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Objectives: Withholding workers' salaries for months as a punishment for engaging in a strike may natively affect and influence their psychological distress. This study assessed the correlation between physical activity, psychological distress, and socioeconomic status, and explored the factors influencing psychological distress among the striking workers in Nigeria. Methods: This cross-sectional face-to-face and online study conveniently sampled a total of 234 lecturers aged 27-69 years. The sociodemographic, physical, socio-economic, and psychological distress was assessed by the university strike physical and psychological distress questionnaire (USPAPDQ). Data analysis includes descriptive statistics, multiple linear regression, Spearman's correlation, and Man whiney U-test, using a P<0.05 as the level of significance. Results: The mean age, number of papers, and frequency/duration of exercise were 45.4±10.36 years, 4±5.82, 2.19±1.63 day/week, and 30.49±29.82 minutes/day, respectively. An inverse significant relationship was established between anxiety and age (r=-0.27; P<0.01), contemplating changing my job (r=-0.40; P<0.01), number of children (r=-0.19; P<0.01), academic rank (r=-0.27; P<0.01), frequency (r=-0.18; P<0.01), and duration (r=-0.16; P=0.02) of exercise. The significant predictors of anxiety were marital status (ß=-0.207, P<0.01), contemplation on changing my job if the strike continues (P<0.01, ß=-0.198), see anything positive about the strike (P<0.01, ß=0.178), and numbers of children (P<0.01, ß=-0.193). The significant predictors of depression were, an alternate source of income (P=0.04, ß=0.126), contemplation on changing my job if the strike continues (P=0.03, ß=-0.149), seeing anything positive about the strike (P=0.05, ß=0.118), and time (hours) spent watching television (P=0.03, ß=0.124). Discussion: Overall, the significant negative predictors of psychological distress include marital status, contemplating changing my job, and number of children. The positive predictors were seeing anything positive about the strike, alternate sources of income, and time spent watching television. The government may prevent the reoccurrence of strikes by honouring existing agreements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Nausea is one of the most important symptoms of patients undergoing chemotherapy. This study aims to determine the effects of aromatherapy with sour lemon on nausea in patients undergoing chemotherapy. Methods: A total of 50 patients undergoing chemotherapy were randomly assigned to experimental and placebo (control) groups. The two groups completed the visual analogue scale for nausea before and the first to the fourth week after starting the intervention. The intervention was performed during chemotherapy. Using a dropper, a paper towel was saturated with 3 drops of sour lemon essential oil; however, for the control group, 3 mL of water as a placebo was spread on a paper towel. The intervention in the experimental and control groups was performed once a week for 4 weeks during weekly chemotherapy sessions. Results: At the beginning of the study, no significant difference was observed between the mean score of nausea in the two groups (P>0.05). The first to the fourth week after starting the intervention, significant differences were observed between the mean score of nausea in the two groups (P<0.05). The results of the repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that the mean score of nausea changed over time in the experimental group, indicating a gradual decrease in the mean score of nausea (P<0.05). Discussion: Our findings indicated that aromatherapy with sour lemon can be effective in reducing nausea in patients undergoing chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The status of effective therapeutic interventions has been highlighted by rising concerns about adolescent addiction to information and communication technologies (ICT), especially Instagram. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the individual psychotherapy program for ICT addiction, focusing on reducing the severity of Instagram addiction... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Patient-centered care is the cornerstone of the healthcare system’s priorities. Attaining this goal necessitates a comprehensive understanding of patients’ encounters within the healthcare system to identify areas for quality improvement. To achieve this, healthcare providers and regulators require dependable, cost-effective, and user-friendly tools to assess and report the quality of patients’ healthcare experiences as part of ongoing service quality audits. The Waterloo Wilfrid Laurier University rehabilitation patient experience instrument (WatLX) is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring patients’ experiences in outpatient rehabilitation services. Accordingly, this study explores the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the WatLX in Persian-speaking people receiving outpatient rehabilitation services. Materials & Methods In this descriptive methodological study, we enrolled 115 adults aged 18 and above, possessing a suitable cognitive level, who had undergone at least one program of musculoskeletal, neurological, stroke, speech, and language rehabilitation services on an outpatient basis. The research targeted 10 centers and clinics specializing in physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy, strategically selected across five geographical areas of Tehran (North, South, East, West, and Center) in the year 2023, utilizing an available sampling method. The participants were asked to complete the following three questionnaires: WatLX, abbreviated mental test, and the Medrisk instrument for measuring patient satisfaction with physical therapy care. Additionally, participants’ background information was collected. The Persian-translated questionnaire was examined for face and content validity using the Lavashe method. The convergent validity was established through comparison with the Medrisk questionnaire. The Cronbach α value was computed to evaluate the internal consistency, while the test re-test reliability involved 39 subjects completing the questionnaire again 15 days after the initial test, with calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS software, version 23. Results The questionnaire underwent rigorous scrutiny for content validity by experts in physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, rehabilitation management, and statistics. The results revealed strong internal consistency (Cronbach α=0.802), high test re-test reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.974), and satisfactory convergent validity, demonstrated by the significant Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.503 with the Medrisk questionnaire. Conclusion The Persian version of the WatLX tool exhibits commendable psychometric properties, making it a reliable instrument for assessing the experiences of Persian-speaking Iranian patients in outpatient rehabilitation services. Its robustness suggests its applicability in both clinical settings and future research studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Disruptive and conduct behaviors are the most common conditions used to help adolescent patients refer to mental health clinics for counseling. The prevalence of this disorder is increasing and it is necessary to concentrate on this topic. The comorbidity of conduct disorder (CD) with other emotional and behavioral problems is common. One of the comorbidity disorders for which contradictory results are reported is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Several studies have demonstrated the comorbidity of these two disorders in patients with a younger age of onset, more severe symptoms, and more stable disease. Hence, this study determines the prognostic value of the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory adolescent-restructured form (MMPI-A-RF) for CDs and investigates the effect of comorbidities, such as ADHD. Materials & Methods The sample of the present comparative casual study consisted of 295 adolescents who were selected by purposeful sampling, based on the current and the Kiddie schedule for affective disorder and schizophrenia-present and lifetime for school-age children (6-18 years old) and the final version of the MMPI-A-RF questionnaire. The Mean±SD of all the MMPI-A-RF scores were compared among three groups of patients with CD (n=40), patients with a comorbid diagnosis of conduct disorder and ADHD (n=68 people), and patients with other psychiatric disorders (mood and anxiety disorders). Analysis of variance was used to determine the significance of differences among the three groups. If the deviations were significant, the Games–Howell post hoc test was used to inspect differences between the groups. Results The comparison of CD and CD+ADHD patients with other disorders revealed meaningful differ)ences in almost all the indicators related to externalizing problems. The CD+ADHD group had markedly greater scores on the scales of antisocial behaviors (P<0.001), aggressive-revised personality (P<0.001), and conduct problems (P<0.001) compared to the CD group and other psychiatric disorders group. Conclusion The results are consistent with the background and revealed more severe symptoms and more functional degradation in the CD+ADHD group compared to the CD and other psychiatric disorders group. This subgroup can have different risk symptoms, clinical courses, and drug responses. MMPI-A-RF can supply valuable information about the comorbidity of psychiatric disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Autism is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders. It causes problems in social cognition, communication, and understanding of self and others’ feelings, and has a negative effect on the quality of a person’s life. The present study determines the effectiveness of the Cogniplus cognitive training program on the social cognition (theory of mind (ToM) of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Materials & Methods In a semi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test design, and a control group with a two-month follow-up, 65 children (44 male and 21 female) from 6 to 11 years old with ASD were selected based on the convenience sampling method from individuals referred to one of autism rehabilitation centers in Shahr-e-Ray City, Iran. They were assessed by the autism spectrum screening questionnaire (ASSQ). Overall, 50 children (33 male and 17 female) with a score of 19 and above on the autism spectrum screening questionnaire were diagnosed with high-functioning autism. They entered into the study according to the inclusion criteria as follows: having speech ability, the absence of motor or intellectual disability, and visual and hearing impairments. Meanwhile, they were matched based on their age. They were randomly and equally assigned to two experimental and control groups. The parents completed the ToM test. The experimental group participated individually in 20 sessions (twice a week, 30 min per session), in the Cogniplus cognitive training program, but the control group only received mainstream services (occupational therapy, speech therapy, art therapy, and music therapy). The parents completed the ToM test in the last session and two months follow-up. The data were analyzed by the correlation analysis, analysis of regression, and generalized estimating equations in the SPSS software, version 27. Results The results of generalized estimating equations analysis showed that the Cogniplus cognitive training program improved social cognition (total, first level, and second level of ToM). Meanwhile, the β coefficient showed that 2.9, 3.08, and 0.96 of the variations, respectively, in the ToM levels as the first, the second, and the total, in children with ASD who received Cogniplus cognitive training program. Also, the variations lasted after a two-month follow-up. Conclusion Considering the positive effect of the Cogniplus cognitive training program on social cognition, the use of the Cogniplus cognitive training program can solve the need for therapists who have new cognitive insight into training. Also, the implementation of such programs can help to improve the social cognition of children with autism disorder with high functioning in real-life situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are one of dentists’ most common occupational health problems. Human error is considered one of the critical factors of medical error. Musculoskeletal abnormality due to inappropriate work postures and mental workload are two important causes of human error in dental operations. Hence, this study investigates dentists’ mental workload and the incidence of skeletal-muscular disorders. Materials & Methods A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in Shahid Shukri Dental Hospital in 2021. The sampling was done via the targeted sampling method and 42 individuals were included in the study. The NASA task load index and the Nordic questionnaire were used to collect the data. Data analysis was done using the SPSS software, version 26, at the significance level of 0.05. Results The average percentage of disorders were as follows: Neck area=30.1%, left shoulder=11.76%, right shoulder=13.74%, right elbow=9.23%, left elbow=6.56%, right wrist=28%, left-hand wrist=25.06%, upper back area=20.1%, waist=13.8%, hip and thigh=17.1%, knee=26% and ankle=23.46%. Age and work experience had a significant relationship with the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (P<0.05). The effort component with a Mean±SD of 74.95±22.16 received the highest score and discouragement with a Mean±SD of 49.92±26 got the lowest score compared to other components. The central sterilization department, with a mean of 67.41±24.86, exhibited a higher mental workload than other departments. In contrast, the admission department, with a mean of 50.72±26.59, reported a lower mental workload than other cases. Conclusion Musculoskeletal disorders are related to workload and work capacity. Creating suitable working conditions, providing more training programs to employees, and strengthening their mental workload capacity can help prevent occupational injuries in the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The rapid and limitless outbreak of the coronavirus in 2019 caused athletes to quarantine in their homes, resulting in stress and anxiety and the experience of negative symptoms, such as sleep disorder. The present study aims to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of yoga exercise on athletes' anxiety and... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The current study aims to investigate the effect of a comprehensive warm-up program on functional movement (FM) patterns and landing errors of young male wrestlers. Methods: For this purpose, 50 wrestlers from Karaj City, Iran were selected as available to participate in the research and then randomly divided into two... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Considering the high prevalence of neck pain among dental professionals, as well as its adverse effects on the work activities and quality of life of dentists, this study investigates the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in dental students in addition to the relationship between the severity of neck pain and the ability to perform work. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 108 senior dental students and residents participated. The data were collected through four questionnaires, including body map, neck pain and disability scale, neck disability index and work ability index. The data were analyzed through the SPSS software, version 25. Meanwhile, a P<0.05 was considered a significance level. Results: In this study, 85 out of 180 individuals (87.7%) experienced at least one musculoskeletal disorder. The most reported pain was in the neck (45.4%), back (36.1%), and right shoulder (31.5%), respectively. There was a relatively positive and significant relationship between neck pain intensity and inability to perform daily work (R=0.717, P≤0.01). Also, there was a reverse and significant relationship between neck pain intensity and the ability to work (R=0.384, P≤0.01). Discussion: Musculoskeletal disorders are high among dental students and residents in universities of Tehran City, Iran. Meanwhile, neck pain is the most common disorder. The existence of this disorder affects the daily ability to work, which can reduce productivity, increase sick leave, and ultimately premature retirement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The development of effective connections between nurses and parents depends heavily on nurses' empathy. Parenting strategies and attitudes have an impact on the emotional connection between parents and children in a variety of scenarios. Accordingly, this descriptive correlation study evaluates the level of empathy and investigates the relationship between parenting styles and the empathy of nurses. Methods: A purposive (non-probability) sample of 180 nurses was recruited in the current study and selected from four teaching hospitals in Kerbala City, Iraq, according to specific criteria. A pilot study was used to assess the questionnaire's reliability, and a panel of (17) experts was used to determine the questionnaire's content validity. The data were collected through interviews using two scales, namely the parental authority questionnaire, and the Jefferson scale of empathy physician/health professions. The data were investigated and interpreted using the SPSS software, version 22. Numbers and percentages were used to illustrate the quantitative qualities. The Spearmen coefficient was applied to evaluate the relationships between the study variables. The significance level was considered a P=0.05. Results: Nurses have a low level of empathy. There are significant correlations between the father's and mother's parenting styles (authoritative, permissive, and authoritarian dimensions) and empathy. In addition, there is a substantial association between nurses' empathy and job desire. Discussion: Nurse empathy is vital for building strong connections with parents. Parenting styles affect the parent-child emotional bond in various situations. The study on parental rearing patterns and empathy among nurses at teaching hospitals revealed that nurses who have low empathy levels and parenting styles significantly relate to empathy. Nurses' empathy also impacts their job satisfaction. The study recommends adopting the authoritative parenting style to enhance empathy. Awareness programs through various media should educate parents about positive and negative parenting styles and their effects on children's futures. By promoting empathy and supportive parenting, parents can nurture empathetic and well-adjusted individuals. The parenting style of both fathers and mothers is associated with empathy among nurses, and job desire may be an important factor that is related to nurses' empathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study examines the impacts of health-related quality of life (QoL) on children who suffer from cerebral palsy, in addition to sociodemographic characteristics and other aspects. Methods: Children who suffer from cerebral palsy (CP) who were referred to a Rehabilitation and Rheumatology Clinic in Bagdad, Iraq, were the subjects of a cross-sectional research. The primary data were gathered from parents and kids via a questionnaire. The CP module for The pediatric QoL inventory 3.0 in Arabic was used. The period of August 2022 to February 2023 was used for gathering the data. Researchers evaluated participants using the body mass index (BMI) and the gross motor function classification system. Data analysis was done using SPSS software, version 26 and involved calculating Mean±SD, reporting descriptive statistics, and testing random distribution assumptions. Reliability was assessed via the Cronbach α coefficient and interference analysis, with a considerable level set at P≤0.05. Results: This research enrolled 139 children of which 55.7% were male and the mean age was 5.7 years. The greatest age group was 5 years (51.1%), 59.7% of children were categorized in levels (III, IV and V) and the majority had a low QoL. The domain of daily activity received the highest score out of the six existing domains (57.05%). Discussion: CP affects the QoL of children aged 5 to 7 years. The intensity of the gross motor function classification system, physiological and topographical classification, and healthrelated QoL were associated significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: After the divorce of their parents, children face various behavioral problems, and the attachment styles of the parents and their parenting styles will affect these problems. This research assesses the mediating role of attachment styles in the relationship between parent-child relationships and parenting styles with children's behavioral problems after divorce. Methods: The investigation was classified as a descriptive-correlation type. The population consisted of mothers of children aged 6 to 10 years who had undergone divorce proceedings at the Shahid Bahonar Judicial Institute's Welfare Department in Tehran City, Iran, during the first half of 2022. A convenience sampling method was used to select 268 mothers based on a correlation plan. They completed the child behavior inventory (CBCL), parent-child relationships survey questionnaire (PCRS), parenting styles inventory (PSI), and revised attachment style survey (RAAS). The research hypotheses were tested using the smart partial least squares in structural equation modeling. Results: The assessment of the research tools' reliability was conducted via the Cronbach α method and the composite reliability coefficient, with all variables showing a coefficient of above 0.7, indicating acceptable reliability. The validity of the questionnaire was evaluated using the average variance extracted, which exceeded 0.4, indicating relatively acceptable validity. The assessment of the adequacy of the structural model involved analyzing important coefficients of Z, R2, and Q2, with the obtained results indicating an appropriate fit. The results displayed that the mediating role of anxious-ambivalent attachment style and avoidant attachment style is evident in the association between authoritarian and permissive parenting styles and the parent-child relationship, particularly concerning children's behavioral problems (β=0.184, P<0.05; β=0.019, P<0.01). Secure attachment style serves as a mediating role (partial role) in the association between authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive parenting style and parent-child relationship with children's behavioral problems (β=-0.364, P<0.05; β=-0.096, P<0.01; β=0.056, P<0.05). Discussion: Avoidant and secure attachment styles can mitigate the impact of permissive and authoritarian parenting styles by mediating roles in the association between parent-child relationships and parenting styles with children's behavioral problems after divorce. They also highlight the emphasis on maintaining positive parent-child relationships and implementing authoritative parenting styles to reduce children's behavioral problems following. Further research is needed to address and assess concerns regarding children's behavioral problems after divorce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Since December 2019, COVID-19 spread worldwide. Patients with COVID-19 are at high hazard for dysphagia. This study investigates the incidence of dysphagia in COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and identifies predictors of dysphagia in COVID-19 patients. Methods: This prospective study analyzed 100 COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU of Firoozgar Hospital in Tehran City, Iran. The demographic and clinical features of the eligible patients were collected. Dysphagia and cognition were evaluated according to the Persian version of functional oral intake (FOIS-P) status and the Rancho Los Amigos scale (RLAS). The qualitative variables are described in frequency and percentages and the quantitative variables are illustrated by Mean±SD. Also, univariate and multivariate cox regression was performed to predict possible relations between demographic and clinical variables with dysphagia. Results: A total of 100 COVID-19 patients (43.3±13.3 years, 55% were men) who were admitted to the ICUs were appraised by speech and language pathologists. Meanwhile, 70% of the subjects had at least one comorbidity, with the most common ones being diabetes, hypertension, and obesity. Also, 74% of patients were on invasive mechanical ventilation (60% through endotracheal tube and 40% through tracheostomy). In addition, 57% of patients presented dysphagia. Age (odd ratio (OR)=1.127; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.019%, 1.247%; P=0.02) and level of consciousness (OR=0.393; 95% CI, 0.178%, 0.868%; P=0.021) were predictors of dysphagia. Discussion: Dysphagia was prevalent among COVID-19 patients predicted by age and level of consciousness. Early evaluation of suspected patients is required for timely and efficient interventions to avoid further problematic issues and progress their quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This study aimed to investigate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the "resilience assessment questionnaire" in patients with multiple sclerosis. Materials & Methods The statistical population of the present study included all multiple sclerosis patients living in Tehran City in 2022. Of them, 250 people were selected through available sampling. The participants completed the questionnaires of Gromis et al. resilience and the hospital anxiety and depression scales. The validity of the questionnaire was investigated using the formal, content, construct, and predictor methods. Also, the reliability of the test was checked through the Cronbach α method and retesting. Data analysis was done using SPSS software, version 26. Results The face validity was confirmed by checking the content and solving the appearance problems. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed after correcting the questions. The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that the resilience questionnaire includes 5 components: Emotional and cognitive strategies, physical activity and diet, family and friends support, peer support, and spirituality. Also, the Cronbach α values of these components were 0.88, 0.79, 0.62, 0.76, 0.50, and 0.89, respectively. The eigenvalues of these components explained 47.49% of the variance. There was a significant relationship between the resilience and anxiety/depression questionnaire components. The correlation value between the first and second stages confirmed the retest validity of the resilience questionnaire. Conclusion The Persian version of the "multiple sclerosis resilience" scale is a valid and reliable tool for assessing resilience features in Iranian MS patients, which can be used in policymaking and research studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study examines the impact of dynamic neuromuscular stabilization (DNS) on chest mobility, upright sitting height, and quality of life (QoL) in obese women. DNS exercises are used to assess and activate the spinal stabilizers to improve the performance of the posture and respiratory systems. Methods: In this semi-experimental... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Past research supports the hypothesis that the position of basketball players affects their susceptibility to injury; however, there is disagreement among researchers regarding which positions are at greater risk of injury. The current study compares the lower limb joint angles in basketball players with dynamic knee valgus deficiency across... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This research compares the effectiveness of weight-bearing exercise on a rebounder, as well as ankle exercise therapy on biomechanics and quality of life (QoL) in patients with diabetic neuropathic feet. Methods: The present investigation is a clinical trial study with two experimental groups and one control group. A total of 48 women... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Short child occupational profile (SCOPE) screening tool is used to assess different factors of functional abilities and record the progress levels of individuals in occupational therapy interventions. This study aimed to validate a Persian version of the SCOPE test. Methods: This methodological research was conducted in two stages, including translation... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that includes abnormal communication, repetitive and limiting interests, and social dysfunction. This study aimed to identify the experiences of parents in raising children with ADS in Iran. Methods: A total of 18 parents of children with ASD were selected by purposive and convenient... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the third most frequent cause of infant mortality in the United States (US), which kills 3500 infants a year and accounts for 8% of all infant deaths. The study aims to evaluate mothers' practices of preventing SIDS in Holy Karbala City and to find... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common disorder among children. The architectural design of the treatment environment can be effective in the quality of rehabilitation for these children. On the other hand, considering that an important part of treatment for children with ASD is to meet their sensory needs, there is a need for intervention and adaptation to the environment (sensory regime). The study aims to investigate the effect of the interior architecture of rehabilitation centers on the outcome of occupational therapy for children with ASD. Materials & Methods This is an observational cross-sectional study on 50 children with ASD aged 3-14 years, who were assigned into two groups of treatment in standard and non-standard environments, according to interior architectural factors. They were assessed before and after occupational therapy. To rank the physical space of rehabilitation centers, a researcher-made questionnaire was used with 30 criteria measuring natural light intensity, light quality (natural or artificial), visibility and view of the inside of the building, noise and visual pollution, and color of the walls. The criteria were based on the opinions of 32 occupational therapists and parents of 50 ASD children. The sensory profile 2 was used to measure sensory processing patterns (sensation seeking, sensation avoiding, sensory sensitivity, and sensory registration) of children with ASD. The paired t-test was used for within-group comparison, and the independent t-test was used for between-group comparison. Results Both standard and non-standard treatment environments were effective in improving all four patterns of sensory processing (P=0.04). However, the rehabilitation center with standard design had a more significant positive effect on all four sensory processing patterns, including sensation seeking (P=0.001), sensation avoiding (P=0.001), sensory sensitivity (P=0.01), and sensory registration (P=0.001) compared to the non-standard environment. Conclusion The interior architecture of rehabilitation centers has a significant positive effect on the sensory processing patterns of children with ASD, which can affect the quality of rehabilitation services. Therefore, it is recommended to optimize the interior architecture of rehabilitation centers for ASD children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Proper physical activities play an important role in reducing disease and mortality in old age, and is one of the main causes of active aging; however, the fear of falling is a barrier to having proper physical activity. Due to the difference between the elderly living in urban and rural areas regarding the risk factors of fear of falling and the amount and type of physical activity, this study aims to investigate and compare the fear of falling, physical activity, and activities of daily living (ADL) in the elderly living in urban and rural areas of Konarak County, Iran. Materials & Methods In this analytical cross-sectional study, 350 elderly people aged ≥60 years, who were under the coverage of comprehensive rural and urban health service centers in Konarak, Sistan and Baluchestan province (224 from rural areas and 126 from urban areas) were selected using a random sampling method and based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. In addition to recording their demographic information, their fear of falling, physical activity, and ADL were measured by the Persian version of falls efficacy scale-international (FES-I), Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA), ADL scale, and Instrumental ADL scale (IADL), respectively. Results The mean overall age of the elderly was 68.48±7.84 years (69.53±8.29 years in the rural group and 66.62±6.61 years in the urban group), and there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of age (P<0.001). Pearson correlation test results showed that the FES-I score had a statistically significant negative relationship with the scores of ADL, IADL, and RAPA1 in total and in each group (P<0.001), but there was no statistically significant relationship between the FES-I score and the RAPA2 neither in total (P=0.40) and nor in rural (P=0.38) and urban (P=0.81) groups. Conclusion The fear of falling is significantly higher in the elderly living in rural areas of Konarak county compared to those living in urban areas. The RAPA1 and basic ADL of the elderly living in urban areas are higher compared to those living in rural areas, but there is no significant difference between them in RAPA2 and IADL. In addition, fear of falling has a significant relationship with physical activity of the elderly in overall and in rural and urban groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Intensive military training courses are among the programs and specialties of the police force. Musculoskeletal disorders in the military are one of the vital factors that keep people away from courses and shorten their service life. This research aims to measure the prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries in newly arrived students in the pre-service training course of the police force using the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center (OSTRC) questionnaire. Methods: For this purpose, 124 soldiers with a mean age of 20.7 years, a mean height of 178.5 cm, a mean weight of 72.9 kg, and a mean activity per week for 3 hours and 19 minutes in one of the training barracks affiliated to the Tehran Police Force and were selected and completed the OSTRC questionnaire every month for 6 months. The research design of this study is epidemiology and the results are presented descriptively. Results: The results of the research related to prevalence measurement on a monthly mean showed that ankles at 2.8%, knees at 2.2%, and waist at 1.8% respectively have the highest prevalence rates among soldiers. Also, among the harmful factors, the parade had the largest share with 22.5% and during 6 months, the second month had the highest number of injuries, and the sixth month had the lowest number of injuries. In terms of participation in exercises, 86.6% of soldiers participated in practical classes without any physical injuries during the six months. A total of 9.1% of the soldiers could not perform optimally and properly despite their full attendance in the practical classes due to physical injuries and finally, 3.8% of the participants, despite attending the practical classes, had to leave the class halfway due to the severity of the injury. Conclusion: What is clear is that the most affected areas are the central area and the lower limbs, and the spine of the back, head, neck, and upper limbs were not among the most damaged areas. Finally, it seems that the prevalence rate among the soldiers in training courses is acceptable and close to the average of global statistics. However, it is required to take preventive measures as well as plan to add classes and specialized exercises to strengthen physical fitness and specialized exercises related to improving the conditions of damaged areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Shin splints are a common injury in the world of sports, causing pain along the inner edge of the tibial and impacting an athlete's performance and well-being. The study aims to examine how kinesio taping application affects pain, postural control, and plantar pressure parameters in athletes with shin splints. Methods: A placebo-controlled trial design was used, with 32 athletes with shin splints randomly assigned to either the kinesio taping group (KT=16) or the placebo group (PC=16). The KT group received kinesio tape with 75% tension applied to the affected shin, while the PC group received the same application without tension. Before and after the taping intervention, pain levels, postural control, and plantar pressure parameters were evaluated. Results: Results indicated that the KT group experienced a significant pain reduction and improved postural control and plantar pressure parameters compared to the PC group. Conclusion: These results suggest that kinesio tape can relieve pain in the short term and enhance postural control and plantar pressure distribution in athletes with shin splints. Further research is necessary to explore the long-term effects and underlying mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Age stereotypes, as common social beliefs about the aging process and the age groups, can have a considerable impact on the physical and mental health. Considering the lack of a reliable tool in Iran to measure age stereotypes, the present study was aims to investigate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the age stereotypes questionnaire. Methods & Materials This is a descriptive-cross-sectional study. Participants were 360 elderly people over 60 years old in Kermanshah, Iran, who were selected based on the inclusion criteria using a convenience sampling method. Participants completed the Persian versions of Kornadt and Rothermund's age stereotypes questionnaire and Kaspar et al.'s awareness of age-related changes (AARC) questionnaire. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and confirmatory factor analysis in SPSS software, version 26 and AMOS version 24. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results The mean age of participants was 67.66±5.88 years. Participants were 175(48.6%) males and 185(51.4%) females. In assessing internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha for the subscale of family and partnership was obtained 0.871; for the friends and acquaintances subscale, 0.842; for religion and spirituality subscale, 0.747; for leisure activities and social or civic commitment subscale, 0.774; for personality and way of living subscale, 0.809; for financial situation and dealing with money-related issues, 0.846; for work and employment subscale, 0.859; and for physical and mental fitness, health and appearance, 0.874. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the eight-factor model had a very good fit. The results of Pearson's correlation test showed that the subscales of the age stereotypes questionnaire had a positive and significant correlation with the two subscales of the AARC questionnaire. Conclusion The Persian version of the age stereotypes questionnaire has good validity and reliability for older adults. It can be used in future studies in Iran to examine the relationship between age stereotypes and other important variables related to old age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives This study aims to assess the relationship of the meaning of life, self-compassion and perceived social support with the fear of aging in the elderly in Iran, mediated by spiritual well-being. Methods & Materials This is a descriptive-correlational study with a cross-sectional design. The study population consists of the elderly aged 65-80 years in Ila, Iran. Using a purposive sampling method، 300 elderly (men and woman) were selected. The assessment tools included Steger et al. 's Meaning of Life Questionnaires, Neff's Self-Compassion Scale, Phillips et al. 's Social Support Appraisals Scale, Lasher and Faulkender's Anxiety about Aging Scale, and Paloutzian & Ellison's Spiritual Well Being Scale. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation test, descriptive statistics, and the maximum likelihood method (ML) in SPSS software, version 26, and structural equation modeling in AMOS version 24. Results Participants were 140(46.77%) males and 83(28.33%) females. In terms of age range, 157 (53.33%) were in the age group of 65-69 years, 85 (28.33%) in the age group of 70-75 years, and 58 (19.33%) in the age group of 76-80 years. The values of path coefficients indicated that the meaning of life (39%)، selfcompassion (43%), and perceived social support (27%) directly explained the changes in the fear of aging. The meaning of life and self-compassion variables were indirectly related to the fear of aging through spiritual well-being. Spiritual well-being did not statistically mediate the relationship between perceived social support and fear of aging (P>0.05). Conclusion Meaning in life, self-compassion, perceived social support, and spiritual well-being can be used in educational interventions for the treatment of fear of aging in the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Older people experience physical and psychological changes that can negatively affect their life satisfaction and result in unhappiness. Life review therapy can be an effective intervention in increasing the positive feelings and happiness of the elderly. This study aims to determine the effects of a life review therapy program on self-actualization and happiness among older adults. Methods & Materials This is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test/post-test/follow-up design. Participants were 22 elderly people aged ≥60 years referred to a daycare center in Tehran, Iran. They were randomly divided into two intervention (n=11) and control (n=11) groups. The perma flourishing scale and the Oxford happiness questionnaire were used to collect data before, immediately after, and one month after the intervention. The life review therapy was performed according to Haight and Webester's protocol. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 26. Results There was a significant increase in the total mean scores of happiness and flourishing scores in the intervention group immediately and one month after the intervention (P<0.001), but no significant change was reported in the control group. The mean scores of happiness and flourishing in the intervention group in the pre-test phase were 50.27 and 98.63, respectively. In the post-test and follow-up phases, these scores reached 58.27 and 57.09 for happiness and 111.63 and 104.81 for flourishing, respectively. Conclusion The present study shows that life review intervention in can provide an opportunity for flourishing and psychological development and also an increase in the level of happiness among older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hospital-acquired infections are recognized as a major risk factor in healthcare settings. Hand hygiene as the first stage of infection control plays an important role in reducing these infections. This study assesses the knowledge, attitudes, and practice regarding hand hygiene among nurses in intensive care units (ICUs) of Basrah City and Dhi Qar City, Iraq. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study targeted 231 ICU nursing staff working in hospitals of Al-Basra and Dhi-Qar in Iraq in 2022. The subjects were recruited through the census. To assess the nurses' hand hygiene knowledge, attitude, and practice, electronic questionnaires were administered via WhatsApp. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (absolute and relative frequency, Mean±SD) and inferential statistics (independent t-test, chisquare test, and Fisher test). The data analysis was performed using the SPSS software, version 22. Meanwhile, a significance level of <0.05 was considered for all statistical tests. Results: The mean scores (ranges) of nurses' hand hygiene knowledge, attitude, and practice were 4.74±1.82 (1-10), 77.25±7.89 (55-95), and 49.80±12.23 (21-70), respectively. There was a significant relationship between hand hygiene knowledge and gender, with female nurses' knowledge being higher compared to male nurses (P=0.03). Furthermore, nurses with less than 5 years of practical experience in the ICU had a higher mean score of attitudes toward hand hygiene compared to nurses with 5-10 years of practical experience (P=0.015). Additionally, nurses with less than 5 years of experience in the ICU showed a higher mean score of hand hygiene practice compared to nurses with more than 10 years of practical experience (P=0.028). Conclusion: According to the findings, the knowledge, attitude, and practice of ICU nurses about hand hygiene were inappropriate. It is necessary to implement educational programs to improve the knowledge, attitude, and practice of Iraqi ICU nurses in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Treatment satisfaction is one of the main factors of assessing care quality in patients with chronic diseases. Some factors may influence treatment satisfaction and improve or impair clinical outcomes. This study aimed to determine the relationship between fear of hypoglycemia and satisfaction with treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with oral antidiabetic drugs. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in one of the hospitals of Qazvin Province, Iran, in 2021. The research sample was 390 patients with type 2 diabetes who used oral antidiabetic drugs, selected through convenience sampling. The data were collected using the hypoglycemic fear survey (HFS) and the diabetes medication satisfaction (DiabMedSat) questionnaire. Then, the obtained data were analyzed using the independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and multiple linear regression in SPSS software, version 26. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. Results: Patients' Mean±SD age was 53.4±11.49 years, and most (57.4%) were female. Treatment satisfaction score was lower in females (β=-0.12, P<0.007) and patients with diabetes complications (β=-0.138, P<0.005). Patients with college education had higher treatment satisfaction (β=0.173, P<0.001). Patients with very severe (β=-0.29, P<0.001) or severe hypoglycemia (β=-0.157, P<0.034) experienced lower treatment satisfaction than those with mild hypoglycemia. Low treatment satisfaction scores were associated with fear of hypoglycemia (β=-0.39, P<0.001). Conclusion: In this study, fear of hypoglycemia was associated with a decreased level of satisfaction with treatment. As a consequence, patients with type 2 diabetes must be assessed for hypoglycemia fears and their adverse effects. Also, to prevent complications caused by not taking antihyperglycemic drugs, nursing managers and clinical nurses are recommended to prepare appropriate programs to implement psychological interventions to reduce the fear of hypoglycemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adolescence is a high-risk period. Teenagers experience risky behaviors in this period, including using abusive drugs and addiction. Meanwhile, sufficient awareness helps a person to interpret and analyze health-threatening factors. This study aimed to determine the relationship between health literacy and susceptibility to addiction in adolescents living in the western part of Tehran City, Iran. Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was performed on 265 senior high school students in the western part of Tehran in 2021. The subjects were recruited by cluster random sampling. The study data were collected online using the addiction susceptibility questionnaire and health literacy measure for adolescents. The obtained data were sorted by frequency distribution, Mean±SD and analyzed utilizing the Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t-test, and analysis of variance in SPSS software, version 16. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results: Most study subjects (56.4%) were female. Their Mean±SD score of health literacy was 65.31±21.15. Among the subscales of health literacy, "calculation", with a Mean±SD score of 68.96±35.89, and "utilization", with 61.29±25.05, had the highest and lowest mean scores, respectively. The Mean±SD score of addiction susceptibility was 25.3±30.05, and among its subscales, "showing off" with a mean score of 33.09±32.64 and "family dissatisfaction" with 19.75±35.47 had the highest and lowest mean scores, respectively. Health literacy and its dimensions had a negative correlation with addiction susceptibility (P<0.001). Conclusion: According to the findings, it is recommended to use appropriate strategies to increase adolescent health literacy by health service providers, school officials, school health nurses, and teachers. The results of this study can be used as a source for further research on addiction and health literacy in adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Aging is an inevitable period and the quality of life in older people has been a noteworthy issue for human societies. On the other hand, Coronavirus anxiety is one of the most important phenomena affecting the lives of older people during the Coronavirus outbreak. Therefore, the present study determined the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on anxiety and quality of life in older people. Methods: The statistical population of the present study included older people of the 3rd district of Tehran City, Iran, in the spring of 2022. The research method was quasi-experimental, which was carried out with a pre-test post-test, and one-month follow-up plan with the experimental and control groups. A total of 40 older people were selected by convenience sampling method. The experimental group participated in eight 90-minute sessions for two months and cognitivebehavioral training techniques were presented to them, and the control group did not receive any intervention. Older people responded to the Coronavirus anxiety scale and the quality-oflife questionnaire in three stages. Results: The results of the analysis of variance test with repeated measurements showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy affects the anxiety of corona and the quality of life in older people (P<0.05), and this effect remained stable in the follow-up phase. Discussion: According to the findings of the research, cognitive-behavioral therapy can be used to reduce the anxiety of Corona and increase the quality of life in older people. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a pragmatic approach that empowers people to manage their problems more effectively through psychological treatment. This is accomplished by the emotional development of older people and making them more open to options and possibilities. It is also suggested that future research investigate the preventive and effective impacts of this treatment on the health of older people. Long-term follow-up evaluations of cognitive-behavioral therapy can help in understanding the long-term effects of this treatment on the quality of life and Corona anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to detect the relationship between body mass index (BMI), selective voluntary motor control (SVMC), and functional independence in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy (CP) with levels II and III of gross motor function classification system. Methods: A total of eighty-four children with spastic diplegic CP, aged 6-9 years with a mean age of 7.09±0.68 participated in this correlational study. BMI, selective control assessment of the lower extremity (SCALE), and pediatric functional independence measure (WEE FIM) were used for the assessment of BMI, SVMC, and functional independence, respectively. Results: The results demonstrated the presence of a positive strong significant correlation between SCALE and WEE FIM, a negative strong significant correlation between WEE FIM and BMI, and a negative moderate significant correlation between BMI and SCALE. Discussion: Functional independence is significantly correlated with BMI and SVMC in children with spastic diplegic CP. This study provides original evidence that BMI and SVMC are major factors that influence functional independence in these children. So, they are highly recommended to be part of the evaluation of their functional independence in clinical settings and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the effects of lumbar stabilization exercise (LSE) and graded activity exercise (GAE) on concentrations of interleukin (IL) 1A (IL1A), IL18 receptor 1 (IL18R1), IL18 receptor accessory protein (IL18RAP), IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), and clinical outcomes of pain intensity, disability, catastrophizing, diverting-attention, cognitivecoping and pain-reinterpretation in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP). Methods: This study was a single-blind parallel trial with an adaptive trial design. Fiftyfour patients with NSCLBP were randomly assigned to LSE and GAE treatment groups. Demographic and anthropometric characteristics were measured. Treatments were administered twice a week for 10 weeks. The concentrations of IL1A, IL18R1, IL18RAP, IL-6, and COX2 of patients were assessed at four time points with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Pain, disability, catastrophizing, diverting attention, cognitive coping, and pain reinterpretation were assessed at three time points with valid instruments. The responsiveness of the biochemical mediators to LSE and GAE was determined with a Bayesian one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics at P<0.05. Results: The concentrations of IL1A, IL18R1, IL18RAP, and COX2 were unresponsive (Bayes factor [BF]<1) to LSE and GAE, while IL-6 concentrations were responsive (Bayes factor [BF]>1). The concentrations of IL-6 increased significantly (P<0.05) after LSE with a significant reduction (P<0.05) in pain, disability, and catastrophizing, while the concentration of IL-6 increased significantly (P<0.05) after GAE with a significant reduction (P<0.05) in pain, and disability. Effects of LSE and GAE on IL-6 concentrations, pain, and disability were comparable (P>0.05). Catastrophizing of patients with LSE was significantly less (P<0.05) compared to GAE. Discussion: LSE increases IL-6 concentrations in NSCLBP patients while reducing pain, disability, and catastrophizing, while GAE increases IL-6 concentrations and reduces pain and disability. IL-6 concentrations, pain, and disability of patients were similar after LSE and GAE. Patients catastrophize less with LSE compared to GAE, hence LSE shows more beneficial effects for patients with NSCLBP than GAE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aims to determine the relationship between demographic data and selfesteem levels among school-age students. Methods: A descriptive research design (correlational design) was conducted using probability random sampling included 240 participants. The study instruments were the index of self-esteem (ISE) and the bully scale. The statistical methods included a percentage test, normal distribution test, Mean±SD test, t-test and Spearman test using SPSS software, version 26. Results: The study results showed the analysis of the demographic characteristics of the target sample, a large number of the samples were in the age group of 10-11 years and boys. Also, the study results showed the evaluation responses for the study subject about bullying victims and self-esteem that most students suffer from strong bullying (65.5%) and most students have low self-esteem (81.2%). However, a significant relationship is observed between evaluation responses for bullying victims and self-esteem domains at a P<0.05. Discussion: The present study concludes that most students' responses to bullying victims are strong bullying, the study highlights the potential effect of bullying on students' self-esteem and raises potential problems. The results suggest that increasing students' self-esteem may be an effective strategy to enhance student outcomes. The study recommends that further studies are required on the nature of this event that lead to defining the etiology of bullying victims. It should include family dynamics and other situations of vulnerability, as well as qualitative strategies for early detection and investigation of bullying behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aims to determine whether health literacy, perceived stress, and anxiety sensitivity are correlated with self-care for COVID-19, focusing on the mediating role of health locus of control (HLOC) in Ardabil City, in northwestern Iran, in 2020. Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was conducted using path analysis. The research population included households living in Ardabil city. The participants included 300 persons who were selected using the convenience sampling method. The data were collected via the health literacy instrument for Iranian adults (HELIA), perceived stress scale (PSS), anxiety sensitivity scale (ASS), self-care questionnaire, and locus of control scale (LCS). The statistical analysis of the collected data was performed with SPSS software, version 25 and AMOS software, version 24. Results: Data analysis showed that anxiety sensitivity had a negative relationship with the internal locus of control (ILOC) and a positive and significant relationship with the external locus of control (ELOC). Furthermore, health literacy has a positive correlation with ILOC and a negative and significant correlation with ELOC. The results also demonstrated that perceived stress had a direct and negative impact on ELOC and a direct and positive impact on the chance locus of control. Moreover, ILOC had a positive and direct relationship with self-care for COVID-19, and ELOC and chance locus of control had a negative and direct relationship. The data also indicated that HLOC played a fully mediating role in the relationships between the research variables, and health literacy and anxiety sensitivity were associated with self-care for COVID-19 mediated by the ILOC and the individual HLOC. However, the relationship between perceived stress and self-care was not confirmed mediated by HLOC. Discussion: The results revealed that health literacy and anxiety sensitivity are associated with self-care for COVID-19 and this relationship is mediated by HLOC. Accordingly, some interventions should be planned and implemented to strengthen and direct HLOC and enhance self-care behaviors in people during the COVID-19 outbreak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Limitations in the ability to perform manual functions decrease the individual's participation in activities of daily living (ADLs). Thus, it is required to study the relationship between manual skills and self-care activities in children. This study aims to investigate the relationship between manual ability and self-care in children with spastic cerebral palsy at the ages of 1 to 8 years. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 125 children aged 1-8 years with spastic cerebral palsy who were chosen by the convenience sampling method from 8 occupational therapy clinics in Tehran City, Iran, in 2022 were studied. The evaluation tools were manual ability classification system (MACS), mini-manual ability classification system (Mini-MACS), pediatric evaluation of disability inventory (PEDI), and cognitive level form designed in the SPARCLE project. After collecting the data, Stata software, version 14 was used to analyze data using chi-square, Spearman correlation coefficient, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and regression. Results: In this research, the mean age of the children was 54.2±15 months and 43.2% had a cognitive level >70. The mean self-care and mobility in children were 49.65±30.60 and 40.78±26.97, respectively. With increasing age, self-care and mobility of children showed a significant increase (P<0.001). No significant difference was observed between boys and girls in self-care and mobility (P<0.05). By changing the education level of the main caregiver, no significant difference was found in self-care and mobility (P<0.05). With the increase in children's cognitive ability level and MACS level, self-care and mobility improved significantly (P<0.001). Moreover, the level of MACS and mobility with the highest beta values (-0.530 and 0.512, respectively) showed a greater contribution to the prediction of self-care. Discussion: The results showed that with increasing age, cognitive ability level, and MACS level, self-care and mobility improve significantly in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Therefore, it is suggested to pay more attention to manual ability to improve self-care and mobility in these children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease with a very high prevalence all over the world in recent years. Therefore, this research intended to examine the impact of resistance and aerobic exercises on selected functional capacities and cognitive indicators in depressed women with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: The current study was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design. In this survey, 30 women with MS (25-50 years old) with an expanded disability status scale range between 0-5.5, and depression among those who visited the neurology clinic at Guilan University of Medical Sciences (Bethat) were selected. The study included a control group (n=10) and two intervention groups: resistance (n=10) and aerobic (n=10) exercises. To evaluate the variables of stress, depression, fatigue, and functional capacities, the following questionnaires and tests were used: Perceived stress scale, Beck's depression inventory, fatigue severity scale, 10-meter walk test (10MWT), 6-minute walk test (6MWT), timed up and go (TUG), and 30-second chair stand (30 CST) tests. Exercises of aerobic were done at an intensity of 40_60% of the maximum rate of heart for 10-30 minutes. Home-based resistance training, including a hypertrophy phase (four weeks), and strength and power phase (four weeks) was conducted at an intensity of 0.5-1.5% of the subjects' body weight. The duration of the training for both groups was eight weeks. The data were analyzed by repeated-measures two-way ANOVA by SPSS software, version 26. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results: Both resistance and aerobic training had a significant intra-group impact on various factors (P=0.05). Specifically, perceived stress (P=0.01) and depression level (P=0.001), and 10- MWT (P=0.01), 6MWT (P=0.001), and 30 CST (P=0.001) results showed statistically notable improvements. Regarding the inter-group effect, notable dissimilarities were seen in depression and functional strength of lower limbs (30 CST) among the three groups (P=0.05). Noteworthy, variations were also found in fatigue and the timed up-and-go test. Conclusion: Both aerobic and resistance exercises can be considered effective interventions for improving depression, perceived stress, and functional capacity in individuals with MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has compelled many educational institutions to employ flexible learning options (FLO), requiring technology integration in teaching. Digital immigrant nurse educators, who are educators born before 1985, may need help adopting FLO due to their limited technological knowledge and skills. This study explores the challenges digital immigrant nurse educators face in adopting FLO as a teaching strategy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Employing a qualitative phenomenological research approach, we researched 6 digital immigrant nurse educators with at least 10 years of teaching experience in the nursing institution at the College of Health Sciences of Mindanao State University in Marawi City, Philippines. These educators, expressing difficulty in adopting FLO, were purposively selected and interviewed from October 2021 to April 2022. Interviews were conducted through a scheduled Zoom meeting. For this purpose, an interview guide with open-ended questions was used. Colaizzi's method of analysis was applied to analyze the data. Results: We identified 4 themes representing the challenges digital immigrant nurse educators face in adopting FLO. The themes comprised a lack of technological knowledge and skills, difficulty adjusting to new teaching methods, inadequate technological resources, and emotional stress and exhaustion. Conclusion: Given the challenges experienced by Filipino digital immigrant nurse educators in integrating FLO amid the pandemic, this study recommends providing support and resources to improve these nurse educators' technical knowledge and skills. Continuous education is crucial for successfully integrating FLO into their teaching practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Substance abuse disorders are associated with serious medical and psychiatric problems. Besides the undesirable side effects following drug-assisted treatment in drug abusers, sudden discontinuation of drug use can cause unpleasant symptoms. This study investigated the impact of reality therapy (RT) on drug cravings and mental health among clients of therapeutic community (TC) centers in Ahvaz City, Iran, in 2022. Methods: This quasi-experimental study adopted a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The study population consisted of all clients of TC centers of Ahvaz in 2022. Of whom 40 clients were selected as the sample using convenience sampling. In the next step, they were randomly assigned into the experimental and control groups (20 subjects in each group). The data were collected by using the desires for drug questionnaire (DDQ) and the general health questionnaire 28 (GHQ-28). The subjects in the experimental group attended eight 90-minute sessions of RT, whereas those in the control group received no intervention. The obtained data were analyzed using analysis of covariance. The significance level of all tests was considered to be =0.05. Results: RT significantly affected drug cravings and mental health of the clients of TC centers (P<0.001). Conclusion: Based on the study findings, RT is recommended for reducing drug cravings and improving mental health of people undergoing drug rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Timely diagnosis and effective treatment of delirium, a clinical syndrome, significantly impact the outcomes of patients in intensive care units (ICUs). Despite its significance and prevalence, delirium continues to be underdiagnosed. This study aims to determine the knowledge and capability of ICU nurses in Iraq in recognizing delirium syndrome. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 154 nurses working in the ICUs of hospitals in Babylon, Al-Diwaniyah, and Karbala cities, Iraq, in 2022. The subjects were recruited by the census. The study data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, case vignettes, and the delirium knowledge questionnaire (DKQ) to assess participants' characteristics, delirium recognition, and delirium knowledge. The data were analyzed using an independent t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient in SPSS software, version 22. The significance level was set at P<0.05. Results: The Mean±SD score of nurses' overall knowledge was 46.73±14.34. The Mean±SD score for their understanding of delirium's incidence, symptoms, signs, and effects was 43.57±17.70, whereas the Mean±SD score for knowledge of its risk factors and causes was 49.7±18.74. Their overall ability to recognize delirium had a Mean±SD score of 1.44±1.13. There was a significant relationship between knowledge of delirium, participation in a delirium training course (P=0.008), and work experience in ICUs (P=0.046). Conclusion: Given the results of our study, it is crucial to develop plans for increasing the knowledge and recognition ability of ICU nurses in Iraq regarding delirium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nurses significantly contribute to the healthcare system, constituting the highest number of healthcare staff. A positive attitude or mindset at work increases the ability to carry out the organization's duties, tasks, and plans. This study investigates the relationship between work effectiveness and work engagement of nurses in the selected hospitals affiliated with Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran City, Iran, in 2021. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study has employed a correlational design. A total of 255 nurses working in selected hospitals affiliated with IUMS were recruited through proportionate stratified sampling. The study data were collected using the utrecht work engagement scale (UWES) and conditions for work effectiveness questionnaire II (CWEQ-II). Statistical analyses involved descriptive statistics, the independent t-test, analysis of variance, the Pearson correlation, and regression in SPSS software, version 22. The significance level was set at P<0.05. Results: The Mean±SD work effectiveness among nurses was found to be 37.31±7.41, indicating their medium-to-high work effectiveness. Also, their Mean±SD work engagement was 68.96±15.48, indicating the high work engagement of nurses. There was also a significant positive relationship (r=0.656, P<0.001) between the total work effectiveness score and work engagement. The results showed that the "support" dimension of work effectiveness exhibited the highest correlation with work engagement (r=0.606, P<0.001). Also, the "absorption by work" dimension of work engagement had the highest correlation with work effectiveness (r=0.653, P<0.001). Conclusion: According to the study results, increasing the work effectiveness of nurses necessitates the creation of a positive attitude and perspective through managerial actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Deafness is one of the most complex sensory disorders that leads to a major decline in auditory (listening) and preverbal skills. Research shows that reading books has provided patterns of communication and preverbal skills to deaf children. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of online dialogic parent-child book reading on the preverbal and listening skills of deaf children under three years old. Materials & Methods This research was a one-group quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design. The study sample comprised 10 hearing parents with their deaf children under 3 years old who were members of the Deaf Family Association of Iran and the Deaf Center of Iran. First, the parents and their qualified children were purposefully identified (based on inclusion criteria). Then, from all the people who met the study criteria, the people who declared their readiness to participate were selected as study samples. Before starting the online dialogic parent-child book reading program, the preverbal skills test (pointing, joint attention, imitation, and take turns) and listening skills (little ears) were administered as a pre-test. Online reading sessions were held for 20 sessions, three days a week. Parents went online at a specific time (10 AM on Saturdays, Mondays, and Wednesdays). Each day a book with pictures and story-related content, book descriptions, questions, and more was posted in the WhatsApp group. After the online dialogic parent-child book reading program, the test of preverbal and listening skills (little ears) was performed as a post-test for the sample group. The paired t-test was used to analyze the obtained data. Results The results of this study showed that the online dialogic parent-child book reading program caused a significant increase (P<0.005) in the post-test preverbal skills test score (imitation, joint attention, pointing and take turns) and listening skills (P<0.005) compared with the pre-test score of the sample group. Conclusion Dialogic parent-child book reading is one of the parent-centered programs that is benefecial for deaf toddlers. The results showed the applicability of dialogic parent-child book reading in improving the listening and preverbal skills of deaf children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Having a child with speech and language disorders, while creating a sense of great therapeutic responsibility towards them, will significantly affect the psychological dimensions of parents, especially mothers as the primary caregiver. They are more exposed to the pressures and stress that result from the sense of responsibility towards their children. The aim of this study was to compare the level of stress, depression, and quality of life (QoL) among mothers of children with speech and language disorders whose children have received rehabilitation services for different periods of time. Materials & Methods The current descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 185 mothers of children with speech and language disorders who needed to receive rehabilitation services. Data collection was done using: a short form of parenting stress index (PSI-SF) to measure stress, the Beck depression inventory-2nd edition (BDI-II) to measure maternal depression rate, a health survey questionnaire (a 36-item short form) (SF-36) to measure the QoL. Based on the duration of receiving rehabilitation services, mothers participating in this study were divided into four groups: 1) For less than one month, 2) Between 1 to 6 months, 3) Between 7 to 11 months, and 4) For more than 12 months. The data were analyzed by one-way repeated measures analysis of variance and multivariate ANOVA. Results Comparing the mean scores of PSI, BDI-II, and SF-36 between four groups of mothers was significant (P<0.001). The results showed that mothers whose children had received rehabilitation services for a longer period of time had lower mean stress and depression scores and higher mean QoL scores (P<0.001). The factor of the type of child's disorder had a significant effect on the results (P<0.05). Conclusion The lowest score of stress and depression and the highest score of QoL in mothers who had received rehabilitation services for more than 12 months can indicate that mothers who receive rehabilitation services for a longer period of time see the improvement of their children. They are also better able to use stress coping strategies to deal with their child's problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Musculoskeletal pain syndrome (MPS) is one of the main causes of functional disability. Although the symptoms and complaints of patients with MPS are often related to their musculoskeletal structures, repeated microtraumas and overuse (the main causes of musculoskeletal pain) may also lead to abnormal neurodynamics. Abnormal neurodynamics refers to mechanical dysfunction in the movement of nerve structures related to the surrounding tissues or disruption in the normal elongation of the nerve. Some recent studies have suggested the possibility of abnormal neurodynamics in patients with MPS. Therefore, this study aims to determine the frequency of abnormal neural tension and its association with functional disability in patients with MPS of the upper extremity. Materials & Methods A hundred participants with MPS (78 women and 22 men) participated in this study. Median, radial and ulnar nerve neurodynamic tests were performed according to Butler & Shacklock's approach. There was a five-minute rest between each test to avoid the therapeutic effects of neurodynamic maneuvering. To quantitatively measure the intensity of the abnormal tension in the peripheral nerves in case of a positive neurodynamic test, the angle of the elbow joint in extension (for the median and radial nerves) and the angle of the shoulder joint in abduction (for the ulnar nerve) were measured using a standard goniometer. The association between abnormal neural tension and functional disability was investigated using Pearson's correlation test. The statistical significance level was set a t 0.05. Results Regardless of the type of disorder, 112 patients had abnormal neural tension (some participants had more than one disorder) and underwent the neurodynamic test. Based on the results, 50 patients (50%) had at least one median, radial, or ulnar nerve tension dysfunction. There was no significant association between the degree of functional disability and the severity of abnormal neural tension according to the joint angle. Conclusion In many patients with MPS of the upper extremity with no obvious symptoms of neurological dysfunction, the nerve neurodynamic test is positive. Therefore, it is recommended that in all patients diagnosed with MPS, nerve neurodynamic test and, if necessary, neurodynamic therapy should be included in the routine physiotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Specificity impairment is a memory alteration that occurs in people with major depressive disorder (MDD). In this investigation, we intended to shine a light on obscure aspects of executive resource and capture and rumination frameworks to determine whether these theories are reliable in predicting underlying mechanisms for specificity impairment. Methods: In this correlational research, we used the convenience sampling method over two months, between January and February 2021. We administrated the digit span working memory test, ruminative response scale (RRS), and autobiographical memory interview to indicate whether working memory capacity and subtypes of rumination can predict memory specificity in people with MDD. Using RRS enabled us to determine the correlation between subtypes of rumination and memory specificity. Results: Our samples consisted of 105 adults (53 males (50.5%) and 52 females (49.5%)) with MDD. The participants’ mean age was 33.38 years with a range of 22-43 years. The results no significant difference between gender, marriage, and age groups in terms of memory specificity (P>0.05). The results of the Spearman correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis showed that only working memory capacity can predict memory specificity (r=0.216, P<0.05). There was no significant correlation between brooding and reflection, as two subtypes of rumination and memory specificity. Discussion: In line with our results, it should be stated that depression is accompanied by executive deficits, which result in memory impairments. These impairments are due to the structural and functional alterations in the brain in the depressed group. As the Carfax model emphasized, working memory capacity is not only required to maintain, define, and hold the optimal retrieval model but it is also crucial to inhibit interfering autobiographical information. Nonetheless, neither brooding nor reflection rumination can predict memory specificity. Therefore, memory capacity is probably occupied due to ineffective search strategies, not rumination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aims to develop and create a tool based on factor analysis to assess safety culture in the processing industry. Methods: This study was conducted in the petrochemical industry in 2021. The questionnaires were distributed among 312 employees, supervisors, and managers, and 308 of them were completed. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed by content and construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis), and its reliability was determined by calculating the internal consistency coefficient (Cronbach’s α) and conducting a pilot study. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the relationship between the dimensions of safety culture and the dimensions themselves. Results: The results showed that 62.4% of participants were under 45 years old and 71.2% of them had more than 10 years of work experience. The obtained content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR) were 0.88 and 0.91, respectively. The results of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed that six questions were assigned to each dimension of safety culture in the questionnaire. The results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with a P of 0.001 and the overall goodness index of root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) of 0.07 and the goodness indices of adaptive fit, including good fit index (GFI), comparative fit index (CFI), and normal fit index (NFI) were 0.95, 0.97, and 0.95, respectively. Discussion: Based on the results, a safety culture assessment instrument was developed, including 10 dimensions and 60 items. The results of factor analysis showed that the builtin instrument is highly useful to assess safety culture. In addition, these results showed that safety culture has the strongest relationship with the priority of focusing on health, safety, and environment (HSE) and the weakest relationship with the dimension of collaboration and involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common peripheral entrapment neuropathy with squeezing of the median nerve and the patient is unable to function properly. There are different physiotherapy interventions for the management of these patients and recently, shock wave therapy and low-power laser (LPL) have been widely used, but there is no strong evidence comparing the effect of shock wave therapy and LLLT. Therefore, this trial was designed to compare the effect of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT), LPL, and routine interventions on clinical outcomes and electrophysiological parameters in patients with moderate CTS. Methods: Fifty-four patients were randomly assigned to the control (routine interventions), ESWT, and LPL therapy groups. All participants received transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) therapeutic ultrasound, hot pack, mobilization, and stretching for ten sessions over two weeks. Additionally, the ESWT group received radial ESWT in four sessions, and the LPL therapy group received laser in ten sessions. The primary outcomes were pain (assessed by the visual analog scale), function (assessed using the Boston questionnaire (BQ)), hand grip, and finger pinch strength. Secondary outcomes were electrophysiological parameters (distal motor and sensory latency and nerve conduction velocity (NCV) of the median nerve. Results: Time group interactions were significant for pain, the symptom severity subscale of BQ, finger pinch, and hand grip strength (P<0.001). Significant improvements were seen in clinical and sensory latency and motor NCV of the median nerve (P<0.05). The ESWT group experienced significant improvements with a large effect size in pain, function, and finger pinch strength compared to the control group (P<0.01). Additionally, the LPL therapy group showed significant changes in the function and finger pinch and hand grip strength compared to the control group. There were no significant differences between the LPL therapy and ESWT groups except for pain in favor of the ESWT group. No significant differences were found among the three groups in electrophysiological parameters (P>0.05). Discussion: Although laser therapy increased the efficacy of routine interventions, it seems adding ESWT to the routine treatment may be superior for the management of moderate CTS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder that causes many problems for the affected person and his or her family. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of resilience training on the stress of mothers of students with DS. Methods: This study is a non-randomized clinical trial conducted on 36 mothers of students with DS studying at Shahid Rajaieh School, Tehran. They were selected by a convenience sampling method and divided into the control and intervention groups. Resilience skill training intervention was performed in ten sessions for the intervention group. The instruments used in the present study included a demographic questionnaire and a parenting stress index. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 18. Results: Before training resilience skills, no significant difference was observed between the mean stress scores in mothers of the intervention and control groups. After the training program, there was a significant difference between the mean stress scores of the two groups. Discussion: Training resilience skills can reduce stress in mothers of children with DS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aims to identify the burdens among wives of disabled people in the light of some independent variables. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 197 domestic wives were surveyed using a standardized questionnaire to measure the burden among wives of disabled people. Data were collected using the independent variables and Zarit caregiver burden scale (ZCBS) for burden. The study was conducted using interview techniques and analyzed via SPSS software, version 20 using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Results: The study results showed that the average age was 35 years old, 30-39 years old, 52.3% were secondary school graduates, 68.5% were families with 1-4 children, 43.1% had insufficient income, and 61.4% were employed. Significant differences were observed in wives’ burdens in terms of their age, education level, family size, income, occupation, disability types, reasons, and duration (P<0.05). Discussion: Wives of disabled people live under significant burdens influenced by different independent variables depending on individual differences. Decision makers should give employment priority to the wives of the disabled to protect the family and fulfill its needs, as well as the need to focus on societal awareness of disability and what the wife and family of the disabled suffer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]