bilateralism in the context of proof-theoretic semantics and propose, based on our understanding of bilateralism, an extension to logical multilateralism. This approach differs from what has been proposed under this name before in that we do not consider multiple speech acts as the core of such a theory but rather multiple consequence relations. We will argue that for this aim the most beneficial proof-theoretical realization is to use sequent calculi with multiple sequent arrows satisfying some specific conditions, which we will lay out in this paper. We will unfold our ideas with the help of a case study in logical tetralateralism and present an extension of Almukdad and Nelson's propositional constructive four-valued logic by unary operations of meaningfulness and nonsensicality. We will argue that in sequent calculi with multiple sequent arrows it is possible to maintain certain features that are desirable if we assume an understanding of the meaning of connectives in the spirit of proof-theoretic semantics. The use of multiple sequent arrows will be justified by the presence of congruentiality-breaking unary connectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we treat metasequents—objects which stand to sequents as sequents stand to formulas—as first class logical citizens. To this end we provide a metasequent calculus, a sequent calculus which allows us to directly manipulate metasequents. We show that the various metasequent calculi we consider are sound and complete w.r.t. appropriate classes of tetravaluations where validity is understood locally. Finally we use our metasequent calculus to give direct syntactic proofs of various collapse results, closing a problem left open in French (Ergo, 3(5), 113–131 2016). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we establish the well-posedness of the Cauchy problem for a class of pseudo-differential hyperbolic equations on the torus. The class considered here includes a space-like fractional order Laplacians. By applying the toroidal pseudo-differential calculus we establish regularity estimates, existence and uniqueness in the scale of the standard Sobolev spaces on the torus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, by revisiting coderivative calculus rules for convex multifunctions in finite-dimensional spaces, we derive formulae for estimating/computing the basic subdifferential and the coderivative of the efficient point multifunction of parametric convex vector optimization problems. These results are then applied to a broad class of conventional convex vector optimization problems with the presence of operator constraints and equilibrium ones. Examples are also designed to analyze and illustrate the obtained results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Realizability notions in mathematical logic have a long history, which can be traced back to the work of Stephen Kleene in the 1940s, aimed at exploring the foundations of intuitionistic logic. Kleene's initial realizability laid the ground for more sophisticated notions such as Kreisel's modified realizability and various modern approaches. In this context, our work aligns with the lineage of realizability strategies that emphasize the accumulation, rather than the propagation of precise witnesses. In this paper, we introduce a new notion of realizability, namely herbrandized modified realizability. This novel form of (cumulative) realizability, presented within the framework of semi-intuitionistic logic is based on a recently developed star combinatory calculus, which enables the gathering of witnesses into nonempty finite sets. We also show that the previous analysis can be extended from logic to (Heyting) arithmetic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduced the concept of multiplicatively p-convex functions and established Hermite-Hadamard type integral inequalities in the setting of multiplicative calculus for this newly created class of functions. We also gave integral inequalities of Hermite-Hadamard type for product and quotient of multiplicatively p-convex functions. Furthermore, we obtained novel multiplicative integral-based inequalities for the product and quotient of convex and multiplicatively p-convex functions. Additionally, we derived certain upper limits for this new class of functions. The findings we proved are generalizations of the results in the literature. The results obtained in this study may inspire further research in various scientific areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuzzy projection is a mathematical operator inspired by the inverse fuzzy transform that is used to approximate functions. The fuzzy projection is designed such that the coefficients of the linear combination of the basis functions (fuzzy sets in a fuzzy partition) are optimized to obtain the best approximation of the functions from a global perspective, as opposed to the fuzzy transform, where the approximation focuses on fitting functions locally. The aim of this paper is to extend the fuzzy projection to a higher degree, similarly to the fuzzy transform, where the coefficients of the linear combination of the basis functions are expressed by polynomials. In this way, we can significantly improve the quality of the approximation by combining the settings of the fuzzy partition and the degree of polynomnials. In this paper, we show that a higher-order fuzzy projection can be computed using matrix calculus, leading to an easy algorithmization of the method. We also give its approximation properties and its applicability to discrete functions. The usefulness of higher-order fuzzy projection is demonstrated on two tasks, namely continuous function approximation and audio signal compression and decompression, where the results are compared with other relevant methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Priest argued in Fusion and Confusion (Priest in Topoi 34(1):55–61, 2015a) for a new concept of logical consequence over the relevant logic B, one where premises my be "confused" together. This paper develops Priest's idea. Whereas Priest uses a substructural proof calculus, this paper provides a Hilbert proof calculus for it. Using this it is shown that Priest's consequence relation is weaker than the standard Hilbert consequence relation for B, but strictly stronger than Anderson and Belnap's original relevant notion of consequence. Unlike the latter, however, Priest's consequence relation does not satisfy a variant of the variable sharing property. This paper shows that how it can be modified so as to do so. Priest's consequence relation turns out to be surprisingly weak in some respects. The prospects of strengthening it is raised and discussed in a broader philosophical context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chance-based gambling has been a recurrent cultural activity throughout history and across many diverse human societies. In this paper, I combine quantitative and qualitative data and present a cultural evolutionary framework to explain why the odds in games of chance in premodern China appeared "designed" to ensure a moderate yet favorable house advantage. This is especially intriguing since extensive research in the history of probability has shown that, prior to the development of probability theory, people had very limited understanding of the nature of random events and were generally disinclined to think mathematically about the frequency of their occurrence. I argue that games of chance in the context of gambling may have culturally evolved into their documented forms via a process of selective imitation and retention, and neither the customers nor the gambling houses understood the probability calculus involved in these games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present an encoding of the λ -calculus in a multiset rewriting system and provide a few applications of the construction. For this purpose, we choose the calculus named String MultiSet Rewriting, which was introduced in Barbuti et al. (Electron Notes Theor Comput Sci 194:19–34, 2008) by Barbuti et al. With the help of our encoding, we give alternative proofs for the standardization and the finiteness of developments theorems in the λ -calculus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the logic of conditional obligation, which originates from the works of Hansson, Lewis, and others. Some weakened forms of transitivity of the betterness relation are studied. These are quasi-transitivity, Suzumura consistency, acyclicity and the interval order condition. The first three do not change the logic. The axiomatic system is the same whether or not they are introduced. This holds true under a rule of interpretation in terms of maximality and strong maximality. The interval order condition gives rise to a new axiom. Depending on the rule of interpretation, this one changes. With the rule of maximality, one obtains the principle known as disjunctive rationality. With the rule of strong maximality, one obtains the Spohn axiom (also known as the principle of rational monotony, or Lewis' axiom CV). A completeness theorem further substantiates these observations. For interval order, this yields the finite model property and decidability of the calculus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bilateral proof systems, which provide rules for both affirming and denying sentences, have been prominent in the development of proof-theoretic semantics for classical logic in recent years. However, such systems provide a substantial amount of freedom in the formulation of the rules, and, as a result, a number of different sets of rules have been put forward as definitive of the meanings of the classical connectives. In this paper, I argue that a single general schema for bilateral proof rules has a reasonable claim to inferentially articulating the core meaning of all of the classical connectives. I propose this schema in the context of a bilateral sequent calculus in which each connective is given exactly two rules: a rule for affirmation and a rule for denial. Positive and negative rules for all of the classical connectives are given by a single rule schema, harmony between these positive and negative rules is established at the schematic level by a pair of elimination theorems, and the truth-conditions for all of the classical connectives are read off at once from the schema itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we develop computing machinery within the framework of the String Multiset Rewriting calculus (SMSR), as defined by Barbuti et al. [4], to solve the SAT problem in linear time regarding the number of variables of a given conjunctive normal form. This shows that SMSR can be considered a computational model capable of significantly reducing the time requirement of classical decision problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper tackles with the optical soliton solutions of stochastic the third-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation having multiplicative white noise via Ito calculus. Two efficient analytical procedures, which are the unified Riccati equation expansion method and the new Kudryashov method, are performed to structure the stochastic soliton solutions of introduced model. By making this choice, it has been intended to take advantage of the properties of these methods at the same time without using accessional operation and time in problem solving. Under favour of these techniques, bright and dark soliton forms are derived and their behavioral alterations on soliton dynamics under the effect of stochastic and the third-order dispersion terms are figured by 2D, contour and 3D diagrams. Considering the fact that the stochastic form of the equation has not been studied before in the absence of the chromatic dispersion term and the importance of noise effect for nonlinear models it is expected that the results which are obtained in this study will make a contribution to the studies in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A monomial in finite collection of homogeneous polynomials is a point-wise product of these polynomials each raised to some power. It was established in [14] and [15] that, given a finite set of positive linear operators acting from an Archimedean vector lattice into an f-algebra with multiplicative unit, the corresponding monomial is orthogonally additive polynomial if and only if the collection of these operators is a disjointness preserving set. It is shown in this paper that a similar result is also true in the case when the target space is a uniformly complete vector lattice. Moreover, the result remains valid if we replace the linear operators with homogeneous orthogonally additive polynomials. The correct definition of monomials in homogeneous polynomials is guaranteed by the homogeneous functional calculus and the concavification procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suppose that (X , d , μ) is a metric measure space of homogeneous type and L is a one-to-one operator of type ω on L 2 (X) , with ω ∈ [ 0 , π / 2) , which has a bounded holomorphic functional calculus, and whose heat kernel satisfies the Davies–Gaffney estimates. Suppose that p (·) : X → (0 , 1 ] is a variable exponent function with the globally log-Hölder continuous condition. In this paper, we introduce the variable Hardy–Lorentz space H L p (·) , q (X) associated with L with 0 < p - ≤ p + ≤ 1 and 0 < q < ∞ , and establish its molecular characterization. Moreover, we study the dual spaces of H L p (·) , q (X) with 0 < p - ≤ p + ≤ 1 and 0 < q < ∞ . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we tame the uncertainty about the volatility in time-averaging principle for stochastic differential equations driven by G-Brownian motion (G-SDEs) based on the Lyapunov condition. That means we treat the time-averaging principle for stochastic differential equations based on the Lyapunov condition in the presence of a family of probability measures, each corresponding to a different scenario for the volatility. The main tool for the mathematical analysis is the G-stochastic calculus, which is introduced in the book by Peng (Nonlinear Expectations and Stochastic Calculus Under Uncertainty. Springer, Berlin, 2019). We show that the solution of a standard equation converges to the solution of the corresponding averaging equation in the sense of sublinear expectation with the help of some properties of G-stochastic calculus. Numerical results obtained using PYTHON illustrate the efficiency of the averaging method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a new notion called radial directional derivative and derive its existence as well as main calculus rules. Then we employ them to investigate optimality conditions for a nonsmooth vector optimization problem subjected to an inclusion constraint in Banach spaces. With a directional (Hölder) metric subregularity assumption and a constraint qualification, necessary optimality conditions for both local weak and strict solutions are given in types of Karush–Kuhn–Tucker multiplier rules. The sufficient conditions are also established for local strict solutions whenever the decision space is finite-dimensional without any convexity assumption. Examples are provided to show advantages of the presented results over recent existing ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, Csiszár f-divergence via diamond integral is introduced and some inequalities related to Csiszár f-divergence involving diamond integrals are presented. Some examples are presented for different divergence measures by fixing time scales. Some divergence measures are estimated in terms of logarithmic, identric, geometric, and arithmetic means. The obtained results generalize some known results in the literature and provide new bounds for some divergence measures in q-calculus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In June 1888, Oliver Heaviside received by mail an officially unpublished pamphlet, which was written and printed by the American author Willard J. Gibbs around 1881–1884. This original document is preserved in the Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology at the Smithsonian Institute in Washington DC. Heaviside studied Gibbs's work very carefully and wrote some annotations in the margins of the booklet. He was a strong defender of Gibbs's work on vector analysis against quaternionists, even if he criticised Gibbs's notation system. The aim of our paper is to analyse Heaviside's annotations and to investigate the role played by the American physicist in the development of Heaviside's work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present a space-time calculus for symmetric spinors, including a product with a number of index contractions followed by symmetrization. As all operations stay within the class of symmetric spinors, no involved index manipulations are needed. In fact spinor indices are not needed in the formalism. It is also general because any covariant tensor expression in a 4-dimensional Lorentzian spacetime can be translated to this formalism. The computer algebra implementation SymSpin as part of xAct for Mathematica is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a novel arbitrary-order discrete de Rham (DDR) complex on general polyhedral meshes based on the decomposition of polynomial spaces into ranges of vector calculus operators and complements linked to the spaces in the Koszul complex. The DDR complex is fully discrete, meaning that both the spaces and discrete calculus operators are replaced by discrete counterparts, and satisfies suitable exactness properties depending on the topology of the domain. In conjunction with bespoke discrete counterparts of L 2 -products, it can be used to design schemes for partial differential equations that benefit from the exactness of the sequence but, unlike classical (e.g., Raviart–Thomas–Nédélec) finite elements, are nonconforming. We prove a complete panel of results for the analysis of such schemes: exactness properties, uniform Poincaré inequalities, as well as primal and adjoint consistency. We also show how this DDR complex enables the design of a numerical scheme for a magnetostatics problem, and use the aforementioned results to prove stability and optimal error estimates for this scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study vacuum static spaces. We firstly derive a Bochner-type formula for the Weyl tensor to vacuum static space. Based on a global argument, under the condition of zero radial Weyl curvature, we then obtain a pointwise identity and use it to prove that each closed vacuum static space of dimension n ≥ 5 with scalar curvature n (n - 1) and zero radial Weyl curvature is Bach flat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to introduce new classes of m-fold symmetric bi-univalent functions. We discuss estimates on the Taylor–Maclaurin coefficients | a m + 1 | and | a 2 m + 1 | , and the Fekete–Szegő problem is also considered for the new classes of functions introduced. We denote these classes by M F − S Σ , m p , q (h) , M F − S Σ , m p , q (s) , and M F − S Σ , m b , d . Quantum calculus aspects are also considered in this study to enhance its novelty and to obtain more interesting results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider a variant of the Lambek calculus allowing empty antecedents. This variant uses two connectives: the left division and a unary modality that occurs only with negative polarity and allows weakening in antecedents of sequents. We define the notion of a proof net for this calculus, which is similar to those for the ordinary Lambek calculus and multiplicative linear logic. We prove that a sequent is derivable in the calculus under consideration if and only if there exists a proof net for it. We present a polynomial-time algorithm for deciding whether an arbitrary given sequent is derivable in this calculus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines prospective mathematics teachers' knowledge of asymptotes and asymptotic behaviour of functions in calculus. They are university students and future facilitators of knowledge in upper secondary education. We constructed a reference epistemological model to describe the knowledge about asymptotes for upper secondary and university education and explored prospective teachers' relations to targeted knowledge. The study was conducted within the Anthropological Theory of the Didactic as a suitable framework to analyse and interpret knowledge of mathematical notions. Prospective teachers participated in three questionnaires with open, non-routine questions on different aspects of the notion of asymptotes. An analysis showed their knowledge was fragmented and their work relied heavily on algebraic manipulation and memorized formulas from calculus. The results indicated that knowledge of asymptotes and asymptotic behaviour is a potentially powerful context for developing knowledge related to the limits of functions in calculus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present the results of a survey of research studies on the learning of multivariable calculus in a wide geographic spectrum. The goal of this study is to describe what research results tell us about students' learning of calculus of two-variable functions, and how they inform its teaching. In spite of the diversity of cultures and theoretical approaches, results obtained are coherent and similar in terms of students' learning, and of teaching strategies designed to help students understand two-variable calculus deeply. Results show the need to introduce students to the geometry of three-dimensional space and vectors, the importance of the use of graphics and geometrical representations, and of thorough work on functions before introducing other calculus topics. The reviewed research deals in different ways with the idea of generalization concerning how students' knowledge of one-variable calculus influences their understanding of multivariable calculus. Some research-based teaching strategies that have been experimentally tested with good results are included. Results discussed include the following: basic aspects of functions of two variables, limits, differential calculus, and integral calculus. The survey shows that there is still a need for research using different theoretical perspectives, on the transition from one-variable calculus to two-variable and multivariable calculus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The q-rung orthopair fuzzy set (q-ROFS), initiated by Yager, is a novel tool to dispose of indeterminacy that considers the membership μ and non-membership ν , which satisfy the limited condition 0 ≤ μ q + ν q ≤ 1 . It can be employed in characterizing the vague preference more precisely and flexibly than intuitionistic fuzzy set and Pythagorean fuzzy set. q-ROFS has attracted deep concern of numerous researchers, which is mainly distributed in diverse research points such as comparison methods, aggregation operators, decision making methods, calculus, information measure, preference relation, graph and application scenarios. As a result of this growth, we give an overview of q-ROFS for offering a clear perspective on novel trends. A total of 80 q-ROFS related publications of Web of Science are in-depth analysis. Some significant results related to annual trends, country level, institutional level, journal level, highly cited papers, and research landscape are generated and illustrated. Eighteen future research directions or challenges related to the q-ROFS theory are indicated. Finally, the co-authorship analysis, the co-citation analysis, the co-occurrence analysis and the bibliographic coupling analysis are derived by VOSviewer software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper, we consider conditions providing the coincidence of the cores and superdifferentials of fuzzy cooperative games with side payments. It turned out that weak homogeneity is one of the simplest sufficient conditions. Moreover, by applying the so-called -representation of a fuzzy game introduced by the author, we show that for any with nonempty core there exists some game such that coincides with the superdifferential of . By applying the subdifferential calculus, we describe a structure of the core for classical fuzzy extensions of the ordinary cooperative game (e.g., the Aubin and Owen extensions) as well as for some new continuations, like the generalized Airport game. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to discuss the mathematical details in Lewis' model by considering the analyticity and integrability conditions of characteristic functions and payoff functions of contingent claims. In his seminal paper, Lewis shows that it is much easier to compute the option value in the Fourier space than computing in terminal security price space. He computes the option value as an integral in the Fourier space, the integrand being some elementary functions and the characteristic functions of a wide range of Lévy processes. The model also illustrates how the residue calculus leads to several variations of option formulas through the contour integrals. In this paper, we provide with, to a reasonable extent, some rigor into the mathematical background of Lewis' model and validate his results for particular Lévy processes. We also simply give the analyticity conditions for the characteristic function of the Carr–Geman–Madan–Yor model and a simple derivation of the characteristic function of Kou's double exponential model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mikusiński's operational calculus is a formalism for understanding integral and derivative operators and solving differential equations, which has been applied to several types of fractional-calculus operators by Y. Luchko and collaborators, such as for example [26], etc. In this paper, we consider the operators of Riemann–Liouville fractional differentiation of a function with respect to another function, and discover that the approach of Luchko can be followed, with small modifications, in this more general setting too. The Mikusiński's operational calculus approach is used to obtain exact solutions of fractional differential equations with constant coefficients and with this type of fractional derivatives. These solutions can be expressed in terms of Mittag-Leffler type functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1944 Hans Reichenbach developed a three-valued propositional logic (RQML) in order to account for certain causal anomalies in quantum mechanics. In this logic, the truth-value indeterminate is assigned to those statements describing physical phenomena that cannot be understood in causal terms. However, Reichenbach did not develop a deductive calculus for this logic. The aim of this paper is to develop such a calculus by means of First Degree Entailment logic (FDE) and to prove it sound and complete with respect to RQML semantics. In Section 1 we explain the main physical and philosophical motivations of RQML. Next, in Sections 2 and 3, respectively, we present RQML and FDE syntax and semantics and explain the relation between both logics. Section 4 introduces Q calculus, an FDE-based tableaux calculus for RQML. In Section 5 we prove that Q calculus is sound and complete with respect to RQML three-valued semantics. Finally, in Section 6 we consider some of the main advantages of Q calculus and we apply it to Reichenbach's analysis of causal anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let H be a complex infinite dimensional Hilbert space and B (H) be the algebra of all bounded linear operators on H . In this paper, we mainly study the operators that satisfy both a-Weyl's theorem and property (R). Also, the operators whose functional calculus satisfies the two properties are also explored. We give the features for the operator or its functional calculus for which both a-Weyl's theorem and property (R) hold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solving weakly singular equations has wide applications in engineering and science. The delay term makes it difficult for most existing solvers to deal with. Therefore, constructing an efficient and accurate solver is a challenge. In this paper, a Jacobi spectral method is developed for the delay calculus equation with a weakly singular kernel. The error analysis is also provided to justify the spectral rate of convergence for the error of approximate solution and approximate derivative decay exponentially in both the infinity norm and the weighted L 2 norm. In the end, numerical results are displayed to confirm the effectiveness of the Jacobi spectral analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case study of calculus instructional material (comprising of lecture notes and tutorial practice worksheets) designed by teachers from a Singapore pre-university is presented in this paper. As textbooks have not been available for mathematics at the pre-university levels, the instructional material was a product of the teachers' collaborative work based on their interpretation of the school mathematics curriculum. Through a study of the instructional material, the teachers' instructional goals and their alignment to the curriculum were examined. It was clear that the instructional material was more than a mere compilation of resources for the instruction; the teachers' effort was also in building the close connection within and across the concepts and sub-topics. The discrete parts of the content were organized under a "big idea" in the lecture notes. Anchor questions were used in the tutorial practice worksheets to facilitate students to recognize the similarity of the underlying structures of seemingly different questions. In addition to the teachers' articulated instructional goals such as covering all the key concepts, reducing students' cognitive load, or developing their algorithmic mastery, the study revealed the unarticulated goal as to raise the students' cognitive growth, which could be explained by the APOS cognitive growth model. In aligning to the school curriculum, it was observed that the teachers made judgement to tap on the advantage of the spiral curriculum to advance their students' understanding of calculus from the secondary level using a higher perspective, and to better their students' understanding of calculus concepts in addition to focusing on algorithmic mastery. The effort to engage their students in problem-solving and the use of technology to develop higher order thinking or enhance conceptual understanding remained implicit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]