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Establishing interoperability is an essential aspect of the often-pursued shift towards Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) in, for example, aircraft development. If models are to be the primary information carriers during development, the applied methods to enable interaction between engineering domains need to be modular, reusable, and scalable. Given the long life cycles and often large and heterogeneous development organizations in the aircraft industry, a piece to the overall solution could be to rely on open standards and tools. In this paper, the standards Functional Mock-up Interface (FMI) and System Structure and Parameterization (SSP) are exploited to exchange data between the disciplines of systems simulation and geometry modeling. A method to export data from the 3D Computer Aided Design (CAD) Software (SW) CATIA in the SSP format is developed and presented. Analogously, FMI support of the Modeling & Simulation (M&S) tools OMSimulator, OpenModelica, and Dymola is utilized along with the SSP support of OMSimulator. The developed technology is put into context by means of integration with the M&S methodology for aircraft vehicle system development deployed at Saab Aeronautics. Finally, the established interoperability is demonstrated on two different industrially relevant application examples addressing varying aspects of complexity. A primary goal of the research is to prototype and demonstrate functionality, enabled by the SSP and FMI standards, that could improve on MBSE methodology implemented in industry and academia., Funding Agencies|Saab Aeronautics [10.13039/501100001858, 2019-02386]; Vinnova

This paper presents the development and implementation of a reinforcement learning agent as the mode selector for a multi-chamber actuator in a load-sensing architecture. The agent selects the mode of the actuator to minimise system energy losses. The agent was trained in a simulated environment and afterwards deployed to the real system. Simulation results indicated the capability of the agent to reduce energy consumption, while maintaining the actuation performance. Experimental results showed the capability of the agent to learn via simulation and to control the real system., Funding Agencies|Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES); Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); Swedish Energy Agency (Energimyndigheten)

Establishing interoperability is an essential aspect of the often-pursued shift towards Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) in, for example, aircraft development. If models are to be the primary information carriers during development, the applied methods to enable interaction between engineering domains need to be modular, reusable, and scalable. Given the long life cycles and often large and heterogeneous development organizations in the aircraft industry, a piece to the overall solution could be to rely on open standards and tools. In this paper, the standards Functional Mock-up Interface (FMI) and System Structure and Parameterization (SSP) are exploited to exchange data between the disciplines of systems simulation and geometry modeling. A method to export data from the 3D Computer Aided Design (CAD) Software (SW) CATIA in the SSP format is developed and presented. Analogously, FMI support of the Modeling & Simulation (M&S) tools OMSimulator, OpenModelica, and Dymola is utilized along with the SSP support of OMSimulator. The developed technology is put into context by means of integration with the M&S methodology for aircraft vehicle system development deployed at Saab Aeronautics. Finally, the established interoperability is demonstrated on two different industrially relevant application examples addressing varying aspects of complexity. A primary goal of the research is to prototype and demonstrate functionality, enabled by the SSP and FMI standards, that could improve on MBSE methodology implemented in industry and academia., Funding Agencies|Saab Aeronautics [10.13039/501100001858, 2019-02386]; Vinnova

This paper presents the development and implementation of a reinforcement learning agent as the mode selector for a multi-chamber actuator in a load-sensing architecture. The agent selects the mode of the actuator to minimise system energy losses. The agent was trained in a simulated environment and afterwards deployed to the real system. Simulation results indicated the capability of the agent to reduce energy consumption, while maintaining the actuation performance. Experimental results showed the capability of the agent to learn via simulation and to control the real system., Funding Agencies|Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES); Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); Swedish Energy Agency (Energimyndigheten)

This paper presents the development and implementation of a reinforcement learning agent as the mode selector for a multi-chamber actuator in a load-sensing architecture. The agent selects the mode of the actuator to minimise system energy losses. The agent was trained in a simulated environment and afterwards deployed to the real system. Simulation results indicated the capability of the agent to reduce energy consumption, while maintaining the actuation performance. Experimental results showed the capability of the agent to learn via simulation and to control the real system., Funding Agencies|Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES); Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); Swedish Energy Agency (Energimyndigheten)

This paper presents the development and implementation of a reinforcement learning agent as the mode selector for a multi-chamber actuator in a load-sensing architecture. The agent selects the mode of the actuator to minimise system energy losses. The agent was trained in a simulated environment and afterwards deployed to the real system. Simulation results indicated the capability of the agent to reduce energy consumption, while maintaining the actuation performance. Experimental results showed the capability of the agent to learn via simulation and to control the real system., Funding Agencies|Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES); Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); Swedish Energy Agency (Energimyndigheten)

There is growing interest in using electric motors as prime movers in mobile hydraulic systems. This increases the interest in so-called pump-controlled systems, where each actuator has its own drive unit. Such architectures are primarily appealing in applications where energy efficiency is important and electric recuperation is relevant. An issue with pump-controlled systems is, however, mode-switch oscillations which can appear when the pressure levels in the system are close to the switching condition. In this paper, the mode-switching behavior of different generalized closed and open circuit configurations is investigated. The results show that the choice of where to sense the pressures has a huge impact on the behavior. They also show that, if the pressure sensing components are properly placed, closed and open circuits can perform very similarly, but that mode-switch oscillations still can occur in all circuits. Active hysteresis control is suggested as a solution and its effectiveness is analyzed. The outcome from the analysis shows that active hysteresis control can reduce the risk for mode-switch oscillations significantly., Funding: Swedish Energy AgencySwedish Energy AgencyMaterials & Energy Research Center (MERC) [44427-3]

Establishing interoperability is an essential aspect of the often-pursued shift towards Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) in, for example, aircraft development. If models are to be the primary information carriers during development, the applied methods to enable interaction between engineering domains need to be modular, reusable, and scalable. Given the long life cycles and often large and heterogeneous development organizations in the aircraft industry, a piece to the overall solution could be to rely on open standards and tools. In this paper, the standards Functional Mock-up Interface (FMI) and System Structure and Parameterization (SSP) are exploited to exchange data between the disciplines of systems simulation and geometry modeling. A method to export data from the 3D Computer Aided Design (CAD) Software (SW) CATIA in the SSP format is developed and presented. Analogously, FMI support of the Modeling & Simulation (M&S) tools OMSimulator, OpenModelica, and Dymola is utilized along with the SSP support of OMSimulator. The developed technology is put into context by means of integration with the M&S methodology for aircraft vehicle system development deployed at Saab Aeronautics. Finally, the established interoperability is demonstrated on two different industrially relevant application examples addressing varying aspects of complexity. A primary goal of the research is to prototype and demonstrate functionality, enabled by the SSP and FMI standards, that could improve on MBSE methodology implemented in industry and academia., Funding Agencies|Saab Aeronautics [10.13039/501100001858, 2019-02386]; Vinnova

Establishing interoperability is an essential aspect of the often-pursued shift towards Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) in, for example, aircraft development. If models are to be the primary information carriers during development, the applied methods to enable interaction between engineering domains need to be modular, reusable, and scalable. Given the long life cycles and often large and heterogeneous development organizations in the aircraft industry, a piece to the overall solution could be to rely on open standards and tools. In this paper, the standards Functional Mock-up Interface (FMI) and System Structure and Parameterization (SSP) are exploited to exchange data between the disciplines of systems simulation and geometry modeling. A method to export data from the 3D Computer Aided Design (CAD) Software (SW) CATIA in the SSP format is developed and presented. Analogously, FMI support of the Modeling & Simulation (M&S) tools OMSimulator, OpenModelica, and Dymola is utilized along with the SSP support of OMSimulator. The developed technology is put into context by means of integration with the M&S methodology for aircraft vehicle system development deployed at Saab Aeronautics. Finally, the established interoperability is demonstrated on two different industrially relevant application examples addressing varying aspects of complexity. A primary goal of the research is to prototype and demonstrate functionality, enabled by the SSP and FMI standards, that could improve on MBSE methodology implemented in industry and academia., Funding Agencies|Saab Aeronautics [10.13039/501100001858, 2019-02386]; Vinnova

Establishing interoperability is an essential aspect of the often-pursued shift towards Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) in, for example, aircraft development. If models are to be the primary information carriers during development, the applied methods to enable interaction between engineering domains need to be modular, reusable, and scalable. Given the long life cycles and often large and heterogeneous development organizations in the aircraft industry, a piece to the overall solution could be to rely on open standards and tools. In this paper, the standards Functional Mock-up Interface (FMI) and System Structure and Parameterization (SSP) are exploited to exchange data between the disciplines of systems simulation and geometry modeling. A method to export data from the 3D Computer Aided Design (CAD) Software (SW) CATIA in the SSP format is developed and presented. Analogously, FMI support of the Modeling & Simulation (M&S) tools OMSimulator, OpenModelica, and Dymola is utilized along with the SSP support of OMSimulator. The developed technology is put into context by means of integration with the M&S methodology for aircraft vehicle system development deployed at Saab Aeronautics. Finally, the established interoperability is demonstrated on two different industrially relevant application examples addressing varying aspects of complexity. A primary goal of the research is to prototype and demonstrate functionality, enabled by the SSP and FMI standards, that could improve on MBSE methodology implemented in industry and academia., Funding Agencies|Saab Aeronautics [10.13039/501100001858, 2019-02386]; Vinnova

This paper presents the development and implementation of a reinforcement learning agent as the mode selector for a multi-chamber actuator in a load-sensing architecture. The agent selects the mode of the actuator to minimise system energy losses. The agent was trained in a simulated environment and afterwards deployed to the real system. Simulation results indicated the capability of the agent to reduce energy consumption, while maintaining the actuation performance. Experimental results showed the capability of the agent to learn via simulation and to control the real system., Funding Agencies|Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES); Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); Swedish Energy Agency (Energimyndigheten)

There is growing interest in using electric motors as prime movers in mobile hydraulic systems. This increases the interest in so-called pump-controlled systems, where each actuator has its own drive unit. Such architectures are primarily appealing in applications where energy efficiency is important and electric recuperation is relevant. An issue with pump-controlled systems is, however, mode-switch oscillations which can appear when the pressure levels in the system are close to the switching condition. In this paper, the mode-switching behavior of different generalized closed and open circuit configurations is investigated. The results show that the choice of where to sense the pressures has a huge impact on the behavior. They also show that, if the pressure sensing components are properly placed, closed and open circuits can perform very similarly, but that mode-switch oscillations still can occur in all circuits. Active hysteresis control is suggested as a solution and its effectiveness is analyzed. The outcome from the analysis shows that active hysteresis control can reduce the risk for mode-switch oscillations significantly., Funding: Swedish Energy AgencySwedish Energy AgencyMaterials & Energy Research Center (MERC) [44427-3]

There is growing interest in using electric motors as prime movers in mobile hydraulic systems. This increases the interest in so-called pump-controlled systems, where each actuator has its own drive unit. Such architectures are primarily appealing in applications where energy efficiency is important and electric recuperation is relevant. An issue with pump-controlled systems is, however, mode-switch oscillations which can appear when the pressure levels in the system are close to the switching condition. In this paper, the mode-switching behavior of different generalized closed and open circuit configurations is investigated. The results show that the choice of where to sense the pressures has a huge impact on the behavior. They also show that, if the pressure sensing components are properly placed, closed and open circuits can perform very similarly, but that mode-switch oscillations still can occur in all circuits. Active hysteresis control is suggested as a solution and its effectiveness is analyzed. The outcome from the analysis shows that active hysteresis control can reduce the risk for mode-switch oscillations significantly., Funding: Swedish Energy AgencySwedish Energy AgencyMaterials & Energy Research Center (MERC) [44427-3]

There is growing interest in using electric motors as prime movers in mobile hydraulic systems. This increases the interest in so-called pump-controlled systems, where each actuator has its own drive unit. Such architectures are primarily appealing in applications where energy efficiency is important and electric recuperation is relevant. An issue with pump-controlled systems is, however, mode-switch oscillations which can appear when the pressure levels in the system are close to the switching condition. In this paper, the mode-switching behavior of different generalized closed and open circuit configurations is investigated. The results show that the choice of where to sense the pressures has a huge impact on the behavior. They also show that, if the pressure sensing components are properly placed, closed and open circuits can perform very similarly, but that mode-switch oscillations still can occur in all circuits. Active hysteresis control is suggested as a solution and its effectiveness is analyzed. The outcome from the analysis shows that active hysteresis control can reduce the risk for mode-switch oscillations significantly., Funding: Swedish Energy AgencySwedish Energy AgencyMaterials & Energy Research Center (MERC) [44427-3]

There is growing interest in using electric motors as prime movers in mobile hydraulic systems. This increases the interest in so-called pump-controlled systems, where each actuator has its own drive unit. Such architectures are primarily appealing in applications where energy efficiency is important and electric recuperation is relevant. An issue with pump-controlled systems is, however, mode-switch oscillations which can appear when the pressure levels in the system are close to the switching condition. In this paper, the mode-switching behavior of different generalized closed and open circuit configurations is investigated. The results show that the choice of where to sense the pressures has a huge impact on the behavior. They also show that, if the pressure sensing components are properly placed, closed and open circuits can perform very similarly, but that mode-switch oscillations still can occur in all circuits. Active hysteresis control is suggested as a solution and its effectiveness is analyzed. The outcome from the analysis shows that active hysteresis control can reduce the risk for mode-switch oscillations significantly., Funding: Swedish Energy AgencySwedish Energy AgencyMaterials & Energy Research Center (MERC) [44427-3]

There is growing interest in using electric motors as prime movers in mobile hydraulic systems. This increases the interest in so-called pump-controlled systems, where each actuator has its own drive unit. Such architectures are primarily appealing in applications where energy efficiency is important and electric recuperation is relevant. An issue with pump-controlled systems is, however, mode-switch oscillations which can appear when the pressure levels in the system are close to the switching condition. In this paper, the mode-switching behavior of different generalized closed and open circuit configurations is investigated. The results show that the choice of where to sense the pressures has a huge impact on the behavior. They also show that, if the pressure sensing components are properly placed, closed and open circuits can perform very similarly, but that mode-switch oscillations still can occur in all circuits. Active hysteresis control is suggested as a solution and its effectiveness is analyzed. The outcome from the analysis shows that active hysteresis control can reduce the risk for mode-switch oscillations significantly., Funding: Swedish Energy AgencySwedish Energy AgencyMaterials & Energy Research Center (MERC) [44427-3]

Unless a segregated airspace and the corresponding clearances can be afforded, flight testing of remotely piloted aircraft is often done near the ground and within visual line-of-sight. In addition to the increased exposure to turbulence, this setup also limits the available time for test manoeuvres on each pass, especially for subscale demonstrators with a relatively high wing loading and flight speed. A suitable testing procedure, efficient excitation signals and a robust system identification method are therefore fundamental. Here, the authors use ground-based flight control augmentation to inject multisine signals with low correlation between the different inputs. Focusing on initial flight-envelope expansion, where linear regression is common, this paper also describes the improvement of an existing frequency-domain method by using an instrumental variable (IV) approach to better handle turbulence and measurement noise and to enable real-time identification analysis. Both simulations and real flight tests on a subscale demonstrator are presented. The results show that the combination of multisine input signals and the enhanced frequency-domain method is an effective way of improving flight testing of remotely piloted aircraft in confined airspace., Funding Agencies|VINNOVA within Project NFFPVinnova [2017-01502]; competence centre LINK-SIC

Unless a segregated airspace and the corresponding clearances can be afforded, flight testing of remotely piloted aircraft is often done near the ground and within visual line-of-sight. In addition to the increased exposure to turbulence, this setup also limits the available time for test manoeuvres on each pass, especially for subscale demonstrators with a relatively high wing loading and flight speed. A suitable testing procedure, efficient excitation signals and a robust system identification method are therefore fundamental. Here, the authors use ground-based flight control augmentation to inject multisine signals with low correlation between the different inputs. Focusing on initial flight-envelope expansion, where linear regression is common, this paper also describes the improvement of an existing frequency-domain method by using an instrumental variable (IV) approach to better handle turbulence and measurement noise and to enable real-time identification analysis. Both simulations and real flight tests on a subscale demonstrator are presented. The results show that the combination of multisine input signals and the enhanced frequency-domain method is an effective way of improving flight testing of remotely piloted aircraft in confined airspace., Funding Agencies|VINNOVA within Project NFFPVinnova [2017-01502]; competence centre LINK-SIC

Unless a segregated airspace and the corresponding clearances can be afforded, flight testing of remotely piloted aircraft is often done near the ground and within visual line-of-sight. In addition to the increased exposure to turbulence, this setup also limits the available time for test manoeuvres on each pass, especially for subscale demonstrators with a relatively high wing loading and flight speed. A suitable testing procedure, efficient excitation signals and a robust system identification method are therefore fundamental. Here, the authors use ground-based flight control augmentation to inject multisine signals with low correlation between the different inputs. Focusing on initial flight-envelope expansion, where linear regression is common, this paper also describes the improvement of an existing frequency-domain method by using an instrumental variable (IV) approach to better handle turbulence and measurement noise and to enable real-time identification analysis. Both simulations and real flight tests on a subscale demonstrator are presented. The results show that the combination of multisine input signals and the enhanced frequency-domain method is an effective way of improving flight testing of remotely piloted aircraft in confined airspace., Funding Agencies|VINNOVA within Project NFFPVinnova [2017-01502]; competence centre LINK-SIC

Unless a segregated airspace and the corresponding clearances can be afforded, flight testing of remotely piloted aircraft is often done near the ground and within visual line-of-sight. In addition to the increased exposure to turbulence, this setup also limits the available time for test manoeuvres on each pass, especially for subscale demonstrators with a relatively high wing loading and flight speed. A suitable testing procedure, efficient excitation signals and a robust system identification method are therefore fundamental. Here, the authors use ground-based flight control augmentation to inject multisine signals with low correlation between the different inputs. Focusing on initial flight-envelope expansion, where linear regression is common, this paper also describes the improvement of an existing frequency-domain method by using an instrumental variable (IV) approach to better handle turbulence and measurement noise and to enable real-time identification analysis. Both simulations and real flight tests on a subscale demonstrator are presented. The results show that the combination of multisine input signals and the enhanced frequency-domain method is an effective way of improving flight testing of remotely piloted aircraft in confined airspace., Funding Agencies|VINNOVA within Project NFFPVinnova [2017-01502]; competence centre LINK-SIC

Unless a segregated airspace and the corresponding clearances can be afforded, flight testing of remotely piloted aircraft is often done near the ground and within visual line-of-sight. In addition to the increased exposure to turbulence, this setup also limits the available time for test manoeuvres on each pass, especially for subscale demonstrators with a relatively high wing loading and flight speed. A suitable testing procedure, efficient excitation signals and a robust system identification method are therefore fundamental. Here, the authors use ground-based flight control augmentation to inject multisine signals with low correlation between the different inputs. Focusing on initial flight-envelope expansion, where linear regression is common, this paper also describes the improvement of an existing frequency-domain method by using an instrumental variable (IV) approach to better handle turbulence and measurement noise and to enable real-time identification analysis. Both simulations and real flight tests on a subscale demonstrator are presented. The results show that the combination of multisine input signals and the enhanced frequency-domain method is an effective way of improving flight testing of remotely piloted aircraft in confined airspace., Funding Agencies|VINNOVA within Project NFFPVinnova [2017-01502]; competence centre LINK-SIC